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<mods:title id="21700D4C965438610ABCFA091AAD9814">Integrative taxonomy of Gymnobela and Pontiothauma (Conoidea: Raphitomidae) from Australian waters provides more evidence of transoceanic distribution in deep-sea gastropods</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="43BDB618B3FF1D28F2C6CB05879E592A">Criscione, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="081878A29E85EA6B517799820E0822EC">Hallan, Anders</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0F8C263E683878CB1FA5F755A869FAF7">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C004FD45AC24F4E381A08162786E894B">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFEFFFD4DFB7FCF14C621626" box="[469,846,790,817]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DFB7FCF14C621626" blockId="15.[469,846,790,817]" box="[469,846,790,817]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
<heading id="CA1BCD7EFFEFFFD4DFB7FCF14C621626" box="[469,846,790,817]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" reason="5">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFEFFFD4DC49FCF14C621626" ID-CoL="7P4MX" authority="Verrill, 1884" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[555,846,790,817]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFEFFFD4DC49FCF14D981626" box="[555,692,790,817]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Gymnobela</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFEFFFD4DCDEFCF14C621626" author="Verrill AE" box="[700,846,790,817]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" pagination="139 - 294" refId="ref17806" refString="Verrill AE. 1884. Second Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the Fauna of the New England coast. Trans Conn Acad. vi: 139 - 294." type="book chapter" year="1884">Verrill, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFEFFFD4DEA2FC8E4E1D16B2" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEA2FC8E4E1D16B2" blockId="15.[160,1156,873,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFEFFFD4DEA2FC8E4FD41695" box="[192,248,873,898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFEFFFD4DF0CFC8E4D7B1695" box="[366,599,873,898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="engonia">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFEFFFD4DF0CFC8E4D7B1695" box="[366,599,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Gymnobela engonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 1884 by subsequent designation,
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFEFFFD4DA6FFC8E4BA81695" author="Cossmann M" box="[1037,1156,873,898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" refId="ref15497" refString="Cossmann M. 1896. Essais de paleoconchologie comparee. Vol. 2. Paris: Chez l'auteur, [a la Societe d'editions et autres]." type="book" year="1896">Cossmann</bibRefCitation>
(1896, p. 63).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFEFFFD4DEC2FC074D5513B8" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEC2FC074E3816ED" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" box="[160,276,992,1018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFEFFFD4DEC2FC074E3816ED" bold="true" box="[160,276,992,1018]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEC2FBE34DDB108D" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Shell biconical to biconical-fusiform, moderately thick. Protoconch multispiral, with diagonally cancellate sculpture. Teleoconch white or cream (with or without pale orange bands), suture impressed. Whorl profile moderately to very broad, with wide, oblique subsutural ramp, clearly demarcated from whorl periphery. Lower portion of whorl convex or subcylindrical. Subsutural ramp sculpture of dense arcuate growth lines, reflecting shape of anal sinus. Teleoconch axial sculpture of strongly prosocline ribs below subsutural ramp; spiral sculpture of fine, sometimes flattened cords or shallow grooves; microsculpture of growth lines. Last adult whorl markedly shouldered to rather convex, clearly to very clearly demarcated from rather straight, subcylindrical siphonal canal. Aperture elongated, from about 2/5 to half of total shell length; outer lip thin, unsculptured. Inner lip with distinct whitish callus, with or without orange vertical band. Anal sinus wide, moderately deep to deep, L-shaped.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEA2FA434EF31332" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Animal white or pale blue. Cephalic tentacles cylindrical, blunt, eyes very small; penis large, rather long, coiling clockwise. Venom apparatus: proboscis long, coiled; venom gland long to very long, convoluted; muscular bulb moderate to large, elongated to elongate-ovate, pearlescent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFEFFFD4DEA2F9C94D5513B8" blockId="15.[160,1156,992,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1444">Radular teeth hypodermic, relatively straight, tightly rolled; approximately 150 µm in length; ventral barb absent, adapical opening long; ventral blade approximately 1/5 of length of tooth; base wide, angular, with lateral process; basal opening large, subcircular, unrestricted. Ligament rather long, broad.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF0FFCADEC2FF694DC110D8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1446" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF0FFCBDEC2FF694E2A15BF" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,1728]" box="[160,262,142,168]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FF694E2A15BF" bold="true" box="[160,262,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF0FFCADEC2FF554DC110D8" blockId="16.[160,1156,142,1728]" lastBlockId="17.[160,1156,1289,1487]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1446" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
This study adopts the concept of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC52FF554D8615DC" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[560,682,178,203]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC52FF554D8615DC" box="[560,682,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, delimited by
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD35FF554B4C15DC" author="Criscione F &amp; Hallan A &amp; Puillandre N &amp; Fedosov A" box="[855,1120,178,203]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
Criscione
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDA5FF554CD715DC" box="[967,1019,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
. (2021b)
</bibRefCitation>
as a genus-level clade strongly supported by molecular data, whose members share the following combination of morpho-anatomical characters: (a) a broadly biconical to biconical-fusiform shell with angulate whorl profile; (b) shell sculpture of axial ribs more prominent than spirals; (c) subsutural ramp sculpture of dense arcuate riblets; and (d) straight, unbarbed hypodermic teeth with a ventral blade. Our results indicate that, along with the
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF0FFCBDEC2FE654FFD148C" box="[160,209,386,411]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF4DFE654E88148C" box="[303,420,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="engonia">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF4DFE654E88148C" box="[303,420,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. engonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these features are shared by
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC93FE654CF8148C" box="[753,980,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC93FE654C5F148C" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1988" box="[753,883,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="angulosa">G. angulosa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD1CFE654CF8148C" authorityName="AMS C." baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[894,980,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="frielei">G. frielei</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDA6FFE654B51148C" baseAuthorityName="A.E.Verrill &amp; S.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1037,1149,386,411]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agassizi">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDA6FFE654B51148C" box="[1037,1149,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. agassizi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus supporting their inclusion in
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC75FE434DBD14AA" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[535,657,420,445]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC75FE434DBD14AA" box="[535,657,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unlike these four, none of the remaining 65 currently accepted
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDFE5FE204D4814F7" box="[391,612,455,480]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDFE5FE204D2814F7" box="[391,516,455,480]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
can be studied via an integrative taxonomy approach, due to the absence of molecular data and generally insufficient morpho-anatomical evidence. However, for some of these species, the information, extracted from the literature and photographs, allowed us to (at least) test for presence/absence of the aforementioned typical
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDFCEFDB54D0A177C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[428,550,594,619]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDFCEFDB54D0A177C" box="[428,550,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shell and radular features and to revise their generic placement. Along with the three species mentioned above, nine further species exhibited typical
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDE8DFD704E4517A7" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[239,361,663,688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE8DFD704E4517A7" box="[239,361,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells and (when studied) radulae: namely,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD2DFD704BAF17A7" authority="(Locard, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Locard" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[847,1155,663,688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssorum">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD2DFD704CCC17A7" box="[847,992,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. abyssorum</emphasis>
(Locard, 1897)
</taxonomicName>
(shell –
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF63FD5D4E5D17C4" box="[257,369,698,723]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8C</figureCitation>
; radula –
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF8CFD5D4DA217C4" author="Bouchet P" box="[494,654,698,723]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="69 - 77" refId="ref15277" refString="Bouchet P. 1990. Turrid genera and mode of development: the use and abuse of protoconch morphology. Malacologia. 32: 69 - 77." type="journal article" year="1990">Bouchet 1990</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 19),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD61FD5D4C9A17C4" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" box="[771,950,698,723]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bairdii">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD61FD5D4C4617C4" box="[771,874,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. bairdii</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
and
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF0FFCBDD98FD5D4B1217C4" box="[1018,1086,698,723]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1884 (
