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@ -90,21 +93,21 @@ Scholtz 1986, Scholtz and Peck 1990, Browne
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. 1993, Strümpher
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<emphasis id="12BE0166FFA0CB028C8FFA5AACFF2F89" box="[1197,1238,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014). Nonetheless, only the topology obtained from the IW model will be discussed here, as the resolution and level of support were beter solved than that of the EW model (
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<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C65F9BFACA22C2B" box="[1095,1163,1593,1617]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C65F9BFACA22C2B" box="[1095,1163,1593,1617]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFA0CB028C83F9BFAD272C2B" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1876" box="[1185,1294,1593,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12BE0166FFA0CB028C83F9BFAD272C2B" box="[1185,1294,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Polononcus</emphasis>
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monophyly was well supported (RBS = 92; SR = 71), with five synapomorphies (the last one homoplastic): presence of the one single seta in the sixth antennomere (3:0—
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<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C1AF911ACAB2CD5" box="[1080,1154,1687,1711]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1725,1749]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characters relative of antennae and mouthparts of Trogidae: antennae of: A, Polononcus gemmingeri; B, Omorgus suberosus; C, Trox plicatus. Labrum of:D, Polononcus juglans; E, Trox plicatus; F, Omorgus batesi in dorsal view.Mentum of: G, Polononcus argentinus; H, Trox variolatus in ventral view.Scale bar:0.5 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C1AF911ACAB2CD5" box="[1080,1154,1687,1711]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1725,1749]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characters relative of antennae and mouthparts of Trogidae: antennae of: A, Polononcus gemmingeri; B, Omorgus suberosus; C, Trox plicatus. Labrum of:D, Polononcus juglans; E, Trox plicatus; F, Omorgus batesi in dorsal view.Mentum of: G, Polononcus argentinus; H, Trox variolatus in ventral view.Scale bar:0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825802/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); clypeus with apical portion downward abruptly (20:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C76F931AC892CB5" box="[1108,1184,1719,1743]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,145,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[129,1473,143,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Characters relative of the head and pronotum of Trogidae.Fronto-lateral view of: A, Polononcus hemisphaericus; B, Trox plicatus. Frontal view of head of: C, Polononcus bullatus; D, Polononcus juglans. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of: E, Polononcus vazdemelloi; F, Trox plicatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C76F931AC892CB5" box="[1108,1184,1719,1743]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,145,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[129,1473,143,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Characters relative of the head and pronotum of Trogidae.Fronto-lateral view of: A, Polononcus hemisphaericus; B, Trox plicatus. Frontal view of head of: C, Polononcus bullatus; D, Polononcus juglans. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of: E, Polononcus vazdemelloi; F, Trox plicatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825807/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); aedeagus with a medial lobe and a dorsal portion surrounding the sof parts (83:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028DAFF950AB6F2D77" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028DAFF950AB6F2D77" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); parameres not fully sclerotized (92:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028CD4F973AD172D77" box="[1270,1342,1781,1805]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028CD4F973AD172D77" box="[1270,1342,1781,1805]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); and with apical torsion inward (93:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C7BF893AC8A2D57" box="[1113,1187,1813,1837]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFA0CB028C7BF893AC8A2D57" box="[1113,1187,1813,1837]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFA0CB1D8B64F8B2A99D2DDA" blockId="15.[810,1460,1366,1962]" lastBlockId="16.[128,778,1614,1952]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
|
|
@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ Te presence of one single seta in the sixth antennomere was first documented by
|
|||
species.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Te apical portion of the clypeus slopes downward abruptly (forming a straight angle with the front—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBFCB1D89E4F9C8AA3A2C1C" box="[454,531,1614,1638]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,145,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[129,1473,143,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Characters relative of the head and pronotum of Trogidae.Fronto-lateral view of: A, Polononcus hemisphaericus; B, Trox plicatus. Frontal view of head of: C, Polononcus bullatus; D, Polononcus juglans. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of: E, Polononcus vazdemelloi; F, Trox plicatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBFCB1D89E4F9C8AA3A2C1C" box="[454,531,1614,1638]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,145,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[129,1473,143,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Characters relative of the head and pronotum of Trogidae.Fronto-lateral view of: A, Polononcus hemisphaericus; B, Trox plicatus. Frontal view of head of: C, Polononcus bullatus; D, Polononcus juglans. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of: E, Polononcus vazdemelloi; F, Trox plicatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825807/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is historically used to separate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBFCB1D88FCF9E8A9642CFC" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1876" box="[222,333,1646,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBFCB1D88FCF9E8A9642CFC" box="[222,333,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polononcus</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ and other genera of
