diff --git a/data/AC/56/87/AC568781FFA3FFC6FF7DFF1CFD4762CF.xml b/data/AC/56/87/AC568781FFA3FFC6FF7DFF1CFD4762CF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ae6def780cf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/AC/56/87/AC568781FFA3FFC6FF7DFF1CFD4762CF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2297 @@ + + + +Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. + + + +Author + +Gonzalez, Cindy +Predator Ecology and Conservation Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, MSB 350, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA. + + + +Author + +Postaire, Bautisse +Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université de Quebec en Outaouais, Ripon, Québec, Canada. 58 Rue Principale, Ripon, QC J 0 V 1 V 0, Canada. + + + +Author + +Driggers, William +National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, P. O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39567, USA. + + + +Author + +Caballero, Susana +Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 - 2004, USA. + + + +Author + +Chapman, Demian +Predator Ecology and Conservation Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, MSB 350, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA. & Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-23 + + +5512 + + +4 + + +491 +511 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5512.4.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5512.4.2 +1175-5326 +13849110 +E58F4A25-AAD5-4336-910B-30182CDD5903 + + + + + + + +Sphyrna alleni + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Family: +Sphyrnidae +, +Carcharhiniformes +; Genus + +Sphyrna, +Gilbert 1967 + +. + + + + + +Sphyrna tiburo +Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948 + +; +Gilbert, 1967 +; Compagno, 1973, 1979, 1988. + + + +Sphyrna +cf. +tiburo +Naylor, 2012 + +; +Fields, 2016 +; +Gonzalez, 2019 +; +Gonzalez, 2021 +. + + + +Sphyrna +aff. +tiburo +Gonzalez, 2021 + +; +Aroca, 2022 +. + + + + +Proposed common name. +Shovelbill Shark (EN), Requin-marteau pelle (FR), Tiburón Cabeza de Pala (SP) ( +Figure 8 +). + + + + +Materials examined. + +Sphyrna alleni + +sp. nov. +specimens were collected at Robinson Point and +Riversdale Village +, +Belize +, and were provided by local fishermen in 2016 and 2019. + +S. tiburo + +specimens were collected in Panama City, +Terra Ceia Bay +, and + +Sarasota Bay +, FL + +between 2015–2021 and provided by +Dr. J. Carlson +from +NOAA +and +Dr. J Gardiner +from +New College of Florida. +Type +specimens were placed in the collection of the +Florida Museum of Natural History +(see +Table 1 +for details). + + + + +Holotype +. + +UF 245705 +, female, +103 cm +TL. +Riversdale +, +Riversdale +, +Belize +; Collected: + +February 2019 + +by +C. Gonzalez +( +Figure 9 +). + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +All +from +Riversdale +, +Riversdale +, +Belize +., and collected by +C. Gonzalez +in + +February 2019 + +. +UF 245723 +, male, TL +60.5 cm + +; + +UF 245724 +, female, +83 cm + +; + +UF245725 +, female, TL +71.5 cm + +; + +UF245726 +, male, TL +63 cm + +, + +UF245727 +, male, +64.5 cm + +. + + +Non-Types. +Six + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, sharks collected by D. Chapman and local fishermen in 2016 at Robinson Point, Riversdale, +Belize +, decayed after fixing them with 10% formalin, probably because the meat was decomposed after shipping delays. After taking the measurements and correspondent genetic samples, the vertebrae and the jaws were kept frozen at the Mote Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, Sarasota, FL. + + + + +Diagnosis. +Small hammerhead shark (< +150 cm +at maturity) with a flat, shovel shaped head that lacks indentations on its anterior edge. Cephalofoil anterior margin is pointed (like a tringle) in both sexes and the posterior margins are lobule shaped. The anterior margin of males exhibits a pronounced bulge. Enlarged, molariform posterior teeth, first dorsal rear tip in front of pelvic origins, and shallowly concave posterior anal margin. It is