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDECAFD3B4E3217E2" box="[168,286,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF5FFD3B4D4817E2" authority="(Watson, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[317,612,732,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chyta">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF5FFD3B4E6217E2" box="[317,334,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF06FD3B4E8C17E2" box="[356,416,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">chyta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDFDAFD3B4D7017E2" author="Watson RB" box="[440,604,732,757]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDC1EFD3B4DD817E2" box="[636,756,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8D</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD71FD3B4BA817E2" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[787,1156,732,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="glaucocreas">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD71FD3B4C0817E2" box="[787,804,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD58FD3B4C9017E2" box="[826,956,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">glaucocreas</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDDB6FD3B4B5717E2" author="Barnard KH" box="[980,1147,732,757]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard, 1963</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDEC5FD184E3B160F" box="[167,279,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,953,976]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,921]" captionTargetId="figure-163@8.[163,1153,142,921]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G. frielei (Verril, 1885), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 44653; (B) G4/ G. frielei Australian Museum (AMS) C.571666; (C) G4/G. frielei AMS C.571702; (D) G4/G. frielei AMS C.482314; (E) G4/G. frielei AMS C.571812; (F) G4/G. frielei AMS C.571677;(G) G4/G. glaucocreas (Barnard, 1963), holotype Iziko South African Museum (ISAM) A9821; (H) G3/G. angulosa Sysoev, 1988, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc-22363 (I) G3/G. angulosa AMS C.571649; (J) G3/ G. angulosa AMS C.571648; (K) G3/G. angulosa, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM) mol 20070770. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758524/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 4G</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF4DFD184D9E160F" authority="Sysoev, 1990" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1990" box="[303,690,767,792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="granulisculpturata">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF4DFD184E6C160F" box="[303,320,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF33FD184D38160F" box="[337,532,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">granulisculpturata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC42FD184D9E160F" author="Sysoev AV" box="[544,690,767,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref17528" refString="Sysoev AV. 1990. Gastropods of the family Turridae (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) of the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez underwater ridges. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 245 - 260." type="journal article" year="1990">Sysoev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDCA4FD184C1D160F" box="[710,817,767,792]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8E</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD28FD184BAF160F" authority="Sysoev, 1990" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1990" box="[842,1155,767,792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laticaudata">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD28FD184C77160F" box="[842,859,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD09FD184CC8160F" box="[875,996,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">laticaudata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD92FD184BAF160F" author="Sysoev AV" box="[1008,1155,767,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref17528" refString="Sysoev AV. 1990. Gastropods of the family Turridae (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) of the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez underwater ridges. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 245 - 260." type="journal article" year="1990">Sysoev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDEC5FCC54E39162C" box="[167,277,802,827]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8H</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF4EFCC54D62162C" authority="Sysoev, 1997" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1997" box="[300,590,802,827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mitrodeta">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF4EFCC54E11162C" box="[300,317,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF29FCC54E98162C" box="[331,436,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">mitrodeta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDFDFFCC54D62162C" author="Sysoev AV" box="[445,590,802,827]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="325 - 355" refId="ref17603" refString="Sysoev AV. 1997. Mollusca Gastropoda: new deep-water turrid gastropods (Conoidea) from eastern Indonesia. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 172: 325 - 355." type="journal article" year="1997">Sysoev, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(shell –
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDCD0FCC54C0C162C" box="[690,800,802,827]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8G</figureCitation>
; radula –
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDDF7FCC54B0D162C" author="Sysoev AV" box="[917,1057,802,827]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="325 - 355" refId="ref17603" refString="Sysoev AV. 1997. Mollusca Gastropoda: new deep-water turrid gastropods (Conoidea) from eastern Indonesia. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 172: 325 - 355." type="journal article" year="1997">Sysoev 1997</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 19),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEC2FCA34EEC164A" authority="Sysoev, 1990" authorityName="Sysoev" authorityYear="1990" box="[160,448,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rotundata">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FCA34E05164A" box="[160,297,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G. rotundata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF53FCA34EEC164A" author="Sysoev AV" box="[305,448,836,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref17528" refString="Sysoev AV. 1990. Gastropods of the family Turridae (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) of the Nasca and Sala-y-Gomez underwater ridges. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 245 - 260." type="journal article" year="1990">Sysoev, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFB2FCA34D15164A" box="[464,569,836,861]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8B</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC19FCA34C9B164A" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[635,951,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verecunda">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC19FCA34DA0164A" box="[635,652,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">G</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCFAFCA34C2A164A" box="[664,774,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">verecunda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD76FCA34C83164A" author="Barnard KH" box="[788,943,836,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard, 1963</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(shell –
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDA74FCA34B51164A" box="[1046,1149,836,861]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[160,225,945,968]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetId="figure-112@17.[163,1153,142,913]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Shells of Gymnobela species vouchers. (A) G. bairdii (Verrill and Smith, 1884), syntype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (UNSM) 37824; (B) G. rotundata Sysoev, 1990, holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 5718; (C) G. abyssorum (Locard, 1897), lectotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-2750; (D) G. chyta (Watson, 1881), holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1887.2.9.1108; (E) G. granulisculpturata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5725; (F) G. verecunda (Barnard, 1963), lectotype ISAM A9697; (G) G. mitrodeta Sysoev, 1997, holotype MNHN IM-2000-3121; (H) G. laticaudata Sysoev, 1990, holotype ZMMU Lc 5735; (I) G. engonia figured in Bouchet and Warén 1980 (fig. 123). Scale bar: A, C, F–G, I = 10 mm; B, H = 3.3 mm; D–E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758532" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 8F</figureCitation>
; radula –
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDE9CFC804EA31697" author="Barnard KH" box="[254,399,871,896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard 1963</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFF8FC804D2C1697" box="[410,512,871,896]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1496,1519]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,851,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-276@6.[163,1153,850,1464]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML, left) tree and Bayesian consensus phylogram (BI, right) based on analyses of the concatenated sequence dataset. Numbers above branches indicate nodal support by Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and ML bootstrap (BS). BPP values of 1 and BS values of 100% are represented by asterisks. Sequences of samples collected outside Australian waters are underlined. Samples whose shells are figured (scale bar = 10 mm) are in bold. The shell image of P1 has been digitally edited (grey area) to simulate an intact spire. Vertical bars mark distinct primary species hypotheses (PSHs) as delimited by the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758520/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 2e</figureCitation>
). Sixteen species, currently assigned to
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDCCFC804B041697" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[942,1064,871,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDCCFC804B041697" box="[942,1064,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Gymnobela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, did not possess one or more of its typical features but instead showed typical combined characters of other raphitomid genera, to which they are therefore formally re-assigned. A large elongate-fusiform shell with axial opisthocline ribs (usually weak and/or confined to early whorls), typical of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF04FC154E9C111C" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" box="[358,432,1010,1035]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF04FC154E9C111C" box="[358,432,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Spergo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Criscione, Hallan, Fedosov,
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC86FC154C3E111C" box="[740,786,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
. 2021) is possessed by:
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDA71FC154E12113A" authority="(Sysoev, 1996)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Sysoev" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="africana" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDA71FC154BAF111C" box="[1043,1155,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">S. africana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDEC7FBF34E1A113A" author="Sysoev AV" box="[165,310,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="22 - 29" refId="ref17564" refString="Sysoev AV. 1996. Taxonomic notes on South African deep-sea conoidean gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea) described by K. H. Barnard, 1963. Nautilus. 110 (1): 22 - 29." type="journal article" year="1996">Sysoev, 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF27FBF34E87113A" bold="true" box="[325,427,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDF27FBF34E87113A" box="[325,427,1044,1069]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFD8FBF34D09113A" box="[442,549,1044,1069]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
), and S.
