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<document id="0800449D659CB15DF0EE650D1D9D0168" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.198783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f84f3fd6-0ce1-4a34-be39-a0fb859592ea" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="198783" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460314779626" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wilkinson, Mark &amp; Gower, David J" docDate="2010" docId="ED43462EFFD6FFAAFF3DB107FD19F856" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02650p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2650" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhinatrema ron Wilkinson &amp; Gower, 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="117A3E56FFD7FFAEFFAAB02AFFF4FFA3" masterDocTitle="A new species of Rhinatrema Duméril &amp; Bibron (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae) from Amazonas, Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698254709140" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C56366FFA9835A55B3E425FC5AD0E9D2">A new species of Rhinatrema Duméril &amp; Bibron (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae) from Amazonas, Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0EA287F79C0C635360E89655DB376B41">Wilkinson, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CF201A10BB8AF14C7597B337DB750F06">Gower, David J</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7D0BA5D6D7FBC96414688EEA1DC90F00">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1430D8D6856F54FB26AE42E8F6006C8B">2010</mods:date>
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<treatment id="ED43462EFFD6FFAAFF3DB107FD19F856" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658062" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119401210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658062" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED43462EFFD6FFAAFF3DB107FD19F856" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED43462EFFD6FFAAFF3DB107FD19F856" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="2DF0A4B3FFD6FFAFFF3DB107FE8AFEC9" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF3DB107FE4AFEE4" blockId="1.[151,446,301,362]" box="[151,446,301,327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<heading id="3E1D4054FFD6FFAFFF3DB107FE4AFEE4" bold="true" box="[151,446,301,327]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFF3DB107FE4AFEE4" bold="true" box="[151,446,301,327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD6FFAFFF3DB107FEADFEE4" ID-CoL="4S7G8" box="[151,345,301,327]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ron" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFF3DB107FEADFEE4" bold="true" box="[151,345,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Rhinatrema ron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4CAD9651FFD6FFAFFECBB107FE4AFEE4" box="[353,446,301,327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF3DB17AFE8AFEC9" blockId="1.[151,446,301,362]" box="[151,382,336,362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1EBBDFFD6FFAFFF35B17AFEE4FEC9" box="[159,272,336,362]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1959,1983]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,677,701]" captionTargetBox-0="[177,1414,194,1942]" captionTargetBox-1="[150,1436,194,656]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[177,1414,194,1944]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[134,1452,194,656]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Preserved holotype (MZUSP 60016) of Rhinatrema ron sp. nov. Photos by Phil Hurst (The Natural History Museum, London). Scale gradations = 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Anterior view into mouth of holotype (MZUSP 60016) of Rhinatrema ron sp. nov. showing plicate lingual and palatal mucosa." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/198784/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/198785/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="2868C283FFD6FFAFFEB7B17AFE86FEC9" box="[285,370,336,362]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,240,338,362]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,485,1844]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Meristic and morphometric data for the holotype of Rhinatrema ron (MZUSP 60016) and comparative data for the other species of Rhinatrema (from Gower et al. 2010). Values given as means (with ranges in parentheses). E = eye; L = lip; N = naris; V = ventrally; W = width. See Materials and Methods for other abbreviations. Note: a) counts made ventrally and dorsally, respectively; b) counts made just dorsal to stripe; c) n = 2; d) n = 7." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" tableUuid="3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0A4B3FFD6FFAFFF3DB1B0FD5CFE79" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF3DB1B0FD5CFE79" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFF3DB1B0FEE6FE17" bold="true" box="[151,274,410,436]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<typeStatus id="BA51499AFFD6FFAFFF3DB1B0FEF9FE17" box="[151,269,410,436]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="03FB6FFDFFD6FFAFFEB1B1B0FE8AFE17" box="[283,382,410,436]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">MZUSP</collectionCode>
60016, a mature female, from Reserva INPA-WWF km 76 BR-174, Amazonas,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDB7A8FFD6FFAFFAE1B1B0FA6CFE17" box="[1355,1432,410,436]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Collected by B. Zimmerman,
<date id="1154D1F8FFD6FFAFFE5FB1EAFDAEFE79" box="[501,602,448,474]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" value="1910-04">10 April</date>
, 1983.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0A4B3FFD6FFAFFF6CB1CFFB4AFDCC" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF6CB1CFFB4AFDCC" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFF6CB1CFFEB2FE5C" bold="true" box="[198,326,485,511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD6FFAFFEC6B1CFFE01FE5D" box="[364,501,485,510]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFEC6B1CFFE01FE5D" box="[364,501,485,510]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">Rhinatrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that differs from its congeners,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD6FFAFFCDFB1CFFAB2FE5C" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1838" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1838" box="[885,1350,485,511]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivittatum">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFCDFB1CFFBFAFE5D" box="[885,1038,485,510]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">R. bivittatum</emphasis>
(Guérin-Méneville, 1838)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD6FFAFFA29B1CFFD47FD87" authority="Gower, Wilkinson, Sherratt &amp; Kok, 2010" authorityName="Gower, Wilkinson, Sherratt &amp; Kok" authorityYear="2010" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiv">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFA29B1CFFA61FE5D" box="[1411,1429,485,510]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFF3DB220FF32FD80" box="[151,198,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">shiv</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="017B8AC9FFD6FFAFFF67B220FD47FD87" author="Gower" box="[205,691,522,548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" refString="Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Sherratt, E. &amp; Kok, P. J. R. (2010) A new species of Rhinatrema Dumeril &amp; Bibron (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae) from Guyana. Zootaxa, 2391, 47 - 60." type="journal article" year="2010">Gower, Wilkinson, Sherratt &amp; Kok, 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in having a strongly plicate tongue and palatal mucosa, a more strongly mottled/flecked colour pattern with larger pale patches, a thicker lateral stripe, eyes that are much further from the lip than are the nares, and a much larger maximum body size (&gt;
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0A4B3FFD6FFAAFF6CB250FD76F898" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF6CB250FBFCFCEC" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD6FFAFFF6CB250FE03FD37" bold="true" box="[198,503,634,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
Description of
<typeStatus id="BA51499AFFD6FFAFFE2FB250FE06FD37" box="[389,498,634,660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Some morphometric and meristic data are given in
<tableCitation id="2868C283FFD6FFAFFBDFB250FB25FD37" box="[1141,1233,634,660]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,240,338,362]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,485,1844]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Meristic and morphometric data for the holotype of Rhinatrema ron (MZUSP 60016) and comparative data for the other species of Rhinatrema (from Gower et al. 2010). Values given as means (with ranges in parentheses). E = eye; L = lip; N = naris; V = ventrally; W = width. See Materials and Methods for other abbreviations. Note: a) counts made ventrally and dorsally, respectively; b) counts made just dorsal to stripe; c) n = 2; d) n = 7." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A" pageId="1" pageNumber="64" tableUuid="3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Good condition except c.
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midventral longitudinal incision c.
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anterior to terminus, some open scale pockets, a possibly artefactually slightly flattened snout tip, narrow constriction caused by tag string c.
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behind snout tip. Body subcylindrical, dorsoventrally compressed, fairly uniform, L/W = 26.3, tapering slightly posteriorly, narrowing more abruptly over last
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. Tail short (L/T = 70.6), slightly laterally compressed, tip bluntly rounded, in lateral view tapers along dorsal edge, underside flat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF6CB370FB50FBF7" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
In dorsal view, head slightly more U- than V-shaped, as wide as adjacent nuchal region posteriorly, narrowing gently anteriorly to midway between eyes and nares. In ventral view, lower jaws virtually as wide as head, tip more bluntly rounded than snout anteriorly such that mouth marginally subterminal. In lateral view, a dorsal bulge posterior to eyes caused by adductor musculature makes posterior of head deeper than adjacent nuchal region, head tapers very gently anterior to eye level, quite sharply over anteriormost
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, edges of mouth (lips) fairly straight, slightly downturned at CM, CM one and a half times further from top than from bottom of head, lower jaws robust (almost as deep as upper jaws at eye level).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF6CB44AFE03FA07" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
Eyes small (
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), clearly visible through clear skin, slightly elevated above adjacent skin, slightly closer to top of head than to lip in lateral view, inset by about twice their diameters from outline of head in dorsal view; distances between eye and lip almost four times diameter of eye. TAs small (
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) quartercircle slits curving anteroventrally from anterodorsal edges of eyes, margins slightly elevated. Nares small (
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), ovate, visible dorsally inset about one and a half diameters from outline of head, posterior part a shallow depression sloping into deeper semi-lunate anterior aperture; in lateral view, each naris visible just behind anterior margin of mouth, inset a little more than one diameter from snout tip, approximately equidistant from top of head and margin of mouth; closer to lips (
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) than are eyes (
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), visible in anterior but not ventral views.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFAFFF6CB59AFCD4F957" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
Teeth strongly recurved, outer rows largest, members of dentary series noticeably larger than ‘opposing’ premaxillary-maxillary teeth, IMs larger than ‘opposing’ vomeropalatine teeth. Outer rows with few small anteriormost teeth followed on each side by several widely-spaced, hypertrophied (up to
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long), stilettolike teeth with slight medial curvature distally, ending with more recumbent, successively smaller, more closely spaced teeth. Inner tooth rows with similar but less substantial size variation (lacking hypertrophied elements), IM rows bending to form a tight angle anteriorly. Tongue strongly plicate over entire surface, narrow with free tip anteriorly, expands posterolaterally to cover all but six or seven anteriormost IMs on each side. Choanae subcircular, transverse diameters greater than distance between them. Entire palate posterior to choanae with extensive covering of longitudinal plicae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD6FFACFF6CB72AFF1CFE81" blockId="1.[151,1437,410,2004]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,290]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="1" pageNumber="64">
Collar region poorly differentiated. NG1 faintly indicated midventrally and laterally. NG2 less faint ventrally, widely incomplete dorsally, somewhat sinusoidal, curving posteriorly from mid-venter and anteriorly across the stripe. NG3 (arbitrarily the first dorsal groove that clearly crosses stripe onto venter) widely incomplete ventrally. C1 shorter (
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) than C2 (
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), C2 with five TGs increasing in length from anterior to posterior, length of anteriormost about one third width of collar. AGs orthoplicate except for slight anteromedial curvature on venter close to vent and last eight with strong anterior flexure middorsally, many offset or otherwise irregular. Many anteriormost (perhaps all but one of first 30) AGs narrowly incomplete ventrally, otherwise mostly complete except for seven interrupted ventrally by disc. Tail (area behind the vent) with six (three ventrally incomplete) AGs. Terminal annulus slightly longer than preceding annuli.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A" ID-Table-UUID="3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3195A7B0FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[151,1436,485,1844]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD5FFACFF3DB178FB6CFE6A" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,457]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD5FFACFF3DB178FEFFFEC9" bold="true" box="[151,267,338,362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Meristic and morphometric data for the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD5FFACFCEDB178FC04FECA" box="[839,1008,338,361]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ron">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD5FFACFCEDB178FC04FECA" box="[839,1008,338,361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Rhinatrema ron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MZUSP 60016) and comparative data for the other species of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD5FFACFE3DB158FDE1FE2A" box="[407,533,370,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD5FFACFE3DB158FDE1FE2A" box="[407,533,370,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Rhinatrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Gower et al. 2010). Values given as means (with ranges in parentheses). E = eye; L = lip; N = naris; V = ventrally; W = width. See Materials and Methods for other abbreviations. Note: a) counts made ventrally and dorsally, respectively; b) counts made just dorsal to stripe; c) n = 2; d) n = 7.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD5FFACFDEAB1CFFB14F884" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<table id="17EA0598FFD50051FF3DB1CFFA68F897" box="[151,1436,485,1844]" gridcols="4" gridrows="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB1CFFA68FE5F" box="[151,1436,485,508]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB1CFFD46FE5F" box="[576,690,485,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD5FFACFDEAB1CFFD75FE5F" box="[576,641,485,508]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ron">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD5FFACFDEAB1CFFD75FE5F" box="[576,641,485,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">R. ron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B1CFFC3DFE5F" box="[792,969,485,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD5FFACFCB2B1CFFC94FE5F" box="[792,864,485,508]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shiv">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD5FFACFCB2B1CFFC94FE5F" box="[792,864,485,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">R. shiv</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 10)
</th>
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B1CFFA68FE5F" box="[1103,1436,485,508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD5FFACFBE5B1CFFB2DFE5F" box="[1103,1241,485,508]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivittatum">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD5FFACFBE5B1CFFB2DFE5F" box="[1103,1241,485,508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">R. bivittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 28)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB23AFA68FDF2" box="[151,1436,528,593]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB23AFE12FDF2" box="[151,486,528,593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">TL Tail Length</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB23AFD46FDF2" box="[576,690,528,593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">353 5</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B23AFC3DFDF2" box="[792,969,528,593]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">153.8 (127–184) 2.7 (2.3–3)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B23AFA68FDF2" box="[1103,1436,528,593]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">176 (127–219) 2.2 (1.4–2.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB24FFA68FDDF" box="[151,1436,613,636]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB24FFE12FDDF" box="[151,486,613,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Tail Length as % of TL</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB24FFD46FDDF" box="[576,690,613,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1.4</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B24FFC3DFDDF" box="[792,969,613,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1.8 (1.5–2)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B24FFA68FDDF" box="[1103,1436,613,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1.3 (0.8–1.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB2BAFA68FD77" box="[151,1436,656,724]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB2BAFE12FD77" box="[151,486,656,724]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Vertebrae Total annuli</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB2BAFD46FD77" box="[576,690,656,724]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">98 321, 347a</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B2BAFC3DFD77" box="[792,969,656,724]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">97 (95–99) 356 (335–378)b</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B2BAFA68FD77" box="[1103,1436,656,724]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">93 (88–99) 335 (273–384)b</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB2C2FA68FC8A" box="[151,1436,744,809]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB2C2FE12FC8A" box="[151,486,744,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Tail annuli (those behind vent) TGs</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB2C2FD46FC8A" box="[576,690,744,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">5 5</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B2C2FC3DFC8A" box="[792,969,744,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">8 (6.5–9.5) 4.6 (4–5)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B2C2FA68FC8A" box="[1103,1436,744,809]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">5 (4–6.5) 4.1 (3–6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB317FA68FCF7" box="[151,1436,829,852]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB317FE12FCF7" box="[151,486,829,852]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">E-E</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB317FD46FCF7" box="[576,690,829,852]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">7.2</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B317FC3DFCF7" box="[792,969,829,852]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.6 (2.2–2.8)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B317FA68FCF7" box="[1103,1436,829,852]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.7 (2.9–4.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB342FA68FC0A" box="[151,1436,872,937]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB342FE12FC0A" box="[151,486,872,937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">N-N E-N</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB342FD46FC0A" box="[576,690,872,937]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.9 5.2</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B342FC3DFC0A" box="[792,969,872,937]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1 (0.9–1.1) 2.3 (2–2.6)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B342FA68FC0A" box="[1103,1436,872,937]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1.4 (1–1.7) 2.9 (2.2–3.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB397FA68FC77" box="[151,1436,957,980]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB397FE12FC77" box="[151,486,957,980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Head width (HW) at CM</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB397FD46FC77" box="[576,690,957,980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">12.1</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B397FC3DFC77" box="[792,969,957,980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">4.1 (3.5–4.7)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B397FA68FC77" box="[1103,1436,957,980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">5.3 (3.5–6.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB3C2FA68FB8A" box="[151,1436,1000,1065]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB3C2FE12FB8A" box="[151,486,1000,1065]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">HW at N1 Length of collar region</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB3C2FD46FB8A" box="[576,690,1000,1065]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">12.7 9</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B3C2FC3DFB8A" box="[792,969,1000,1065]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">4.5 (4–5.2) 2.8 (2.4–3.8)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B3C2FA68FB8A" box="[1103,1436,1000,1065]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">5.6 (4.5–7.4) 3.1 (2.3–4.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB417FA68FBF7" box="[151,1436,1085,1108]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB417FE12FBF7" box="[151,486,1085,1108]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">ST-N1, laterally</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB417FD46FBF7" box="[576,690,1085,1108]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">16.7 / 18.7</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B417FC3DFBF7" box="[792,969,1085,1108]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">6.8 (5.6–7.4)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B417FA68FBF7" box="[1103,1436,1085,1108]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">8.6 (6.7–10.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB442FA68FB0A" box="[151,1436,1128,1193]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB442FE12FB0A" box="[151,486,1128,1193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">ST-E ST-CM</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB442FD46FB0A" box="[576,690,1128,1193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">7 15.1</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B442FC3DFB0A" box="[792,969,1128,1193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.7 (2.5–3) 4.9 (4.5–5.6)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B442FA68FB0A" box="[1103,1436,1128,1193]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.5 (2.5–4.3) 6.6 (4.6–8.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB497FA68FB77" box="[151,1436,1213,1236]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB497FE12FB77" box="[151,486,1213,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">ST-CM as % of TL</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB497FD46FB77" box="[576,690,1213,1236]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">4.3</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B497FC3DFB77" box="[792,969,1213,1236]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.2 (2.9–3.6)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B497FA68FB77" box="[1103,1436,1213,1236]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.8 (3.1–4.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB4C2FA68FA8A" box="[151,1436,1256,1321]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB4C2FE12FA8A" box="[151,486,1256,1321]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">E-CM E-L</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB4C2FD46FA8A" box="[576,690,1256,1321]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">7.5 2.1</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B4C2FC3DFA8A" box="[792,969,1256,1321]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2 (1.7–2.5) 0.6 (0.4–0.6)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B4C2FA68FA8A" box="[1103,1436,1256,1321]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.7 (1.7–3.7) 0.5 (0.4–0.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB517FA68FAF7" box="[151,1436,1341,1364]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB517FE12FAF7" box="[151,486,1341,1364]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">N-L</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB517FD46FAF7" box="[576,690,1341,1364]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1.3</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B517FC3DFAF7" box="[792,969,1341,1364]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">0.5 (0.4–0.6)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B517FA68FAF7" box="[1103,1436,1341,1364]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">0.6 (0.4–0.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB542FA68FA0A" box="[151,1436,1384,1449]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB542FE12FA0A" box="[151,486,1384,1449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Head depth behind CM Range in SW at midbody</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB542FD46FA0A" box="[576,690,1384,1449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">7.5 5.1–6.3</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B542FC3DFA0A" box="[792,969,1384,1449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.1 (2.8–3.6) (0.5–1.7)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B542FA68FA0A" box="[1103,1436,1384,1449]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.5 (2.4–4.6) (0.80–3.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB597FA68FA77" box="[151,1436,1469,1492]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB597FE12FA77" box="[151,486,1469,1492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">W/S</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB597FD46FA77" box="[576,690,1469,1492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.4</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B597FC3DFA77" box="[792,969,1469,1492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">6.1 (5.2–7.2)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B597FA68FA77" box="[1103,1436,1469,1492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">3.6 (2.9–4.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB5C2FA68F98A" box="[151,1436,1512,1577]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB5C2FE12F98A" box="[151,486,1512,1577]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Annuli behind end of stripe Midbody width</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB5C2FD46F98A" box="[576,690,1512,1577]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">1–2 or 8 13.4</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B5C2FC3DF98A" box="[792,969,1512,1577]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">8.4 (6–11) 5.4 (4.7–6.2)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B5C2FA68F98A" box="[1103,1436,1512,1577]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">4.5 (2–7.5) 7.1 (4.2–10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB617FA68F9F7" box="[151,1436,1597,1620]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB617FE12F9F7" box="[151,486,1597,1620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Body width at vent</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB617FD46F9F7" box="[576,690,1597,1620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">6.5</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B617FC3DF9F7" box="[792,969,1597,1620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.9 (2.3–3.6)</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B617FA68F9F7" box="[1103,1436,1597,1620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">2.9 (1.8–4.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB642FA68F90F" box="[151,1436,1640,1708]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB642FE12F90F" box="[151,486,1640,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Midbody circumference Premaxillary-maxillary teeth</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB642FD46F90F" box="[576,690,1640,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">43 30</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B642FC3DF90F" box="[792,969,1640,1708]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">17.6 (14–20) 26 (26)c</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B642FA68F90F" box="[1103,1436,1640,1708]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">21.2 (12–28) 26.3 (24–28)d</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB6EAFA68F97A" box="[151,1436,1728,1753]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB6EAFE12F97A" box="[151,486,1728,1753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Vomeropalatine teeth</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB6EAFD46F97A" box="[576,690,1728,1753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">40</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B6EAFC3DF97A" box="[792,969,1728,1753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">37 (36–38) c</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B6EAFA68F97A" box="[1103,1436,1728,1753]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">35.9 (31–39)d</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBDAF57AFFD50051FF3DB6C7FA68F897" box="[151,1436,1773,1844]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
<th id="980B9C06FFD50051FF3DB6C7FE12F897" box="[151,486,1773,1844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">Dentary teeth (Ds) Inner mandibular teeth (IMs)</th>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FDEAB6C7FD46F897" box="[576,690,1773,1844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">26 22</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FCB2B6C7FC3DF897" box="[792,969,1773,1844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">29 (28–30) c 26.5 (25–28) c</td>
<td id="980B9C06FFD50051FBE5B6C7FA68F897" box="[1103,1436,1773,1844]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">32.9 (30–35)d 25.7 (24–28)d</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD5FFAAFF6CB750FA87F9B3" blockId="2.[151,1436,1914,2015]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,1451,2037]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="2" pageNumber="65">
Scales begin in TGs of collar region, a single row in shallow pocket at third annulus, tiny on venter, larger and wider than long (e.g., 1.5 x
<quantity id="A2125ADDFFD5FFACFDB3B78AFD82F819" box="[537,630,1952,1978]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
) on dorsum. At midbody, one or two rows of larger (e.g., 2.2 x
<quantity id="A2125ADDFFD5FFACFADDB78AFF33F87C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
) scales in pockets c. 1.25 times deeper than the length of an annulus. Posteriorly, one main row of large (up to 3.2 x
<quantity id="A2125ADDFFD3FFAAFE8FB581FE76FA66" box="[293,386,1451,1477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
) scales in very deep pockets (2.5 times length of annulus) with incomplete second row of smaller scales in places. Vent irregular, very slightly longitudinal, formed at centre of an irregular collection of partially subdivided denticulations converging from close to indistinct margins of subcircular cloacal disc.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3195A7B0FFD4FFADFF3DB78DFD8FF87D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[177,1414,194,1942]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD4FFADFF3DB78DFD8FF87D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1959,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD4FFADFF3DB78DFEEDF81C" bold="true" box="[151,281,1959,1983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Preserved holotype (MZUSP 60016) of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD4FFADFD66B782FC80F81C" box="[716,884,1960,1983]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ron" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD4FFADFD66B782FC80F81C" box="[716,884,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Rhinatrema ron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4CAD9651FFD4FFADFCD1B78DFC24F81C" box="[891,976,1959,1983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD4FFADFCD1B78DFC24F81C" bold="true" box="[891,976,1959,1983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Photos by Phil Hurst (The Natural History Museum, London). Scale gradations = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="6555F738FFD3FFAAFF3DB28FFE9FFD7E" blockId="4.[151,1436,677,733]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFF3DB28FFEEEFD1E" bold="true" box="[151,282,677,701]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Anterior view into mouth of holotype (MZUSP 60016) of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD3FFAAFC3FB28CFBC9FD1E" box="[917,1085,678,701]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ron" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFC3FB28CFBC9FD1E" box="[917,1085,678,701]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Rhinatrema ron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4CAD9651FFD3FFAAFBEFB28FFB6FFD1E" box="[1093,1179,677,701]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFBEFB28FFB6FFD1E" bold="true" box="[1093,1179,677,701]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
showing plicate lingual and palatal mucosa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3195A7B0FFD3FFAAFF3DB561FC9DFA20" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198786/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[500,1086,789,1333]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD3FFAAFF3DB561FC9DFA20" blockId="4.[151,1436,1355,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFF3DB561FEE6FAC0" bold="true" box="[151,274,1355,1379]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. Right ventrolateral view of palate of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD3FFAAFD00B566FC6EFAC0" box="[682,922,1356,1379]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivittatum">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFD00B566FC6EFAC0" box="[682,922,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Rhinatrema bivittatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(The Natural History Museum, London BMNH 2008.608), showing relatively smooth (non-plicate) palatal mucosa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD3FFAAFF6CB631FD76F898" blockId="4.[151,1437,1451,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
Dark brownish lavender mottled with irregular paler spots, many merging, the paler colour dominating dorsally except for anteriormost c.