|
|||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBFCB1D8973F80EA9982DDA" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1819" box="[337,433,1928,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trogidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBFCB1D88A0FA48ADE82C64" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[130,195,1486,1510]" targetBox="[131,1471,146,1456]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBFCB1D88A0FA48ADE82C64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825825/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[130,195,1486,1510]" targetBox="[131,1471,146,1456]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBFCB1D88A0FA48ADE82C64" blockId="16.[129,1473,1486,1567]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBFCB1D88A0FA48A8F32F9C" bold="true" box="[130,218,1486,1510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
Characters relative of the elytra and legs of
|
||||
|
|
@ -210,9 +213,9 @@ clades (C), and their respective subclades (e.g. B1, B2, C1, etc.). Te
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBFCB1D8BD2F92AAC6A2CBE" box="[1008,1091,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">pedestris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade presented a low branch support (RBS = 8) with three synapomorphies (all homoplastic) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBFCB1D8DBEF94AAB7A2D79" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,149,1077]" captionTargetId="figure-506@20.[129,1473,144,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 11. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘pedestris clade’.(Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies. Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus pedestris." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBFCB1D8DBEF94AAB7A2D79" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="20.[128,193,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,149,1077]" captionTargetId="figure-506@20.[129,1473,144,1079]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 11. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘pedestris clade’.(Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies. Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus pedestris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825831/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
): antero-basal constriction with shallow shape (52:1), basal tubercles and medial edge of pronotum not connected (55:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBFCB1D8B1BF8ACABAC2D38" box="[825,901,1834,1858]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBFCB1D8B1BF8ACABAC2D38" box="[825,901,1834,1858]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825817/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and the presence of a longitudinal sulcus in the inner face of protibial (78:0). Into this clade,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBFCB1D8CC2F8CFAD802D1B" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1248,1449,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pedestris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBFCB1D8CC2F8CFAD802D1B" box="[1248,1449,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polononcus pedestris</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -248,11 +251,11 @@ is retrieved as a sister-group of
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBFCB1D8D46F80EADBC2DDA" box="[1380,1429,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sallei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
)) is supported by three synapomorphies (the last two being homoplastic) with low branch support (RBS = 8): dorsal surface of a median lobe with a blade-like shape (88:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A60FF49AA832A9C" box="[578,682,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A60FF49AA832A9C" box="[578,682,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
); apex of the median lobe with a spoon-like shape in lateral view (89:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88A3FE8BA8ED2B5F" box="[129,196,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9I</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88A3FE8BA8ED2B5F" box="[129,196,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9I</figureCitation>
|
||||
); and the inner margin of parameres curve near of the base (96:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8928FEABA97E2B3F" box="[266,343,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8928FEABA97E2B3F" box="[266,343,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Even with markable external diagnostic characteristic to separate these three species (see diffential diagnostic in: Costa-Silva
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8946FEEAA9BD2BF9" box="[356,404,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2024a), the spoon-like shape of the median lobe of those three species as a synapomorphy, and the shared geographical distribution from the highest regions of the north-west of the Andean Mountains (
|
||||
|
|
@ -261,7 +264,7 @@ and
|
|||
<collectingCountry id="58DD9DE4FFBDCB1F8A8AFE4FAB2B2B9B" box="[680,770,457,481]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||||
) suggest an evolutive relationship between these species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBECB1C8853F8B4AA0F2DE4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" targetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBECB1C8853F8B4AA0F2DE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" targetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBECB1C8853F8B4AA0F2DE4" blockId="17.[113,1427,1842,1950]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBECB1C8853F8B4A8E02D30" bold="true" box="[113,201,1842,1866]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
Characters relative of male genitalia of
|
||||
|
|
@ -319,20 +322,20 @@ clade (B) is beter supported than the