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDCE4FBF34BAF113A" authority="(Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[646,1155,1044,1069]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bululi" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCE4FBF34DED113A" box="[646,705,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">bululi</emphasis>
(Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FBD04E2B1147" bold="true" box="[160,263,1079,1104]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDEC2FBD04E2B1147" box="[160,263,1079,1104]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF7AFBD04EAE1147" box="[280,386,1079,1104]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
). In addition to a similar shell,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC82FBD04BA81147" authority="(Kantor and Sysoev, 1986)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Kantor and Sysoev" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[736,1156,1079,1104]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="oculifera" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC82FBD04C7A1147" box="[736,854,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">S. oculifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD07FBD04B501147" author="Kantor YI &amp; Sysoev AV" box="[869,1148,1079,1104]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FBBD4E241164" bold="true" box="[160,264,1114,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDEC2FBBD4E241164" box="[160,264,1114,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF7BFBBD4EA91164" box="[281,389,1114,1139]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9C</figureCitation>
) also has typical
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC2FFBBD4DBB1164" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1895" box="[589,663,1114,1139]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC2FFBBD4DBB1164" box="[589,663,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Spergo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hypodermic teeth with no barbs or blades (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDEC4FB9B4EE61182" author="Kantor YI &amp; Sysoev AV" box="[166,458,1148,1173]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev 1986</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2a). This latter species is also an earlier synonym of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEC2FB784CAF11AF" authority="Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre and Fedosov, 2020" authorityName="Criscione, Hallan, Puillandre and Fedosov" authorityYear="2020" box="[160,899,1183,1208]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Spergo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenuiconcha">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FB784E6A11AF" box="[160,326,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">S. tenuiconcha</emphasis>
Criscione,
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDFAEFB784CAF11AF" author="Hallan A &amp; Criscione F &amp; Fedosov AE &amp; Puillandre N" box="[460,899,1183,1208]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="86 - 92" refId="ref16167" refString="Hallan A, Criscione F, Fedosov AE, Puillandre N. 2020. Bouchetispira ponderi n. sp. (Conoidea: Bouchetispiridae), a new deep-sea gastropod from temperate Australia. Molluscan Res. 40 (1): 86 - 92. doi: 10.1080 / 13235818.2019.1681626." type="journal article" year="2020">Hallan, Puillandre and Fedosov, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Criscione
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD9DFB784B1811AF" box="[1023,1076,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
. 2021, Figure 11B). A fusiform ribbed shell, typical of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDCCDFB254B3F11CC" authority="(Criscione et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Criscione" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[687,1043,1218,1243]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCCDFB254C0D11CC" box="[687,801,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Austrobela</emphasis>
(Criscione
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDF7FB254CEA11CC" box="[917,966,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">et al</emphasis>
. 2021)
</taxonomicName>
, is shown by
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEA7FB034EC511EA" authority="(Watson, 1881)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[197,489,1252,1277]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gypsata" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEA7FB034E1B11EA" box="[197,311,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">A. gypsata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF25FB034ECD11EA" author="Watson RB" box="[327,481,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF90FB034D7611EA" bold="true" box="[498,602,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDF90FB034D7611EA" box="[498,602,1252,1277]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDC0EFB034DF711EA" box="[620,731,1252,1277]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9G</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD7DFB034E161037" authority="(Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dautzenberg and Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulvotincta" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD7DFB034C0211EA" box="[799,814,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD5FFB034C8211EA" box="[829,942,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">fulvotincta</emphasis>
(Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF27FAE04E821037" bold="true" box="[325,430,1287,1312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDF27FAE04E821037" box="[325,430,1287,1312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFA2FAE04D031037" box="[448,559,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9D</figureCitation>
), which also exhibit the double-barbed hypodermic teeth characteristic of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC69FACD4C0C1054" author="Bouchet P &amp; Waren A" box="[523,800,1322,1347]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref15426" refString="Bouchet P, Waren A. 1980. Revision of the north east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Molluscan Stud Supp. 46 (8 (Supplement )): 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouchet and Warén 1980</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 24). A broadly fusiform shell with axial sculpture (often limited to the whorl upper portion) and double-barbed hypodermic teeth, that are typical of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC68FA884DF9109F" authority="Clarke, 1959" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1959" box="[522,725,1391,1416]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC68FA884D6A109F" box="[522,582,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Theta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC2CFA884DF9109F" author="Clarke AH" box="[590,725,1391,1416]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="231 - 238" refId="ref15466" refString="Clarke AH. 1959. New abyssal mollusks from off Bermuda collected by the lamont geological observatory research vessels. Proc Malacol Soc Lond. 38: 231 - 238." type="journal article" year="1959">Clarke, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are shared by
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDE1FA884FF210BC" authority="(Barnard, 1963)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chrysopelex" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDE1FA884B34109F" box="[899,1048,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. chrysopelex</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA44FA884FFA10BC" author="Barnard KH" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard, 1963</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE84FA754E6110BC" bold="true" box="[230,333,1426,1451]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDE84FA754E6110BC" box="[230,333,1426,1451]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(shell –
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFCDFA754D3610BC" box="[431,538,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9E</figureCitation>
, radula –
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDCE8FA754C3310BC" author="Barnard KH" box="[650,799,1426,1451]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="407 - 453" refId="ref15249" refString="Barnard KH. 1963. Deep sea Mollusca from West of Cape Point, South Africa. Ann South African Museum. 46: 407 - 453." type="journal article" year="1963">Barnard 1963</bibRefCitation>
, fig.
