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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1858994c-378e-4e6e-bec9-ee565e3b3be1" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-88-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-88-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 88" ModsDocTitle="Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)" checkinTime="1451250740194" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bouchard, Patrice, Bousquet, Yves, Davies, Anthony E., Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A., Lawrence, John F., Lyal, Chris H. C., Newton, Alfred F., Reid, Chris A. M., Schmitt, Michael, Ślipinski, S. Adam &amp; Smith, Andrew B. T." docDate="2011" docId="8C9F2EC060997894DF409DA14378FE44" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 88: 1-972" docOrigin="ZooKeys 88" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807" docTitle="Auletorhinini Voss 1935" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="247" masterDocId="FFC1FFDA4E1CE6158E11FFCD0115FF8E" masterDocTitle="Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)" masterLastPageNumber="972" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="247" updateTime="1661732154594" updateUser="admin">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bouchard, Patrice</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bousquet, Yves</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Davies, Anthony E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lawrence, John F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lyal, Chris H. C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Newton, Alfred F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Reid, Chris A. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schmitt, Michael</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ślipinski, S. Adam</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Andrew B. T.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>88</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>972</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-88-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159362703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C9F2EC060997894DF409DA14378FE44" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C9F2EC060997894DF409DA14378FE44" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="247" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
Tribe
<taxonomicName authority="Voss, 1935" authorityName="Voss" authorityYear="1935" lsidName="" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" rank="tribe" tribe="Auletorhinini">Auletorhinini Voss, 1935</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="246" pageNumber="247" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" rank="tribe" tribe="Auletorhinini">Auletorhinini</taxonomicName>
Voss, 1935b: 509 [stem: Auletorhin-]. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" genus="Auletorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Auletorhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Auletorhinus</taxonomicName>
Voss, 1935.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.489.9258" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eb9c10de-5fd4-4fd0-8f7b-d5c64d05d807" ID-PMC="PMC4395838" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-489-33" ID-PubMed="25878531" ID-ZBK="48B9FE9C0DAC40288FB47DD4000D8C4D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-489-33" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 489" ModsDocTitle="An illustrated key to Neotropical species of the genus Meteorus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae)" checkinTime="1451244543925" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aguirre, Helmuth, de Almeida, Luis Felipe, Shaw, Scott Richard &amp; Sarmiento, Carlos E." docDate="2015" docId="8C9F6477F0FFC929F9E3F9FC82513DB5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 489: 33-94" docOrigin="ZooKeys 489" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.489.9258" docTitle="Meteorus microcavus Aguirre, Almeida &amp; Shaw, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="7EDAF984-A3AC-42A4-97B5-18304638ABF3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFCF9477FFB1FF9BFFC1FFD4CB5A5B2C" masterDocTitle="An illustrated key to Neotropical species of the genus Meteorus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae)" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1668160128997" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>An illustrated key to Neotropical species of the genus Meteorus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Aguirre, Helmuth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>de Almeida, Luis Felipe</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Shaw, Scott Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarmiento, Carlos E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152058845" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7EDAF984-A3AC-42A4-97B5-18304638ABF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C9F6477F0FFC929F9E3F9FC82513DB5" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="33" pageNumber="66">
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="66" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="66">
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="66" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
classification Animalia Hymenoptera Braconidae
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/7EDAF984-A3AC-42A4-97B5-18304638ABF3" authority="Aguirre, Almeida &amp; Shaw" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus microcavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcavus">Meteorus microcavus Aguirre, Almeida &amp; Shaw</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="33" pageNumber="66">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 128-134
