From 73dbe85a5957ec7404626807fa63c088fd8b8540 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 17:39:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-31 17:33:45 --- .../2C/13DD2C108B4F5207926EBD660C35C89F.xml | 1284 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1284 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/13/DD/2C/13DD2C108B4F5207926EBD660C35C89F.xml diff --git a/data/13/DD/2C/13DD2C108B4F5207926EBD660C35C89F.xml b/data/13/DD/2C/13DD2C108B4F5207926EBD660C35C89F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c60fa8db910 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/13/DD/2C/13DD2C108B4F5207926EBD660C35C89F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1284 @@ + + + +Melicope iolensis (Rutaceae), a new tree species from Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands + + + +Author + +Wood, Kenneth R. +0000-0001-6446-1154 +National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalāheo, HI 96741, USA + + + +Author + +Lorence, David H. +0000-0002-6735-9531 +National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalāheo, HI 96741, USA + + + +Author + +Wagner, Warren L. +0000-0001-5012-8422 +National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA + + + +Author + +Appelhans, Marc S. +0000-0003-4864-5003 +National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA & Department of Systematic Botany, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany + +text + + +PhytoKeys + + +2024 + +2024-12-31 + + +250 + + +237 +249 + + + +journal article +10.3897/phytokeys.250.128963 + + + + + +Melicope iolensis +K. R. Wood, Lorence & W. L. Wagner + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 2 +, +3 +, +4 A, B +, +5 + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Melicope iolensis + +is morphologically most similar to + +M. wawraeana +(Rock) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone + +, but differs by its combination of leaves abaxially glabrate to pilose-pubescent (vs. glabrous), inflorescence ramiflorous, rarely axillary (vs. axillary), shorter sepals on staminate flowers, +0.3–0.5 mm +long (vs. +3.5 mm +) and smaller seeds +3–3.5 mm +long (vs. +5–8 mm +). Phylogenetically, + +M. iolensis + +is most closely related to + +M. nealae +(B. C. Stone) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone + +, yet starkly differs by its tree habit (vs. shrub), flowers usually 9–18 per inflorescence (vs. 1–5), carpels with exocarp glabrous, connate 1 / 6–1 / 5 their length (vs. puberulent, connate 1 / 2–3 / 4 length) and seeds +3–3.5 mm +long (vs. +5–8 mm +long). + + + + +Type. + + + + +USA + +• + +Hawaiian Islands, Kaua‘i + +: +Līhu‘e District +, ‘ +Iole headwaters +, +♀ +, + +22.042 +, +- 159.497 + +, + +872 m + +alt., + +8 Sep 2022 + +(fr.), + +K. R. Wood +, +S. Heintzman +& +S. Deans +19143 + +( +holotype +: mounted on 2 sheets, +PTBG 1000096868 +, +PTBG 1000096869 +!; +isotype +(to be distributed): +US +!) + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Trees +3–8 m +tall, trunks up to +20 cm +diameter, bark smooth, mottled grey-brown, ultimate stems brown-red, new growth and young branchlets sparsely tan puberulent, glabrate in age. +Leaves +opposite, unifoliolate; petiole (20 –) +30–70 mm +long, strigose-pubescent, adaxially glabrous, shallowly canaliculate; the blade subcoriaceous to coriaceous, ovate, oblong-ovate, oblong-elliptic, (8 –) 14–25 (– 33) × (6 –) +10–18 cm +, margin entire; base truncate to obtuse, rarely acute; apex rounded, often emarginate; secondary veins 15–20 pairs, connected by an arched vein +4–20 mm +from margin; higher order venation reticulate; adaxial surface glabrous; abaxial surface minutely black glandular punctate, pilose-pubescent, tan-yellow, or glabrate; mid-rib usually densely pilose-strigose; secondary veins pilose-strigose. +Inflorescences +in ramiflorous, densely fasciculate cymes, occasionally axillary, (4 –) 9–18 flowered, to +40 mm +long, purple-red when fresh; peduncles +2–5 mm +long, glabrate, branched to second degree; primary branches 2–4 pairs; pedicels +4–14 mm +long, glabrate; bracteoles triangular-ovate +0.3–0.4 mm +long. +Flowers +unisexual, 4 - merous; perianth glabrate; androecium, nectary disc and gynoecium glabrous; ovary greenish