<quantity id="5614D7F7FFF0FFCBDD3AFA754C5A10BC" box="[856,886,1426,1451]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" unit="g" value="3.0">3g</quantity>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDEBFA754FF310DA" authority="(Watson, 1886)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="homeotata" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDEBFA754B3610BC" box="[905,1050,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. homeotata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA4BFA754FFB10DA" author="Watson RB" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" refId="ref17962" refString="Watson RB 1886. Report on the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76 [article]. Zool Chall Expedition. 15 (42): 756." type="journal volume" year="1886">Watson, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE8EFA534E7510DA" bold="true" box="[236,345,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDE8EFA534E7510DA" box="[236,345,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(shell –
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDFAAFA534D1410DA" box="[456,568,1460,1485]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9F</figureCitation>
, radula –
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDCDAFA534CCA10DA" author="Bouchet P &amp; Waren A" box="[696,998,1460,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref15426" refString="Bouchet P, Waren A. 1980. Revision of the north east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Molluscan Stud Supp. 46 (8 (Supplement )): 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouchet and Warén 1980</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 18) and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDEC2FA304D7C10E7" authority="(Kantor and Sysoev, 1986)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Kantor and Sysoev" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[160,592,1495,1520]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latistriata" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDEC2FA304E0C10E7" box="[160,288,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. latistriata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDF4DFA304D6410E7" author="Kantor YI &amp; Sysoev AV" box="[303,584,1495,1520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC3BFA304DEC10E7" bold="true" box="[601,704,1495,1520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDC3BFA304DEC10E7" box="[601,704,1495,1520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(shell –
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDD46FA304CB810E7" box="[804,916,1495,1520]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="18.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetId="figure-100@18.[163,1153,142,964]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 9. Shells of deep-sea raphitomid species previously assigned to Gymnobela. (A) Spergo africana (Sysoev, 1996) comb. n., holotype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1993114; (B) Spergo bululi (Stahlschmidt, Poppe and Tagaro, 2018) comb. n., holotype Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) IM-2000-30,406; (C) Spergo oculifera (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype Zoological Museum of Moscow University (ZMMU) Lc 22338; (D) Austrobela fulvotincta (Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1896) comb. n., syntype Musée océanographique de Monaco (MOM) INV- 18461; (E) Theta chrysopelex (Barnard, 1963) comb. n., holotype Iziko South African Museum ISAM A9857; (F) Theta homeotata (Watson, 1886) comb. n., holotype NHMUK 1887.2.9.1115; (G) Austrobela gypsata (Watson, 1881) comb. n., syntype NHMUK 1887.2.9.979–80; (H) Theta latistriata (Kantor and Sysoev, 1986) comb. n., holotype ZMMU Lc 22341. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758534/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 9H</figureCitation>
, radula –
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA64FA304E071304" author="Kantor YI &amp; Sysoev AV" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="485 - 498" refId="ref16419" refString="Kantor YI, Sysoev AV. 1986. A new genus and new species from the family Turridae (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa) in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Zool Zhurnal. 65 (4): 485 - 498." type="journal article" year="1986">Kantor and Sysoev 1986</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2b). While its radula is unknown,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC87FA1D4B1E1304" authority="(Thiele, 1925)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[741,1074,1530,1555]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="camerunensis" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC87FA1D4CBD1304" box="[741,913,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">T. camerunensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDDC3FA1D4B061304" author="Thiele J" box="[929,1066,1530,1555]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDA59FA1D4F9A1322" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDA59FA1D4F9A1322" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also exhibits a typical shell for the genus
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDCE5F9FB4DEF1322" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1959" box="[647,707,1564,1589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCE5F9FB4DEF1322" box="[647,707,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Theta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDCB2F9FB4C7D1322" author="Thiele J" box="[720,849,1564,1589]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele 1925</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 28, fig. 20). Five species exhibit a small shell with a tuberculate girdle and a moniliform subsutural fold, which is typical of the fossil
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF0FFCBDFE3F9854E9E136C" box="[385,434,1634,1659]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDC57F9854C6C136C" authority="Vella, 1953" authorityName="Vella" authorityYear="1953" box="[565,832,1634,1659]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC57F9854D97136C" box="[565,699,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Mioawateria</emphasis>
Vella, 1953
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDD2CF9854BA8136C" authority="(Powell, 1942)" baseAuthorityName="Powell" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[846,1156,1634,1659]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="personata">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD2CF9854CF1136C" box="[846,989,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M. personata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD8EF9854B50136C" author="Powell AWB" box="[1004,1148,1634,1659]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref16971" refString="Powell AWB. 1942. The New Zealand recent and fossil mollusca of the family turridae with general notes on turrid nomenelature and systematics [article]. Bull Auckl Inst and Museum. 2: 1 - 188." type="journal article" year="1942">Powell, 1942</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDEC5F9634E0D138A" box="[167,289,1668,1693]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 10A</figureCitation>
). Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDFD3F9634DEC138A" authority="(Dall, 1881)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[433,704,1668,1693]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="blakeana" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDFD3F9634D1B138A" box="[433,567,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M. blakeana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC2AF9634D94138A" author="Dall WH" box="[584,696,1668,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="33 - 144" refId="ref15768" refString="Dall WH. 1881. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea (1877 - 78), by the United States Coast Survey Steamer &quot; Blake &quot;, Lieutenant-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. XV. Preliminary report on the Mollusca. Bull Museum Comp Zool Harvard Coll. 9 (2): 33 - 144." type="journal article" year="1881">Dall, 1881</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCABF9634C1D138A" bold="true" box="[713,817,1668,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDCABF9634C1D138A" box="[713,817,1668,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDD21F9634C97138A" box="[835,955,1668,1693]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 10B</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDDB0F9634FF213D7" authority="(Dall, 1919)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1919" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brachis" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDDB0F9634CCB138A" box="[978,999,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDD94F9634B6E138A" box="[1014,1090,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">brachis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDA30F9634FFA13D7" author="Dall WH" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref16037" refString="Dall WH. 1919. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family Turritidae from the west coast of America and adjacent regions. Proc US Natl Mus. 56 (2288): 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1919">Dall, 1919</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDE84F9404E6113D7" bold="true" box="[230,333,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDE84F9404E6113D7" box="[230,333,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF0FFCBDF3CF9404EFB13D7" box="[350,471,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF0FFCBDF8EF9404DFF13D7" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[492,723,1703,1728]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clara" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDF8EF9404D2D13D7" box="[492,513,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDC72F9404D6913D7" box="[528,581,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">clara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDC2FF9404DFF13D7" author="Thiele J" box="[589,723,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF0FFCBDCBEF9404C6813D7" bold="true" box="[732,836,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF0FFCBDCBEF9404C6813D7" box="[732,836,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF0FFCBDD31F9404CF913D7" author="Thiele J" box="[851,981,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1445" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele 1925</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 29, fig. 11),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF1FFCADEC2FAEE4E8E1035" authority="Thiele, 1925" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[160,418,1289,1314]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="erronea" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADEC2FAEE4E381035" box="[160,276,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">M. erronea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF1FFCADF7EFAEE4E8E1035" author="Thiele J" box="[284,418,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADFC8FAEE4D3C1035" bold="true" box="[426,528,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF1FFCADFC8FAEE4D3C1035" box="[426,528,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF1FFCADC7DFAEE4D8D1035" author="Thiele J" box="[543,673,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" pagination="35 - 382" refId="ref17712" refString="Thiele J. 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot;. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 17 (2): 35 - 382. German." type="journal article" year="1925">Thiele 1925</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 29, fig. 11) and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF1FFCADDE3FAEE4BA81035" authority="(Dall, 1908)" authorityName="Criscione &amp; Hallan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[897,1156,1289,1314]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Mioawateria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isogonia" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADDE3FAEE4CD21035" box="[897,1022,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">M. isogonia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF1FFCADA6FFAEE4B501035" author="Dall WH" box="[1037,1148,1289,1314]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" pagination="203 - 487" refId="ref15869" refString="Dall WH. 1908. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. (Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. fish commission steamer &quot; Albatross, &quot; during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. 37. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U, S. fish commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; from October 1904, to March, 1906, Lieut Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., commanding. 14). Cambridge [Article]. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harvard Coll. 43: 203 - 487 + 222 l." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADEC2FACB4E291052" bold="true" box="[160,261,1324,1349]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B8AB1B7BFFF1FFCADEC2FACB4E291052" box="[160,261,1324,1349]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF1FFCADF71FACB4EA61052" box="[275,394,1324,1349]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[160,225,547,570]" captionTargetBox="[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetId="figure-266@19.[162,1153,142,515]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Shells of Mioawateria species. (A) Mioawateria personata (Powell, 1942) holotype Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) TM3761; (B) Mioawateria blakeana (Dall, 1881) comb. n., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 87427; (C) Mioawateria brachis (Dall, 1919) comb. n., holotype USNM 96486; (D) Mioawateria isogonia (Dall, 1908) comb. n., holotype USNM 123112. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758536/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
) are assigned to this genus. Most of the remaining 41 species do not possess morpho-anatomica l features characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF1FFCADC9AFAA94C5E1070" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1884" box="[760,882,1358,1383]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF1FFCADC9AFAA94C5E1070" box="[760,882,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1446">Gymnobela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and their current placement in this genus appears untenable. However, a revision of their generic placement is presently not feasible, due to the scarcity of freshly collected topotypical material and the tentative status of raphitomid genus-level taxonomy.