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8A94FD8EAB20285A" box="[694,777,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pedestris</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade (A) and includes all species with asymmetrical male genitalia (RBS = 49; SR = 35) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F89B9FDC1A9C92825" box="[411,480,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F89B9FDC1A9C92825" box="[411,480,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Four synapomorphies, two of which were homoplastic (characters 79 and 90), supported this clade (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88D0FD03A91128E7" box="[242,312,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[113,178,903,927]" captionTargetBox="[125,1456,146,873]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[114,1458,144,875]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘pilularius clade’.(Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies. Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus vazdemelloi." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88D0FD03A91128E7" box="[242,312,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[113,178,903,927]" captionTargetBox="[125,1456,146,873]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[114,1458,144,875]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘pilularius clade’.(Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies. Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus vazdemelloi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825833/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
): a right mandible with a raised swelling parallel with outer margin (17:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F899EFD23AA2828C7" box="[444,513,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Characters relative of mouthparts of Trogidae.Maxila, in dorsal view, of: A, Polononcus argentinus; B, Trox luridus. Dorsal view of right mandible of: C, Polononcus gemmingeri; D, Trox variolatus. Lateral view of right mandible of:E, Polononcus gemmingeri; F, Trox variolatus. Scale bar: 0.5 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F899EFD23AA2828C7" box="[444,513,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Characters relative of mouthparts of Trogidae.Maxila, in dorsal view, of: A, Polononcus argentinus; B, Trox luridus. Dorsal view of right mandible of: C, Polononcus gemmingeri; D, Trox variolatus. Lateral view of right mandible of:E, Polononcus gemmingeri; F, Trox variolatus. Scale bar: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825809/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), protibiae without an apical tooth in the dorsal surface (79:1), dorsal portion of median lobe with asymmetrical lateral margins at the middle (85:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88A3FC85A8E52961" box="[129,204,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88A3FC85A8E52961" box="[129,204,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and phallobase with a quarter of total aedeagus length (90:2—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88F7FCA4A93F2940" box="[213,278,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9I</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88F7FCA4A93F2940" box="[213,278,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9I</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBDCB1F88BEFCC4AA952FD7" blockId="18.[128,778,144,1954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
Two subclades (B1 + B2—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8993FCC7A9DE2923" box="[433,503,833,857]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8993FCC7A9DE2923" box="[433,503,833,857]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
) can be recognized within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBDCB1F88A2FCE7A8CB2903" authorityName="Polononcus" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[128,226,865,889]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilularius">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
|
|
@ -360,7 +363,7 @@ to occur in the
|
|||
2024a). Considering the restricted geographical distribution of both species (both being confined to the
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="E20E1396FFBDCB1F88E8FC7BA9A32E6F" box="[202,394,1021,1045]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||||
), Vaurie (1962) and Scholtz (1986, 1990b) hypothesized that both species share a common ancestor. Te highest branch support of our results (RBS = 100; SR = 34) corroborates this hypothesis (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A02FBDDAA4E2E09" box="[544,615,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A02FBDDAA4E2E09" box="[544,615,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Furthermore,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBDCB1F88A3FBFDA9A52EE9" baseAuthorityName="Van Dyke" baseAuthorityYear="1953" box="[129,396,1147,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galapagoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F88A3FBFDA9A52EE9" box="[129,396,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Polononcus galapagoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -395,17 +398,17 @@ is found restricted to the small and isolated northern islands of
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBDCB1F88BEFA32AC6F287B" blockId="18.[128,778,144,1954]" lastBlockId="18.[825,1475,144,1954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
Te subclade B2 (RBR = 12; SR = 21) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A7EFA32AA802FB6" box="[604,681,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[113,178,903,927]" captionTargetBox="[125,1456,146,873]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[114,1458,144,875]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘pilularius clade’.(Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies. Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus vazdemelloi." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A7EFA32AA802FB6" box="[604,681,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[113,178,903,927]" captionTargetBox="[125,1456,146,873]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[114,1458,144,875]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘pilularius clade’.(Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies. Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus vazdemelloi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825833/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is supported in the presence of the apical callus in the inner margin of protibiae (80:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F897AFA75A98B2C71" box="[344,418,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1486,1510]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,146,1456]" captionTargetId="figure-232@16.[129,1473,144,1458]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8.Characters relative of the elytra and legs of Polononcus. Half lef dorsal habitus of: A, Polononcus pseudogemmifer; B, Polononcus neuquen. C, lateral habitus of Polononcus aeger. Ventral view of lef mesotibia in: D, Polononcus peruanus; E, Polononcus cropticus. Dorsal view of right foretibia in: F, Polononcus furcillifer; G, Polononcus gemmiferus. Lateral view of right foretibia in: H, Polononcus gemmiferus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F897AFA75A98B2C71" box="[344,418,1523,1547]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1486,1510]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,146,1456]" captionTargetId="figure-232@16.[129,1473,144,1458]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8.Characters relative of the elytra and legs of Polononcus. Half lef dorsal habitus of: A, Polononcus pseudogemmifer; B, Polononcus neuquen. C, lateral habitus of Polononcus aeger. Ventral view of lef mesotibia in: D, Polononcus peruanus; E, Polononcus cropticus. Dorsal view of right foretibia in: F, Polononcus furcillifer; G, Polononcus gemmiferus. Lateral view of right foretibia in: H, Polononcus gemmiferus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825825/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tis characteristic is mentioned here for the first time in the literature and can be used to distinguish this group from the remaining species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBDCB1F8AB5F9B7AB2D2C33" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1876" box="[663,772,1585,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8AB5F9B7AB2D2C33" box="[663,772,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Polononcus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Also, two homoplasies with phylogenetic signal were identified here: the length of AA1+2 venation is a quarter of AA3+4 length (29:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88F7F909A9372CDD" box="[213,286,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F88F7F909A9372CDD" box="[213,286,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825815/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and the inner margin of the parameres, near to the base, form a curve of ~90° (96:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A2FF929AA712CBD" box="[525,600,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8A2FF929AA712CBD" box="[525,600,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). All species that composed the subclade B2 are insular, and most of them occur within tropical regions (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="58DD9DE4FFBDCB1F895BF96BA9902D7F" box="[377,441,1773,1797]" name="Brazil" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
|
@ -427,11 +430,11 @@ Te subclade B2 (RBR = 12; SR = 21) (
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8A8FF88BAB202D5F" box="[685,777,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">pilularius</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade (RBS = 3; SR = 35) is recognized as a sister-clade of all remaining species, distinguished by an asymmetrical superior lobe of the aedeagus (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8909F8EDA9462DF9" box="[299,367,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8909F8EDA9462DF9" box="[299,367,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Te subclade B3 (RBS = 79; SR = 58) is a monophyletic and well-supported group with the lateral margin of pronotum bulbous located in front of the central portion (50:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8BE3FF29AC252ABD" box="[961,1036,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8BE3FF29AC252ABD" box="[961,1036,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825811/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and symmetrical lateral margins at the middle of the superior lobe of aedeagus (85:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D0AFF49AD592A9D" box="[1320,1392,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D0AFF49AD592A9D" box="[1320,1392,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tese characteristics may also be used to distinguish the species’ group morphologically (Vaurie 1962) and are included in a dichotomous key for species’ identification or differential diagnosis (i.e. Pitino 1987, Scholtz 1990b, Gómez 2008, Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020, Costa-Silva
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8C72FEEAAC532BF9" box="[1104,1146,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2024a). Even without a formal hypothesis of homology, the arrangements of the terminals present in the identification keys presented by Scholtz (1990b) and, more recently, by Costa-Silva
|
||||
|
|
@ -444,7 +447,7 @@ Te
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8BA3FD8EABC9285A" box="[897,992,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">brevicollis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade (C) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8C7AFD8EACB7285A" box="[1112,1182,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8C7AFD8EACB7285A" box="[1112,1182,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825835/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is composed of species distributed across
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="58DD9DE4FFBDCB1F8BFFFDA1AC3E2845" box="[989,1047,551,575]" name="Chile" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
|
|
@ -452,11 +455,11 @@ clade (C) (
|
|||