distinct from + +S. tiburo + +because in this species the anterior margin of the head is more rounded and the lobules on the posterior margin are not present. Precaudal vertebral counts for + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, are between 80-83 (~10 more vertebrae than + +S. tiburo + +). + + + + +FIGURE 8. + +Sphyrna alleni + +sp. nov. +A) Horizontal view of the shark; B) dermal denticles; C) upper and D) lower teeth; Dorsal and ventral representation of the head shape of E) Female and F) Male. Illustrations: Gina Clementi. + + + + +TABLE 6. +Proportional measurements for + +S. alleni + +. sp. nov., and + +S. tiburo + +. ANOVAs values are followed by p-values in parentheses. Values not reported when the data was non normal distributed. When the data was non normally distributed a Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test was performed and p-values are reported in parentheses. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Morphological Character + +n + +Mean (cm) + +(S.D) + +Range + +ANOVA + +K-W test +
1 +Head length + + +S. alleni + +1216.482.1313.4–19.710.488 (0.49)
+ +S. tiburo + +1116.151.5312.5–18
2 +Pre-first dorsal length + + +S. alleni + +1224.814.3119.5–353.673 (0.07)
+ +S. tiburo + +1123.752.4118.4–27.3
3 +Pre-second dorsal length + + +S. alleni + +1250.028.9238–68.53.717 (0.07)
+ +S. tiburo + +1148.45.1936–54.5
4 +Pre-pectoral length + + +S. alleni + +1216.312.2413.5–210.805 (0.38)
+ +S. tiburo + +1115.91.4912.2–17
5 +Pre-pelvic length + + +S. alleni + +1236.586.6528–513.289 (0.08)
+ +S. tiburo + +1135.123.6926.7–40.9
6 +Preanal length + + +S. alleni + +1247.258.5136–650.359 (0.55)
+ +S. tiburo + +1146.594.9935.3–54.2
7 +Snout-vent length + + +S. alleni + +1238.857.5128.8–54.56.367 (0.012)*
+ +S. tiburo + +1136.334.6927.5–45.2
8 +Inter-dorsal space + + +S. alleni + +1219.083.5314.2–26.20.877 (0.36)
+ +S. tiburo + +1118.402.4612.5–21.5
9 +Second dorsal-caudal space + + +S. alleni + +126.061.164.5–8.224.73 (6.39e-05) ***
+ +S. tiburo + +116.550.665.1–7.7
10 +Pectoral-pelvic space + + +S. alleni + +1217.183.5312–23.67.670 (0.005)
+ +S. tiburo + +1115.822.0612–18
11 +Pelvic-anal space + + +S. alleni + +127.021.695–10.10.635 (0.43)
+ +S. tiburo + +117.301.405–9.5
12 +Anal-caudal space + + +S. alleni + +124.600.863.5–631.54 (1.42e-05) ***
+ +S. tiburo + +115.630.663.9–6.36
13 +Pelvic-caudal space + + +S. alleni + +1216.802.6813.2–21.28.093 (0.009) **
+ +S. tiburo + +1117.751.9913.8–20.4
14 +Vent-caudal length + + +S. alleni + +1240.916.1732.1–536.368 (0.012)*
+ +S. tiburo + +1135.546.0024.7–43.8
15 +Head width + + +S. alleni + +1213.171.4410.97–15.314.9 (0.000) ***
+ +S. tiburo + +1112.311.0110.45–14.1
16 +Snout length + + +S. alleni + +125.630.754.68–7.25.188 (0.033) *
+ +S. tiburo + +115.310.444.42–6
17 +Eye length + + +S. alleni + +121.400.211.1–1.740.640 (0.428)
+ +S. tiburo + +111.380.081.25–1.55
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 6. +(Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Morphological Character + +n + +Mean (cm) + +(S.D) + +Range + +ANOVA + +K-W test +
18 +Eye height + + +S. alleni + +121.010.140.85–1.350.066 (0.8)
+ +S. tiburo + +111.020.130.7–1.15
19 +Internarial space + + +S. alleni + +129.051.137.61–11.546.17 (1.02e-06) ***
+ +S. tiburo + +118.320.656.8–9.3
20 +Nostril length + + +S. alleni + +121.280.720.78–3.5319.64 (0.000) ***
+ +S. tiburo + +111.050.061–1.2
21 +Mouth width + + +S. alleni + +125.261.093.79–7.680.002 (0.962)
+ +S. tiburo + +115.130.544.1–6
22 +Mouth length + + +S. alleni + +123.330.552.55–4.320.493 (0.49)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.200.342.7–3.75
23 +Intergill length + + +S. alleni + +123.990.932.85–6.550.0038 (0.951)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.820.503.2–4.6
24 +First gill slit height + + +S. alleni + +122.240.441.54–2.962.968 (0.09)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.050.281.5–2.67
25 +Second gill slit length + + +S. alleni + +122.450.411.78–3.123.640 (0.06)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.270.291.8–2.9