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="67" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Occipital carina complete; eyes convergent in frontal view, face maximum width 1.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
minimum width; mandibles moderately twisted; notauli deeply impressed, distinctive and foveolate; propodeum carinate-rugose, with a transversal carina; hind coxa rugose; tarsal claw with a large lobe; dorsope present, very small; ventral borders of first tergite widely separated; ovipositor thickened basally and slightly curved; ovipositor 3.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than first tergite.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Figures 128-134.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus microcavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcavus">Meteorus microcavus</taxonomicName>
sp. n. female. 128 Habitus in lateral view 129 head in dorsal view 130 head in frontal view 131 mesonotum in dorso-lateral view 132 propodeum in dorso-lateral view 133 metasoma in dorsal view 134 first tergite basal portion, the arrow shows the position of a small dorsope.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="body color">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Body color.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Antenna brown; annulus absent; head yellow except area between ocelli dark brown. Anterior half of propleuron dark brown, posterior half light brown; pronotum yellow; median mesonotal lobe and scutellum yellow, lateral mesonotal lobes light brown; mesopleuron laterally yellow, ventrally light brown; metanotum black dorsally, yellow laterally; metapleuron yellow; propodeum black. Prothoracic legs yellow; mesothoracic coxa, trochanter and trochantellus white, remaining leg dark brown; metathoracic legs yellow except tarsus light brown. T1 black; T2-T8 and sterna yellow. Wings hyaline; stigma white.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="body length">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Body length.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">2.8 mm.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="head">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Head.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Antenna with 22 flagellomeres; head 1.2 wider than high; occipital carina complete; ocellus-ocullar distance 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
ocellar diameter; head height 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
eye height; temple length 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
eye length in dorsal view; vertex in dorsal view not descending vertically behind the lateral ocelli; frons strigulate; face maximum width 1.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
minimum width; face puncticulate; face minimum width 0.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
clypeus width; clypeus smooth and polished; malar space length 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
mandible width basally; mandibles moderately twisted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="mesosoma">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Mesosoma.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Surface of pronotum in lateral view irregular and shiny; propleuron mostly smooth except anteriorly rugulose; notauli deeply impressed, distinctive and foveolate; mesonotal lobes well defined; central lobe of mesoscutum with irregular punctures and polished; scutellar furrow with one carina; mesopleuron with irregular punctures; precoxal sulcus short, narrow and foveate; metapleuron with irregular punctures; propodeum carinate-rugose, with a transversal carina.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="legs">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Legs.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Hind coxa rugose; tarsal claw with a large lobe.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="wings">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Wings.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Wing length 2.9 mm; second submarginal cell of forewing not strongly narrowed anteriorly. Front wing: length of vein r 0.9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of vein 3RSa; vein 3RSb straight; length of vein 3RSa 0.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of vein r-m; vein m-cu antefurcal. Hind wing: length of vein 1M 1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of vein cu-a; length of vein 1M 1.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of vein r-m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="metasoma">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Metasoma.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Dorsope present, very small; ventral borders of first tergite widely separated; first tergite costate-rugulose; ovipositor thickened basally and slightly curved; ovipositor 3.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than first tergite; T2-T3 with irregular and shiny surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="cocoon">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Cocoon.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="female variation">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Female variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="male variation">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Male variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">COSTA RICA, Cartago, Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills, 3000 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="type specimen">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Type specimen.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Holotype female (point mounted), COSTA RICA, Cartago, Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills, 3000 m, collected