, and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="58DD9DE4FFBDCB1F8CE5FDAEAD09283A" box="[1223,1312,552,576]" name="Uruguay" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D16FDA1AD552845" box="[1332,1404,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D16FDA1AD552845" box="[1332,1404,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tis clade is supported with two synapomorphies (all homoplastic) (RBS = 26): pronotum with a surface of medial edges glabrous (49:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8BACFD03ABF528E7" box="[910,988,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8BACFD03ABF528E7" box="[910,988,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825811/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and odd-numbered tubercles of elytra with elongate shape (71:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8C0EFD23AC5128C7" box="[1068,1144,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8C0EFD23AC5128C7" box="[1068,1144,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825823/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). With few exceptions, the species that compose clade C are the same as those cited by Haaf (1953) and Vaurie (1962) as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBDCB1F8C53FD65ACFC2881" baseAuthorityName="Eschscholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1137,1237,739,763]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicollis">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
|
|
@ -469,11 +472,11 @@ species, respectively. Even so, the diagnostic characteristics used by those aut
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8BECFCC7AC042923" box="[974,1069,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">brevicollis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-group [i.e. presence of humeral callus (70:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8BACFCE7ABF12903" box="[910,984,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8BACFCE7ABF12903" box="[910,984,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825823/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||||
); margins of elytra subparallel (74:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D4EFCE7AD9E2903" box="[1388,1463,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D4EFCE7AD9E2903" box="[1388,1463,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825823/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and metasternum as wide as long (rhomboidal) (42:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8DBEFC06AB7029CD" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8DBEFC06AB7029CD" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825811/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||||
)] were not retrieved as a synapomorphy of this group in this study.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBDCB1F8B77FC58ABC42D5E" blockId="18.[825,1475,144,1954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
|
|
@ -488,7 +491,7 @@ Within clade C, the species
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8D4EFC59ADEB298C" box="[1388,1474,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">cropticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are retrieved as a sister-clade of the other species of the group (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8B66FB9BABA72E4F" box="[836,910,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8B66FB9BABA72E4F" box="[836,910,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825835/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Te dichotomy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBDCB1F8C56FB9BACCB2E4F" baseAuthorityName="Vaurie" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[1140,1250,1053,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffluens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8C56FB9BACAB2E4E" box="[1140,1154,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -502,11 +505,11 @@ are retrieved as a sister-clade of the other species of the group (
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8D39FB9BAD582E4E" box="[1307,1393,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">cropticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is supported with four synapomorphies, the first three being homoplastic: shape of anterior margin of labrum symmetric (7:1–
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8DBEFBDDAB702EE9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1725,1749]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characters relative of antennae and mouthparts of Trogidae: antennae of: A, Polononcus gemmingeri; B, Omorgus suberosus; C, Trox plicatus. Labrum of:D, Polononcus juglans; E, Trox plicatus; F, Omorgus batesi in dorsal view.Mentum of: G, Polononcus argentinus; H, Trox variolatus in ventral view.Scale bar:0.5 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8DBEFBDDAB702EE9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1725,1749]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[114,1458,144,1697]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Characters relative of antennae and mouthparts of Trogidae: antennae of: A, Polononcus gemmingeri; B, Omorgus suberosus; C, Trox plicatus. Labrum of:D, Polononcus juglans; E, Trox plicatus; F, Omorgus batesi in dorsal view.Mentum of: G, Polononcus argentinus; H, Trox variolatus in ventral view.Scale bar:0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825802/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
); basal tubercles of pronotum rudimentary (44:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D48FBFDAD862EE9" box="[1386,1455,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8D48FBFDAD862EE9" box="[1386,1455,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825811/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); absence of elytral tubercles (64:1); and dorsal portion of median lobe simple, without ornaments and symmetric (87:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8DBEFB3FAB7D2E8B" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8DBEFB3FAB7D2E8B" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). According to Diéguez (2019),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBDCB1F8C8DFB5FAD332E8B" baseAuthorityName="Vaurie" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[1199,1306,1241,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diffluens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBDCB1F8C8DFB5FAC942E8A" box="[1199,1213,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -554,11 +557,11 @@ species
|
|||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBDCB1E8B77F8AAAA8B2D18" blockId="18.[825,1475,144,1954]" lastBlockId="19.[113,764,1553,1953]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||||