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125
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<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694D1915BE" ID-CoL="3HQG7" authority="(Verrill and Smith, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="A.E.Verrill &amp; S.Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[328,565,142,169]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agassizi">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF2AFF694D1915BE" box="[328,565,142,169]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Gymnobela agassizi</emphasis>
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(Verrill and
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, 1880) (PSH G1)
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<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDC46FF5C4DD315C1" blockId="20.[548,767,187,214]" box="[548,767,187,214]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF4FFCFDC4EFF5C4DB015C1" box="[556,668,187,214]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,978,1001]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetId="figure-178@7.[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G1/ G. agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880), Australian Museum (AMS) C.519355; (B) G. agassizii (Verrill and S. Smith, 1880), holotype UNSM 37828; (C) G. engonia (Verrill, 1884), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 3483; (D) G2/G. engonia AMS C.594980; (E) G2/G. engonia AMS C.593510; (F) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482287; (G) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482286; (H) G2/G. engonia AMS C.571816. Scale bar: A–D, F–H = 10 mm; E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758522/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Figures 3</figureCitation>
A-B, 6A)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74EE5142C" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74EE5142C" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74DB8140E" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" box="[192,660,256,281]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agassizi" subGenus="Pleurotomella">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FEE74E12140E" box="[192,318,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotoma</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF2CFEE74EC8140E" box="[334,484,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF97FEE74D66140E" box="[501,586,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">agassizi</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
and
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF4FFCFDCB2FEE74C38140E" box="[720,788,256,281]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1880 – Verrill 1880: 394; Verrilll 1882: 454, pl. 57,
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF4FFCFDF06FEC54EE5142C" box="[356,457,290,315]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,978,1001]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetId="figure-178@7.[163,1153,142,946]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Shells of Gymnobela primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species studied herein. (A) G1/ G. agassizi (Verrill and Smith, 1880), Australian Museum (AMS) C.519355; (B) G. agassizii (Verrill and S. Smith, 1880), holotype UNSM 37828; (C) G. engonia (Verrill, 1884), holotype Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 3483; (D) G2/G. engonia AMS C.594980; (E) G2/G. engonia AMS C.593510; (F) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482287; (G) G2/G. engonia AMS C.482286; (H) G2/G. engonia AMS C.571816. Scale bar: A–D, F–H = 10 mm; E = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758522/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Fig. 3–3a</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FEA24E121449" box="[192,318,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotoma</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF2EFEA24ECE1449" box="[332,482,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF92FEA24D6C1449" box="[496,576,325,350]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">brychia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC24FEA24DF11449" author="Watson RB" box="[582,733,325,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="104D5C03FFF4FFCFDC95FEA24C931449" author="Watson RB" box="[759,959,325,350]" page="451" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC95FEA24C931449" author="Watson RB" box="[759,959,325,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="413 - 475" refId="ref17928" refString="Watson RB. 1881. Mollusca of H. M. S. ' Challenger' expedition. Parts VII-X. J Linn Soc of Lond, Zool. 15: 413 - 475." type="journal article" year="1881">Watson 1881: 451</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="104D5C03FFF4FFCFDDABFEA24B141449" author="Watson RB" box="[969,1080,325,350]" page="335" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" year="1886">
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDDABFEA24B141449" author="Watson RB" box="[969,1080,325,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" refId="ref17962" refString="Watson RB 1886. Report on the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76 [article]. Zool Chall Expedition. 15 (42): 756." type="journal volume" year="1886">1886: 335</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 19, fig. 4
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4CAB14B4" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" box="[192,903,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B1FC5D3CFFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4CAB14B4" box="[192,903,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4D0B14B4" ID-CoL="6VS9X" authority="Verrill, 1885" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1885" box="[192,551,394,419]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitrea">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FE6D4EB714B4" box="[192,411,394,419]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella vitrea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDFC0FE6D4D0B14B4" author="Verrill AE" box="[418,551,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="395 - 452" refId="ref17836" refString="Verrill AE. 1885. Third catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep-sea species with notes on others previously recorded. Trans Connecticut Acad Arts Sci. 6: 395 - 452." type="journal article" year="1885">Verrill, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="104D5C03FFF4FFCFDC21FE6D4DD614B4" author="Verrill AE" box="[579,762,394,419]" page="414" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" year="1885">
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC21FE6D4DD614B4" author="Verrill AE" box="[579,762,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="395 - 452" refId="ref17836" refString="Verrill AE. 1885. Third catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep-sea species with notes on others previously recorded. Trans Connecticut Acad Arts Sci. 6: 395 - 452." type="journal article" year="1885">Verrill 1885: 414</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 44, fig. 6
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FE4A4CA014D1" blockId="20.[160,1156,256,454]" box="[192,908,429,454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDEA2FE4A4DFC14D1" ID-CoL="7MFVX" authority="Dall, 1890" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1890" box="[192,720,429,454]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="agassizi" variety="permagna">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEA2FE4A4E9F14D1" box="[192,435,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Pleurotomella agassizi</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF88FE4A4D7614D1" box="[490,602,429,454]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">permagna</emphasis>
Dall, 1890
</taxonomicName>
– Dall 1890: 308
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FE154E53171B" blockId="20.[160,1155,498,593]" box="[160,383,498,524]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEC2FE154E53171B" bold="true" box="[160,383,498,524]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FDF24E861746" blockId="20.[160,1155,498,593]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<materialsCitation id="2184704FFFF4FFCFDEC2FDF24E611746" collectionCode="V" country="Australia" elevation="2636" latitude="-35.333" location="Jervis" longLatPrecision="71" longitude="151.258" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" specimenCode="V03" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF4FFCFDEC2FDF24E281739" box="[160,260,533,558]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF4FFCFDF72FDF24EF71739" box="[272,475,533,558]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
,
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CMR (−
<geoCoordinate id="F4D81CD5FFF4FFCFDC1FFDF24DC81739" box="[637,740,533,558]" degrees="35.333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" precision="55" value="-35.333">35.333°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F4D81CD5FFF4FFCFDC92FDF24C4E1739" box="[752,866,533,558]" degrees="151.258" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" precision="55" value="151.258">151.258°E</geoCoordinate>
), IN2017_
<specimenCode id="C14AD269FFF4FFCFDDB3FDF24CD61739" box="[977,1018,533,558]" collectionCode="V" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="Museum">V03</specimenCode>
_056, 2650–
<quantity id="5614D7F7FFF4FFCFDEC2FDDF4FDA1746" box="[160,246,568,593]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.636" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" unit="m" value="2636.0">
<elevation id="1AC19D21FFF4FFCFDEC2FDDF4FDA1746" box="[160,246,568,593]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.636" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" unit="m" value="2636.0">2636 m</elevation>