<normalizedToken originalValue="XI–XII">XI-XII</normalizedToken>
.1989, P. Hanson leg., UWIM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Paratype. Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Costa Rica, province of Cartago.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
Compared with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus fallacavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallacavus">Meteorus fallacavus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus microcavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcavus">Meteorus microcavus</taxonomicName>
displays a true pair of dorsopes but too small to be detected at a first glance. The ventral borders being widely separated support this interpretation. It is unusual to find such a reduction in these structures, so the conspicuous dorsopes diminution in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus microcavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcavus">Meteorus microcavus</taxonomicName>
might be enough to identify it.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus andreae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreae">Meteorus andreae</taxonomicName>
, a common species distributed across the montane forests of Colombia and Costa Rica, matches with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus fallacavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallacavus">Meteorus fallacavus</taxonomicName>
by sharing the following features: moderately twisted mandibles, propodeum having carinae, presence of true dorsopes, ventral borders of fist tergite widely separated. However,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus microcavus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microcavus">Meteorus microcavus</taxonomicName>
differs by its mesopleuron mostly yellow (mesopleuron completely black in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus andreae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreae">Meteorus andreae</taxonomicName>
), antenna with 22 flagellomeres (antenna with 27-32 flagellomeres in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus andreae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreae">Meteorus andreae</taxonomicName>
) and tarsal claw with a large lobe (tarsal claw either simple or with a small lobe in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Meteorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meteorus andreae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andreae">Meteorus andreae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="67">
The specific epithet is composed by the Greek prefix
<normalizedToken originalValue="“micro”">&quot;micro&quot;</normalizedToken>
meaning small, and the Latin stem
<normalizedToken originalValue="“cavus”">&quot;cavus&quot;</normalizedToken>
, which means hole, referring to the small dorsopes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="28F37C2992724AD10CE6E57C1BF45927">A review of the Malagasy Pachypanchax (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae), with descriptions of four new species.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E8031920E758AFBB1D02A9597BA7B2A">Paul V. Loiselle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="94AFB6F2E5BBE9048C9CE4B454308CFA">2006</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8C9FA08CB0873102BB5944B162C3F58E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6259203" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100118526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6259203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C9FA08CB0873102BB5944B162C3F58E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C9FA08CB0873102BB5944B162C3F58E" lastPageNumber="7" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C839BADBF2F8DE2D9032335630D48831" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A9954C6587049FD2F557236D0E2BD16B" pageNumber="4">
[[ Genus
<taxonomicName id="3E18A9C9ACB7ECE31447D9DED60EC009" ID-CoL="6BX9" ID-ENA="52662" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax Myers</taxonomicName>
]]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EEE89B5297C442D438D15F9107C74EDA" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5A77C1F3D2C0417B0097C13A9E05967B" pageNumber="4">Generic placement of the Malagasy aplocheilids</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D84B7A2E2CE9BF18B960A594BD3F37D2" pageNumber="4">
Myers (1933) based the genus
<taxonomicName id="C0067DD5DB642577271D1AF5021B9024" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
upon four diagnostic characters: (1) limited mobility of the maxilla, resulting from its attachment posteriorly by the skin to the postorbital region of the skull; (2) presence of unexpanded haemal arches; and (3) a rounded caudal fin whose (4) basal half is heavily scaled, the scales in straight rows, one scale wide, each series covering the interspace between two caudal rays. Myers placed particular emphasis on the caudal squamation of
<taxonomicName id="CCBCC5BEB70EA9432AC43D4C78D867D4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
, which he found to be unique among Old World aplocheilid cyprinodonts examined by him, and matched only by that of the Neotropical genus
<taxonomicName id="35876C48BFC42C6E02E3958586C20CC9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="545991D74E38DCCD1EF8534C4EA3096E" pageNumber="4">
Myers’ conclusions regarding the diagnostic value of the caudal squamation of
<taxonomicName id="F42384259D43DFCCBE96C2355938E962" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
are supported by the examination of specimens of several species of the aplocheiloid genera