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. Thick, fairly uniform, lateral cream stripes extend from close to tail tip to CMs, except for weak interruptions 9–10 annuli anterior to cloacal disc and clearer gaps on C1, narrower and slightly ventrally expanded on C2. Small breaks in lateral stripes about 20 annuli from terminus and over last 10 annuli, difficult to ascertain precise end point. Head paler than adjacent body dorsally, with irregular darker blotches. Throat darker than body with less pale mottling bounded by broad pale stripes along the mandibles. Annuli with narrow pale edges. Disc pale, with some dark pigmentation on some, especially posterior, denticulations proximal to vent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0A4B3FFD3FFAAFF6CB76CFD19F856" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD3FFAAFF6CB76CFADCF873" blockId="4.[151,1437,1451,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFF6CB76CFEA7F8C3" bold="true" box="[198,339,1862,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named in honour of our esteemed colleague Professor Ronald A. Nussbaum, University of Michigan,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDB7A8FFD3FFAAFEBFB741FEA7F826" box="[277,339,1899,1925]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">USA</collectingCountry>
, in recognition of his many outstanding scholarly contributions to the systematics and biology of caecilians, and celebrating his insights into the fundamental differences between rhinatrematids and all other caecilians. For nomenclatural purposes, the species epithet is considered a noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555F738FFD3FFAAFF6CB7F1FD19F856" blockId="4.[151,1437,1451,2037]" box="[198,749,2011,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="579E2B2AFFD3FFAAFF6CB7F1FDFDF856" bold="true" box="[198,521,2011,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Suggested common name.</emphasis>
Ron’s
<taxonomicName id="A2EA8CBBFFD3FFAAFDF6B7F1FD1DF856" box="[604,745,2011,2037]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinatrematidae" genus="Rhinatrema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinatrema</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE5FFDAFF71F9F9FDE3F9E8" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,1931]" box="[151,542,1579,1606]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFF71F9F9FDE3F9E8" bold="true" box="[151,542,1579,1606]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFF71F9F9FE9FF9E8" bold="true" box="[151,354,1579,1606]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eudocima procus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFE5FFDAFE97F9FEFDEBF9E8" author="Cramer, P." box="[369,534,1580,1606]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="97 - 192" refId="ref36795" refString="Cramer, P. (1777) De uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa, en America by een verzameld en beschreeven 2. S. J. Baalde &amp; Barthelmemy Wild, Amesterdam &amp; Utrecht, 152 pp., pls. 97 - 192." type="book chapter" year="1777">Cramer, 1777</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFE5FFDAFF71F982FD78F824" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE5FFDAFF71F982FD85F9C5" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,1931]" box="[151,632,1616,1643]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE5FFDAFF79F982FF14F9C4" box="[159,233,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1976,2000]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,194,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[214,1373,181,1952]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 6. Neotropical Eudocima, Tetrisia, and Graphigona adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605510/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 6</figureCitation>
: A–B, 18: A, 23: A–D, 30: B, 91: I)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE5FFDAFF71F9A6FD78F824" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,1931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
This species has a unique hindwing character: the medial patch is expanded into a median band extending across the entire wing from the costa to the inner margin. The band is comprised of four comma-shaped patches fused together. Other
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE5FFDAFF39F96EFE57F978" box="[223,426,1724,1750]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFF39F96EFEACF978" box="[223,337,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eudocima</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have at most two comma-shaped patches fused together. The hindwing marginal band is disjunct from the wing margin except between veins Cu2 and M3. Females without hindwings exposed could be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE5FFDAFEDDF8D7FE27F8B0" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[315,474,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serpentifera">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFEDDF8D7FE27F8B0" box="[315,474,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E serpentifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFE19F8D7FD81F8B0" box="[511,636,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE5FFDAFE19F8D7FD85F8B0" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[511,632,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colubra">E. colubra</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE5FFDAFD4BF8D7FCEAF8B0" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[685,791,1797,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="procus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFD4BF8D7FCEAF8B0" box="[685,791,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E. procus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a contrasting pale triangle on the proximal side of the PM line between veins Cu2 and Cu1, which is absent in the other two species. This species feeds on
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE5FFDAFAEEF8FAFE2EF8C9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Odontocarya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tamoides">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFAEEF8FAFF01F8C8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Odontocarya tamoides</emphasis>
(Menispermaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE5FFDAFE10F89EFD9EF8C8" box="[502,611,1868,1894]" name="Honduras" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Honduras</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFE5FFDAFD97F89EFC9DF8C8" author="Caballero, R. &amp; Habeck, D. &amp; Andrews, K." box="[625,864,1868,1895]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="225 - 237" refId="ref36536" refString="Caballero, R., Habeck, D. &amp; Andrews, K. (1994) Clave ilustrada para larvas de noctuidos de importancia economica de El Salvador, Honduras y Nicaragua. CEIBA, 35 (2), 225 - 237." type="journal article" year="1994">
Caballero
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFD00F89FFCEBF8C8" box="[742,790,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE5FFDAFC94F89EFBC8F8C8" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[882,1077,1868,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="procus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE5FFDAFC94F89EFBC8F8C8" box="[882,1077,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eudocima procus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively common and widespread from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE5FFDAFEC3F8A2FE8AF824" box="[293,375,1904,1930]" name="Bolivia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE5FFDAFE48F8A3FE1CF825" box="[430,481,1905,1931]" name="Peru" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Peru</collectingCountry>
up to
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE5FFDAFDCEF8A2FD7CF824" box="[552,641,1904,1930]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(
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)
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(
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: K–L, 18: E, 23: K, 90: B–C)
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This species is separated from similar
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FDA0F885FD26F8DE" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[582,731,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memorans">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FDA0F885FD26F8DE" box="[582,731,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. memorans</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FCF7F885FC70F8DE" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[785,909,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguina">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FCF7F885FC70F8DE" box="[785,909,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. anguina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as described above.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FB90F884FA9CF8DE" authorityName="Phalaena" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1142,1377,1878,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collusoria">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FB90F884FA9CF8DE" box="[1142,1377,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eudocima collusoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an uncommon species reported from Columbia east to
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and
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.
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FF71FA18FE70FA4B" bold="true" box="[151,397,1482,1509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eudocima memorans</emphasis>
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(
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: I–J, 18: D, 23: J, 30: H, 90: A, D)
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This species is separated from similar
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FDAAF9C1FD34F982" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[588,713,1555,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguina">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FDAAF9C1FD34F982" box="[588,713,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. anguina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FC50F9C0FB5FF982" authorityName="Phalaena" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[950,1186,1554,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collusoria">
Eudocima
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shares a more similar forewing pattern but lacks the small, elongate dark patch on the distal side of the pm line between veins Cu2 and Cu1. The apical line is strongly concave in both species, but in
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it is distinct between vein R5 and the apex whereas in
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it is barely discernible between vein R5 and its more rounded apex.
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has a distinct hindwing apical patch whereas there is no trace of one in
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FBEBF971FA60F912" box="[1037,1437,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FBEBF971FB59F912" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1037,1188,1699,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memorans">E. memorans</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FB49F970FA60F912" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1199,1437,1698,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memorans">Eudocima memorans</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
has been recorded as far south as
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and ranges from
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east to
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and north to
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE6FFD9FAF2F914FA6CF94E" box="[1300,1425,1734,1760]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
.
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122
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<heading id="3E1D4846FFE6FFD9FF71FC24FDDAFBBE" bold="true" box="[151,551,1014,1041]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FF71FC24FE89FBBE" bold="true" box="[151,372,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eudocima anguina</emphasis>
(Schaus, 1911)
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE6FFD9FF79FBC8FF14FB9B" box="[159,233,1050,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-32@60.[300,1287,181,1908]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 7. Neotropical Eudocima and Ferenta adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7635981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7635981/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 7</figureCitation>
: A–B, 23: H)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE6FFD9FF71FBECFECBFA32" blockId="14.[151,1436,1014,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFE6FFD9FF71FBECFEB8FBF7" author="Schaus, W." box="[151,325,1086,1113]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="173 - 193" refId="ref40161" refString="Schaus, W. (1911 b) New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica - IV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7 (38), 173 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692920" type="journal article" year="1911">Schaus (1911b)</bibRefCitation>
raised the possibility that this species was conspecific with
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FC04FBEDFB84FBF6" box="[994,1145,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FC04FBEDFB88FBF6" authorityName="Phalaena" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[994,1141,1086,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collusoria">E. collusoria</taxonomicName>
,
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but these two species differ in wing shape, pattern, and COI 5’ characters. This is one of the three smallest Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FB4FFBB0FA8CFBD2" box="[1193,1393,1122,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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species
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(
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, n=2), along with
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(
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, n=1) and
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(
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, n=2). Of the three only
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FACFFB55FA61FB0E" box="[1321,1436,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E anguina</emphasis>
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has a fairly straight rather than strongly concave apical line. The forewing of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FBE3FB79FB7CFB6A" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1029,1153,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguina">
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has a more pointed apex and tornal hook, and more angular outer margin relative to the other two species. Also, only
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE6FFD9FB41FB1DFADFFB46" baseAuthorityName="Schaus" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1191,1314,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguina">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FB41FB1DFADFFB46" box="[1191,1314,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. anguina</emphasis>
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lacks dark hairs and scales in the dorsal hindwing basal area. The hindwing medial patch may be absent (
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE6FFD9FB2DFB20FADCFAA2" box="[1227,1313,1266,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[220,1372,193,1950]" captionTargetId="figure-32@76.[207,1381,181,1956]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 23. Eudocima, Ferenta and Graphigona adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605572/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
: H). When present the patch does not extend anterior of vein Cu1, whereas in the other two species it extends to vein M2 or beyond. The female dorsal forewing has a white spot on the basal side of the PM line between veins Cu2 and Cu1, lacking in the other two species. This species is rarely recorded from Columbia (Vargas-Fonseca
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FB3FFA8DFAF6FAD6" box="[1241,1291,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2020) north to
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE6FFD9FF52FA50FECFFA32" box="[180,306,1410,1436]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
.
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(
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: E–F, 18: C, 23: F–G, 30: D)
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The separation of this species from
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FDC7FC91FD77FCF2" box="[545,650,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. procus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FD59FC91FC99FCF2" box="[703,868,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. serpentifera</emphasis>
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is described above. It has been collected from
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through Columbia,
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and
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. We doubt the accuracy of a
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label for
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(
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: E) which was obtained from a third party. Like
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FD44FC59FCBAFC0A" box="[674,839,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. serpentifera</emphasis>
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it feeds on
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FC20FC58FB3BFC0A" box="[966,1222,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Disciphania calocarpa</emphasis>
(Menispermaceae)
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in
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(
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).
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(
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: C–D, 18: B, 23: E, 30: C, 71: C, 72: C, 91: C–D, H)
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In this large (
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) species the dorsal hindwing medial patch does not reach the wing margin. It is separated from
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as described above. The dorsal forewing of
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FCD5FE09FC27FE5A" box="[819,986,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. serpentifera</emphasis>
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females has a light orange-brown patch extending from the anal angle to vein Cu1. The homologous patch in females of
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE6FFD9FBD9FE2DFB4AFDB6" box="[1087,1207,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E. colubra</emphasis>
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only extends to the veinlet between Cu2 and Cu1, and is a distinctly darker orange-brown. Furthermore, the female of
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has subterminal greyish-white shadings between the pm and subterminal lines posterior of vein M3, which are absent in
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.