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.519355.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEC2FD9B4DCA17AE" box="[160,742,636,697]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FD9B4E001781" blockId="20.[160,742,636,697]" box="[160,300,636,662]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEC2FD9B4E001781" bold="true" box="[160,300,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FD474DCA17AE" blockId="20.[160,742,636,697]" box="[160,742,672,697]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">North Atlantic and Jervis CMR off the coast of NSW.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF4FFCFDEC2FD024C6511D6" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FD024E2A17E8" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" box="[160,262,741,767]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDEC2FD024E2A17E8" bold="true" box="[160,262,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEC2FCEF4CAC1653" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
This species was previously known from its shell only and some minor details of the external anatomy of the animal (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF4FFCFDC6DFCCC4C021653" author="Bouchet P &amp; Waren A" box="[527,814,811,836]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref15426" refString="Bouchet P, Waren A. 1980. Revision of the north east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Molluscan Stud Supp. 46 (8 (Supplement )): 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="1980">Bouchet and Warén 1980</bibRefCitation>
, p. 50).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FCAA4D47114E" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">We provide below some further anatomical details. Animal white. Penis large, coiling clockwise, cylindrical to slightly tapering distally. Cephalic tentacles short, somewhat cylindrical, tip blunt; eyes minute. Venom apparatus: proboscis extremely long, coiled; venom gland convoluted, long; muscular bulb elongated, pearlescent. Radula of hypodermic teeth, relatively straight, tightly rolled; approximately 150 µm in length; barbs absent; adapical opening long; ventral side forming blade approximately 1/6 of length of tooth; base wide, angular, with lateral process; texture rugose; basal opening large, subcircular. Ligament long, rather broad.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF4FFCFDEA2FB844C6511D6" blockId="20.[160,1156,741,1217]" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">
Apart from its slightly more rounded whorl profile and its weaker ribs, the shell of this species is very similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDF9DFB624D5F1189" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[511,627,1157,1182]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pleurotomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="engonia">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDF9DFB624D5F1189" box="[511,627,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">G. engonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF4FFCFDCC8FB624C1A1189" baseAuthorityName="Barnard" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[682,822,1157,1182]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Gymnobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verecunda">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF4FFCFDCC8FB624C1A1189" box="[682,822,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="1449">G. verecunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– from which, however, it can be easily distinguished by its dark orange-stained columella.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

323
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<mods:namePart id="403664EBB3F3C1527C7D2250ECE3256D">Hallan, Anders</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4E7EE40368B6BB1B0560AA30445A5938">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1DD32781B29F531A1D5627680A567578">
<mods:date id="17ED59595E80F6077E6A822D24BCBF98">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="70E1329D298E39F07E6EBB0F4388A9CA">2024-08-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="0A7F888C939A6C37DC34A856C3766686" type="volume">
<mods:number id="1780CED66C9C7A127194CF61DF72345D">58</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="07E30476A49856CB683BF324A8DDF0D6" type="issue">
<mods:number id="7B00132EBD0C45B0483D9D12E1C3F7D8">37 - 40</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="6795481F8B977640CFA969B6AF4966DD">1429</mods:start>
<mods:end id="2544749B43BD3DC49BFCC75950A21ED5">1459</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="7034813725F1D55461F25F4341F5362E">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2383786</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="90FF40FC2DB00D59A136CCB7BD72A6AF" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2024.2383786</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F7447032EEEE89B7DC34B65659717E41" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCDDFCBFCBF4C561664" box="[425,890,856,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDFCBFCBF4C561664" blockId="22.[425,890,856,883]" box="[425,890,856,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
<heading id="CA1BCD7EFFF6FFCDDFCBFCBF4C561664" box="[425,890,856,883]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" reason="5">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDF9DFCBF4D871664" ID-CoL="7PD58" authority="E.A. Smith, 1895" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[511,683,856,883]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDF9DFCBF4D871664" box="[511,683,856,883]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E.A.
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF6FFCDDC8AFCBF4C561664" author="Smith EA" box="[744,890,856,883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF6FFCDDC8AFCBF4C1F1664" box="[744,819,856,883]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1895
</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCDDEA2FC7A4C9516A1" box="[192,953,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEA2FC7A4C9516A1" blockId="22.[192,953,925,950]" box="[192,953,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF6FFCDDEA2FC7A4FDA16A1" box="[192,246,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDF3EFC7A4D7B16A1" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[348,599,925,950]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDF3EFC7A4D7B16A1" box="[348,599,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma mirabile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E.A.
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF6FFCDDCEDFC7A4C3916A1" author="Smith EA" box="[655,789,925,950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">
<collectingRegion id="5328B4F0FFF6FFCDDCEDFC7A4DFF16A1" box="[655,723,925,950]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1895
</bibRefCitation>
by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCDDEC2FC0E4CF810D1" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEC2FC0E4E381114" blockId="22.[160,1156,1001,1478]" box="[160,276,1001,1027]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDEC2FC0E4E381114" bold="true" box="[160,276,1001,1027]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEC2FBEA4CF810D1" blockId="22.[160,1156,1001,1478]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Shell fusiform to biconical-fusiform, moderately thick. Protoconch eroded. Teleoconch cream (white when eroded), suture impressed. Whorl profile medium- to very broad, with wide, oblique subsutural ramp, weakly demarcated from whorl periphery. Lower portion of whorl weakly shouldered or convex. Subsutural ramp sculpture of dense arcuate growth lines, reflecting shape of anal sinus. Teleoconch with axial sculpture of ribs below subsutural ramp; spiral sculpture of fine cords or shallow grooves; microsculpture of growth lines. Last adult whorl markedly convex, clearly demarcated from rather straight, broad siphonal canal. Aperture elongated, about half of total shell length; outer lip thin, unsculptured. Inner lip with distinct whitish callus. Anal sinus wide, moderately shallow, U-shaped. Radula hypodermic, loosely rolled, up to 500 µm in length (AMS C.519375; not figured), relatively straight, bearing two blunt barbs; adapical opening extremely long (about half length of tooth) situated posterior to barb most proximal to tip; basal swelling moderately broad, texture rough; basal opening large.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9F62999FFF6FFCCDEC2FA1E4DBE136D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1452" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCDDEC2FA1E4E2A1304" blockId="22.[160,1156,1529,1728]" box="[160,262,1529,1555]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDEC2FA1E4E2A1304" bold="true" box="[160,262,1529,1555]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91537A12FFF6FFCCDEC2F9FA4DBE136D" blockId="22.[160,1156,1529,1728]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,142,1658]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="1452" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF6FFCDDEC2F9FA4E8F1321" author="Criscione F &amp; Hallan A &amp; Puillandre N &amp; Fedosov A" box="[160,419,1565,1590]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
Criscione
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDF6CF9FA4E131321" box="[270,319,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">et al</emphasis>
. (2021b)
</bibRefCitation>
redefined
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDC7DF9FA4D971321" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[543,699,1565,1590]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDC7DF9FA4D971321" box="[543,699,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on its position in their molecular phylogeny and a distinctive combination of the following morpho-anatomical characters: (a) large stout-fusiform shell with shouldered whorls, (b) shell sculpture of few wide and prominent ribs and numerous, thin and dense cordlets and (c) radula of hypodermic, loosely rolled, double-barbed teeth.