<taxonomicName id="9F2CA98093C59C48D5409B4A8AB2BCBF" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="86BBF0E8F7FA7394EC1813FEAE314B14" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:84332B3A-C9BA-4AFC-B6CB-CBCB95E2F582" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Epiplatys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Epiplatys Gill 1862:136" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epiplatys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DD00C8117562FA9BFA40CB7E204926F6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:831414C0-F136-48C8-ADAA-3EDCF5EEB761" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Aphyosemion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aphyosemion Myers 1924:2" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphyosemion</taxonomicName>
, (subgenera
<taxonomicName id="BA3BD84D1E2504266D12F76F618B133A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:10DF0F9D-4060-4E5F-A156-DFE88550256D" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Aphyosemion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Chromaphyosemion Aphyosemion Radda 1971:118" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chromaphyosemion">Chromaphyosemion</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E6340B5650FA0D4AD90A71069A0F6AD5" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Aphyosemion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Fundulopanchax">Fundulopanchax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="1EE998FA2C9ADCFA0C84838C57037C5F" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Aphyosemion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Mesaphyosemion">Mesaphyosemion</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B58B1EB3F9AB67B67D329D450B410A35" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E0827F3E-1916-423C-8D74-0ABA5D997E98" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Aphyosemion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Scriptaphyosemion Aphyosemion Radda &amp; Pürzl 1987:8" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scriptaphyosemion">Scriptaphyosemion</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="9ABA021A343B4869495A43B41BE46047" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E6183EE-FEA0-4D3B-A941-FF36C70E36C0" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Nothobranchius Peters 1868:145" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nothobranchius</taxonomicName>
; the rivulid genera
<taxonomicName id="33029F451DB55F5F45DEEC4A81E4B085" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8CA404030063686AD1FC9A7C49B9A6EF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA9F26E7-8843-4CAD-8100-4C06857E5AA4" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrolebias Costa 1998:75" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrolebias</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="CF9C39028D6D992469DD642E79F7664E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F12E2023-61ED-419A-BF66-AB71508F9A02" family="Rivulidae" genus="Rachovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Rachovia Myers 1927:119" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rachovia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00EE59D5FE5E985730E03D972A005E8C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7737CC47-FB47-4DAF-87C2-18950BAD40FA" family="Rivulidae" genus="Rivulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Rivulus Poey 1860:307" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rivulus</taxonomicName>
; the cyprinodontid genera
<taxonomicName id="7237FCDFE3305F89ECB2AD77D1A4ADB4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56C6F154-C6C9-4075-B2E6-F2B6088ACA13" family="Cyprinodontidae" genus="Cyprinodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cyprinodon Lacépède &amp; Bosc 1803:486" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyprinodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7682AC20C5D7D7AE2A1E4AB81ADCFC92" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7AFEC832-ADE5-4C17-A244-B9106B2BB2A8" family="Cyprinodontidae" genus="Cubanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Cubanichthys Hubbs 1926:4" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cubanichthys</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="355F6FEC0C5441F784AB2479BE7307F9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5B7A6AC5-C5A8-4D08-94E3-899AFCD4AC56" family="Cyprinodontidae" genus="Orestias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Orestias Valenciennes 1839:118" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Orestias</taxonomicName>
; the fundulid genus
<taxonomicName id="B542AC80C24ABDD149FD757034C747B1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9D375722-F672-4C0C-9BC1-9E8FDFE1E488" family="Fundulidae" genus="Fundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Fundulus Lacépède 1803:37" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fundulus</taxonomicName>
; and the profundulid genus
<taxonomicName id="7620D37D331A7CFCF1F343BC437C63FF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A97F468D-EF4C-4695-97A4-84480BD1ADED" family="Profundulidae" genus="Profundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Profundulus Hubbs 1924:12" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Profundulus</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="3557AA477D7B76CC248ECE12B1436ADC" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lineatus">Aplocheilus lineatus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B3D4264889A1AB8F469FE758A899F5C7" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panchax">A. panchax</taxonomicName>
both possess one or two basal rows of small scales on the caudal fin that overlap the fin rays, a condition also present in
<taxonomicName id="978420180AE04914C633A197928FB145" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Epiplatys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">Epiplatys fasciolatus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C0FC5E8675D641559FC6E95C7297F6F8" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Nothobranchius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanospilus">Nothobranchius melanospilus</taxonomicName>