Te subclade C1 (RBS = 63) is supported with two synapomorphies (all homoplastic): presence of a longitudinal sulcus in the inner face of the protibiae (78:0); and apical part of median lobe wide in dorsal view (86:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8CF6F80CAD362DD8" box="[1236,1311,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBDCB1F8CF6F80CAD362DD8" box="[1236,1311,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[200,1372,147,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[197,1375,144,1814]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Characters relative of male genitalia of Trogidae.Median lobe (with parameres removed, of: A, Omorgus suberosus; B, Polononcus vazdemelloi. Aedeagus habitus of: C, Polononcus furcillifer; D, Polononcus pilularius; E, Polononcus patriciae; F, Omorgus batesi. Dorsal (G) and (H) lateral views of Polononcus ecuadorensis. I, lateral view of Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal (J) and (K) lateral views of Phoberus luridus. Dorsal view of L, Omorgus squalidus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825827/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Two lineages of C1 are recognized (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8942F997A9842C53" box="[352,429,1553,1577]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8942F997A9842C53" box="[352,429,1553,1577]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" captionTargetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" captionTargetId="figure-304@19.[114,1458,144,1397]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of Polononcus based on the strict consensus tree under implied weight (k = 2762). Values of clade supported obtained by RBS and SR analyses are given above and below the branches, respectively.Te scheme showsthree lineages (pedestris, pilularius, and brevicollis clades) retrieved in the analysis and the geographical distribution in the South America region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8999F997A9FC2C53" box="[443,469,1553,1577]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">13</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8999F997A9FC2C53" box="[443,469,1553,1577]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825835/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">13</figureCitation>
|
||||
): subclade
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBCCB1E8A73F994AAE42C53" baseAuthorityName="Eschscholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[593,717,1553,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicollis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBCCB1E8A73F994AA762C53" box="[593,607,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -592,14 +595,14 @@ and
|
|||
are morphological related species as discussed by Scholtz (1990) and Costa-Silva
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBCCB1E8938F928A9622CBC" box="[282,331,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2024a). Te lineage C2 + C3 (RBS = 8) is supported with three synapomorphies, the last two of which are homoplastic: fourth maxillary palpomere with a sinuosity in the ventral margin near the apex (12:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8A3FF88AAA412D5E" box="[541,616,1804,1828]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Characters relative of mouthparts of Trogidae.Maxila, in dorsal view, of: A, Polononcus argentinus; B, Trox luridus. Dorsal view of right mandible of: C, Polononcus gemmingeri; D, Trox variolatus. Lateral view of right mandible of:E, Polononcus gemmingeri; F, Trox variolatus. Scale bar: 0.5 mm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8A3FF88AAA412D5E" box="[541,616,1804,1828]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[321,1252,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Characters relative of mouthparts of Trogidae.Maxila, in dorsal view, of: A, Polononcus argentinus; B, Trox luridus. Dorsal view of right mandible of: C, Polononcus gemmingeri; D, Trox variolatus. Lateral view of right mandible of:E, Polononcus gemmingeri; F, Trox variolatus. Scale bar: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825809/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); basal tubercles of pronotum rudimentary (44:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8A20F8ADAA602D39" box="[514,585,1835,1859]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8A20F8ADAA602D39" box="[514,585,1835,1859]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825811/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); and absence of punctuation in the surface of tubercles (69:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8A73F8CCAABB2D18" box="[593,658,1866,1890]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7I</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8A73F8CCAABB2D18" box="[593,658,1866,1890]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825823/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 7I</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBCCB1E8850FA17ADAB2F9B" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" targetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBCCB1E8850FA17ADAB2F9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825829/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[114,179,1425,1449]" targetBox="[116,1457,145,1395]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBCCB1E8850FA17ADAB2F9B" blockId="19.[113,1448,1425,1505]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBCCB1E8850FA17A8FF2FD3" bold="true" box="[114,214,1425,1449]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||||
Hypothetical reconstruction of the relationships of
|
||||
|
|
@ -635,11 +638,11 @@ Te subclade C2 (RBS = 100; SR = 26) is a well-supported clade of Argentinean spe
|
|||
—see: Costa-Silva