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ranges from
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and
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to
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and the West Indies. A single
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record from
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is illustrated in
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. In
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it feeds on
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This sexually dimorphic species is illustrated in
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. It is unique among the
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FF71FA74FDB0FA6E" authority="(Hubner, [1823])" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[151,589,1446,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FF71FA74FDB0FA6E" bold="true" box="[151,589,1446,1473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FF71FA74FE82FA6F" bold="true" box="[151,383,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eudocima homaena</emphasis>
(Hübner, [1823])
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFE7FFD8FF71FA18FA99F872" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE7FFD8FF71FA18FCB8FA4A" blockId="15.[151,1437,1446,2013]" box="[151,837,1482,1509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE7FFD8FF79FA18FF14FA4A" box="[159,233,1482,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[256,1329,189,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-19@61.[247,1340,181,1929]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 8. Eudocima kinabaluenis and Eudocima homaena group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605514/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 8</figureCitation>
: I–J, L, 18: M–N, 24: A–D, 30: M–N, 93: B, 94: G–I)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE7FFD8FF71FA3CFC72F936" blockId="15.[151,1437,1446,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
This species could be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FDD5FA3DFD39F9A6" box="[563,708,1518,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FDD5FA3DFD39F9A6" box="[563,708,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. iridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as discussed under that species (above). It can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FF71F9C1FEFFF982" box="[151,258,1555,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FF71F9C1FEFFF982" box="[151,258,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. caesar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FEDEF9C1FE37F982" box="[312,458,1554,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FEDEF9C1FE37F982" box="[312,458,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. iridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the hindwing fringe, which is checkered black and orange in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FB44F9C1FAD4F982" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1186,1321,1554,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FB44F9C1FAD4F982" box="[1186,1321,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and black in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FF52F9E5FEE3F9FE" box="[180,286,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FF52F9E5FEE3F9FE" box="[180,286,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. caesar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FEB2F9E5FD52F9FE" authority="(Zilli et al. 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Zilli" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[340,687,1590,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FEB2F9E5FE18F9FE" box="[340,485,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. iridescens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFE7FFD8FE15F9E4FD5AF9FE" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[499,679,1590,1617]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FDCAF9E5FDA0F9FE" box="[556,605,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FD5CF9E4FC64F9FE" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[698,921,1590,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FD5CF9E4FC64F9FE" box="[698,921,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eudocima homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
always has a comma shaped medial patch but this is rounder when present in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FE1AF989FD9AF9DA" box="[508,615,1627,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FE1AF989FD9AF9DA" box="[508,615,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. caesar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is allopatric with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FCB2F989FC42F9DA" box="[852,959,1627,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FCB2F989FC42F9DA" box="[852,959,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. caesar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and widespread from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FB5AF988FB0BF9DA" box="[1212,1270,1626,1652]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FAC8F988FA61F9DA" box="[1326,1436,1626,1652]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
eastward to
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFE7FFD8FEF8F9ACFE7BF936" box="[286,390,1662,1688]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, Lombok,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FE18F9ACFDB9F936" box="[510,580,1662,1688]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Flores</collectingCountry>
and Timor (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFE7FFD8FD28F9ACFC7EF936" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[718,899,1662,1689]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FCE1F9ADFCC5F936" box="[775,824,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE7FFD8FF21F970FA99F872" blockId="15.[151,1437,1446,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Specimens from Sumba Island (
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE7FFD8FDD6F970FD88F912" box="[560,629,1698,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[256,1329,189,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-19@61.[247,1340,181,1929]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 8. Eudocima kinabaluenis and Eudocima homaena group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605514/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
: L) and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FD32F970FCC6F912" box="[724,827,1698,1724]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE7FFD8FCACF970FC62F912" box="[842,927,1698,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="77.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,189,1862]" captionTargetId="figure-19@77.[174,1413,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 24. Eudocima adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605574/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
: D) have the typical
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FB6FF970FB0DF912" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1161,1264,1698,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FB6FF970FB0DF912" box="[1161,1264,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hindwings and abdomen, but the forewings are more similar to
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FD56F915FCBDF94E" box="[688,832,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FD56F915FCBDF94E" box="[688,832,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. iridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than material we have examined from elsewhere. The transverse green forewing band is narrower than typical
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FCE0F938FC8EF8AA" box="[774,883,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FCE0F938FC8DF8AA" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[774,880,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">homaena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and similar to the band of
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FB7FF938FA60F8AA" box="[1177,1437,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FB7FF938FAF3F8AA" box="[1177,1294,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">iridescens</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FAFEF939FA60F8AA" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1304,1437,1770,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">E. homaena</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
usually has a small finger-like extension on the anterior side of the green band, extending anteriorly to touch the posterior side of the reniform, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FD94F8E1FCF9F8E2" box="[626,772,1842,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FD94F8E1FCF9F8E2" box="[626,772,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. iridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the transverse green band touches the posterior side of the reniform without this extension. The specimen from Sumba Island is like
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FC21F885FBAAF8DE" box="[967,1111,1878,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FC21F885FBAAF8DE" box="[967,1111,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. iridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for this character, whereas in the specimen from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FE8DF8A8FE2FF83A" box="[363,466,1914,1940]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
the finger-like extension is also absent, but the green band barely touches the reniform– only at the posterior corner on the basal side. The specimen from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FC89F84CFC2BF816" box="[879,982,1950,1976]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
comes out at the base of the
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FAF1F84DFA60F816" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1303,1437,1950,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FAF1F84DFA60F816" box="[1303,1437,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade with the COI 5’ analysis, followed by the Sumba Island specimen in the second basal position (
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE7FFD8FAE2F810FAAAF872" box="[1284,1367,1986,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 83" captionStartId="136.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-32@136.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURE 83. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5’ mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605798/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFE7FFD8FE88FB1CFDFFFB46" author="Felder, C." box="[366,514,1230,1256]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="26 - 44" refId="ref37304" refString="Felder, C. (1861) Lepidopterorum Amboienesium a Dre. L. Doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a Dre. C. Felder. II. Heterocera. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie de Wissenschaften. Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 43, 26 - 44." type="journal article" year="1861">Felder, 1861</bibRefCitation>
)
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(
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: G–H, 18: L, 23: T–X, 30: L)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE7FFD8FF71FAC4FE9CFAD6" blockId="15.[151,1437,1230,1401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
This species could be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FDC8FAC5FD4AFA9E" box="[558,695,1302,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FDC8FAC5FD4AFA9E" box="[558,695,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E iridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FD3CFAC5FC9BFA9E" box="[730,870,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FD3CFAC5FC9EFA9E" box="[730,867,1302,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">E. homaena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the diagnosis is described under those species. The few known specimens are from the Moluccans including Halmhera, Buru,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FBC7FAE8FB85FAFA" box="[1057,1144,1338,1364]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ambon</collectingCountry>
, Seram (
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FAFEFAE9FAB6FAFA" box="[1304,1355,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
) and Bacon Island.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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(Lucus, 1894)
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFE7FFD8FF79FC7CFF14FC66" box="[159,233,942,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[256,1329,189,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-19@61.[247,1340,181,1929]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 8. Eudocima kinabaluenis and Eudocima homaena group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605514/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 8</figureCitation>
: E–F, 18: K, 23: R–S, 30: K, 94: J–L)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFE7FFD8FF71FC00FB1DFB0E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFE7FFD8FF71FC00FB1DFB0E" blockId="15.[151,1437,906,1185]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FF71FC00FE7EFC42" box="[151,387,978,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FF71FC00FE7EFC42" box="[151,387,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eudocima iridescens</emphasis>
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is strongly sexually dimorphic with females having a dorsal forewing green transverse band coming to a point at the distal end. It has no hindwing medial patch, separating it from
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FB84FC25FB15FBBE" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1122,1256,1014,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FB84FC25FB15FBBE" box="[1122,1256,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but not from all specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFE7FFD8FED2FBC9FE62FB9A" box="[308,415,1051,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">E. caesar</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It can be separated from
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FD20FBC9FCCCFB9A" box="[710,817,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. caesar</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the hindwing marginal band extending to the inner margin, versus extending slightly beyond vein Cu
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.
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Also,
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has a black tipped orange dorsal abdomen, whereas the dorsal abdomen is orange throughout in
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FC8EFBB1FC29FBD2" box="[872,980,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. caesar</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FBEBFBB1FB69FBD2" box="[1037,1172,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. homaena</emphasis>
(
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FB38FBB1FAEDFBD2" box="[1246,1296,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
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)
</taxonomicName>
. It is known from New
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FE82FB54FE48FB0E" box="[356,437,1158,1184]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and
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,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFE7FFD8FD9AFB54FD1BFB0E" box="[636,742,1158,1184]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australia</collectingCountry>
, along with a number of surrounding islands.
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(
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: K, 23: P–Q, 94: D–F)
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The longitudinal green forewing mark is more irregular than in
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.
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or
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and
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have a medial patch which is lacking in the
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group. The life cycle is illustrated by
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who found the larvae in
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feeding on
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. That larvae attained a length of
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, and while resting adopted a typical
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defensive posture presenting a striking pair of ocelli on the third abdominal segment. It is found in peninsular
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(
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)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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(
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: C–D, 18: J, 30: J, 94: A–C)
</paragraph>
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The forewing differs from
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFE7FFD8FE22FE09FDACFE5A" box="[452,593,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E. splendida</emphasis>
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in that the green patch bulges distally at vein Cu2, the reniform is less distinct, and the outer wing margin is crenulate. All specimens are from Borneo.
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(
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: A–B, 18: I, 30: I)
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This species is most similar to
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but the forewing differs by a smooth outer margin and the shape of the green patch from base to subterminal area (
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). The distal side of the dark discal stigma extends anteriorly as a short projection. This species is only recorded from northern
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(
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) and northern
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(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFE62FB78FDDAFB6A" author="Guenee, A. M." box="[388,551,1194,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37734" refString="Guenee, A. M. (1852) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. VII. Species general des Lepidopteres. Noctuelites. Tome III. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 442 pp." type="book" year="1852">Guenée, 1852</bibRefCitation>
b)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFF0FFCFFF71FB1DFBFBFAFB" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF71FB1DFD0CFB47" blockId="24.[151,1436,1194,1365]" box="[151,753,1231,1257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF0FFCFFF79FB1DFF14FB47" box="[159,233,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1976,2000]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,194,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[214,1373,181,1952]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 6. Neotropical Eudocima, Tetrisia, and Graphigona adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605510/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 6</figureCitation>
: I, 18: H, 23: L–M, 30: F, 71: D, 72: D, 91: A)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF71FB21FBFBFAFB" blockId="24.[151,1436,1194,1365]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
This is the only Neotropical Ophiderini with orange-yellow hindwings lacking a medial patch. As in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFAFBFB21FA8FFAA2" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1867" box="[1309,1394,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Tetrisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFAFBFB21FA8FFAA2" box="[1309,1394,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tetrisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the forewings do not have a tornal hook. Specimens or photos have been examined from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFBB9FAC5FB4AFA9F" box="[1119,1207,1303,1329]" name="Mexico" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFB22FAC5FAF3FA9F" box="[1220,1294,1303,1329]" name="Belize" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFAFCFAC5FA65FA9F" box="[1306,1432,1303,1329]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFF71FAE9FF0EFAFB" box="[151,243,1339,1365]" name="Panama" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Panama</collectingCountry>
, Columbia,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFE9CFAE9FE32FAFB" box="[378,463,1339,1365]" name="Bolivia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
, French Guiana, and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFD58FAE9FCFFFAFB" box="[702,770,1339,1365]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF0FFCFFCF7FAE9FC06FAFB" box="[785,1019,1339,1365]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Santa Catarina State</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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127
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFF71FCCDFEA4FC97" bold="true" box="[151,345,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tetrisia florigera</emphasis>
Walker, 1867
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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF71FC91FD54FCF3" blockId="24.[151,1437,798,1149]" box="[151,681,835,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF0FFCFFF79FC91FF14FCF3" box="[159,233,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1976,2000]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,194,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-19@59.[214,1373,181,1952]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 6. Neotropical Eudocima, Tetrisia, and Graphigona adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605510/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 6</figureCitation>
: G–H, 18: G, 30: E, 71: E, 72: E, 91: E)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF71FCB5FCDCFC40" blockId="24.[151,1437,798,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
This species is unique within the Ophiderini as the only species with an oblique reddish pink hindwing patch conspicuous against a black background. We include specimen records from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFC36FC59FBBEFC0B" box="[976,1091,907,933]" name="Venezuela" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFB9CFC59FADEFC0B" box="[1146,1315,907,933]" name="French Guiana" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
, and a live image from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFEF8FC7DFEA8FC67" box="[286,341,943,969]" name="Peru" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Peru</collectingCountry>
. It has also been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFD55FC7DFCD1FC67" box="[691,812,943,969]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFCDCFC7DFC25FC64" author="Schaus, W." box="[826,984,943,970]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="173 - 193" refId="ref40161" refString="Schaus, W. (1911 b) New species of Heterocera from Costa Rica - IV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7 (38), 173 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931108692920" type="journal article" year="1911">Schaus 1911b</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFBF2FC7DFBA5FC67" box="[1044,1112,943,969]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFB83FC7DFA69FC67" author="Felder, C. &amp; Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F." box="[1125,1428,943,969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37356" refString="Felder, C., Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F. (1874) Atlas der Heterocera Sphingida-Noctuida. Heft 4. In: Felder, C., Felder, R. &amp; Rogenhofer, A. F. (Eds.), ([&quot; 1864 &quot;] 1865 - 1875), Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung. Lepidoptera. Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna, pls. 108 - 120." type="journal volume" year="1874">Felder &amp; Rogenhofer 1874</bibRefCitation>
) in addition to the
<typeStatus id="BA514188FFF0FFCFFEBBFC01FE70FC43" box="[349,397,979,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
locality,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFE12FC01FD9FFC43" box="[500,610,979,1005]" name="Colombia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFD95FC01FCE9FC40" author="Walker, F." box="[627,788,979,1006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="181 - 199" refId="ref41093" refString="Walker, F. (1867 b) Characters of undescribed heterocerous Lepidoptera. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 9, 181 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1867. tb 00191. x" type="journal article" year="1867">Walker 1867b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF21FC25FF1DFBD3" blockId="24.[151,1437,798,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
In 1867 Walker described the genus
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFD8FFC25FD43FBBE" box="[617,702,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tetrisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in two separate publications, one for Hemiptera (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFB10FC25FA68FBBC" author="Walker, F." box="[1270,1429,1015,1042]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref41042" refString="Walker, F. (1867 a) Catalogue of the specimens of heteropterous-Hemiptera in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 240 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118688" type="book" year="1867">Walker 1867a</bibRefCitation>
) and one for
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFEC1FBC9FD93FB98" authority="(Walker 1867 b)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[295,622,1051,1078]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">
Lepidoptera (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFE27FBC9FD9BFB98" author="Walker, F." box="[449,614,1051,1078]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="181 - 199" refId="ref41093" refString="Walker, F. (1867 b) Characters of undescribed heterocerous Lepidoptera. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 9, 181 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1867. tb 00191. x" type="journal article" year="1867">Walker 1867b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The Hemiptera genus name was published nearly four months before the
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFF24FBEDFEB4FBF7" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[194,329,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
genus. Therefore, a replacement genus name is required for
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFC18FBEDFF21FBD3" authority="(Waldkircher et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Waldkircher" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Tetrisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florigera">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFC18FBEDFB42FBF7" box="[1022,1215,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tetrisia florigera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFB37FBEDFF29FBD3" author="Waldkircher, G. &amp; Webb, M. D. &amp; Maschwitz, U." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="21 - 28" refId="ref40924" refString="Waldkircher, G., Webb, M. D. &amp; Maschwitz, U. (2004) Description of a new shieldbug (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) and its close association with a species of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southeast Asia. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 147 (1), 21 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 900000133" type="journal article" year="2004">
Waldkircher
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFA85FBEDFA68FBF7" box="[1379,1429,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
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<heading id="3E1D4846FFF0FFCFFF71FEF5FE09FEEE" bold="true" box="[151,500,294,321]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFF71FEF5FE09FEEE" authority="(Stoll, 1782)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[151,500,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFF71FEF5FE09FEEE" bold="true" box="[151,500,294,321]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFF71FEF5FEA3FEEF" bold="true" box="[151,350,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ferenta stolliana</emphasis>
(Stoll, 1782)
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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF71FE99FD31FECB" blockId="24.[151,1437,294,753]" box="[151,716,331,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF0FFCFFF79FE99FF14FECB" box="[159,233,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-32@60.[300,1287,181,1908]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 7. Neotropical Eudocima and Ferenta adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7635981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7635981/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 7</figureCitation>
: E–F, 18: F, 23: I, 28: P, 30: G, 90: E–F, H)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF71FEBDFACCFE5B" blockId="24.[151,1437,294,753]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
This species differs from
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFE54FEBDFDE5FE26" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1926" box="[434,536,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incaya">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFE54FEBDFDE5FE26" box="[434,536,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. incaya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the dorsal hindwing orange band not reaching the wing margin, and this band is narrower than in
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFE89FE41FD5DFE03" box="[367,672,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFE89FE41FE2BFE02" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[367,470,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacica">F. cacica</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFE06FE41FD5DFE03" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[480,672,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">Ferenta stolliana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was described as having violet tints in the forewings and ebony blue hues on the hindwings and was illustrated in Cramer (1782)
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF0FFCFFCD4FE65FC79FE7F" box="[818,900,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,188,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-19@81.[189,1399,181,1882]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 28. A–O: Eudocima phalonia group and Calpini adults (dorsal aspect); P: Page 41, Plate 310, Figure A from Cramer (1782); Q: Page 58, Plate 12, Figure 11 from Stoll (1790)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605590/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
: P)). It was described from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFB55FE65FAE3FE7F" box="[1203,1310,439,465]" name="Suriname" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Suriname</collectingCountry>
and ranges from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFF33FE09FEB3FE5B" box="[213,334,475,501]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
south to
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFE50FE09FDE8FE5B" box="[438,533,475,501]" name="Ecuador" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFDC6FE09FDAEFE5B" box="[544,595,475,501]" name="Peru" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Peru</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFD6CFE09FD21FE5B" box="[650,732,475,501]" name="Bolivia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and east to
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFC84FE09FC30FE5B" box="[866,973,475,501]" name="Suriname" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Suriname</collectingCountry>
near the
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFBD3FE09FB26FE5B" box="[1077,1243,475,501]" name="French Guiana" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
border.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF0FFCFFF21FE2DFCA7FD5F" blockId="24.[151,1437,294,753]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The description of
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFE7FFE2DFD41FDB7" box="[409,700,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Darceta (Ferenta) castula</emphasis>
Dognin
</taxonomicName>
was based on
<specimenCount id="73EC34A3FFF0FFCFFC51FE2DFBCFFDB7" box="[951,1074,511,537]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
specimen from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF0FFCFFB02FE2DFAAAFDB7" box="[1252,1367,511,537]" name="Venezuela" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
in the heart of the
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFEF9FDF1FE63FD93" box="[287,414,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. stolliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distribution range. The description refers to a large orange hindwing spot as in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFAC7FDF1FA97FD92" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1313,1386,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacica">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFAC7FDF1FA97FD92" box="[1313,1386,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">cacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but thinner and less oval (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFE6CFD95FDDEFDCF" author="Dognin, P." box="[394,547,583,609]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37103" refString="Dognin, P. (1912) Heteroceres nouveaux de l'Amerique du Sud. Fascicule VI. Oberthur, Rennes, 51 pp." type="book" year="1912">Dognin 1912</bibRefCitation>
). This agrees with
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFD15FD95FC85FDCF" box="[755,888,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFD15FD95FC89FDCF" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[755,884,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">F. stolliana</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The fact that
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF0FFCFFBF6FD95FB48FDCF" author="Dognin, P." box="[1040,1205,583,609]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref37103" refString="Dognin, P. (1912) Heteroceres nouveaux de l'Amerique du Sud. Fascicule VI. Oberthur, Rennes, 51 pp." type="book" year="1912">Dognin (1912)</bibRefCitation>
compared
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFAD6FD95FA61FDCF" box="[1328,1436,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Darceta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castula">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFAD6FD95FA61FDCF" box="[1328,1436,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. castula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFF53FDB9FEE6FD2A" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[181,283,619,644]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacica">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFF53FDB9FEE6FD2A" box="[181,283,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. cacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but not
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFE9CFDB9FE04FD2B" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[378,505,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFE9CFDB9FE04FD2B" box="[378,505,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. stolliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which also has a thinner, less ovuloid hindwing band), suggests that Dognin was unaware of the latter species. He also described
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFD5FFD5DFCF7FD07" box="[697,778,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Darceta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castula">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFD5FFD5DFCF7FD07" box="[697,778,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">castula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having bluish tinted forewings and ebony blue hues on the hindwings, which also agrees with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFDB5FD61FD2FFD63" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[595,722,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFDB5FD61FD2FFD63" box="[595,722,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. stolliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We are unaware of any difference between
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFB29FD61FAB3FD63" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[1231,1358,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFB29FD61FAB3FD63" box="[1231,1358,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. stolliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFA6EFD61FF12FD5F" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFA6EFD61FF16FD5F" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Darceta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castula">F. castula</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and thus consider
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFE27FD05FDD3FD5F" box="[449,558,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Darceta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castula">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFE27FD05FDD3FD5F" box="[449,558,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">F. castula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFDAEFD05FD52FD5F" bold="true" box="[584,687,727,753]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">syn. nov.</emphasis>
of
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF0FFCFFD33FD05FCA7FD5F" box="[725,858,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF0FFCFFD33FD05FCABFD5F" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1782" box="[725,854,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stolliana">F. stolliana</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
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(
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: A–B, 19: F, 25: A–B, 31: D, 93: D)
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This species can be separated from similar
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FD67F811FCF2F873" box="[641,783,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. salaminia</emphasis>
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by the following characters: the forewings have a darker, less greenish background color; the light tan band along the outer edge of the forewing is wider, and the hindwing marginal band is wider. Females have a strongly contrasting stigma which is lacking in
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FB96FF69FAFCFF7B" box="[1136,1281,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salaminia">E. salaminia</taxonomicName>
.