. In specimens of the remaining aplocheiloid genera examined, the caudal is unscaled. Caudal squamation comparable to that seen in
<taxonomicName id="AE78BA8B1419244AD53AF27B0C536B66" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
has been observed in
<taxonomicName id="C50B5D199E694DDCCF91972E5C69D05C" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrolebias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bellottii">Austrolebias bellottii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="992157D30663B8FEE46A0AA52D597CFD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F4CF57CD-657E-4123-A0C3-C19960D87942" family="Rivulidae" genus="Rachovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Rachovia pyropunctata Taphorn &amp; Thomerson 1978:403" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyropunctata">Rachovia pyropunctata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8F3C19A958BC08E4784A7FEDD15B2C67" family="Cyprinodontidae" genus="Cubanichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cubensis">Cubanichthys cubensis</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="6DFC8058E102996D7699A6464A3B1410" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:176ED360-619E-41D8-8FF4-E3AA6FFCB906" family="Fundulidae" genus="Fundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Fundulus lima Vaillant 1894:71 [4]" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lima">Fundulus lima</taxonomicName>
. A narrow triangular patch of scales extending from the base of the caudal half way to its margin was observed in large specimens of
<taxonomicName id="BA6387CBF7D7A79C18731BD3684072B5" family="Rivulidae" genus="Rivulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hartii">Rivulus hartii</taxonomicName>
, but a degree of caudal squamation comparable to that seen in
<taxonomicName id="F767D86224BCE348333737B9A91408F3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
is present only in the distantly related Neotropical cyprinodontiform genera
<taxonomicName id="21BFB5207C58FAE687D5CC96DFAA2C8C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A12D02B2-18D2-450F-B6ED-A28984BAD110" family="Rivulidae" genus="Austrofundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Austrofundulus Myers 1932:159" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Austrofundulus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00F70AB46446F275CBE8C469EE366742" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A97F468D-EF4C-4695-97A4-84480BD1ADED" family="Profundulidae" genus="Profundulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Profundulus Hubbs 1924:12" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Profundulus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26CBA076256856996590B6CE1B17D262" lastPageNumber="5" pageNumber="4">
Scheel (1968) proposed two additional morphological features that served to differentiate
<taxonomicName id="B5C4AC32F5B89CCD1312DAB0C9D89FEA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
from the aplocheiloid genera
<taxonomicName id="481449ED62A941C4F734F451A125825A" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8FBF988044FE76E4C36E20BC66CDE427" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:84332B3A-C9BA-4AFC-B6CB-CBCB95E2F582" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Epiplatys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Epiplatys Gill 1862:136" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epiplatys</taxonomicName>
. He found the central rays of the caudal fin to be prolonged in the latter two genera, producing a median lobe, whereas, in the absence of such a feature, the caudal fin is rounded in
<taxonomicName id="89047C19A72E6FEDF8CB9F9B1AC41FCC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
. He also noted that, in
<taxonomicName id="580547A74749A1C4789EFC6E1A2E2988" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
, the frontal squamation was of the E- type sensu Hoedemann (1958), usually with prominent H scales. In
<taxonomicName id="2ABCCE219D658358DDF0382A53675BBE" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B82C9CB68F85A1B758BAD43BD41456F2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:84332B3A-C9BA-4AFC-B6CB-CBCB95E2F582" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Epiplatys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Epiplatys Gill 1862:136" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epiplatys</taxonomicName>
, to the contrary, the frontal squamation was of the G type, without H scales. The presence of a rounded or truncate caudal fin characterizes all of the Malagasy aplocheilids known to date. However, examination of larger series of Malagasy material suggests that the E type of frontal squamation does not unequivocally characterize these killifish. While Scheel’s observation regarding this character is generally correct, occasional aberrant individuals with the G pattern have been found to occur in several Malagasy species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35DE5EE23C10184203DFDFE63A372671" pageNumber="5">
Following a more detailed morphological investigation of
<taxonomicName id="DC9AAD6283C5BE02EEE76914D1461A9D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
, Parenti (1981) discovered six additional apomorphic characters, of which two were deemed to have particular diagnostic value: a) the squamation of adult males, in which the posterior edge of the scales of the dorsum and flanks is angled away from the body; and b) the fusion of the five hypural bones into a single fan-shaped plate. As previously noted, in the absence of Malagasy material, Parenti was unable to determine whether
<taxonomicName id="5567C9123C3399295487F17F644609D9" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omalonotus">P. omalonotus</taxonomicName>