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBCCB1E8D26F994AD1A2C53" box="[1284,1331,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2024a) with three synapomorphies (all homoplastic): AA1+2 venation of wings with a quarter of AA3+4 length (29:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8D3CF9D6AD422C1D" box="[1310,1387,1615,1640]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8D3CF9D6AD422C1D" box="[1310,1387,1615,1640]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825815/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); posterior margin of pronotum with constriction (notched) near the angles (54:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8BE4F908AC3B2CDC" box="[966,1042,1678,1702]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8BE4F908AC3B2CDC" box="[966,1042,1678,1702]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825817/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); and surface of hypomeron with setae (57:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8B5CF928ABED2CBF" box="[894,964,1709,1734]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBCCB1E8B5CF928ABED2CBF" box="[894,964,1709,1734]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825817/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Tis group of species (C2) is also supported by the taxonomic history proposed by several authors, where the similarity of morphological characteristic put all species together in the identification key and/or differential diagnosis (i.e. Vaurie 1962, Scholtz 1990b, Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020, Costa-Silva
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBCCB1E8B08F8CDAB7D2D18" box="[810,852,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2024a). In both dichotomous keys for
|
||||
|
|
@ -657,7 +660,7 @@ species
|
|||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBBCB1988A2FBD4AC192ED8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[128,193,1106,1130]" targetBox="[131,1471,149,1077]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBBCB1988A2FBD4AC192ED8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825831/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[128,193,1106,1130]" targetBox="[131,1471,149,1077]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBBCB1988A2FBD4AC192ED8" blockId="20.[128,1441,1106,1187]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBBCB1988A2FBD4A8CD2E11" bold="true" box="[128,228,1106,1131]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||||
Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and
|
||||
|
|
@ -674,9 +677,9 @@ clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indic
|
|||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBBCB1988BEFAD6AD5C2C39" blockId="20.[128,778,1234,1948]" lastBlockId="20.[825,1475,1234,1948]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
Te subclade C3 (RBS = 30) is supported with only one synapomorphy (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB19890DFAE9A95E2FFD" box="[303,375,1391,1415]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB19890DFAE9A95E2FFD" box="[303,375,1391,1415]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825835/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
): the interocular distance four or five times the length of the eyes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB1989EAFA08AA3E2FDD" box="[456,535,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,145,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[129,1473,143,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Characters relative of the head and pronotum of Trogidae.Fronto-lateral view of: A, Polononcus hemisphaericus; B, Trox plicatus. Frontal view of head of: C, Polononcus bullatus; D, Polononcus juglans. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of: E, Polononcus vazdemelloi; F, Trox plicatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB1989EAFA08AA3E2FDD" box="[456,535,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,145,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[129,1473,143,1746]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Characters relative of the head and pronotum of Trogidae.Fronto-lateral view of: A, Polononcus hemisphaericus; B, Trox plicatus. Frontal view of head of: C, Polononcus bullatus; D, Polononcus juglans. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of: E, Polononcus vazdemelloi; F, Trox plicatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825807" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825807/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). According to Vaurie (1962), this characteristic corresponds to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E7CAA6F7FFBBCB198A4BFA28AA952FBC" baseAuthorityName="Curtis" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[617,700,1454,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Trogidae" genus="Polononcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bullatus">
|
||||
‘
|
||||
|
|
@ -707,23 +710,23 @@ group’. Te true
|
|||
’ group (
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBBCB198AAEF9EDAA962CF8" box="[652,703,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">sensu</emphasis>
|
||||
Vaurie 1962) is retrieved here as monophyletic under the subclade C4 (RBS = 99; SR = 100). Tis well-defined subclade is supported with 18 synapomorphies, being the characters 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 54, 58, 59, and 69, homoplastic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB1989D4F961AA152C85" box="[502,572,1767,1791]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB1989D4F961AA152C85" box="[502,572,1767,1791]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-65@21.[113,1457,1045,1820]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 13. Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and ‘brevicollis clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indicate homoplastic synapomorphies.Black colour refers to state ‘0’; grey refers to state ‘1’; and blue refers to state ‘2’. Image: Polononcus hemisphaericus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825835/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
): vestigial posterior wings (25:2—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198934F880A9482D64" box="[278,353,1798,1822]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198934F880A9482D64" box="[278,353,1798,1822]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825815/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
); the constriction between R3+4, R3, and R4 venation (‘pinch’) absent (27:1); absence of AA1+2 venation (28:1); end of MP venation not fusing with any venations (30:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB19893EF8E2A94F2D06" box="[284,358,1892,1916]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB19893EF8E2A94F2D06" box="[284,358,1892,1916]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1717,1741]" captionTargetBox="[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[226,1346,144,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Characters relative of the dorsal view of lef anterior wing of:A, Polononcus vazdemelloi; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus; C, Polononcus bullatus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825815/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