26 +Third gill slit length + + +S. alleni + +122.530.421.97–3.570.053 (0.82)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.480.232.13–3
27 +Forth gill slit length + + +S. alleni + +122.540.481.85–3.340.221 (0.64)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.550.272.23–3.15
28 +Fifth gill slit length + + +S. alleni + +122.270.491.6–3.220.078 (0.78)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.190.331.85–2.82
29 +Pectoral anterior margin + + +S. alleni + +1211.552.068.6–15.34.563 (0.04) *
+ +S. tiburo + +1111.670.989.62–12.7
30 +Pectoral base + + +S. alleni + +124.350.972.95–6.31.670 (0.19)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.320.403.5–4.9
31 +Pectoral inner margin + + +S. alleni + +124.200.733.05–5.350.073 (0.79)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.150.533–4.8
32 +Pectoral posterior margin + + +S. alleni + +129.802.087.07–13.444.071 (0.05)
+ +S. tiburo + +119.020.907.67–10.4
33 +Pectoral height + + +S. alleni + +1210.442.087.45–14.693.409 (0.06)
+ +S. tiburo + +119.740.978–11.2
34 +First dorsal anterior margin + + +S. alleni + +1212.932.1210.12–17.27.188 (0.01) *
+ +S. tiburo + +1112.191.079.8–14
35 +First dorsal base + + +S. alleni + +126.521.254.83–9.150.001 (0.97)
+ +S. tiburo + +116.380.854.8–7.56
36 +First dorsal inner margin + + +S. alleni + +124.652.692.65–12.450.192 (0.66)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.020.872.83–5.55
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 6. +(Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Morphological Character + +n + +Mean (cm) + +(S.D) + +Range + +ANOVA + +K-W test +
37 +First dorsal posterior margin + + +S. alleni + +129.121.746.5–12.20.058 (0.81)
+ +S. tiburo + +119.011.016.7–10.3
38 +First dorsal height + + +S. alleni + +129.842.176.32–12.330.254 (0.62)
+ +S. tiburo + +119.381.087.1–10.71
39 +Second dorsal anterior margin + + +S. alleni + +124.891.403–8.750.969 (0.325)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.870.553.87–5.83
40 +Second dorsal base + + +S. alleni + +122.800.441.95–3.442.337 (0.14)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.030.582–4
41 +Second dorsal inner margin + + +S. alleni + +124.180.693.03–5.354.316 (0.050)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.370.473.35–4.95
42 +Second dorsal posterior margin + + +S. alleni + +124.610.813.35–6.22.514 (0.13)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.810.723.6–5.8
43 +Second dorsal height + + +S. alleni + +123.450.772.25–4.440.238 (0.63)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.470.552.4–4.2
44 +Pelvic anterior margin + + +S. alleni + +125.520.934–70.219 (0.64)
+ +S. tiburo + +115.510.744.3–6.48
45 +Pelvic base + + +S. alleni + +124.440.912.66–6.130.058 (0.81)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.390.673.43–5.52
46 +Pelvic inner margin + + +S. alleni + +122.990.472.13–42.41 (0.14)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.210.422.45–3.8
47 +Pelvic posterior margin + + +S. alleni + +124.930.943.49–6.881.737 (0.20)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.600.483.56–5.14
48 +Pelvic height + + +S. alleni + +124.431.132.52–60.957 (0.34)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.570.733.5–5.66
49 +Anal anterior margin + + +S. alleni + +123.410.722.38–5.052.993 (0.09)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.610.432.86–4.3
50 +Anal base + + +S. alleni + +125.380.953.85–7.071.947 (0.18)
+ +S. tiburo + +115.060.644–5.8
51 +Anal inner margin + + +S. alleni + +123.050.482.23–3.92.004 (0.157)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.810.561.6–3.42
52 +Anal posterior margin + + +S. alleni + +125.961.044.32–7.753.894 (0.062)
+ +S. tiburo + +115.460.794.22–6.57
53 +Anal height + + +S. alleni + +122.320.671.41–3.50.112 (0.742)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.340.701.46–3.85
54 +Dorsal caudal margin + + +S. alleni + +1220.732.7317.2–26.33.787 (0.06)
+ +S. tiburo + +1119.941.6216.3–21.5
55 +Pre-ventral caudal margin + + +S. alleni + +128.281.206.57–10.549.828 (0.005) **
+ +S. tiburo + +117.590.916.05–9.33