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It is found in southwest Asia from the
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and peninsular
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to Java and Sulawesi (
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Zilli
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. 2017
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(
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: I–J, 19: E, 24: R–T, 31: C, 92: E)
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This is the only African
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with no hindwing medial patch. The hindwing has a broad continuous marginal band similar to the one found in
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FDECF915FD61F94F" box="[522,668,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. iridescens</emphasis>
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of the Australian region; however, the female of
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FB2FF915FAA6F94F" box="[1225,1371,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. iridescens</emphasis>
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has a green forewing transverse band. The male of
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has a unique pale greenish band bordering the distal side of the PM line. It has been recorded from numerous localities throughout subsaharan Africa (De Prins &amp; De Prins 2022).
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FF71FA74FE7BFA6F" bold="true" box="[151,390,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima imperator</emphasis>
(
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)
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF8FFC7FF79FA19FF14FA4B" box="[159,233,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[217,1371,196,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-32@62.[206,1381,181,1899]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 9. Eudocima materna group and African Eudocima adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605516/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 9</figureCitation>
: G–H, 19: D, 24: M–Q, 31: B, 92: F)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF8FFC7FF71FA3DFC08F983" blockId="16.[151,1436,1446,1582]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
This large sexually dimorphic species is separated from
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FCE8FA3DFC86F9A7" baseAuthorityName="Saalmuller" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[782,891,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boseae">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FCE8FA3DFC86F9A7" box="[782,891,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. boseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all other
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FBF3FA3DFB7AF9A7" box="[1045,1159,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
as described under
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FF24F9C1FED2F983" box="[194,303,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. boseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(above). It is a
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endemic sympatric with
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FC67F9C1FC08F983" box="[897,1013,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FC67F9C1FC0CF983" baseAuthorityName="Saalmuller" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[897,1009,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boseae">E. boseae</taxonomicName>
.
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(
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)
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(
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: E–F, 19: C, 24: J–L, 31: A, 92: D)
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This is a sexually dimorphic species with a banded black, red and yellow abdomen unique to the genus. It is one of only two
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FEC7FB1DFE6EFB47" box="[289,403,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima</emphasis>
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where the dorsal hindwing medial patch is fused with the marginal band; the other species,
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FF71FB21FEDAFAA2" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,295,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperator">E. imperator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
has an orange dorsal abdomen and a checkered hindwing fringe like other African
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FB3EFB21FAB7FAA3" box="[1240,1354,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FABEFB21FEDFFA9F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima boseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only Old World
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FDC7FAC5FD6EFA9F" box="[545,659,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with a double medial patch, although this condition occurs in several New World species including
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FDD8FAE9FC00FAFB" box="[574,1021,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FDD8FAE9FD2BFAFA" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[574,726,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="memorans">E. memorans</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FD07FAE9FC89FAFB" authorityName="Phalaena" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[737,884,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collusoria">E. collusoria</taxonomicName>
,
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FBD2FAE9FB2EFAFB" box="[1076,1235,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sepentifera">E. sepentifera</taxonomicName>
.
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The female has a narrow green transverse band which is not found in any New World taxa. It is endemic to
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(
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: C–D, 19: B, 24: G–I, 30: P, 95: H–I)
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This species with the thinner hindwing marginal band can be diagnosed from the very similar
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, the Indoaustralian region up to the Central Pacific and the
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(
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Zilli
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. 2017
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF8FFC7FF79FF69FF14FF7B" box="[159,233,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[217,1371,196,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-32@62.[206,1381,181,1899]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 9. Eudocima materna group and African Eudocima adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605516/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 9</figureCitation>
: A–B, 19: A, 24: E–F, 30: O, 91: B, F)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFF8FFC7FF71FF0DFE8BFCF3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF8FFC7FF71FF0DFA95FE27" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
This species and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FEBAFF0DFE24FF56" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[348,473,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="materna">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FEBAFF0DFE24FF56" box="[348,473,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. materna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are supported as allopatric, apomorphic phylogenetic species diagnosable by unique combinations of mtDNA and genitalic characters.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FD2FFED1FC89FEB2" authorityName="Ophideres" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[713,884,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FD2FFED1FC89FEB2" box="[713,884,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima apta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the New World whereas nominotypical
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FF71FEF5FEE9FEEE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[151,276,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="materna">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FF71FEF5FEE9FEEE" box="[151,276,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. materna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Old World. While a single specimen in BOLD, (Sample ID: BC ZSM Lep 40393) dubiously reported to be from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF8FFC7FE26FE99FDFAFECB" box="[448,519,331,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, comes out in the Old World mtDNA Clade, the remaining thirty specimens split into Old World and New World clades with eight consistent mtDNA character state differences between them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF8FFC7FF21FE41FAD0FD92" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
These two sexually dimorphic taxa are extremely similar in wing pattern, but there is a tendency for the dorsal hindwing marginal band to be thinner in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FD88FE65FD11FE7E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[622,748,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="materna">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FD88FE65FD11FE7E" box="[622,748,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. materna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and for the medial patch to be smaller. The aforementioned specimen BC ZSM Lep 40393 has a narrow marginal band and small medial patch, consistent with the Old World phenotype, casting further doubt on the reported Brazilian locality.
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FC73FE2DFB5CFDB7" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W." box="[917,1185,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="153 - 207" refId="ref41799" refString="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W. (2002) An annotated list of the fruit-piercing moth genus Eudocima Billberg, 1820 (sensu Poole) with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Quadrifina, 5, 153 - 207." type="journal article" year="2002">Zilli &amp; Hogenes (2002)</bibRefCitation>
specify differences in the size and shape of the corpus bursae, which they report is distinctly longer in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FBFCFDF1FB6BFD92" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[1050,1174,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="materna">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FBFCFDF1FB6BFD92" box="[1050,1174,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. materna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FB33FDF1FAD0FD92" box="[1237,1325,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FB33FDF1FAD4FD92" authorityName="Ophideres" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1237,1321,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apta">E. apta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF8FFC7FF21FD95FE8BFCF3" blockId="16.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FF21FD95FE8BFDCE" authorityName="Ophideres" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[199,374,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FF21FD95FE8BFDCE" box="[199,374,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eudocima apta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF8FFC7FD78FD95FCF0FDCF" box="[670,781,583,609]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Argentina</collectingCountry>
through
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF8FFC7FC9DFD95FC2CFDCF" box="[891,977,583,609]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and feeds on
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FB9AFD95FE9AFD28" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Disciphania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FB9AFD95FA61FDCF" box="[1148,1436,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Disciphania heterophylla</emphasis>
(Menispermaceae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FE46FDB9FC9CFD28" box="[416,865,619,646]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cissampelos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pareira">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FE46FDB9FD74FD2A" box="[416,649,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cissampelos pareira</emphasis>
(Menispermaceae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF8FFC7FC6EFDB9FBFEFD2B" box="[904,1027,619,645]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FBF5FDB9FABFFD2B" author="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W." box="[1043,1346,619,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref38340" refString="Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoides, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (nn-SRNP-nnnnn voucher codes). Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu (accessed 3 August 2021)" type="url" year="2009">Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It also occurs sporadically in the southern
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF8FFC7FDC1FD5DFD43FD07" box="[551,702,655,681]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FD2BFD5DFC90FD07" author="Kimball, C. P." box="[717,877,654,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref38664" refString="Kimball, C. P. (1965) Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. Vol. 1. Lepidoptera of Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, 363 pp." type="book" year="1965">Kimball 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FC9CFD5DFBA0FD07" author="Kons, H. L. Jr. &amp; Borth, R. J." box="[890,1117,655,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 213" refId="ref38701" refString="Kons, H. L. Jr. &amp; Borth, R. J. (2006) Contributions to a study of the diversity, distribution, habitat association and phenology of the Lepidoptera of Northern Florida. North American Journal of Lepidoptera Biodiversity, 1, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2006">Kons &amp; Borth 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FB8FFD5DFADEFD07" author="Brou, V. A. &amp; Nunez Aguila, R." box="[1129,1315,655,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="92 - 93" refId="ref36217" refString="Brou, V. A. &amp; Nunez Aguila, R. (2013) Eudocima toddi (Zayas, 1965) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) a rare and endemic species of Cuba. Southern Lepidopterists' News, 35, 92 - 93." type="journal article" year="2013">
Brou
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FB4EFD5DFB27FD07" box="[1192,1242,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; Reeves
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FA6EFD5DFF50FD63" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2017). It has been recorded as far north as Upper
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF8FFC7FD02FD61FCB2FD63" box="[740,847,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Michigan</collectingRegion>
(Kyle Johnson, pers. com. 2018),
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF8FFC7FB36FD61FACDFD63" box="[1232,1328,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vermont</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FAD9FD61FEBCFD5F" author="Gilligan, T. M. &amp; Passoa, S. C." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref37464" refString="Gilligan, T. M. &amp; Passoa, S. C. (2014) Screening aid: Fruit piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus). Identification Technology Program (ITP). USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S &amp; T, Fort Collins, Colorado, 4 pp." type="book" year="2014">Gilligan &amp; Passoa 2014</bibRefCitation>
), Quebec (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF8FFC7FE50FD05FD97FD5F" author="Handfield, L." box="[438,618,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref38004" refString="Handfield, L. (1999) Le guide des Papillons du Quebec. Broquet Inc., Saint-Constant, Quebec, 536 pp." type="book" year="1999">Handfield 1999</bibRefCitation>
), and Ontario (Reeves
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FC81FD05FC6AFD5F" box="[871,919,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. (2017). It has recently been found in numbers in southern
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF8FFC7FEC6FD29FE8CFCBB" box="[288,369,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Florida</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF8FFC7FE4DFD29FE0DFCBB" box="[427,496,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Texas</collectingRegion>
; we collected
<specimenCount id="73EC34A3FFF8FFC7FD72FD29FCCEFCBB" box="[660,819,763,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FCBAFD29FC52FCBA" authorityName="Ophideres" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[860,943,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FCBAFD29FC52FCBA" box="[860,943,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E. apta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Davis Mountains of
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF8FFC7FB0BFD29FAD3FCBB" box="[1261,1326,763,789]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Texas</collectingRegion>
over two nights in 2018, and Reeves
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FE29FCCDFDFCFC97" box="[463,513,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. (2017) recorded
<specimenCount id="73EC34A3FFF8FFC7FD2DFCCDFCDAFC97" box="[715,807,799,825]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="adult">41 adult</specimenCount>
observations on a single
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF8FFC7FBA3FCCDFB36FC96" box="[1093,1227,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF8FFC7FBA3FCCDFB36FC96" box="[1093,1227,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ficus aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tree in the
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFF8FFC7FAADFCCDFA61FC97" box="[1355,1436,799,825]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Florida</collectingRegion>
Everglades in 2016.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF9FFC6FF71F8E0FDD5F8E2" blockId="17.[151,1437,1842,2013]" box="[151,552,1842,1869]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FF71F8E0FDD5F8E2" bold="true" box="[151,552,1842,1869]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FF71F8E0FE96F8E3" bold="true" box="[151,363,1842,1869]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eudocima cocalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFF9FFC6FE9CF8E0FDE2F8E2" author="Cramer, P." box="[378,543,1842,1868]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="97 - 192" refId="ref36795" refString="Cramer, P. (1777) De uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa, en America by een verzameld en beschreeven 2. S. J. Baalde &amp; Barthelmemy Wild, Amesterdam &amp; Utrecht, 152 pp., pls. 97 - 192." type="book chapter" year="1777">Cramer, 1777</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFF9FFC5FF71F885FE4BFF7B" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFF9FFC6FF79F885FF0BF8DF" box="[159,246,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1965,1989]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,191,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-32@64.[189,1399,181,1941]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 11. Eudocima kuehni and Eudocima cocalus group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605524/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 11</figureCitation>
: C–E, 20: B–C, 25: K, 31: K)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFF9FFC5FF71F8A9FE4BFF7B" blockId="17.[151,1437,1842,2013]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FF71F8A9FE95F83B" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[151,360,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FF71F8A9FE95F83B" box="[151,360,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eudocima cocalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FE45F8A9FDA3F83B" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[419,606,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypermnestra">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FE45F8A9FDA3F83B" box="[419,606,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. hypermnestra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
doubtfully represent separate species as discussed above.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FB18F8A9FF2FF817" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FB18F8A9FF2FF817" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eudocima cocalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks paired black medial spots on the hindwing which are present in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FC3BF84DFB6BF817" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[989,1174,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypermnestra">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FC3BF84DFB6BF817" box="[989,1174,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. hypermnestra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FB45F84DFA8CF817" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1187,1393,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FB45F84DFA8CF817" box="[1187,1393,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eudocima cocalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a less dentate inner margin of the dorsal hindwing marginal band relative to
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FBE4F811FA60F873" box="[1026,1437,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FBE4F811FB3CF873" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1026,1217,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hypermnestra">E. hypermnestra</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FB2BF811FA60F873" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1229,1437,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">Eudocima cocalus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is widely distributed from the Sunda Islands and the
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FD13FF45FC8EFF1F" box="[757,883,151,177]" name="Philippines" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Philippines</collectingCountry>
east to New
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FBEAFF45FB9DFF1F" box="[1036,1120,151,177]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FB8AFF45FB2EFF1F" box="[1132,1235,151,177]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FAD1FF45FF1BFF7B" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
(
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FEC8FF69FEA2FF7B" box="[302,351,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
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).
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FF71FA3CFE98F9A7" bold="true" box="[151,357,1518,1545]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eudocima kuehni</emphasis>
(
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(
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: A–B, 20: A, 31: J, 95: C)
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This large sexually dimorphic species has no medial patch. The outer margin of the hindwing is the least convex of all
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species.
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The male is unique among
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by having two conspicuous white patches in the discal cell on the otherwise blackish forewing. The female dorsal forewing has a lighter grey background color with prominent contrasting dark patches and banding. Both forewing and hindwing outer margins are more crenulate in the more variegated female.
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FF71FAE8FE71FAFB" bold="true" box="[151,396,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eudocima muscigera</emphasis>
(
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(
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: J, 19: K, 31: I, 25: H–J)
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The pattern and sexual dimorphism is similar to
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FD56FA51FCBAFA33" box="[688,839,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. discrepans</emphasis>
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but it can be separated as described above. It is found only on the large island of New
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and surrounding smaller islands (
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Zilli
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. 2017
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(
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: G–I, 19: I–J, 25: G, 31: G–H, 95: N)
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This is a relatively large species (
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) with a conspicuous tornal hook and plain brownish-grey forewings, except for a few small green patches distal to the pm line. It is sexually dimorphic with two white triangular marks basal to the PM line in females. It may be confused with the smaller
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FC7AFC7DFBCCFC66" box="[924,1073,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. muscigera</emphasis>
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(
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) but has more elongate forewings with a more slanted outer margin. It ranges from the northeast Himalayas, W.
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,
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, and
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south to Sundaland (
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).
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One unlabelled specimen (
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: I) differs in mtDNA, wing shape, and wing pattern. It comes out sister to the nominotypical
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FE8BFBEDFE18FBF7" box="[365,485,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discrepans</emphasis>
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clade with 19 COI 5’ differences between the clades (
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). The forewing apex is more rounded than typical
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FE00FBB1FD98FBD3" box="[486,613,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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,
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and the tornus is rounded without a hook. It has a much narrower hindwing medial patch than typical
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. On the ventral forewing surfaces, the basal band and postmedial band are nearly concolorous pale yellow, whereas in typical
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the basal band is orange and postmedial band is creamish-white. On the ventral hindwing anterior of vein R5 the color is pale yellow, whereas in typical
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the color is creamish-white.
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: E–F, 19: H, 31: F)
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This species is separated from similar
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where it is found in the Central Highlands. In New
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it is sympatric with
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which is less common there (Papua Insects Foundation 2020).
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(
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: C–D, 19: G, 25: C–F, 31: E, 93: A, C)
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This species is separated from similar
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FDA2FEBDFD3DFE27" box="[580,704,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. dividens</emphasis>
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as described above. It can also be confused with similar
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFF9FFC6FADBFEBDFF34FE03" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricilia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFF9FFC6FADBFEBDFF34FE03" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E. nigricilia</emphasis>
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and can be separated as follows: the dorsal forewing background color is lighter and more greenish, the medial patch is more deeply notched the distal side, and the hindwing fringe is checkered cream and black rather than contiguous black. It is a widespread species from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF9FFC6FD71FE09FD2CFE5B" box="[663,721,475,501]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">India</collectingCountry>
to
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in the central Pacific, north to
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and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF9FFC6FB0DFE09FAD6FE5B" box="[1259,1323,475,501]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Japan</collectingCountry>
and south to New
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF9FFC6FF16FE2DFEBCFDB7" box="[240,321,511,537]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFF9FFC6FE90FE2DFE20FDB7" box="[374,477,511,537]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
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Zilli
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. 2017
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).
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(
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(
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: I–J)
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF36F89FFEFEF8C8" box="[208,259,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
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examined old specimens allopatric from either
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FC9BF89FFC1CF8C8" box="[893,993,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cajeta</emphasis>
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or
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FBECF89FFB54F8C8" box="[1034,1193,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. srivijayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in the eastern Indonesian islands of Seram, Halmahera, Waigeo and Numfoor. They found the forewings were broader than in those two related sexually dimorphic species, the hindwing medial patch was smaller and the inner edge of the black marginal band on vein M1 was blunter. Genitalic differences that separate this species from
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FB0FF86BFAB1F87C" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[1257,1356,1977,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FB0FF86BFAB1F87C" box="[1257,1356,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cajeta</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FA62F86BFEE8F858" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. srivijayana</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF71FA81FDB8FAC0" bold="true" box="[151,581,1363,1390]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF71FA81FE69FAC0" bold="true" box="[151,404,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eudocima srivijayana</emphasis>
Bänziger 1885
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFAFFC5FF79FAAAFF05FA3C" box="[159,248,1400,1426]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[224,1361,190,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-19@65.[215,1371,181,1912]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eudocima cajeta group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605527/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 12</figureCitation>
: E–H, 20: G, 25: T, 31: O, 95: E–F)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFAFFC5FF71FA4EFCEDF978" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FF71FA4EFE70FA18" authorityName="Banziger" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,397,1436,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="srivijayana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF71FA4EFE70FA18" box="[151,397,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eudocima srivijayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has longer spines projecting from the apex of the valvae and shorter juxta projections relative to
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FF53FA13FEE7FA74" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[181,282,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF53FA13FEE7FA74" box="[181,282,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FEB5FA13FD77FA74" authority="(Zilli et al. 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Zilli" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[339,650,1472,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="talboti">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FEB5FA13FE40FA74" box="[339,445,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. talboti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFAFFC5FE28FA12FD7EFA74" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[462,643,1472,1499]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FDE1FA13FDC7FA74" box="[519,570,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
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)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFAFFC5FD7FFA12FCA3FA74" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[665,862,1472,1499]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FD34FA13FCF9FA74" box="[722,772,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FC2AFA13FB96FA74" authorityName="Banziger" authorityYear="1885" box="[972,1131,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="srivijayana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FC2AFA13FB96FA74" box="[972,1131,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. srivijayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from peninsular
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FAC9FA12FA65FA74" box="[1327,1432,1472,1498]" name="Malaysia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FF71FA36FEF6FA50" box="[151,267,1508,1534]" name="Singapore" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, Nias,
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFFAFFC5FEB1FA36FE4AFA50" box="[343,439,1508,1534]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
, Borneo,
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFFAFFC5FDC4FA37FDABFA51" box="[546,598,1509,1535]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Java</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFFAFFC5FD87FA36FD6FFA50" box="[609,658,1508,1534]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bali</collectingRegion>
, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FC07FA36FBD7FA50" box="[993,1066,1508,1534]" name="Indonesia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Flores</collectingCountry>
, Timor,
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFFAFFC5FB60FA36FB13FA50" box="[1158,1262,1508,1534]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, and the
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FAB6FA36FF2BF98C" name="Philippines" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Philippines</collectingCountry>
. They reported no known zone of sympatry between the three species in the
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FBC8F9DBFB6FF98C" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[1070,1170,1545,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FBC8F9DBFB6FF98C" box="[1070,1170,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFAFFC5FF21F9FEFCEDF978" blockId="18.[151,1436,1363,1751]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<materialsCitation id="D582F577FFFAFFC5FF21F9FEFCF1F978" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4028583304" country="Vietnam" county="Unfortunately" location="As" municipality="Bach Ma Mountain" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1">
<location id="6035A9F1FFFAFFC5FF21F9FEFF1BF9E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED434E3CFFFAFFC5FF71FA81FCEDF978:6035A9F1FFFAFFC5FF21F9FEFF1BF9E8" box="[199,230,1580,1606]" country="Vietnam" county="Unfortunately" municipality="Bach Ma Mountain" name="As" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">As</location>
we have not dissected any of our material, all of our determinations are tentative and hypothesized based upon geographic distribution.