shared derived skeletal characters with
<taxonomicName id="A7D302AB33BA69ACB6E3C9420DECE91C" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8279D06470085C0CDA9D6FD08FBEED26" pageNumber="5">
The absence of a reflective pineal (frontal) spot in living individuals is a further feature that unites
<taxonomicName id="F6D0D27C5023353CD99F5C4AF940A55C" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
and the Malagasy taxa. A reflective pineal spot is a conspicuous feature of the color pattern of the aplocheiloid genera
<taxonomicName id="013647A57AF088ACC6AFCE40A817C142" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="764BB24FC341C97D9AC987D0EA4171A5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:32697186-17D3-4E35-BAA5-674DF3C73FA5" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Adamas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Adamas Huber 1979:6" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Adamas</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2E87AFE16A6647D065339229CB449656" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:84332B3A-C9BA-4AFC-B6CB-CBCB95E2F582" family="Nothobranchiidae" genus="Epiplatys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Epiplatys Gill 1862:136" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epiplatys</taxonomicName>
. However, this feature is lacking in the color pattern of
<taxonomicName id="891642CB6A446B42F7626D77D566299F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
and in the remaining aplocheiloid genera, although it occurs sporadically within a number of New World cyprinodontiform lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EF91085AFEEBB8685994D31CFEA9A48" pageNumber="5">
The distribution of this suite of diagnostic characters within the genus
<taxonomicName id="BF6B546B6FC38824F55141C6C34E0551" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
is presented in Table 1. It is clear that neither the absence of dorsal and anal fin filaments in males nor the presence of dark markings in the gular region unambiguously defines the genus. Furthermore, the raised dorsolateral scales on the body of male
<taxonomicName id="0E888881FC0C4062D26270B5CC8E8042" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
are not found in any Malagasy representatives of the genus, nor in all populations of nominal
<taxonomicName id="5F3C051CC729CC4723F3BC068871E527" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
(P. de Rham, pers. com.), and thus represent an autapomorphy of the topotypical population of this Seychellois endemic. The ocellated black spot in the dorsal of juvenile and female
<taxonomicName id="A173186A7A3277C89A2C7A261FCBD12F" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
is also characteristic of all known species of
<taxonomicName id="7D8A56E2492B4119CDAD1F283DD6C6EE" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
. It is not present in any Malagasy aplocheilid, although a diffuse dusky blotch is present in some females of
<taxonomicName id="F60E259AEDB29B2389C8F86B7980A541" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakaramyi">P. sakaramyi</taxonomicName>
. This color pattern is most parsimoniously interpreted as pleisomorphic within the
<taxonomicName id="28B1BF78F138F5185A7F5BA3FAC3E3DB" family="Aplocheilidae" pageNumber="5" rank="family">Aplocheilidae</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="879436552FB49832D749EA4665034671" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
shares diagnostic skeletal characters: a heavily scaled, rounded caudal fin; and lack of a reflective pineal spot with all save one of the presently known Malagasy aplocheilids. These data support both Myers’ and Parenti’s inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="23C030F3BBEAAC916395CA5B4F6CF78C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00C4F603-3BD2-4750-A796-A61E9FA053B6" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Poecilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Poecilia omalonota Duméril 1861:257" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omalonota">Poecilia omalonota</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1F966E98E2476415E18F5B3D4563C01" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B1B4C5F9-0636-4EAD-8741-A4FE89B51E97" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Panchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Panchax sakaramyi Holly 1928:313" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakaramyi">Panchax sakaramyi</taxonomicName>
within the genus
<taxonomicName id="B2C51B64A67C1B62F7D9007E00AC3009" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
, and no further ambiguity should attend their generic placement. With the exception of
<taxonomicName id="26BD17D28BA484722C06F84B2C573EFF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E44919A-6EC0-4D41-9EBC-4491F4B0CDA5" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Poecilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Poecilia nuchimaculata Guichenot 1866:143" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchimaculata">Poecilia nuchimaculata Guichenot, 1866</taxonomicName>
, the same holds true for Madagascar’s remaining aplocheilids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F824E7774F3627BF91873C6884AF46C5" lastPageNumber="7" pageNumber="6">
Guichenot (1866) described
<taxonomicName id="62BC54D98081D0FBFF5E70A751EE97C6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E44919A-6EC0-4D41-9EBC-4491F4B0CDA5" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Poecilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Poecilia nuchimaculata Guichenot 1866:143" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchimaculata">Poecilia nuchimaculata</taxonomicName>