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF6FFCDDC51F9404DE313D7" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[563,719,1703,1728]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF6FFCDDC51F9404DE313D7" box="[563,719,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1451">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently encompasses four species, all from the central Indian Ocean: the type species,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDCAEFF694CE515B0" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[716,969,142,167]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCAEFF694CE515B0" box="[716,969,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma mirabile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E.A.
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDA61FF694BAF15B0" author="Smith EA" box="[1027,1155,142,167]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
from (off) the Malabar coast in
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDF90FF564D0515DD" box="[498,553,177,202]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC56FF564DD815DD" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[564,756,177,202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCE7FF564D9E15DD" box="[645,690,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDDCCFF564B0715DD" author="Smith EA" box="[942,1067,177,202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDE98FF334E4715FA" author="Pace S" box="[250,363,212,237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace 1903</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF1CFF334EFC15FA" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[382,464,212,237]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pacei">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF1CFF334EFC15FA" box="[382,464,212,237]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. pacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E.A.
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC67FF334DAF15FA" author="Smith EA" box="[517,643,212,237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
from off Kanyakumari (southern
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDD92FF334B0515FA" box="[1008,1065,212,237]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">India</collectingCountry>
) and off
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDEC2FF114E291418" box="[160,261,246,271]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF73FF114EFA1418" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[273,470,246,271]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF01FF114EBE1418" box="[355,402,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21, fig. 1–1a;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDCF4FF114C391418" author="Smith EA" box="[662,789,246,271]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
, p. 159–160),
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDD2FF114B201418" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[944,1036,246,271]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="minus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDD2FF114B201418" box="[944,1036,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. minus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E.A.
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDA20FF114FFB1425" author="Smith EA" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
off
<collectingCountry id="E9FB3A82FFF7FFCCDF63FEFE4E491425" box="[257,357,281,306]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF12FEFE4D1F1425" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[368,563,281,306]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDFA0FEFE4EDC1425" box="[450,496,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC92FEFE4C421425" author="Smith EA" box="[752,878,281,306]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="245 - 264" refId="ref17398" refString="Smith EA. 1906. XXXVI. - Natural history notes from R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. - Series III. No. 10. On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (106): 245 - 264. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222930608562609." type="journal article" year="1906">Smith 1906</bibRefCitation>
, p. 159) and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD99FEFE4BAF1425" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[1019,1155,281,306]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD99FEFE4BAF1425" box="[1019,1155,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E.A.
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDEB3FEDB4E7D1442" author="Smith EA" box="[209,337,316,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
off Kistna, Bay of Bengal (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC18FEDB4C6F1442" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[634,835,316,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCACFEDB4DD31442" box="[718,767,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 5, fig. 2–2a;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDD9FFEDB4B521442" author="Smith EA" box="[1021,1150,316,341]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 3–4, pl. 1, fig. 2). As the genus name was declared to be of neuter gender (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDD9FFEB94B521460" author="Smith EA" box="[1021,1150,350,375]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 2), the corrected name
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDFDDFE664D72148D" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[447,606,385,410]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDFDDFE664D72148D" box="[447,606,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is henceforth used for the latter species. None of these species can be tested through integrative taxonomy as there is no molecular data or anatomical information available (except for the type species). Photographs of the shell of the
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDEAEFE0E4E1C1715" box="[204,304,489,514]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF37FE0E4EEB1715" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[341,455,489,514]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF37FE0E4EEB1715" box="[341,455,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. mirabile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF7FFCCDFB6FE0E4D141715" box="[468,568,489,514]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758526/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Figure 5I</figureCitation>
) – previously known from its published images only (drawings in
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF5AFDEB4D291732" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[312,517,524,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDFEEFDEB4E921732" box="[396,446,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDCB5FDEB4C761732" author="Smith EA" box="[727,858,524,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1) – were generated and made available for this study. Based on these images and on the available literature data, we here attempt to test the current attribution of species to
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD80FDB64B52177D" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[994,1150,593,618]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD80FDB64B52177D" box="[994,1150,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by assessing the presence or absence of genus-level diagnostic shell features. A drawing of its shell (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF7EFD714ECC17B8" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[284,480,662,687]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF0CFD714EB117B8" box="[366,413,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21, fig. 2–2a) is the only image available for the
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDA7DFD714BAF17B8" box="[1055,1155,662,687]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEA3FD5E4E3B17C5" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[193,279,697,722]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pacei">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEA3FD5E4E3B17C5" box="[193,279,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. pacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the species’ current placement is maintained, due to the typical
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEC2FD3B4E1017E2" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[160,316,732,757]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEC2FD3B4E1017E2" box="[160,316,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
features exhibited by the shell of its
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDC83FD3B4C6917E2" box="[737,837,732,757]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF7FFCCDD36FD3B4C9317E2" box="[852,959,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758526/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Figure 5K</figureCitation>
). The shell of the
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDEC2FD194E281600" box="[160,260,766,791]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF48FD194EE61600" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[298,458,766,791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF48FD194EE61600" box="[298,458,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is significantly divergent from the typical
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDC5FD194B6F1600" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[935,1091,766,791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDC5FD194B6F1600" box="[935,1091,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shell, due to its nearly-turriform shape, subcylindrical walls and short siphonal canal (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDA5AFCC64E38164A" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEC2FCA34FFC164A" box="[160,208,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 5, fig 2a). Substantial differences between the
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDD2DFCA34C92164A" box="[847,958,836,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD86FCA34BA8164A" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[996,1156,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD86FCA34BA8164A" box="[996,1156,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEBAFC814E7F1668" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[216,339,870,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEBAFC814E7F1668" box="[216,339,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. mirabile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also reported based on anatomical observations, such as the presence in the former of eyes (