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 6. +(Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Morphological Character + +n + +Mean (cm) + +(S.D) + +Range + +ANOVA + +K-W test +
56 +Upper post-ventral caudal margin + + +S. alleni + +1212.721.8810.27–16.324.87 (6.18e-05) ***
+ +S. tiburo + +1111.181.279–12.5
57 +Lower post-ventral caudal margin + + +S. alleni + +123.780.753–5.550.732 (0.40)
+ +S. tiburo + +113.570.582.7–4.9
58 +Caudal fork length + + +S. alleni + +125.830.724.72–6.664.737 (0.04) *
+ +S. tiburo + +115.500.584.3–6.4
59 +Caudal fork width + + +S. alleni + +125.480.834.35–7.250.136 (0.72)
+ +S. tiburo + +115.470.504.7–6.5
60 +Subterminal caudal margin + + +S. alleni + +122.420.421.97–3.40.136 (0.712)
+ +S. tiburo + +112.150.361.35–2.52
61 +Terminal caudal margin + + +S. alleni + +124.110.792.15–5.220.852 (0.356)
+ +S. tiburo + +114.230.623.1–4.85
+ + + +Description. +Proportional measurements expressed as a percentage of the total length (TL) are given for the specimens analyzed ( +Table 6 +). + + +Body slender; expanded and narrow pre-branchial head that is shovel-shaped, no indentation on the anterior margin, tip of the head with a triangular contour shape ( +Figure 8 +). Head dorsoventrally flattened and narrow but longitudinally elongated, measuring from 19 to 22% of total length (TL) in the specimens analyzed. Distance from tip of snout to mouth about a 34-36% of the head length; posterior margins of head short, forming a lobule shape with a pronounced angular termination; pre-narial grooves not present; mucous pores on the ventral side and on the top of the head distributed in a diffuse pattern, pores highly concentrated in the tip of snout, and surrounding the eyes. There is sexual dimorphism in the individuals, so males have a more pronounced triangular termination of the head than females that have a slightly more rounded head ( +Figure 3 +). Eyes oval, small, located at the lateral sides of the head with a diameter of about +1.2 cm +(1.2- 1.5% of TL). Nostrils small, apertures transversely oval to tear shaped; internarial space about 66% of the total head width (11% of TL). Prominent rostral cartilage on the top of the head. Mouth about a 40% of the head width, broadly arched; symphysis of mouth; 25 teeth in average in the upper and lower rows of functional teeth; anterior teeth not serrated with short, smooth-edged cusps; posterior molar teeth with a broader basis, flattened, cusp-less, keeled, expanded, and rounded; lower teeth shorter than uppers. Labial furrow around corner of mouth on the lower jaw, but none on the upper jaw ( +Figure 3 +). + + +First dorsal moderately hooked or curved like a sickle on its anterior margin, its origin over the end of the inner margins of pectoral fins, vertical height of the dorsal fin about 60% and base about a 40% of the length of head; posterior margin slightly curved with very small serrations on the end, its free rear tip usually somewhat anterior to pelvic origins. Interdorsal space about 25% of the total length. Second dorsal fin small, moderately high, height is about 35% of the dorsal fin height, one centimeter less than anal fin, concave posterior margin like an “L” shape; inner margin moderately long, longer than fin height. Five gill openings extended after the posterior head lobules, evenly spaced; each slit increases a little bit after the first one, each slit is about +2.2-2.5 cm +in length. Pectoral fins originate just after the gill openings, about 74% of the head length and proportional to 14% of the total length. Pelvic fins slightly curved at the corners, with posterior margins almost straight to slightly curved. Anal fins larger and longer than second dorsal fin; base of anal fin is 6.8 to 7.8% of the total length, its origin well in front of second dorsal origin; posterior margin shallowly concave. Caudal fin long about 25%–28% of the total length; well defined precaudal pit; lower lobule of the fork about 1/3 (36–40%) of the upper lobule; upper margin and subterminal caudal margin straight, fork width