<location id="6035A9F1FFFAFFC5FE09F982FDBEF9C4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED434E3CFFFAFFC5FF71FA81FCEDF978:6035A9F1FFFAFFC5FE09F982FDBEF9C4" box="[495,579,1616,1642]" country="Vietnam" county="Unfortunately" municipality="Bach Ma Mountain" name="Among" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Among</location>
five sequenced specimens there are two haplotype clades separated by 14 consistent differences (
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFAFFC5FE7FF9A6FE11F921" box="[409,492,1652,1679]" captionStart="FIGURE 85" captionStartId="138.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-32@138.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="FIGURE 85. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5’ mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605804/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 85</figureCitation>
).
<location id="6035A9F1FFFAFFC5FDE6F9A6FDCBF920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED434E3CFFFAFFC5FF71FA81FCEDF978:6035A9F1FFFAFFC5FDE6F9A6FDCBF920" box="[512,566,1652,1678]" country="Vietnam" county="Unfortunately" municipality="Bach Ma Mountain" name="Both" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Both</location>
haplotypes occur sympatrically on
<collectingMunicipality id="85316550FFFAFFC5FC22F9A6FB60F920" box="[964,1181,1652,1679]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bach Ma Mountain</collectingMunicipality>
at the biogeographical border between northern and southern
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FDA0F94AFD54F91C" box="[582,681,1688,1714]" name="Vietnam" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCounty id="8C3487A6FFFAFFC5FD54F94AFCADF91C" box="[690,848,1688,1714]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Unfortunately</collectingCounty>
, there is only
<specimenCount id="73EC34A3FFFAFFC5FC0DF94BFB78F91C" box="[1003,1157,1688,1715]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
of each haplotype where they are sympatric, and they belong to different genders
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

142
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(
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: C–D, 20: F, 25: O–S, 31: N, 95: G)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFAFFC5FF71FB8FFB21FA82" blockId="18.[151,1437,1045,1324]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF29FB8CFEFCFBD9" box="[207,257,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2017
</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFAFFC5FEB9FB8FFE2CFBD9" box="[351,465,1117,1143]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStart-3="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="62.[151,250,1923,1947]" captionStartId-1="63.[151,250,1933,1957]" captionStartId-2="64.[151,250,1965,1989]" captionStartId-3="65.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox-0="[217,1371,196,1887]" captionTargetBox-1="[202,1388,194,1900]" captionTargetBox-2="[195,1391,191,1929]" captionTargetBox-3="[224,1361,190,1896]" captionTargetId-0="figure-32@62.[206,1381,181,1899]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@63.[190,1397,181,1909]" captionTargetId-2="figure-32@64.[189,1399,181,1941]" captionTargetId-3="figure-19@65.[215,1371,181,1912]" captionTargetPageId-0="62" captionTargetPageId-1="63" captionTargetPageId-2="64" captionTargetPageId-3="65" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Eudocima materna group and African Eudocima adults (dorsal aspect)." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Eudocima salaminia and Eudocima discrepans group adults (dorsal aspect)." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Eudocima kuehni and Eudocima cocalus group adults (dorsal aspect)." captionText-3="FIGURE 12. Eudocima cajeta group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605516" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605520" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605524" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605527" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6605516/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6605520/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6605524/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6605527/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 9–12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFAFFC5FE3BFB8FFDD9FBD9" box="[477,548,1117,1143]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 16" captionStart-3="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="67.[151,250,1945,1969]" captionStartId-1="68.[151,250,1966,1990]" captionStartId-2="69.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionStartId-3="70.[151,250,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox-0="[193,1394,196,1909]" captionTargetBox-1="[218,1370,191,1934]" captionTargetBox-2="[211,1383,199,1895]" captionTargetBox-3="[226,1362,192,1969]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@67.[184,1403,181,1922]" captionTargetId-1="figure-32@68.[208,1379,181,1943]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@69.[195,1393,181,1905]" captionTargetId-3="figure-32@70.[218,1369,181,1977]" captionTargetPageId-0="67" captionTargetPageId-1="68" captionTargetPageId-2="69" captionTargetPageId-3="70" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Southeast Asian Eudocima and Eudocima tyrannus group adults (dorsal aspect)." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Eudocima paulii and Eudocima phalonia group adults (dorsal aspect)." captionText-2="FIGURE 16. Eudocima phalonia group and Hemiceratoides adults (dorsal aspect)." captionText-3="FIGURE 17. Phyllodini adults (ventral aspect)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605535" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605537" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605543" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605548" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6605535/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6605537/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6605543/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6605548/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">14–17</figureCitation>
) provide clear male genitalic differences that separate the three similar species
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF71FB50FE4BFB35" box="[151,438,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FF71FB50FEFDFB35" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[151,256,1154,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">E. cajeta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FEE9FB50FE4FFB35" box="[271,434,1154,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="srivijayana">E. srivijayana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FE14FB50FDA0FB35" box="[498,605,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. talboti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FD88FB53FCD3FB35" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[622,814,1153,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FD88FB53FCD3FB35" box="[622,814,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eudocima cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a short triangular subapical process on the costal margin of the valvae, absent in the other two species, and the longest juxta processes of the three species.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FACDFB77FF1DFB4D" baseAuthorityName="Prout" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="talboti">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FACDFB77FF1DFB4D" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eudocima talboti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a minute apical spine on the valvae.
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FD05FB18FCE8FB4D" box="[739,789,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
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reported
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FC3FFB18FBC1FB4D" box="[985,1084,1226,1251]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
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,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FB2EFB1BFAC4FB4D" box="[1224,1337,1225,1251]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FAA2FB1BFA65FB4D" box="[1348,1432,1225,1251]" name="Bhutan" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, Southern
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FEE5FB3FFEB4FAA9" box="[259,329,1261,1287]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FEB2FB3CFE3EFAA6" box="[340,451,1262,1288]" name="Myanmar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FE2BFB3FFDCEFAA9" box="[461,563,1261,1287]" name="Thailand" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FDD8FB3FFD5DFAA9" box="[574,672,1261,1287]" name="Vietnam" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and Andamans. It was reported in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FBCCFB3FFB45FAA9" box="[1066,1208,1261,1287]" name="South Africa" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFAFFC5FB20FB3FFAC6FAA9" author="Vari, L. &amp; Kroon, D. M. &amp; Kruger, M." box="[1222,1339,1261,1287]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref40797" refString="Vari, L., Kroon, D. M. &amp; Kruger, M. (2002) Classification and checklist of the species of Lepidoptera recorded in Southern Africa. Published by the authors, Sasolburg, 385 pp." type="book" year="2002">Vári 2002</bibRefCitation>
) prior to the description of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FE84FAC0FD38FA82" authority="(Brou &amp; Zilli 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Brou &amp; Zilli" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[354,709,1297,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lequeuxi">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FE84FAC0FE1DFA85" box="[354,480,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. lequeuxi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFAFFC5FE09FAC3FD40FA82" author="Brou, V. A. &amp; Zilli, A." box="[495,701,1297,1324]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="391 - 399" refId="ref36262" refString="Brou, V. A. &amp; Zilli, A. (2016) An overlooked sibling of the fruit-piercing moth Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus, 1763) from Africa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Calpinae). Zootaxa, 4109 (3), 391 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4109.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">Brou &amp; Zilli 2016</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
http://www.afromoths.net/species/show/31573.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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(
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(
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: A–B, 20: E, 25: M–N, 31: M, 95: K)
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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFAFFC5FF71FC91FE9DFC43" blockId="18.[151,1437,762,1005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The male is unique among the
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in having the forewing dark throughout due to a close sprinkling of brownish-black scales on a purplish brown background (
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). The female looks similar to those in the
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group but the dorsal hindwing medial patch on the hindwing is less elongate. This species’ range includes
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, the
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, New
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,
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(
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), the Bismark Archipelago, Nissan Island and
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(
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Zilli
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. 2017
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).
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF71FE08FE6FFE5B" bold="true" box="[151,402,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eudocima treadawayi</emphasis>
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(
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: I)
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It is sympatric with similar
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in the
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but can be separated by the duller more olive forewing color, and reduced white maculation in the female (
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Zilli
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). The pm line of
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is distinctly sinusoidal posterior of vein R5, whereas it is fairly straight in
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FCDDFDB9FC4EFD2B" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[827,947,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">E. cocalus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FC3AFDB9FBAFFD2B" box="[988,1106,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cocalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pm line is sharply bent at vein R5, whereas in
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it is straight across this vein. It has been recorded from the
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of
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and Negros (
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Zilli
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FF71FED0FE4EFEB3" bold="true" box="[151,435,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eudocima hypermnestra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFAFFC5FE24FED0FD9AFEB2" author="Cramer, P. &amp; Stoll, C." box="[450,615,258,284]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="289 - 400" refId="ref36845" refString="Cramer, P. &amp; Stoll, C. (1780 - 1782) De uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa, en America by een verzameld en beschreeven 4. S. J. Baalde &amp; Barthelemy Wild, Amesterdam &amp; Utrecht, 252 pp., pls. 289 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65748" type="book chapter" year="1780">Cramer, 1780</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFAFFC5FF79FEF5FF0BFEEF" box="[159,246,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1965,1989]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,191,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-32@64.[189,1399,181,1941]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 11. Eudocima kuehni and Eudocima cocalus group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605524/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 11</figureCitation>
: F–H, J, 20: D, 25: L, 31: L, 95: A–B)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFAFFC5FF71FE99FDEAFE03" blockId="18.[151,1436,258,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The diagnosis is provided under
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FDEAFE99FD7EFECB" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[524,643,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FDEAFE99FD7EFECB" box="[524,643,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">E. cocalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above. It is essentially a continental species (or phenotype) allopatric with nominate
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FEA7FEBDFE40FE27" box="[321,445,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFAFFC5FEA7FEBDFE44FE27" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[321,441,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cocalus">E. cocalus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
occurring from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FD91FEBDFD4CFE27" box="[631,689,367,393]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">India</collectingCountry>
to southern
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFAFFC5FCD8FEBDFC7CFE27" box="[830,897,367,393]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">China</collectingCountry>
and all of Indochina south to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFAFFC5FEB0FE41FDF6FE03" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[342,523,403,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFAFFC5FE69FE41FE3DFE03" box="[399,448,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FF71F9ACFE9DF937" bold="true" box="[151,352,1662,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eudocima okurai</emphasis>
(
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)
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFBFFC4FF79F971FF05F913" box="[159,248,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1945,1969]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,196,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-19@67.[184,1403,181,1922]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 14. Southeast Asian Eudocima and Eudocima tyrannus group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605535/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 14</figureCitation>
: C–D, 21: E, 26: L–N, 32: E, 93: E)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFBFFC4FF71F915FCE4F873" blockId="19.[151,1437,1662,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The PM and apical lines are fused across from the reniform creating the appearance of a single oblique line abruptly bending towards the inner margin. In
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FDA0F939FD36F8AA" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[582,715,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tyrannus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FDA0F939FDAAF8AA" box="[582,599,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FD80F939FD36F8AA" box="[614,715,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">tyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FD2DF939FCA5F8AA" box="[715,856,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FD31F939FCA5F8AA" baseAuthorityName="Banziger &amp; Honey" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[727,856,1771,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantia">E. aurantia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FC74F939FBCEF8AB" box="[914,1075,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. sikhimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is no distinct bend in this line across from the reniform. The forewing has a distinctly less pronounced tornal hook and has more green flecks versus
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FF0FF8E1FE88F8E2" box="[233,373,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FF0FF8E1FE8CF8E2" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[233,369,1843,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tyrannus">E. tyrannus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The forewings have a less prominent anal flap, and the hindwings have a more distally set hindwing marginal band than either
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FDDFF885FD41F8DE" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[569,700,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tyrannus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FDDFF885FD41F8DE" box="[569,700,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. tyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FD00F885FB5CF8DF" authority="(Banziger &amp; Honey 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Banziger &amp; Honey" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[742,1185,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FD00F885FC95F8DE" box="[742,872,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. aurantia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFBFFC4FC9FF885FB65F8DF" author="Banziger, H. &amp; Honey, M. R." box="[889,1176,1879,1905]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="173 - 177" refId="ref35774" refString="Banziger, H. &amp; Honey, M. R. (1984) Description of Adris suthepensis n. sp., a suspected fruit-piercing (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from N. Thailand and contiguous mountain regions. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 57, 173 - 177." type="journal article" year="1984">Bänziger &amp; Honey 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The ventral marginal hindwing band is clearly separated at the veins compared to the continuous band in
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FBD3F8A9FB48F83A" box="[1077,1205,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. tyrannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FB25F8A9FA7EF83B" baseAuthorityName="Okano" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[1219,1411,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okurai">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FB25F8A9FA7EF83B" box="[1219,1411,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eudocima okurai</emphasis>
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is found in the southeastern Himalayas, northeast
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFBFFC4FD42F84DFD1DF817" box="[676,736,1951,1977]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFBFFC4FD0CF84DFCC3F817" box="[746,830,1951,1977]" name="Bhutan" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
,
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,
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, northwest
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFBFFC4FB42F84DFAF6F817" box="[1188,1291,1951,1977]" name="Malaysia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
at elevations of
<quantity id="A21252CFFFFBFFC4FF50F811FEACF873" box="[182,337,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1450.0" valueMax="1700.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200–1700 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFBFFC4FEB9F811FD89F873" author="Banziger, H. &amp; Honey, M. R." box="[351,628,1987,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="173 - 177" refId="ref35774" refString="Banziger, H. &amp; Honey, M. R. (1984) Description of Adris suthepensis n. sp., a suspected fruit-piercing (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from N. Thailand and contiguous mountain regions. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 57, 173 - 177." type="journal article" year="1984">Bänziger &amp; Honey 1984</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFBFFC4FD54F811FCE8F873" box="[690,789,1987,2013]" name="Vietnam" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
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(
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: A–B, 20: J, 26: E, 32: B)
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The hindwings are very similar to
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; however the forewing apex is not falcate, the forewing color is predominately bright rufous rather than olive, and the third segment of the palpi is shorter and less spatulate. The greenish forewing mottling is similar to
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FDBEF9C1FD06F983" box="[600,763,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. bathyglypta</emphasis>
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but the tornal hook and anal flap are much less pronounced. This rare species is found in peninsular
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FF71FB78FE97FB6B" bold="true" box="[151,362,1194,1221]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eudocima mazzeii</emphasis>
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(
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: I–J, 21: A, 26: I–K, 32:D)
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This species looks very similar to
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FDFEFB21FD45FAA3" box="[536,696,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. sikhimensis</emphasis>
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but it has broader wings and differs further as described above. It is found in the northeastern
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in Luzon and on the island of Mindoro (
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), especially around the higher elevations of Banaue.
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(
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: G–H, 20: K, 26: F–H, 32: C, 95: D)
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It is distinguished from
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as described above. The forewings vary from pale yellowish green to deep green. The hindwing marginal band is disjunct from the outer margin but is broader than in similar and allopatric
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and
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. The range includes the Indian Subregion,
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, and Sundaland (
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FF71FD60FD6DFD62" authority="Zilli &amp; Hogenes 2002" authorityName="Zilli &amp; Hogenes" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,656,690,717]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="behouneki">
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FF71FD60FE70FD63" bold="true" box="[151,397,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eudocima behouneki</emphasis>
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(
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: E–F, 21: B)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFBFFC4FF71FD29FA77FC0B" blockId="19.[151,1437,690,933]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
This species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FE55FD29FDDBFCBA" box="[435,550,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mazzeii">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FE55FD29FDDBFCBA" box="[435,550,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. mazzeii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but the black marginal hindwing band is more dentate at the veins (
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). This band is also dentate but extends closer to the wing margin in
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FBE9FCCDFB44FC97" box="[1039,1209,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FBE9FCCDFB48FC97" baseAuthorityName="Prout" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1039,1205,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bathyglypta">E. bathyglypta</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the forewing of that species has greenish flecks, especially proximal to the PM line just above the inner margin. Unlike in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FAD0FC91FF20FC2F" baseAuthorityName="Prout" baseAuthorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bathyglypta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FAD0FC91FF20FC2F" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. bathyglypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the forewing apex of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FE29FCB5FD9DFC2F" box="[463,608,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="behouneki">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FE29FCB5FD9DFC2F" box="[463,608,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. behouneki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is produced as in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FCC1FCB5FC3BFC2F" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[807,966,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikhimensis">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FCC1FCB5FC3BFC2F" box="[807,966,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. sikhimensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FC1DFCB5FB90FC2E" box="[1019,1133,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mazzeii">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FC1DFCB5FB90FC2E" box="[1019,1133,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. mazzeii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species is endemic to the central southern
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFBFFC4FE9DFC59FE04FC0B" box="[379,505,907,933]" name="Philippines" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Philippines</collectingCountry>
where it replaces
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FD23FC59FCC5FC0A" box="[709,824,907,932]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mazzeii">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FD23FC59FCC5FC0A" box="[709,824,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. mazzeii</emphasis>
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which is found to the North (
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).
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FF71FE64FE67FE7F" bold="true" box="[151,410,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eudocima bathyglypta</emphasis>
(
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(
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: C–D, 20: I, 26: C–D, 32: A, 95: J)
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The forewings are reddish brown with green flecks like
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but the inner margin is more deeply concave proximal to the tornal hook. The hindwing marginal band is closer to the outer margin and is more dentate at the veins than in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FECAFD95FE31FDCF" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[300,460,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikhimensis">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FECAFD95FE31FDCF" box="[300,460,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. sikhimensis</emphasis>
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. The forewing has a conspicuous greenish patch above the inner margin at the base and proximal to the PM line that is absent in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFBFFC4FD86FDB9FD1CFD2A" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[608,737,619,644]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tyrannus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FD86FDB9FD1CFD2A" box="[608,737,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. tyrannus</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FCF1FDB9FC6BFD2A" box="[791,918,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. aurantia</emphasis>
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. It is found in
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.