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC71FC6E4DBA16B5" author="Smith EA" box="[531,662,905,930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith 1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 3;
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC82FC6E4C7916B5" author="Pace S" box="[736,853,905,930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace 1903</bibRefCitation>
, p. 459). While these data are inconsistent with the attribution of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDC0BFC4B4C2716D2" authorityName="E.A.Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[617,779,940,965]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="abyssicolum">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDC0BFC4B4C2716D2" box="[617,779,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. abyssicolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDD57FC4B4CFD16D2" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[821,977,940,965]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDD57FC4B4CFD16D2" box="[821,977,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, more data are required to propose a new generic placement. A superficial resemblance of the shell of the
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDEB2FC164E18111D" box="[208,308,1009,1034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDF03FC164EED111D" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1906" box="[353,449,1009,1034]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="minus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDF03FC164EED111D" box="[353,449,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. minus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(drawn in
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC24FC164C3A111D" author="Alcock A &amp; Alcock A &amp; Anderson ARS &amp; Annandale N &amp; Stewart FH" box="[582,790,1009,1034]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" refId="ref15189" refString="Alcock A, Alcock A, Anderson ARS, Annandale N, Stewart FH. 1892. Illustrations of the Zoology of H. M. Indian Marine Surveying Steamer Investigator. Vol. Mollusca. pt. 1 - 6 (1897 - 1908). Calcutta.: Printed and sold by the Superintendent of Government Printing." type="book" year="1892">
Alcock
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDCF9FC164DE2111D" box="[667,718,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 1892
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 21, fig. 1a) to the shells in
<figureCitation id="09D76697FFF7FFCCDEC2FBF34E03113A" box="[160,303,1044,1069]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1287,1310]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-47@9.[163,1153,142,1256]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Shells of Pontiothauma primary species hypotheses (PSHs)/species. (A) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519343; (B) P1/ P. sp. Australian Museum (AMS) C.571758; (C) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.482298; (D) P1/ P. sp. AMS C.519375; (E) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. holotype AMS C.571641; (F) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.519398; (G) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.593511; (H) P2/ P. transregna sp. n. paratype AMS C.482289; (I) P. mirabile holotype E.A. Smith 1895 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) M179/1; (J) P. pacei E.A. Smith 1906 paratype Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK) 1906.7.21.1; (K) P. sp. AMS C.547959; (L) Miniatures of shells drawn to scale. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758526/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Figure 5D–H</figureCitation>
is insufficient to speculate on the species’ correct genus placement. With regard to a comment by
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF84FBD14C2E1158" author="Criscione F &amp; Hallan A &amp; Puillandre N &amp; Fedosov A" box="[486,770,1078,1103]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
Criscione
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDC3CFBD14DBA1158" box="[606,662,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. (2021b)
</bibRefCitation>
stating that
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDCFFBD14B611158" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[941,1101,1078,1103]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDCFFBD14B611158" box="[941,1101,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a paucispiral protoconch: upon further examination, we wish to retract this statement, as we do not consider there to be sufficient evidence. The only specimen examined that has remnants of a protoconch (AMS C.482289) is too worn to arrive at any conclusion as to whether the genus possesses paucispiral or multispiral protoconchs. Furthermore, neither
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDEC2FB034E1C11EA" author="Smith EA" box="[160,304,1252,1277]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith (1895)</bibRefCitation>
nor
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF0AFB034EC011EA" author="Pace S" box="[360,492,1252,1277]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace (1903)</bibRefCitation>
provided information about the protoconch morphology. The original description by
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF8DFAE14D521008" author="Smith EA" box="[495,638,1286,1311]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref17333" refString="Smith EA. 1895. I. - Natural history notes from H. M. Indian marine survey steamer ' Investigator', Smith EA, No. 19. Report upon the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during the season 1893 - 94. Ann Mag Nat Hist Zoo Bot Geo. 16: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1895">Smith (1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 2) mentioned the absence of a radula. However,
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF73FACE4EA01055" author="Pace S" box="[273,396,1321,1346]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace (1903</bibRefCitation>
, p. 459) describes a hypodermic, barbed radula for the same specimen (
<typeStatus id="4E57C4B0FFF7FFCCDE86FAAB4E611072" box="[228,333,1356,1381]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
).
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDF00FAAB4DAF1072" author="Kantor YI &amp; Taylor JD" box="[354,643,1356,1381]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="83 - 110" refId="ref16463" refString="Kantor YI, Taylor JD. 2002. Foregut anatomy and relationships of raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitominae). Boll Malacol. 38: 83 - 110." type="journal article" year="2002">Kantor and Taylor (2002)</bibRefCitation>
figured a radula of what they identified as
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEC2FA894E361090" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[160,282,1390,1415]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEC2FA894E361090" box="[160,282,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">P. mirabile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While the illustrations of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDC3DFA894DF41090" box="[607,728,1390,1415]" genus="The" pageId="23" pageNumber="1455" rank="species" species="radula">the radula</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDD6EFA894CA11090" author="Pace S" box="[780,909,1390,1415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref16898" refString="Pace S. 1903. On the anatomy of the Prosobranch genus Pontiothauma E. A. Smith. J Linnean Soc Zoo. xxviii (186): 455 - 462. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1903. tb 01532. x." type="journal article" year="1903">Pace (1903</bibRefCitation>
pl. 42, figs 5–7) are comparatively simple line drawings, his description of the barbs is instructive, and the scanning micrographs provided by
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDC4BFA534C1F10DA" author="Kantor YI &amp; Taylor JD" box="[553,819,1460,1485]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="83 - 110" refId="ref16463" refString="Kantor YI, Taylor JD. 2002. Foregut anatomy and relationships of raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitominae). Boll Malacol. 38: 83 - 110." type="journal article" year="2002">Kantor and Taylor (2002</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3E) are entirely consistent with our radular investigation of this genus. The hypodermic teeth of
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDDEFA314B7410F8" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1895" box="[956,1112,1494,1519]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Pontiothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDDEFA314B7410F8" box="[956,1112,1494,1519]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Pontiothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are rather distinct, and not observed in any other raphitomid genus, as they possess an extremely long adapical opening situated posterior to the barb most adjacent to the tip, as opposed to the barb most distal from the tip in other genera such as
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDDA4F9D94BAF1340" box="[966,1155,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDDA4F9D94B101340" box="[966,1084,1598,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Austrobela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Austrobela</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDA24F9D94BAF1340" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1959" box="[1094,1155,1598,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Theta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Theta</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="56EC0191FFF7FFCCDEB0F9864E75136D" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1925" box="[210,345,1633,1658]" class="Gastropoda" family="Raphitomidae" genus="Typhlosyrinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDEB0F9864E75136D" box="[210,345,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">Typhlosyrinx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="F57D07E3FFF7FFCCDFF7F9864DA9136D" author="Criscione F &amp; Hallan A &amp; Puillandre N &amp; Fedosov A" box="[405,645,1633,1658]" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452" pagination="961 - 1000" refId="ref15698" refString="Criscione F, Hallan A, Puillandre N, Fedosov A. 2021 b. Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia. Zool J Linn Soc. 191 (4): 961 - 1000. doi: 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 088." type="journal article" year="2021">
Criscione
<emphasis id="A398A600FFF7FFCCDC60F9864D1E136D" box="[514,562,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="1452">et al</emphasis>
. 2021b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

72
data/19/45/CB/1945CB04FFF8FFC2DFF5FF694E40177C.xml
View file

@ -1,49 +1,49 @@
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