); absence of fusion of the R3+4 venation before the ‘pinch’ (32:1); absence of the R3 venation (33:1); absence of the R4 venation (34:1); absence of the RP venation (35:1); absence of the RP2 venation (36:1); absence of the MP4 venation (37:1); absence of the fusion of R3+4 venation (38:1); shape of metadiscrimen area nearly twice as wide as long (42:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198C02FAD6AC472F12" box="[1056,1134,1360,1384]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198C02FAD6AC472F12" box="[1056,1134,1360,1384]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[187,1385,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[185,1387,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Characters relative of the head, pronotum and metasternum of Polononcus. Dorsal view of head and pronotum in: A, Polononcus bullatus; B, Polononcus hemisphaericus. Ventral view of body in: C, Polononcus patagonicus; D, Polononcus neuquen. Dorsal view of pronotum in: E, Polononcus furcillifer; F, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825811/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||||
); posterior margin with a constriction (notched) near the angles (54:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198D20FAE9AD642FFD" box="[1282,1357,1391,1415]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198D20FAE9AD642FFD" box="[1282,1357,1391,1415]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825817/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); presence of an emargination in the internal margin of anterior angle of proepisternum (58:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198C0EFA28AC5C2FBC" box="[1068,1141,1454,1478]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198C0EFA28AC5C2FBC" box="[1068,1141,1454,1478]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825817/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||||
); absence of a posterior margin projecting backward in obtuse lobe at the middle (59:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198DBEFA4BAB712C7E" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198DBEFA4BAB712C7E" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[175,1397,147,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[173,1399,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Characters relative of the pronotum and hypomeron of Polononcus. Dorsal view of pronotum in: A, Polononcus chilensis; B, Polononcus gemmiferus; C, Polononcus argentinus; D, Polononcus patagonicus. Hypemeron of: E, Polononcus patagonicus F,Polononcus gemmifer. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825817/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||||
); presence of the punctuation in the surface of tubercles (69:0); absence of a humeral callus (70:1—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198CDAF98AAD172C59" box="[1272,1342,1548,1572]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198CDAF98AAD172C59" box="[1272,1342,1548,1572]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825823/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
|
||||
); and elytral with margins arcuate from apex to base (74:0—
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198D3CF9ADAD4D2C39" box="[1310,1380,1579,1603]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="B8F1C1F1FFBBCB198D3CF9ADAD4D2C39" box="[1310,1380,1579,1603]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[220,1382,144,1808]" captionTargetId="figure-7@14.[218,1384,143,1810]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Characters relative of the scutellum and elytra of Trogidae. Scutellum of: A, Polononcus bifurcatus; B, Polononcus bullatus; C, Omorgus suberosus. D, lef elytron of Polononcus pedestris; E, right elytron of Polononcus diffluens. Dorsal habitus of: F, Polononcus pampeanus; G, Polononcus longitarsis. Lateral view of: H, Polononcus chilensis; I, Polononcus neuquen. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825823/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBBCB1B8B77F9CDAA3F2BB8" blockId="20.[825,1475,1234,1948]" lastBlockId="22.[129,778,144,889]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||||
|
|
@ -769,7 +772,7 @@ from the Afrotropical region], suggesting that loss of flight appeared many time
|
|||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFB9CB1B89BCFE2DA9EE2BB8" box="[414,455,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1993).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBACB188853FC01AC1729AC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[113,178,903,927]" targetBox="[125,1456,146,873]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBACB188853FC01AC1729AC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825833/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[113,178,903,927]" targetBox="[125,1456,146,873]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBACB188853FC01AC1729AC" blockId="21.[113,1434,903,983]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBACB188853FC01A8FF29E5" bold="true" box="[113,214,903,927]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||||
Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and
|
||||
|
|
@ -784,7 +787,7 @@ clade’. (Full circles indicate synapomorphies, while empty white circles indic
|
|||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBACB188852F8BFAC722DF2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" targetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="74B58DFCFFBACB188852F8BFAC722DF2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825835/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[112,177,1849,1873]" targetBox="[129,1457,1045,1820]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2075DD74FFBACB188852F8BFAC722DF2" blockId="21.[112,1435,1849,1929]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||||
<emphasis id="12BE0166FFBACB188852F8BFA8FD2D2B" bold="true" box="[112,212,1849,1873]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||||
Part of the strict consensus tree from two most parsimonious trees showing the phylogenetic relationships of species of the outgroup and
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in a new issue