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FF71FF44FEA5FF1F" bold="true" box="[151,344,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Eudocima prolai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFBFFC4FE86FF44FD9FFF1E" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W." box="[352,610,150,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="153 - 207" refId="ref41799" refString="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W. (2002) An annotated list of the fruit-piercing moth genus Eudocima Billberg, 1820 (sensu Poole) with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Quadrifina, 5, 153 - 207." type="journal article" year="2002">Zilli &amp; Hogenes, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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(
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: A–B, 20: H, 26: A–B, 31: P, 95: M)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFBFFC4FF71FF0DFE69FE27" blockId="19.[151,1436,150,393]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
This species could be mistaken for sympatric
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FD71FF0DFCEBFF56" box="[663,790,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. aurantia</emphasis>
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, but can be separated by the much broader marginal band reaching the outer margin of the hindwing, the larger medial patch, and the smaller size (
<quantity id="A21252CFFFFBFFC4FB8AFED1FB15FEB3" box="[1132,1256,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="39.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="38.0">38–40 mm</quantity>
, n=2) vs (
<quantity id="A21252CFFFFBFFC4FAB3FED0FF38FEEF" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="51.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="48.0">48–54 mm</quantity>
, n=7). Relative to allopatric
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFBFFC4FDE5FEF5FD96FEEF" box="[515,619,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E. okurai</emphasis>
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the forewing shape is less elongate, there is no green spot inside the reniform, and the distal side of the medial patch has a less distinct concave indentation. This species is endemic to the island of New
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.
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Borth &amp; Kons, 2021
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(
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: A–C, 15: G–J, 21: I, 27: E–L, 32: K, 33: A–B, I–J, 34: A–C, 35: A–C, 36: A–C, 37: A, 38: A–D, 39: A–D, 41: A–D, 43: A–D, 44: A–D, 45: D–E, 46: A–D, 47: A–D, 48: A–C, 49: A, 50: A–C, 51: A, 52: A–C, 53: A, 54: A–C, 55: A, 56: A–D, G, 58: A, E, 59: A–B, 60, 61: A–B, 62: A–B, 63: A–B, 64: A–B, 65: A–B, 66: A–B, 67: B, D–E, 68: A, C, E, 69: A–D, 70, 71: A, 72:A, H, 87:A, 92:H)
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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFCFFC3FF71FA19FD27FA48" blockId="20.[151,1437,1302,2013]" box="[151,730,1483,1510]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">The diagnosis is covered in the description (above).</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FF21FA3DFDFFF9A6" box="[199,514,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Life History and Bionomics.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFCFFC3FDEEFA3DFD25F9A4" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[520,728,1519,1546]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves (1936)</bibRefCitation>
studied the species now named
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FBDBFA3DFB47F9A7" box="[1085,1210,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E. afrikana</emphasis>
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over an eleven-year period in an orchard in Njala,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFCFFC3FE12F9C1FD77F983" box="[500,650,1555,1581]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
. He recorded a life cycle there of up to 37 days beginning with pale green spherical eggs which darkened before hatching in about 3 days. The larvae fed only on
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and went through 5 instars. Most larvae were found during October and November on
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FBD4F989FB42F9DB" box="[1074,1215,1627,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Tiliacora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FBD4F989FB64F9DB" box="[1074,1177,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tiliacora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
nr.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FB0CF989FA65F9DB" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[1258,1432,1627,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Stephania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dinklagei">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FB0CF989FAAFF9DB" box="[1258,1362,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">dinklagei</emphasis>
Engl.
</taxonomicName>
, but were also found at various times on
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FDB8F9ADFC24F936" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[606,985,1663,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Dioscoreophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="volkensii">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FDB8F9ADFC6AF937" box="[606,919,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Dioscoreophyllum volkensii</emphasis>
Engl.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FC0FF9ADFAE2F934" authority="(Engl.)" baseAuthorityName="Engl." box="[1001,1311,1663,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Stephania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dinklagei">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FC0FF9ADFB34F937" box="[1001,1225,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stephania dinklagei</emphasis>
(Engl.)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FAC8F9ADFE98F910" authority="(Diels)" baseAuthorityName="Diels" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Albertisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FAC8F9ADFEF0F913" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Albertisia ferruginea</emphasis>
(Diels)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FE46F971FD14F913" authority="Oliv. During" authorityName="Oliv. During" box="[416,745,1699,1725]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Triclisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FE46F971FDADF912" box="[416,592,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Triclisia patens</emphasis>
Oliv. During
</taxonomicName>
May and June larvae were generally pale yellow-green and reached
<quantity id="A21252CFFFFCFFC3FF13F915FECDF94F" box="[245,304,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
. At other times of the year larvae typically reached
<quantity id="A21252CFFFFCFFC3FC88F915FC55F94F" box="[878,936,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
. During July and August larvae were all pale yellow to green, and September through November they were primarily brown to black. Larvae have two similar large dark ocelli on the second and third abdominal segments, each with a pale lilac or blue center and a peripheral margin white to pale yellow above and reddish-orange to yellow below. The pupal stage can last up to two weeks in a loose silk cocoon (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFCFFC3FE9AF885FDC2F8DC" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[380,575,1879,1906]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves 1936</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFCFFC2FF21F8A9FD27FF7B" blockId="20.[151,1437,1302,2013]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
As in other
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FEACF8A9FDBBF83B" box="[330,582,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FEACF8A9FE43F83B" box="[330,446,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eudocima</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FE2FF8A9FDBBF83B" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[457,582,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">E. afrikana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is able to pierce hard skinned fruits as well as thick-skinned, soft-skinned or ripening fruits. Zaspel (2008) provided scanning electron microscope images for exemplar
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FB74F84DFAA1F817" box="[1170,1372,1951,1977]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FB74F84DFAF9F817" box="[1170,1284,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Eudocima</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
illustrating serrated ridges, rasping spines, erectile barbs and socketed tearing hooks, and credited the ventrally serrated cuticular ridge and robust proboscis for the ability to pierce hard skinned fruit. We illustrate these features on the proboscis of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FECEFF69FE5BFF7B" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[296,422,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FECEFF69FE5BFF7B" box="[296,422,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFDFFC2FE2CFF69FDDCFF7B" box="[458,545,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 71" captionStartId="124.[151,250,1504,1528]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-32@124.[151,1436,181,1480]" captionTargetPageId="124" captionText="FIGURE 71. Calpinae proboscides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605764/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 71</figureCitation>
: A, 72: A and H.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF21FF0DFC8FFE03" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Populations of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FE94FF0DFE0CFF57" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[370,497,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FE94FF0DFE0CFF57" box="[370,497,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FDF0FF0DFD5BFF57" box="[534,678,223,249]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
(reported as
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FCDDFF0DFC07FF57" baseAuthorityName="Clerck" baseAuthorityYear="1764" box="[827,1018,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Othreis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fullonica">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FCDDFF0DFC07FF57" box="[827,1018,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Othreis fullonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) appeared to be correlated to rainfall with adult activity peaking when fruit availability was highest during the drier months of April and May with an outbreak occurring in 1934 (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FE30FEF5FD67FEEC" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[470,666,295,322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves 1936</bibRefCitation>
). Hargreaves noted that in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FC21FEF5FBAAFEEF" box="[967,1111,295,321]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
adults focus on cashews and mangoes in February through April until citrus becomes attractive 4–5 weeks before maturity. Then, in order of preference, sweet lime, mandarin, orange, and grapefruit were attacked with breadfruit and jackfruit also affected. Mangoes and tangerines were pierced in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FD84FE41FD4BFE03" box="[610,694,403,429]" name="Nigeria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(Golding 1945).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF21FE65FE08FD5F" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Unlike most
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FEBCFE65FE1CFE7F" box="[346,481,439,465]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
pests, with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FD8CFE65FD21FE7F" box="[618,732,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FD8CFE65FD21FE7F" box="[618,732,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eudocima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is the adult rather than the larva that causes economic damage.
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF29FE09FECEFE5B" box="[207,307,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Calpinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calpinae</taxonomicName>
larvae are not agricultural pests as they feed primarily on
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC3AFE09FABEFE5B" authority="(Zaspel 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Zaspel" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[988,1347,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Menispermaceae (Zaspel 2008)</taxonomicName>
but the adult moths are piercers of fruits (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FDE9FE2DFD44FDB7" author="Banziger, H." box="[527,697,511,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="213 - 240" refId="ref35695" refString="Banziger, H. (1982) Fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Thailand: a general survey and some new perspectives. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 55, 213 - 240." type="journal article" year="1982">Bänziger 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FD2DFE2DFCBAFDB7" author="Fay, H. A. C." box="[715,839,511,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="485 - 493" refId="ref37223" refString="Fay, H. A. C. (2002) Fruitpiercing moths and fruitspotting bugs: Intractable pests of tree fruits in a reduced-insecticide environment. Acta Horticulturae, 575, 485 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 2002.575.56" type="journal article" year="2002">Fay (2002)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC24FE2DFBB8FDB7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" box="[962,1093,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC24FE2DFBB8FDB7" box="[962,1093,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inserts its proboscis in a direct straight line penetrating
<quantity id="A21252CFFFFDFFC2FE41FDF0FE0BFD93" box="[423,502,546,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
into the fruit and may feed at that site for over 30 minutes. Fruit-rotting molds such as
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF53FD95FEFCFDCF" box="[181,257,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Odium</emphasis>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FE80FD95FE0BFDCF" author="Muller, H. R. A." box="[358,502,583,609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="249 - 290" refId="ref39260" refString="Muller, H. R. A. (1939) Overzicht van de belangrijkste citrus - ziekten in Nederlands Indie. Landbouw, 15, 249 - 290." type="journal article" year="1939">Muller 1939</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FDEEFD95FC75FDCF" box="[520,904,583,609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FDEEFD95FD88FDCE" box="[520,629,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fusarium</emphasis>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FD3CFD95FC7DFDCF" author="Banziger, H." box="[730,896,583,609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="213 - 240" refId="ref35695" refString="Banziger, H. (1982) Fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Thailand: a general survey and some new perspectives. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 55, 213 - 240." type="journal article" year="1982">Bänziger 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and bacteria (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FBC5FD95FB1EFDCC" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[1059,1251,583,610]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves 1936</bibRefCitation>
) invade the penetration site leading to fermentation, dark lesions, and premature fruit fall. The piercing hole causes susceptibility to secondary fruit-sucking species (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FDEFFD5DFD49FD07" author="Banziger, H." box="[521,692,655,681]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="213 - 240" refId="ref35695" refString="Banziger, H. (1982) Fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Thailand: a general survey and some new perspectives. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 55, 213 - 240." type="journal article" year="1982">Bänziger 1982</bibRefCitation>
). Leaf mimics such as
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC5EFD5DFBCAFD07" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[952,1079,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC5EFD5DFBCAFD07" box="[952,1079,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FB89FD5DFB0EFD07" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" box="[1135,1267,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FB89FD5DFB0EFD07" box="[1135,1267,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are difficult to see during the daytime but can often be detected feeding on fruit at the periphery of a crop at night with their eyes glowing in the flashlight beam.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFDFFC2FF21FD29FE57FC0B" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF21FD29FE57FC0B" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF21FD29FE63FCBB" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,414,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF21FD29FE63FCBB" box="[199,414,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eudocima afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult to control with insecticide because the larvae don’t feed on the adult host but are widely dispersed in surrounding disturbed areas (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FD2CFCCDFC6DFC94" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[714,912,799,826]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves 1936</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, adults spend only a short time on fruits and spraying pesticides on fruit at harvest time is dangerous for human consumption. Bats are the main predators (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FEEBFCB5FE30FC2C" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[269,461,871,898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves 1936</bibRefCitation>
) prompting experimentation with solar powered acoustic frequencies to repel the moths (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FF79FC59FE63FC0B" author="Chikkalaki, P. &amp; Shivanappagol, D. &amp; Metigud, V. &amp; Balavalad, K. B. &amp; Sankangoudar, K." box="[159,414,907,933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="621 - 625" refId="ref36478" refString="Chikkalaki, P., Shivanappagol, D., Metigud, V., Balavalad, K. B. &amp; Sankangoudar, K. (2018) Repellent for Eudocima materna: a Fruit Piercer / Sucking moth. International Journal of Engineering Research &amp; Technology, 7 (5), 621 - 625." type="journal article" year="2018">
Chikkalaki
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FEC4FC59FEA9FC0B" box="[290,340,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFDFFC2FF21FC7DFD33FAFB" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF21FC7DFB2BFBBE" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF21FC7DFE13FC67" box="[199,494,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution and dispersal</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FE1AFC7DFD2EFC67" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[508,723,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FE1AFC7DFD2EFC67" box="[508,723,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eudocima afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa including
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FF71FC01FEDDFC43" box="[151,288,979,1005]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.Adults are strong fliers (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FDD3FC01FD08FC40" author="Hargreaves, E." box="[565,757,979,1006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="589 - 605" refId="ref38029" refString="Hargreaves, E. (1936) Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 27 (4), 589 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300058685" type="journal article" year="1936">Hargreaves 1936</bibRefCitation>
) and may not be restricted to one area, but we are unaware of evidence that they migrate outside their permanent range like congeners
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC22FC25FBB5FBBF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" box="[964,1096,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC22FC25FBB5FBBF" box="[964,1096,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FB98FC25FB2BFBBE" box="[1150,1238,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FB98FC25FB2FFBBE" authorityName="Ophideres" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1150,1234,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apta">E. apta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF21FBC9FD33FAFB" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
We have examined specimens or photos from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FD3AFBC9FCDFFB9B" box="[732,802,1051,1077]" name="Benin" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Benin</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FCC9FBC9FC5DFB9B" box="[815,928,1051,1077]" name="Botswana" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Botswana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FC48FBC9FBDBFB9B" box="[942,1062,1051,1077]" name="Cameroon" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FBD5FBC9FF19FBF7" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FF13FBEDFEBCFBF7" box="[245,321,1087,1113]" name="Kenya" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kenya</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FEB6FBEDFE24FBF7" box="[336,473,1087,1113]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FE0FFBEDFDD0FBF7" box="[489,557,1087,1113]" name="Malta" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Malta</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FDDBFBEDFD62FBF7" box="[573,671,1087,1113]" name="Réunion" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Réunion</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FD49FBEDFCB9FBF7" box="[687,836,1087,1113]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FCB2FBEDFC41FBF7" box="[852,956,1087,1113]" name="Tanzania" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, Toga,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FBF3FBEDFB91FBF7" box="[1045,1132,1087,1113]" name="Uganda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Uganda</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FB4AFBEDFABEFBF7" box="[1196,1347,1087,1113]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FAB7FBEDFE5DFBD3" author="Waterhouse, D. F. &amp; Norris K. R." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref41173" refString="Waterhouse, D. F. &amp; Norris K. R. (1987) Biological Control: Pacific Prospects. Inkata Press, Melbourne, 454 pp." type="book" year="1987">Waterhouse &amp; Norris (1987)</bibRefCitation>
also recorded
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FDA9FBB1FD2CFBD3" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[591,721,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FDA9FBB1FD2CFBD3" box="[591,721,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(reported as
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC89FBB1FC0BFBD3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" box="[879,1014,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC89FBB1FC0BFBD3" box="[879,1014,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FBCEFBB1FB80FBD3" box="[1064,1149,1123,1149]" name="Angola" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Angola</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FB6AFBB1FA65FBD3" box="[1164,1432,1123,1149]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FF71FB55FECCFB0F" box="[151,305,1159,1185]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FEDBFB55FE74FB0F" box="[317,393,1159,1185]" name="Ghana" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ghana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FE73FB55FE14FB0F" box="[405,489,1159,1185]" name="Liberia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Liberia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FE13FB55FDB0FB0F" box="[501,589,1159,1185]" name="Malawi" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Malawi</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FDBCFB55FD0CFB0F" box="[602,753,1159,1185]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FD1BFB55FC9DFB0F" box="[765,864,1159,1185]" name="Namibia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Namibia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FC8AFB55FC3EFB0F" box="[876,963,1159,1185]" name="Nigeria" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FC29FB55FB9EFB0F" box="[975,1123,1159,1185]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FB79FB55FAE7FB0F" box="[1183,1306,1159,1185]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
. Additional distribution records (reported as
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FDE3FB79FD74FB6B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" box="[517,649,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FDE3FB79FD74FB6B" box="[517,649,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FD24FB79FCF3FB6B" box="[706,782,1195,1221]" name="Eritrea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FCFBFB79FC62FB6B" author="Berio, E." box="[797,927,1195,1221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="176 - 190" refId="ref35869" refString="Berio, E. (1941) Contributo alla studio dei lepidotteri eteroceri dell'Eritrea VII. Euchromiidae, Arctiidae, Agaristidae, Lymantriidae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae raccolte dal sig. G. Vaccaro nel. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 61, 176 - 190." type="journal article" year="1941">Berio 1941</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FC52FB79FC02FB6B" box="[948,1023,1195,1221]" name="Gabon" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gabon</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FBD3FB79FB7BFB6B" box="[1077,1158,1195,1221]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FB73FB79FA6DFB6B" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W." box="[1173,1424,1195,1221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="153 - 207" refId="ref41799" refString="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W. (2002) An annotated list of the fruit-piercing moth genus Eudocima Billberg, 1820 (sensu Poole) with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Quadrifina, 5, 153 - 207." type="journal article" year="2002">Zilli &amp; Hogenes 2002</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FF71FB1DFF10FB47" box="[151,237,1231,1257]" name="Malawi" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FEC1FB1DFE7EFB47" box="[295,387,1231,1257]" name="Rwanda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FE75FB1DFD95FB44" author="Brou, V. A. &amp; Zilli, A." box="[403,616,1231,1258]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="391 - 399" refId="ref36262" refString="Brou, V. A. &amp; Zilli, A. (2016) An overlooked sibling of the fruit-piercing moth Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus, 1763) from Africa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Calpinae). Zootaxa, 4109 (3), 391 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4109.3.9" type="journal article" year="2016">Brou &amp; Zilli 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FD98FB1DFD18FB47" box="[638,741,1231,1257]" name="Comoros" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Comoros</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FD12FB1DFC49FB47" author="Guillermet, C." box="[756,948,1230,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref37770" refString="Guillermet, C. (2005) Les Heteroceres ou papillons de nuit, de l'ile de La Reunion. Vol. 1. Famille des Noctuidae Quadrifides. Association Nature Decouverte et Partage, Reunion, Saint-Gilles-les-Hauts, 532 pp., pls. 1 - 13." type="book chapter" year="2005">Guillermet 2005</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FC2FFB1DFBBCFB47" box="[969,1089,1231,1257]" name="Seychelles" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FBB7FB1DFAD6FB47" author="Pagenstecher, A." box="[1105,1323,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="93 - 146" refId="ref39515" refString="Pagenstecher, A. (1907) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse 2. Systematische Arbeiten, Bd 2, Hft 2 (Lepidoptera Heterocera von Madagaskar, den Comoren und Ostafrika: Uraniidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Thyrididae In: Voeltzkow, A. (Ed.), Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903 - 05. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 93 - 146, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1907">Pagenstecher 1907</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FAA6FB1DFA61FB47" box="[1344,1436,1231,1257]" name="Somalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Somalia</collectingCountry>
(Poulton 1916)
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FEADFB21FDAEFAA3" box="[331,595,1267,1293]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Principe and São Tomé</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FD82FB21FCDCFAA3" author="Aurivillius, C." box="[612,801,1267,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="494 - 530" refId="ref35655" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1910) Schmetterlinge gesammelt in Westafrika von Leonardo Fea in den Jahren 1897 - 1902. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 3 (4), 494 - 530." type="journal article" year="1910">Aurivillius 1910</bibRefCitation>
) (see De Prins &amp; De Prins 2022 http://www.afromoths. net/species/show/31586).