glabrous; stigma 4 - lobed ca. +0.5 mm +diameter; staminate flowers with sepals orbicular-ovate, free, 0.3–0.5 × +0.5–0.7 mm +, glabrate; petals green with purple streaks, narrowly deltate to ovate, 2.5–4.0 mm long; stamens 8; antisepalous filaments ca. +3.5 mm +long; antipetalous filaments ca. +2.5 mm +long; anthers ellipsoid ca. +0.5–0.6 mm +long, with pollen; style obsolete; pistillate flowers with sepals orbicular-ovate, free, 1.0 × +1.3–1.5 mm +; petals green, dorsally purple, narrowly deltate to ovate, free, 2.8–3.0 mm long; staminodes 8; antisepalous filaments ca. +0.5 mm +long; antipetalous filaments ca. +0.4 mm +long; anthers ovoid-ellipsoid ca. +0.5–0.6 mm +long, no pollen observed; style +1.5 mm +long. +Capsules +green with purple irregular streaking when fresh, 3–4 × +10–14 mm +; carpels basally connate 1 / 6 to 1 / 5 their length, exocarp glabrous; endocarp glabrous. +Seeds +1–2 per carpel, ovoid, +3–3.5 mm +long. + + + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +). + + + + +USA +. +Hawaiian Islands, Kaua‘i + +: +Līhu‘e District +; all collections from ‘ +Iole headwaters +• + +1 ♂ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +20 Oct 2021 + +(fl.); + +Wood +et al. 18830 + +( +PTBG +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +20 Oct 2021 + +(fr.); + +Wood +et al. 18831 + +( +PTBG +, +US +) + +• + +1 ♂ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +20 Oct 2021 + +(fl.); + +Wood +et al. 18832 + +( +BISH +, +PTBG +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +20 Oct 2021 + +(fr.); + +Wood +et al. 18833 + +( +PTBG +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +8 Sep 2022 + +; + +Wood +et al. 19146 + +( +PTBG +, +US +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +900 m + +alt.; + +8 Sep 2022 + +(fl.); + +Wood +et al. 19148 + +( +UC +, +PTBG +) + +• + + +914 m + +alt.; + +8 Sep 2022 + +; + +Wood +et al. 19151 + +( +BISH +, +NY +, +PTBG +, +UC +, +US +) + +• + + +890 m + +alt.; + +29 Dec 2022 + +; + +Wood +& +Perlman +19245 + +( +PTBG +) + +• + +1 ♂ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +10 Aug 2023 + +(fl.); + +Wood +et al. 19367 + +( +PTBG +) + +• + +1 ♂ +; + +884 m + +alt.; + +10 Aug 2023 + +(fr.); + +Wood +et al. 19368 + +( +PTBG +) + +; • + + +884 m + +alt.; + +10 Aug 2023 + +(fl.); + +Wood +et al. 19369 + +( +PTBG +) + +• + +1 ♀ +; + +911 m + +alt.; + +10 Aug 2023 + +(fl.); + +Heintzman +et al. KP 08102301 + +( +PTBG +) + +. + + + + +Phenology. + + + +Melicope iolensis + +has been observed with flowers during the months of August and October and with fruit in August, September and October. + + + + +Etymology. + + +The name + +Melicope + +is derived from the Greek +meli +, honey and +kope +, cut in pieces, alluding to the lobed floral nectary ( +Lorence and Wagner 2020 +) and the species epithet represents the +holotype +locale, ‘ Iole, which literally means “ rat ” in the Hawaiian language ( +Pukui et al. 1974 +). + + + + +Affinities. + + +Molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on RADseq datasets (Restriction-Site Associated DNA-sequencing; see +Paetzold et al. (2019) +for methodology), resolve + +Melicope iolensis + +in a clade that includes all taxa belonging to Cubicarpa and Megacarpa and as being most closely related to + +M. nealae + +(Appelhans et al., in preparation). + +Melicope iolensis + +can be distinguished from the latter species by its tree habit (vs. shrub); flowers usually 9–18 per inflorescence (vs. 1–5); sepals of staminate flowers +0.3–0.5 mm +long (vs. +2.5 mm +long); capsules with green and purple streaking, up to +14 mm +wide (vs. green, up to +27 mm +wide), carpels with exocarp glabrous, connate 1 / 6–1 / 5 their length, (vs. puberulent, connate 1 / 2–3 / 4 length); and seeds +3–3.5 mm +long (vs. +5–8 mm +long) (Table +1 +). + +Melicope nealae + +was previously thought extinct with only two known collections made in 1909 and 1960 and has long been looked for by +NTBG +Science staff. It was recently rediscovered in transitional mesic to wet forests of western Kaua‘i ( +Wood and Walsh 2022 +), is currently known from only 11 individuals and is being monitored and conserved by + +PEPP + +and +NTBG +. + + +Morphologically, + +Melicope iolensis + +is most similar to + +M. wawraeana + +, but can easily be separated by its combination of leaves abaxially glabrate to pilose-pubescent (vs. glabrous on + +M. wawraeana + +); inflorescence ramiflorous, rarely axillary (vs. axillary); sepals on staminate flowers glabrous, +0.3–0.5 mm +long (vs. puberulent, +3.5 mm +long); capsules with endocarp and exocarp glabrous, connate 1 / 6–1 / 5 their width, up to +14 mm +wide, with green and purple streaking (vs. endocarp and exocarp usually sparsely puberulent, connate 1 / 2 width, up to +20 mm +wide, dark green); and seeds +3–3.5 mm +long (vs. +5–8 mm +) (Table +1 +). + +Melicope wawraeana + +is quite common and known from Kaua‘i and O‘ahu ( +Wagner et al. 1990 +, +1999 +). + + + +Melicope iolensis + +is not closely comparable morphologically to any of the remaining Hawaiian Megacarpa taxa. Specifically on Kaua‘i, as a tree up to +8 m +tall, it differs from the shrubs + +M. feddei +(H. Lév.) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone + +, + +M. kavaiensis +(H. Mann) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone + +and + +M. macropus +(Hillebr.) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone. It + +also differs from those three shrub species in having longer petioles and leaves, inflorescence ramiflorous, rarely axillary, shorter sepals and smaller capsules and seeds (Table +1 +). The only two remaining Megacarpa taxa on Kaua‘i are + +M. cruciata +(A. Heller) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone + +and + +M. puberula +(H. St. John) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone + +, from which + +M. iolensis + +also starkly differs in having longer petioles and leaves, inflorescence ramiflorous, rarely axillary, shorter sepals, glabrous endocarp and smaller capsules and seeds (Table +1 +). + + + + +Distribution and ecology. + + + +Melicope iolensis + +is endemic to the volcanic island of Kaua‘i (Fig. +1 +), where it is known from only 15 individuals located in the remote, upper headwater valley of ‘ Iole. The type location is in a hanging valley, having vertical cliffs above and a series of cliffs and waterfalls below, isolating its accessibility (Fig. +4 C +). + + +The plant community where + +Melicope iolensis + +occurs is a + +Metrosideros +Banks ex Gaertn. + +( +Myrtaceae +) / + +Cheirodendron +Nutt. ex Seem. + +( +Araliaceae +) montane wet forest with matting ferns of + +Dicranopteris +Bernh. + +and + +Diplopterygium +(Diels) Nakai + +( +Gleicheniaceae +) and a dissecting riparian drainage. The forested slopes are steep with a diverse mixture of native sedges, grasses, ferns, herbs, shrubs and trees, along with a high density of terrestrial and epiphytic bryophytes throughout. Associated genera of trees include + +Polyscias +J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. + +( +Araliaceae +); + +Pritchardia +Seem. & H. Wendl. + +( +Arecaceae +); + +Dubautia +Gaudich. + +( +Asteraceae +); + +Cyanea +Gaudich. + +( +Campanulaceae +), + +Perrottetia +Kunth + +( +Dipentodontaceae +); + +Antidesma + +L., + +Euphorbia + +L. ( +Euphorbiaceae +); + +Hydrangea +Gronov. + +( +Hydrangeaceae +); + +Geniostoma +J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. + +( +Loganiaceae +); + +Eurya +Thunb. + +( +Pentaphylacaceae +); + +Myrsine + +L. ( +Primulaceae +); + +Syzygium +Gaertn. + +( +Myrtaceae +); + +Bobea +Gaudich. + +, + +Coprosma +J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. + +, + +Kadua +Cham. & Schltdl. + +, + +Psychotria + +L. (all +Rubiaceae +); + +Melicope +J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. + +( +Rutaceae +); and + +Pipturus +Wedd. + +and + +Touchardia +Gaudich. + +( +Urticaceae +). Genera of sedges and grasses include + +Carex + +L., + +Cyperus + +L., + +Machaerina +Vahl + +( +Cyperaceae +); + +Eragrostis +Wolf + +, + +Panicum + +L. ( +Poaceae +); herbs and shrubs include + +Bidens + +L. ( +Asteraceae +); + +Vaccinium + +L. ( +Ericaceae +); + +Cyrtandra +J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. + +( +Gesneriaceae +); and the woody climber + +Freycinetia +Gaudich. + +( +Pandanaceae +). Genera of ferns include + +Asplenium + +L., + +Hymenasplenium +Hayata + +( +Aspleniaceae +); + +Deparia +Hook. & Grev. + +, + +Diplazium +Sw. + +( +Athyriaceae +); + +Sadleria +Kaulf. + +( +Blechnaceae +); + +Cibotium +Kaulf. + +( +Cibotiaceae +); + +Microlepia +C. Presl + +( +Dennstaedtiaceae +); + +Ctenitis +(C. Chr.) C. Chr. + +( +Dryopteridaceae +); + +Hoiokula +S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm. + +and + +Menisciopsis +(Holttum) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm. + +( +Thelypteridaceae +). + + + + + + + +Melicope iolensis +K. R. Wood, Lorence & W. L. Wagner + +A +fruiting branch +B +abaxial leaf surface on branch in A showing pubescence +C +abaxial surface of large leaf showing marginal and secondary venation +D +abaxial surface of large leaf in C showing scattered minute pubescence +E +portion of infructescence with connate capsules (Megacarpa) showing irregular streaking +A – E +from photos of holotype, +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 19143 +(PTBG, US) (Illustration by Alice Tangerini). + + + + + + + + +Melicope iolensis +K. R. Wood, Lorence & W. L. Wagner + +A +staminate flower and bud +B +staminate flower, lateral view with petal cut away to show antisepalous and antipetalous stamens and two minute sepals +C +pistillate flower, lateral view with two petals folded down to show staminodes and pistil and one minute sepal +D +dehisced fruit, showing seeds +A, B +20 Oct 2021, from photos of +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 18830 +(PTBG) +C +10 Aug 2023, from photos of +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 19369 +(PTBG) +D +from holotype, 8 Sep 2023, +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 19143 +(PTBG, US) (Illustration by Alice Tangerini). + + + + + + + + +Melicope iolensis +K. R. Wood, Lorence & W. L. Wagner + +A +habit of young tree +B +fruiting branch with axillary and fasciculate cymes +C +habitat, looking down into hanging valleys below Kawaikini summit. All photos by K. R. Wood. +A +29 Dec 2022, +Wood & Perlman 19245 +(PTBG) +B +from holotype, 8 Sep 2022, +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 19143 +(PTBG, US) +C +28 Jan 2022. + + + + + + + + +Melicope iolensis +K. R. Wood, Lorence & W. L. Wagner + +A +infructescence with connate capsules (Megacarpa) showing green and purple streaking +B +staminate flower and buds +C +abaxial leaf surface showing close-up of pubescence. All photos by K. R. Wood. +A, C +from holotype, 8 Sep 2022, +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 19143 +(PTBG, US) +B +20 Oct 2021, +Wood, Heintzman & Deans 18830 +(PTBG). + + + + + + + +Comparison of morphological characters of all eight Kaua‘i + +Melicope +species + +with carpels connate at base, capsules 4 - lobed, and leaves opposite (i. e., Megacarpa). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Character +M. iolensis + +M. cruciata + +M. feddei + +M. kavaiensis + +M. macropus + +M. nealae + +M. puberula +M. wawraeana
HabitTreeTreeShrubShrubShrubShrubTreeTree
Leaf length (cm)(8 –) 14–25 (– 33)8–172–8 (– 14)5.5–1810–153–186–174–20 (– 30)
Abaxial leaf pubescenceGlabrate to pilose – pubescentSparsely piloseGlabrousSparsely piloseGlabratePilose – pubescentSparsely piloseGlabrous
Petiole length (mm)(20 –) 30–7010–355–2510–4012–2010–3020–3010–50
InflorescenceRamiflorous and axillaryAxillaryAxillaryAxillaryAxillaryAxillaryAxillaryAxillary
# of flowers9–183–6 (– 12)1–5 (– 15)(1 –) 3–9 (– 11)1–31–53–9 (– 15)5–15 (– 21)
♂ Sepal length (mm)0.3–0.53–3.52–2.53.5–5.5Unknown2.53–3.53.5
♀ Sepal length (mm)1.03.5–52–2.52–41.52.52–4.53.0
♀ Sepal indumentumGlabrousPuberulentGlabrous to sparsely puberulentGlabrate to sparsely puberulentMinutely puberulentPuberulentPuberulentPuberulent
Capsule width (mm)10–1424–3416–25 (– 30)(13 –) 18–4025–3520–2714–2011–20
Carpel length (mm)4–612–177–12 (– 14)8–2012–1810–127–106–7
Carpel % connate1 / 6–1 / 51 / 41 / 6–1 / 41 / 5–1 / 21 / 61 / 2–3 / 41 / 2(1 / 3 –) 1 / 2
Capsule colorGreen w / purple streakingGreenReddish greenGreenGreenGreenDark redDark green
Pubescence on exocarpGlabrousGlabrousGlabrousGlabrousSparsely puberulentPuberulentPuberulentPuberulent to glabrous
Pubescence on endocarpGlabrousDensely short villousGlabrousGlabrousGlabrousGlabrousShort villousSparsely puberulent to glabrous
Seed length (mm)3–3.57.54–86–105–65–85–65–8
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file