about ¼ (26%) of total caudal fin length. Precaudal vertebrae counts between 80 to 83, ten or nine vertebrae more than + +S. tiburo + +(72-74). + + +Teeth counts of the functional rows for the upper and lower jaw were +25 in +average for each row. When compared to + +S. tiburo + +no significant differences in shape or structure of the jaws were found. The + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, sharks have anterior teeth that are pointier, narrower, and more sharpened than + +S. tiburo +, + +that have wider teeth. Also, + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, the anterior and posterior teeth seem to be bigger than + +S. tiburo + +. Lower jaw: + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, have fewer posterior teeth without cusps with a flatter crown foot, fewer rows of teeth exposed (3-2 rows), and are more spaced than + +S. tiburo + +. Contrary, the arrangement of posterior teeth in + +S. tiburo + +is a clumped pattern and more rows of teeth are exposed (5-3 rows). Upper jaw: + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, have only one column of posterior teeth without cusps and flattened crown foots. The second column of teeth have a small cusp developed, that starts to get more prominent until the anterior teeth with well-defined cusp ends. In comparison, the upper jaws of + +S. tiburo + +have 3 columns of posterior teeth that are cusp-less and flattened. Only in the 4 +th +column of posterior teeth the cusps start to develop, but they are not as pointed and sharp as the new species. Dermal denticles with 5 ridges imbricated or loosely spaced in the body ( +Figure 8 +). + + +Coloration. +Color after preservation varies from light brown to dark gray; the ventral side tends to become “yellower” with formalin and keeps its original color if preserved in ethanol ( +Figure 9 +). In life color varies between gray or gray-brown on the dorsal side; white, or light beige on the ventral side, often with small dark spots on lateral sides of the body ( +Figure 10 +). + + + + +FIGURE 9. +Holotype of + +Sphyrna alleni + +sp. nov. +collected in Riversdale, Belize. UF 245705, Female, 103 cm TL. Photo: Zachary Randall, Digital Imaging Division, Florida Museum. + + + + +Distribution range. + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +is distributed in coastal waters, estuaries, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and sand bottoms from +Belize +to +Brazil +. Presence has been confirmed in the Caribbean in +Belize +, +Panama +, +Colombia +, +Trinidad and Tobago +, and in the southwestern Atlantic in +Brazil +. + +S. tiburo + +is distributed from North Carolina, U.S to +Belize +where a potential contact zone for the two species could occur between +Mexico +and +Belize +(Yucatan Peninsula). + + + + +Etymology. + +S. alleni + +sp. nov. +, is named after Paul G. Allen (1953-2018) who was an investor, co-founder of Microsoft, and philanthropist who, through the Paul G. Allen Family +Foundation +, has generously supported shark research and conservation. + + + + +Comparative material. +Eleven + +S. tiburo + +specimens from + +Sarasota Bay +, FL + +, U.S were used. +From +those, +six specimens +were fixed and kept at the +Florida Museum of Natural History. +UF 247324 +(n=3): female, TL 86; female, TL 74.5; female, TL 82, Collected 07/20/20; +UF 247325 +(n=2): male, TL 80.5; male, TL 73.5, Collected 10/13/20; +UF 247326 +(n=1): male ( +Figure 10 +), TL 59.5 Collected 08/18/20, all specimens collected by +J. Gardiner. The +other +five specimens +were measured, genetic samples were taken, and the vertebrae and teeth were cleaned and counted by hand. +The +vertebrae and jaws were kept frozen at the +Predator Ecology +and +Conservation Lab +at +Florida International University. They +correspond to the following individuals: FLO-017, male, TL +82.3 cm +; FLO-023, female, TL 71.6; FLO-004, male TL 83.3; FLO- 008, female TL +82cm +; FLO-006, male, TL +76 cm +, collected by +J. Carlson +from +NOAA +in +2015 in +Panama City +, FL. + + + + \ No newline at end of file