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FE5CFAC5FD6FFA9F" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[442,658,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FE5CFAC5FD6FFA9F" box="[442,658,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eudocima afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not recorded in a study of fruit-sucking and fruit-piercing moths in citrus orchards in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FE9BFAE9FDF1FAFB" box="[381,524,1339,1365]" name="South Africa" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FDFCFAE9FD3FFAFB" author="Goddard, M. &amp; Hill, M. P. &amp; Moore, S. D." box="[538,706,1339,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref37512" refString="Goddard, M., Hill, M. P. &amp; Moore, S. D. (2019) An Analysis of the Fruit-Sucking and Fruit-piercing Moth Complex in Citrus Orchards in South Africa. African Entomology, 27 (1), 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.4001 / 003.027.0001" type="journal article" year="2019">Goddard 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

99
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
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<treatment id="ED434E3CFFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FC88FB47" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605685" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209289954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6605685" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED434E3CFFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FC88FB47" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED434E3CFFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FC88FB47" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FDD4FB9A" box="[151,553,1050,1077]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FDD4FB9A" blockId="20.[151,1436,1050,1257]" box="[151,553,1050,1077]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="3E1D4846FFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FDD4FB9A" bold="true" box="[151,553,1050,1077]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FDD4FB9A" authority="(Robinson, 1968)" baseAuthorityName="Robinson" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[151,553,1050,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulii">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FDD4FB9A" bold="true" box="[151,553,1050,1077]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FF71FBC8FEAAFB9B" bold="true" box="[151,343,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Eudocima paulii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFCFFC3FE80FBC8FDDDFB9A" author="Robinson, G. S." box="[358,544,1050,1076]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="249 - 255" refId="ref39724" refString="Robinson, G. S. (1968) Some new species of Lepidoptera from the Fiji Islands. The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 80, 249 - 255, pl. 14." type="journal article" year="1968">Robinson, 1968</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFCFFC3FF71FBEDFC88FB47" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFCFFC3FF71FBEDFE32FBF7" blockId="20.[151,1436,1050,1257]" box="[151,463,1086,1113]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFCFFC3FF79FBEDFF05FBF7" box="[159,248,1086,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1966,1990]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,191,1934]" captionTargetId="figure-32@68.[208,1379,181,1943]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 15. Eudocima paulii and Eudocima phalonia group adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605537/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs 15</figureCitation>
: A–B, 21: G, 32: I)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFCFFC3FF71FBB1FC88FB47" blockId="20.[151,1436,1050,1257]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
This relatively small, variable species is sexually dimorphic. The female is reminiscent of the larger
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FAE6FBB1FA8CFBD3" box="[1280,1393,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jordani">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FAE6FBB1FA8CFBD3" box="[1280,1393,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E. jordani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but has a wider hindwing marginal black band across from the medial patch, and a less strongly crenulate outer forewing margin. The male is similar to
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FE0AFB79FDA1FB6A" authorityName="Zilli &amp; Brou" authorityYear="2017" box="[492,604,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martini">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FE0AFB79FDA1FB6A" box="[492,604,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E. martini</emphasis>
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but its hindwing has a medial patch which that species lacks. It is endemic to the
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(
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This small species (
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group also have no medial patch but lack a green dot inside the reniform, and the females have a green transverse bar across the forewing. This species also has unique genitalia including a thin aedeagus and uncus and small juxta (
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(
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FF71FE08FE85FE5B" bold="true" box="[151,376,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Eudocima aurantia</emphasis>
(
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)
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(
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: G–H, 21: D, 26: P, 32: G, 95:L)
</paragraph>
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The forewing apex is unique with a protracted obliquely rounded lobe (Hampson 1894). The large size is comparable to
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FF3DFD95FEA6FDCE" box="[219,347,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E. tyrannus</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FE68FD95FDCDFDCF" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[398,560,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikhimensis">E. sikhimensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but the hindwing marginal band is greatly reduced and well separated from the wing margin by the orange background color. There is very little black on the underside especially in the marginal areas. The range of this relatively common species includes
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFCFFC3FCD4FD5DFC93FD07" box="[818,878,655,681]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFCFFC3FC9FFD5DFC42FD07" box="[889,959,655,681]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFCFFC3FC2FFD5DFBC4FD07" box="[969,1081,655,681]" name="Indonesia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, New
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFCFFC3FB98FD5DFB32FD07" box="[1150,1231,655,681]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and the Solomons (
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).
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112
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(
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<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFCFFC3FF71FF69FDA2FF7B" blockId="20.[151,1437,150,429]" box="[151,607,187,213]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
(
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: E–F, 21: C, 26: O, 32: F, 93: F)
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The marginal band on the hindwing is larger than in
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but barely reaches the wing margin if at all. The background color of the sharply pointed forewing is brownish rather than the variable green shading of
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FAF7FED1FF48FEEE" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E. sikhimensis</emphasis>
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. It can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FE3DFEF5FDB9FEEF" baseAuthorityName="Okano" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[475,580,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okurai">
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by the shape of the oblique line as discussed under that species. Individuals from the northern portion of the range in Amur and
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFCFFC3FD05FE99FCDEFECB" box="[739,803,331,357]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Japan</collectingCountry>
show a larger comma-shaped medial patch on the hindwing than in its southern range from
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and
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where it has a smaller patch similar to
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFCFFC3FA62FEBDFE51FE03" authority="(Zilli et al. 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Zilli" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okurai">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FA62FEBDFF1DFE03" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E. okurai</emphasis>
(
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Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFCFFC3FECEFE41FEA4FE03" box="[296,345,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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<treatment id="ED434E3CFFFDFFC1FF71FA50FCA8F83B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7636003" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209289966" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7636003" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED434E3CFFFDFFC1FF71FA50FCA8F83B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED434E3CFFFDFFC1FF71FA50FCA8F83B" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFDFFC2FF71FA50FDB4FA32" box="[151,585,1410,1437]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF71FA50FDB4FA32" blockId="21.[151,1437,1410,2013]" box="[151,585,1410,1437]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="3E1D4846FFFDFFC2FF71FA50FDB4FA32" bold="true" box="[151,585,1410,1437]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF71FA50FDB4FA32" authority="(Linnaeus, 1763)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[151,585,1410,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF71FA50FDB4FA32" bold="true" box="[151,585,1410,1437]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF71FA50FE86FA33" bold="true" box="[151,379,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eudocima phalonia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FE6CFA50FDBCFA32" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[394,577,1410,1436]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref38923" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1763) Centuria In sectorum Rariorum. s. n., Upsalia, 32 pp." type="book" year="1763">Linnaeus, 1763</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFDFFC2FF71FA75FD4AF9DB" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF71FA75FEEBF983" blockId="21.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFDFFC2FF79FA75FF0EFA6F" box="[159,243,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[211,1383,199,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-19@69.[195,1393,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 16. Eudocima phalonia group and Hemiceratoides adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605543/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 16</figureCitation>
:C–F, 21:K–L, 27:M–T, 28:A–B, 32:L, 33:C–D, K–L, 34:D–F, 35:D–F, 36:D–F, 37:B, G, 38:E–G, 39:E–G, 41:E, 43:E–F, 44:E–G, 45:F, 46:E–G, 47: E–G, 48:D–E, 49:B, 50:D–E, 51:B, 52:D–E, 53:B, 54:D–E, 55:B, 56:E–F, 57:A, 58:B, F, 59:C–D, 61:C–D, 62:C–D, 63:C-D, 64:C–D, 65:C–D, 66:C–D, 67:A, C, F, 68:D, 69:E–H, 71:B, 72: B, 87:B–E)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF71F9E5FD4AF9DB" blockId="21.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF71F9E5FEEDF9FE" box="[151,272,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Separation of this species from the allopatric
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FCEAF9E5FBDFF9FE" box="[780,1058,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FCEAF9E5FC71F9FF" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[780,908,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">E. afrikana</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC70F9E5FBE0F9FE" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[918,1053,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euryzona">E. euryzona</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FBB1F9E5FB26F9FF" box="[1111,1243,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FBB1F9E5FB2AF9FF" box="[1111,1239,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lequexui">E. lequexui</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and sympatric
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FA62F9E5FF1DF9DB" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FA62F9E5FF1DF9DB" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is covered in the
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FE48F989FDD1F9DB" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[430,556,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FE48F989FDD1F9DB" box="[430,556,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. afrikana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
description.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFDFFC1FF21F9ADFCA8F83B" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFDFFC2FF21F9ADFCDCF873" blockId="21.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF21F9ADFE5EF937" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[199,419,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF21F9ADFE5EF937" box="[199,419,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Eudocima phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been confused with co-occurring
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC9AF9ADFBFFF937" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[892,1026,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC9AF9ADFBFFF937" box="[892,1026,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FBD1F9ADFB5CF936" box="[1079,1185,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FBD1F9ADFB60F936" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[1079,1181,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">E. cajeta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
For example,
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FAA6F9ADFEA8F913" author="Gilligan, T. M. &amp; Passoa, S. C." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37464" refString="Gilligan, T. M. &amp; Passoa, S. C. (2014) Screening aid: Fruit piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus). Identification Technology Program (ITP). USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S &amp; T, Fort Collins, Colorado, 4 pp." type="book" year="2014">Gilligan &amp; Passoa (2014)</bibRefCitation>
is an often-cited reference for screening for
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FCB5F971FC2AF913" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[851,983,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FCB5F971FC2AF913" box="[851,983,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, their figure 2 of a photo of a live
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF2EF915FEB3F94F" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[200,334,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF2EF915FEB3F94F" box="[200,334,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFDFFC2FE74F915FE31F94F" box="[402,460,1735,1761]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">India</collectingCountry>
is misidentified as
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FD43F915FCD2F94F" box="[677,815,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FD43F915FCD6F94F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[677,811,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This same
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC48F915FBC9F94F" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[942,1076,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC48F915FBC9F94F" box="[942,1076,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
photo is used again to represent
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF71F939FEE7F8AB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[151,282,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF71F939FEE7F8AB" box="[151,282,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Wikipedia (2021). The third specimen in
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFDFFC2FCF7F939FBD3F8AB" author="Gilligan, T. M. &amp; Passoa, S. C." box="[785,1070,1771,1797]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref37464" refString="Gilligan, T. M. &amp; Passoa, S. C. (2014) Screening aid: Fruit piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus). Identification Technology Program (ITP). USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S &amp; T, Fort Collins, Colorado, 4 pp." type="book" year="2014">Gilligan &amp; Passoa (2014)</bibRefCitation>
figure 4 is identified as a female
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FF71F8DDFEDCF887" box="[151,289,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FF71F8DDFEE1F887" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[151,284,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but it is actually a male. For
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FD8FF8DDFD08F887" box="[617,757,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FD8FF8DDFD0FF887" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[617,754,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">E. homaena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
only the males are likely to be confused as the females have a transverse green forewing band not present in
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FD2FF8E1FCABF8E3" box="[713,854,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FD2FF8E1FCAFF8E3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[713,850,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The males of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FBE7F8E1FB7AF8E3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1025,1159,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FBE7F8E1FB7AF8E3" box="[1025,1159,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a fairly uniformly patterned forewing, whereas males of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FDABF885FD28F8DF" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[589,725,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FDABF885FD28F8DF" box="[589,725,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have contrasting paler areas distal to the subterminal line and between the postmedial and antemedial lines. Also,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FD3CF8A9FCA1F83B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[730,860,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FD3CF8A9FCA1F83B" box="[730,860,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a contrasting lighter band on the posterior edge of the apical line, which may be greenish in fresh specimens. The male of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFDFFC2FC04F84DFB94F817" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[994,1129,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homaena">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFDFFC2FC04F84DFB94F817" box="[994,1129,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">E. homaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has an apical line, but there is no contrasting lighter band or greenish coloration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFEFFC1FF21FF45FC06FEEF" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Males of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FED2FF45FE45FF1F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[308,440,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FED2FF45FE45FF1F" box="[308,440,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FE17FF45FDABFF1E" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[497,598,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FE17FF45FDABFF1E" box="[497,598,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are somewhat similar in pattern, but in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FBF9FF45FB7EFF1E" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[1055,1155,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FBF9FF45FB7EFF1E" box="[1055,1155,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the apical line is faint if discernible, without the contrasting lighter band on the posterior side that occurs in
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FBC8FF69FB4AFF7B" box="[1070,1207,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FBC8FF69FB4FFF7B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1070,1202,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Also,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FB1BFF69FAA2FF7A" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[1277,1375,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FB1BFF69FAA2FF7A" box="[1277,1375,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. cajeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more pronounced and pointed tornal hook relative to
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD01FF0DFC8CFF57" box="[743,881,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD01FF0DFC90FF57" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[743,877,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
For females,
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FBEEFF0DFB76FF57" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1032,1163,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FBEEFF0DFB76FF57" box="[1032,1163,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently has a larger whitish mark on the forewing than
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FDF8FED1FD75FEB2" box="[542,648,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FDF8FED1FD79FEB2" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[542,644,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">E. cajeta</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Also, in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD0BFED1FC92FEB3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[749,879,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD0BFED1FC92FEB3" box="[749,879,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the forewing has a glossier appearance with more contrasts relative to
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FE9FFEF5FE19FEEE" box="[377,484,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FE9FFEF5FE1DFEEE" authorityName="Cramer" authorityYear="1775" box="[377,480,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cajeta">E. cajeta</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which has a plainer, more granulated forewing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFEFFC1FF21FE99FBF0FD2B" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF21FE99FDE8FECA" box="[199,533,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Pattern of dimorphism in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FE03FE99FDECFECA" box="[485,529,331,356]" name="Fiji" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fiji</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
In
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FDDFFE99FD9DFECB" box="[569,608,331,357]" name="Fiji" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fiji</collectingCountry>
there are
<specimenCount id="73EC34A3FFFEFFC1FD2AFE99FCCFFECB" box="[716,818,331,357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="male">two male</specimenCount>
phenotypes of
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FC3AFE99FB98FECB" box="[988,1125,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FC3AFE99FB9CFECB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[988,1121,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the typical phenotype and a phenotype which is darker ventrally, particularly in the apical areas, with a reduced medial patch ventrally (
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFEFFC1FAA2FEBDFA65FE27" box="[1348,1432,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1991,2015]" captionTargetBox="[199,1386,193,1953]" captionTargetId="figure-32@74.[188,1399,181,1966]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 21. Eudocima tyrannus, E. phalonia groups and Southeast Asian Eudocima (ventral aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605562/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
: K).