from a single specimen collected by J. P. Goudot, a French resident of Madagascar from 1835 until his death in the early 1860's. The specimen lacks precise locality data and as Goudot’s journals were lost when he disappeared while in the field (Dorr, 1997), subsequent efforts to determine its provenance have proved fruitless. Published data (Huber, 1998) indicate that with regard to both morphometric and meristic characters the type falls within the range that defines the Malagasy representatives of the genus
<taxonomicName id="62E76A1BB6E4B5F13CBEEB87C0A842A3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
. He noted that the prefrontal scales of this specimen are smaller than those of other
<taxonomicName id="350275379CA3696735F540C138476480" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
species, while the lateralis system consists of open rather than enclosed pores. The caudal squamation is rather light, with scales present only on the basal third of the fin (de Soutter, pers. com.), a feature shared with only one other Malagasy congener. Radiographic examination of the caudal skeleton confirms Huber’s observation that a shallow notch separates the upper plate, formed by the fusion of third, fourth and fifth hypural bones and the lower plate, formed by the fusion of the first and second bones. This condition is more reminiscent of that found in many representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="AE0FD11FA3477D186F0EC939878662F6" family="Nothobranchidae" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Nothobranchidae</taxonomicName>
(upper and lower plates separated by a deep groove), than that seen in
<taxonomicName id="469A74BBCA7EE3DBAD3F49556FFD48AA" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Aplocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aplocheilus</taxonomicName>
(hypural skeleton made up of three independent elements, the upper- and lowermost comprising the fused fourth and fifth and first and second hypural bones respectively).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F0E788D6228464EE101216B259A0B384" pageNumber="7">
In the absence of additional material of
<taxonomicName id="136385E5F307B159135E5E4537510591" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchimaculatus">P. nuchimaculatus</taxonomicName>
, there is no way to determine whether the observed anomalies in squamation and caudal skeleton of the type specimen are idiosyncratic or reflect significant population-level differences. Pending the acquisition of additional material of this species, it seems advisable to follow Parenti (1981) and provisionally assign
<taxonomicName id="40589AB8AF9AEC8A32FA6BDBE56BC985" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E44919A-6EC0-4D41-9EBC-4491F4B0CDA5" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Poecilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Poecilia nuchimaculata Guichenot 1866:143" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchimaculata">Poecilia nuchimaculata</taxonomicName>
to the genus
<taxonomicName id="83E35D0D22A3B8FD293813FB8B587BDC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6136050677D21A200122A134C92829AA" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D814B4850F1BBC447583E5C8BA2F9606" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="0B988B69413173C455A452BB159ED71C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax Myers, 1933</taxonomicName>
may thus be diagnosed as follows: Maxillary relatively immobile, bound at its posterior end to the preorbital by a fold of skin. Premaxillary ascending processes flat and broad, tapered posteriorly and not overlapping in the midline. A single pair of tubular nares present. Reflective pineal spot absent. Frontal squamation typically of the E-type, with prominent H scales. In very large specimens, a shallow pit may be present in the center of some scales along the midlateral line, but there is no evidence of any connection to an underlying neuromast. Scales and fin rays lacking papillae. Haemal arches unexpanded, no pleural ribs on haermal spines. Hypural plates fused to form a hypural fan in adults, joint lines visible in juveniles. Caudal fin rounded or rounded-truncate, the middle rays never extended. Basal third to three quarters of caudal fin heavily scaled, the scales in straight rows, one scale wide, each series covering the interspace between two caudal rays. Caudal fin lacking a median lobe. Filamentous extensions of the dorsal and anal fins of males variably present. Dark gular bar variably present. Pigmentation pattern does not include cross bars on body. Basal dorsal-fin spot absent in males, variably present in females.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="633B89B77E8D0449E8DD354BF62D9BE5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3F25809871EB812D89E47BC611C18B7E" pageNumber="7">
Type species:
<taxonomicName id="98B7934C0F5ED80DF2DCA2CD6A166F29" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">Pachypanchax playfairii (Gunther 1866)</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="286808F5B8D35675F32CABECBF6E17EE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E9D5704AE12C3BB5881D3EA84E4930E0" pageNumber="7">
The genus is endemic to Madagascar and the granitic Seychelles. The Zanzibari population of
<taxonomicName id="17235632D6CFA7DA913554E2A1186F0A" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">Pachypanchax playfairii</taxonomicName>
represents a recent translocation and (Parenti [1981] notwithstanding) there are no confirmed records of this species from the East African mainland (Seegers, 1980). Apart from two species native to eastward- and northward flowing drainages in the extreme north, Malagasy
<taxonomicName id="F49F10399EC278CB995B13A77EF8CFF9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
are restricted to the island’s western versant, from the Ambohitra Massif (Massif d’Ambre) south to the basin of the Tsiribihina River.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>