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FF25FE41FE78FE03" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[195,389,403,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF1DFE41FED1FE03" box="[251,300,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
provided additional differences between these phenotypes, but reported an intermediate phenotype from Guadalcanal, and no meaningful differences in genitalia between the two phenotypes. We sequenced two of the darker phenotypes from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FDFCFE09FDBCFE5B" box="[538,577,475,501]" name="Fiji" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fiji</collectingCountry>
(DNA sequence vouchers 24816 and 24817) and both have the most common COI 5’ haplotype found in typical
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FDF0FE2DFD64FDB7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[534,665,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FDF0FE2DFD64FDB7" box="[534,665,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFEFFC1FD4EFE2DFD04FDB4" box="[680,761,511,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 86" captionStartId="139.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-19@139.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="139" captionText="FIGURE 86. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5’ mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605806/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
). We also dissected a male of one of these specimens (HLK: 2647) and found the genitalia to be the typical
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD57FDF1FCCBFD93" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[689,822,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD57FDF1FCCBFD93" box="[689,822,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphotype. Given the lack of differentiation in both male genitalia and COI 5’ plus the
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FDC4FD95FD18FDCF" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Brou, V. A. &amp; Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J." box="[546,741,583,609]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="152 - 166" refId="ref41849" refString="Zilli, A., Brou, V. A., Klem, C. &amp; Zaspel, J. (2017) The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 631 - 655, pls. 152 - 166." type="book chapter" year="2017">
Zilli
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FDBCFD95FD71FDCF" box="[602,652,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
report of an intermediate phenotype, we favor the hypothesis that the second
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FEA0FDB9FE90FD2B" box="[326,365,619,645]" name="Fiji" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fiji</collectingCountry>
phenotype represents infraspecific variation in
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FC64FDB9FBF0FD2B" box="[898,1037,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FC64FDB9FBF5FD2B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[898,1032,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFEFFC1FF21FD5DFF24FC97" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF21FD5DFE0BFD07" box="[199,502,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Life history and bionomics.</emphasis>
Most recent
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD63FD5DFD0AFD07" box="[645,759,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD63FD5DFD0AFD07" box="[645,759,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Eudocima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
life history studies have focused on
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FB60FD5DFAF2FD07" box="[1158,1295,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FB60FD5DFAF6FD07" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1158,1291,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This species is associated with temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrubs, and tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FD0AFD05FC8EFD5F" author="Davis, E. E. &amp; French, S. &amp; Venette, R. C." box="[748,883,726,753]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref36916" refString="Davis, E. E., French, S. &amp; Venette, R. C. (2005) Mini Risk Assessment Fruit piercing Moth: Eudocima fullonia Green [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]. CAPS PRA, US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, St. Paul, Minnesota, 43 pp." type="book" year="2005">Davis 2005</bibRefCitation>
). This species often exposes its bright hindwings while feeding, revealing the medial patch which is useful for separating it from other
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FB81FD29FACFFCBB" box="[1127,1330,763,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FB81FD29FB24FCBB" box="[1127,1241,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Eudocima</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFEFFC1FAA5FD29FA65FCBB" box="[1347,1432,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 87" captionStartId="140.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-32@140.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="140" captionText="FIGURE 87. Live adults and larva of Eudocima afrikana and E. phalonia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605814" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605814/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
: B, E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFEFFC1FF21FC91FDBAFA9F" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
In a
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FF1DFC91FEA6FCF3" box="[251,347,835,861]" name="Malaysia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
orchard it had a 40-day life cycle from oviposition to adult emergence (Kueh 2012). The larvae of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FF51FCB5FEC6FC2F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[183,315,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF51FCB5FEC6FC2F" box="[183,315,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
use
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FE96FCB5FDCCFC2F" baseAuthorityName="Zaspel" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[368,561,871,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Menispermaceae</taxonomicName>
, but in the eastern part of their range they feed on
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FB97FCB5FA9CFC2C" box="[1137,1377,871,898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FB97FCB5FB23FC2F" box="[1137,1246,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Erythrina</emphasis>
(Fabaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FA97FCB5FECDFC0B" author="Cochereau, P." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 322" refId="ref36645" refString="Cochereau, P. (1977) Biology and ecology of populations in New Caledonia of a fruit-piercing moth: Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Travaux et Documents de l'O. R. S. T. O. M., 71, 1 - 322." type="journal article" year="1977">Cochereau 1977</bibRefCitation>
). The cocoon may stay on the host plant or drop with the leaves (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FC11FC59FAD8FC0B" author="Waterhouse, D. F. &amp; Norris K. R." box="[1015,1317,907,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref41173" refString="Waterhouse, D. F. &amp; Norris K. R. (1987) Biological Control: Pacific Prospects. Inkata Press, Melbourne, 454 pp." type="book" year="1987">Waterhouse &amp; Norris 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FAD1FC59FF1FFC67" author="Banziger, H." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="213 - 240" refId="ref35695" refString="Banziger, H. (1982) Fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Thailand: a general survey and some new perspectives. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 55, 213 - 240." type="journal article" year="1982">Bänziger (1982)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the three
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FE27FC7DFCF5FC64" box="[449,776,943,970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Tinospora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FE27FC7DFDCEFC66" box="[449,563,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tinospora</emphasis>
(Menispermaceae)
</taxonomicName>
foodplants preferred in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FBF4FC7DFB8BFC67" box="[1042,1142,943,969]" name="Thailand" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Thailand</collectingCountry>
are most common in more open areas where these tenacious vines can endure drought and generate aerial roots. Foodplants thrive in close proximity to humans where they even survive on telephone posts and wires. In
<collectingRegion id="A72E31C8FFFEFFC1FBFCFC25FB84FBBF" box="[1050,1145,1015,1041]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Palawan</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FB6EFC25FAF7FBBC" box="[1160,1290,1015,1042]" name="Philippines" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Philippines</collectingCountry>
)
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FAFFFC25FA60FBBF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1305,1437,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FAFFFC25FA60FBBF" box="[1305,1437,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurred in disturbed forest but did not come to bait traps in primary forest openings (observation by RJB). RJB also didn’t find it in old growth forest in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FDD7FBEDFCF7FBF7" box="[561,778,1087,1113]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FCFFFBEDFCA9FBF7" box="[793,852,1087,1113]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">PNG</collectingCountry>
) where it is widely distributed and not considered a pest. In
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FF09FBB1FEDAFBD3" box="[239,295,1123,1149]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">PNG</collectingCountry>
much of the forest remains intact and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD2BFBB1FCADFBD3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[717,848,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD2BFBB1FCADFBD3" box="[717,848,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is believed to be regulated by native parasitoids such as
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FF50FB55FEA3FB0F" box="[182,350,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Ooencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF50FB55FECAFB0F" box="[182,311,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ooencyrtus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FE8AFB55FDF6FB0F" box="[364,523,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FDF3FB55FD6DFB0C" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[533,656,1159,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD28FB55FC0CFB0F" authority="Nixon" authorityName="Nixon" box="[718,1009,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Telenomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucullus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD28FB55FC58FB0F" box="[718,933,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Telenomus lucullus</emphasis>
Nixon
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FBE6FB55FB62FB0F" box="[1024,1183,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FB4FFB55FAB7FB0C" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" box="[1193,1354,1159,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
) which contributed up to 95% mortality of the eggs (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FD61FB79FC67FB6B" author="Sands, D. P. A. &amp; Liebregts, W." box="[647,922,1194,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="267 - 276" refId="ref39997" refString="Sands, D. P. A. &amp; Liebregts, W. (2005) Biological control of Fruit Piercing moth (Eudocima fullonia [Clerk]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific: Exploration, specificity, and evaluation of parasitoids. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, 12 - 16 September 2005, 267 - 276." type="proceedings paper" year="2005">Sands &amp; Liebregts 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FC4DFB79FB9CFB6B" author="Banziger, H." box="[939,1121,1195,1221]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="213 - 240" refId="ref35695" refString="Banziger, H. (1982) Fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Thailand: a general survey and some new perspectives. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 55, 213 - 240." type="journal article" year="1982">Bänziger (1982)</bibRefCitation>
urged the establishment and protection of forest reserves for control of
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD91FB1DFCFFFB47" box="[631,770,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FD91FB1DFD00FB47" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[631,765,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">E. phalonia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
He attributed the increase in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FBABFB1DFB2CFB47" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1101,1233,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FBABFB1DFB2CFB47" box="[1101,1233,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to replacement of
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF71FB21FEF4FAA2" box="[151,265,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tinaspora</emphasis>
-poor primary forests with secondary forest habitat conducive to their larval foodplants, and to increased cultivation of fruit hosts for the adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFEFFC1FF21FAE9FE3EF9DB" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Outbreaks of
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FE85FAE9FE1AFAFB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[355,487,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FE85FAE9FE1AFAFB" box="[355,487,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FD5FFAE9FC79FAFB" author="Cochereau, P." box="[697,900,1339,1365]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 322" refId="ref36645" refString="Cochereau, P. (1977) Biology and ecology of populations in New Caledonia of a fruit-piercing moth: Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Travaux et Documents de l'O. R. S. T. O. M., 71, 1 - 322." type="journal article" year="1977">Cochereau (1977)</bibRefCitation>
in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FC4DFAE9FBA6FAFB" box="[939,1115,1339,1365]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
during February and March following a rainfall deficit of over 50% during September to December in the previous year. That outbreak caused an increase in damage to citrus production from 4% in a normal year to 90% after the drought period (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FAC4FA51FF2FFA6F" author="Cochereau, P." pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="367 - 375" refId="ref36620" refString="Cochereau, P. (1973) Natural biological control of fruit-piercing moths. Fruits, 28 (5), 367 - 375." type="journal article" year="1973">Cochereau 1973</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FF39FA75FEE6FA6F" author="Cochereau, P." box="[223,283,1447,1473]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 322" refId="ref36645" refString="Cochereau, P. (1977) Biology and ecology of populations in New Caledonia of a fruit-piercing moth: Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Travaux et Documents de l'O. R. S. T. O. M., 71, 1 - 322." type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
). Vargas-Fonseca
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FE0CFA75FDE0FA6F" box="[490,541,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. (2020) observe that the 1968–1969 drought in
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FBA2FA75FB09FA6F" box="[1092,1268,1447,1473]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
was prompted by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Benoir &amp; Delcroix 2000) and that these El Niño related droughts likely also triggered other outbreaks of fruit-piercing moths. Intense rainfalls after drought periods can enhance vigorous new larval food production (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FE78F9C1FD40F983" author="Ngampongsai, A. &amp; Barrett, B. &amp; Permkam, S. &amp; Suthapradit, N." box="[414,701,1554,1581]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1135 - 1145" refId="ref39290" refString="Ngampongsai, A., Barrett, B., Permkam, S., Suthapradit, N. &amp; Nilla-or, R. (2005) A preliminary study on some ecological aspects of the fruit piercing moths in Songkhla Province of Southern Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 27, 1135 - 1145." type="journal article" year="2005">
Ngampongsai
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FDA4F9C1FD8EF983" box="[578,627,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). This young plant tissue with greater nitrogen and reduced defensive compounds (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FEBDF9E5FDE0F9FF" author="Shure, D. J. &amp; Mooreside, P. D. &amp; Ogle, S. M." box="[347,541,1591,1617]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="604 - 617" refId="ref40247" refString="Shure, D. J., Mooreside, P. D. &amp; Ogle, S. M. (1998) Rainfall effects on plant-herbivore processes in an upland oak forest. Ecology, 79 (2), 604 - 617. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 176957" type="journal article" year="1998">
Shure
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FE43F9E5FE2BF9FF" box="[421,470,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
) can be linked to the improved survival rate of young larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FB34F9E5FA6AF9FF" author="Leroy, L. &amp; Mille, C. &amp; Fogliani, B." box="[1234,1431,1591,1617]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="117" refId="ref38849" refString="Leroy, L., Mille, C. &amp; Fogliani, B. (2021) The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia. Insects, 12 (2), 117. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 12020117" type="journal article" year="2021">
Leroy
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FAFBF9E5FAB2F9FF" box="[1309,1359,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FF71F989FE92F9DB" author="Srygley, R. B. &amp; Dudley, R. &amp; Oliveira, E. G. &amp; Aizprua, R. &amp; Pelaez, N. Z. &amp; Riveros, A. J." box="[151,367,1627,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="936 - 945" refId="ref40422" refString="Srygley, R. B., Dudley, R., Oliveira, E. G., Aizprua, R., Pelaez, N. Z. &amp; Riveros, A. J. (2010) El Nino and dryseason rainfall influence hostplant phenology and an annual butterfly migration from Neo-tropical wet to dry forests. Global Change Biology, 16 (3), 936 - 945. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2009.01986. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Srygley
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF13F989FEDAF9DB" box="[245,295,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FE9CF989FE4AF9DB" author="Srygley, R. B. &amp; Dudley, R. &amp; Oliveira, E. G. &amp; Aizprua, R. &amp; Pelaez, N. Z. &amp; Riveros, A. J." box="[378,439,1627,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="90 - 97" refId="ref40511" refString="Srygley, R. B., Dudley, R., Oliveira, E. G., Aizprua, R., Pelaez, N. Z. &amp; Riveros, A. J. (2014) El Nino, hostplant growth, and migratory butterfly abundance in a changing climate. Biotropica, 46 (1), 90 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / btp. 12081" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFEFFC1FF21F9ADFCA8F83B" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF21F9ADFE08F937" box="[199,501,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Distribution and dispersal</emphasis>
. This widespread species is found from
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FC29F9ADFBF4F937" box="[975,1033,1663,1689]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">India</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FBD7F9ADFB65F937" box="[1073,1176,1663,1689]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australia</collectingCountry>
and east to Hawaii. It has become established on many isolated island chains in the southern Pacific. In
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FBD3F971FB61F913" box="[1077,1180,1699,1725]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australia</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FB42F971FAD5F913" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1188,1320,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FB42F971FAD5F913" box="[1188,1320,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can move great distances between breeding sites and fruit orchards (Sands &amp; Schotz 1988). In
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FB86F915FAF2F94F" box="[1120,1295,1735,1761]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FAFEF915FA60F94F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1304,1437,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FAFEF915FA60F94F" box="[1304,1437,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
temporarily leaves the wild figs in the mountains to use larger orchard fruit on the plains but returns to mountain biotopes after fruits are harvested (
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FDFEF8DDFD26F887" author="Leroy, L. &amp; Mille, C. &amp; Fogliani, B." box="[536,731,1807,1833]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="117" refId="ref38849" refString="Leroy, L., Mille, C. &amp; Fogliani, B. (2021) The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia. Insects, 12 (2), 117. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 12020117" type="journal article" year="2021">
Leroy
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FD84F8DDFD6EF887" box="[610,659,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). The ability to migrate allows it to leave the tropics during hotter weather to temporarily colonize temperate regions in eastern
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FC8CF8E1FC2CF8E3" box="[874,977,1843,1869]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFEFFC1FC06F8E1FB5AF8E3" author="Sands, D. P. A. &amp; Schotz, M. &amp; Bourne, A. S." box="[992,1191,1843,1869]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref39927" refString="Sands, D. P. A., Schotz, M. &amp; Bourne, A. S. (1991) Effects of temperature on development and seasonality of Eudocima salaminia (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in eastern Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81 (3), 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300033563" type="journal article" year="1991">
Sands
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FBCAF8E1FBA0F8E3" box="[1068,1117,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). It was first recorded from Hawaii (Oahu) in 1985, and by 1986 it had spread to four other Hawaiian Islands (Kessing &amp; Mau 1993). True
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFEFFC1FF71F8A9FEE7F83B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[151,282,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalonia">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FF71F8A9FEE7F83B" box="[151,282,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E. phalonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFEFFC1FEC7F8A9FE79F83B" bold="true" box="[289,388,1915,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">does not</emphasis>
occur in mainland Africa or
<collectingCountry id="1DFDBFBAFFFEFFC1FD21F8A9FCADF83B" box="[711,848,1915,1941]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<heading id="3E1D4846FFFFFFC0FF71F9E5FDFBF9FE" bold="true" box="[151,518,1590,1617]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
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<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFFFFC0FEABF9E4FDFBF9FE" author="Hampson, G. F." box="[333,518,1590,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref37961" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1926) Descriptions of new genera and species of Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the subfamily Noctuinae (Noctuidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, London, 641 pp." type="book" year="1926">Hampson, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFFFFC0FF79F988FF14F9DB" box="[159,233,1626,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-32@60.[300,1287,181,1908]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 7. Neotropical Eudocima and Ferenta adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7635981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7635981/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 7</figureCitation>
: G–H)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFFFFC0FF71F9ACFD73F8E2" blockId="23.[151,1437,1590,1869]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
This species is rare in collections and confused with more common species, although there are good wing characters for diagnosing it. The oblique dorsal hindwing orange band extends to the wing margin in cell CuA2, unlike
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FA6EF971FF1DF94E" baseAuthorityName="Guenee" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ferenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cacica">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FA6EF971FF1DF94E" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">F. cacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FEF3F915FE6CF94E" box="[277,401,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">F. stolliana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the black marginal band spans the entire outer margin. This species lacks a contrasting light band between the dorsal forewing reniform spot and the postmedial line which is present in the other two species. It was described from
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: G). No recent material or COI 5’ sequences were available.
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<heading id="3E1D4846FFFFFFC0FF71FBECFD4DFBF6" bold="true" box="[151,688,1086,1113]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FF71FBECFD4DFBF6" bold="true" box="[151,688,1086,1113]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FF71FBECFE8EFBF6" bold="true" box="[151,371,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eudocima formosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFFFFC0FE64FBECFD5AFBF6" author="Griveaud, P. &amp; Viette, P. E. L." box="[386,679,1086,1112]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="53 - 62" refId="ref37664" refString="Griveaud, P. &amp; Viette, P. E. L. (1960) Nouvelles especes malgaches de noctuelles quadrifides (Lepidopteres). Bulletin de l'Academie Malgache, New Series, 38, 53 - 62." type="journal article" year="1960">Griveaud &amp; Viette, 1960</bibRefCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="2DF0ACA1FFFFFFC0FF71FBB0FE7CF9A7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFFFFC0FF71FBB0FCB6FBD2" blockId="23.[151,1437,1086,1292]" box="[151,843,1122,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFFFFC0FF79FBB0FF14FBD2" box="[159,233,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,189,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-32@56.[184,1404,181,1912]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 3. Xylophylla, Gloriana, Huebnerius and Eudocima formosa adults (dorsal aspect)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605500/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 3</figureCitation>
: G–H, 17: J, 22: P–T, 29: I, 71: F, 72: F, 73–77, 88: C)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFFFFC0FF71FB54FF1CFAA2" blockId="23.[151,1437,1086,1292]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
This
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endemic is the only species classified as
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FCDCFB54FC51FB0E" box="[826,940,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FCDCFB54FC51FB0E" box="[826,940,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eudocima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that completely lacks a hindwing marginal band. The medial patch is reduced to a somewhat round dot, a condition otherwise found only in
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FB11FB79FAB7FB6A" authorityName="Ophideres" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1271,1354,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apta">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FB11FB79FAB7FB6A" box="[1271,1354,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. apta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FA62FB79FF09FB46" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. materna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the
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.
</emphasis>
The erroneous generic placement is discussed in the
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Phylogeny section below.
</paragraph>
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[
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FF47FAE8FEF2FAFB" box="[161,271,1338,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phalaena</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FEC7FAE8FE8FFAFA" box="[289,370,1338,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Noctua</taxonomicName>
] felicia
</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FE3DFAE8FD96FAFA" bold="true" box="[475,619,1338,1364]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
(
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFFFFC0FE05FAE8FD9FFAFA" author="Stoll, C." box="[483,610,1338,1364]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="43 - 184" refId="ref40628" refString="Stoll, C. (1790) s. n. In: Aahangsel van het Werk, de Uitlandsche Kapellen, Voorkomende in Drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa, en America. Chez Nic. Th. Gravius, Amsterdam, pp. 43 - 184." type="book chapter" year="1790">Stoll, 1790</bibRefCitation>
)
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(
<figureCitation id="FDD1E3AFFFFFFFC0FF46FA8CFF09FAD6" box="[160,244,1374,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1906,1930]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,188,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-19@81.[189,1399,181,1882]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 28. A–O: Eudocima phalonia group and Calpini adults (dorsal aspect); P: Page 41, Plate 310, Figure A from Cramer (1782); Q: Page 58, Plate 12, Figure 11 from Stoll (1790)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6605590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6605590/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
: Q)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6555FF2AFFFFFFC0FF71FA50FE7CF9A7" blockId="23.[151,1437,1338,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
This unrecognized phenotype from
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was listed as a
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FCB3FA50FC3AFA32" box="[853,967,1410,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FCB3FA50FC3AFA32" box="[853,967,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eudocima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Poole (1989) and
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFFFFC0FB25FA50FF18FA6E" author="Zaspel, J. M. &amp; Branham M. A." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref41518" refString="Zaspel, J. M. &amp; Branham M. A. (2008) World Checklist of Tribe Calpini (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae). Insecta Mundi, 47, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2008">Zaspel &amp; Branham (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="017B82DBFFFFFFC0FF17FA74FE03FA6E" author="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W." box="[241,510,1446,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="153 - 207" refId="ref41799" refString="Zilli, A. &amp; Hogenes, W. (2002) An annotated list of the fruit-piercing moth genus Eudocima Billberg, 1820 (sensu Poole) with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Quadrifina, 5, 153 - 207." type="journal article" year="2002">Zilli &amp; Hogenes (2002)</bibRefCitation>
noted the pattern was totally unlike any
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FC37FA74FB61FA6E" box="[977,1180,1446,1472]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FC37FA74FBBEFA6E" box="[977,1091,1446,1472]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eudocima</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and concluded it does not belong in this group. We agree with the latter interpretation and believe this species should be excluded from the genus
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FEEFFA3CFE86F9A6" box="[265,379,1518,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FEEFFA3CFE86F9A6" box="[265,379,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eudocima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FF71FC58FEA0FC0B" bold="true" box="[151,349,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eudocima oliveri</emphasis>
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(
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: G–H, 28: M)
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The diagnosis is covered in the
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FE11FC01FD88FC42" authorityName="Borth &amp; Kons" authorityYear="2021" box="[503,629,978,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afrikana">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FE11FC01FD88FC42" box="[503,629,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. afrikana</emphasis>
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description and under
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FC92FC01FBC8FC42" box="[884,1077,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. steppingstonia</emphasis>
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(above). All three known specimens were collected on the
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Archipelago (
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Zilli
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(
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: C–D)
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The diagnosis is covered in the
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FE13FD29FD8FFCBA" box="[501,626,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. afrikana</emphasis>
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description. The only specimens are from Fatu Hiva in the
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. It can be distinguished from its southeast Pacific relative,
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(
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: E–F, 21: H, 27: A–D, 32: J, 33: G–H, N–O, 34: I–J, 35: I–J, 36: H, 37: E–F, J–K, 38: J–L, 40: C–D, 42: B–C, E–F, 44: H, 45: A, 46: I, 47: J–K, 48: D–E, 51: D–E, 53: D–E, 55: D–E, 57: C–E, 58: D, H, 92: B)
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The diagnosis is covered in the
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description. It is found from east central Africa to
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. The only other mainland African
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besides
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<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FD9FFD95FD05FDCE" box="[633,760,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. afrikana</emphasis>
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are
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FC02FD95FB98FDCE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[996,1125,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="materna">E. materna</taxonomicName>
.
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has no hindwing medial patch, and in
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the medial patch is reduced to a round dot.
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(
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: A–B, 21: J, 28: C–L, 32: M, 33: E–F, M–N, 34: G–H, 35: G–H, 36: G, 37: C–D, H–I, 38: H–I, 40: A–B, 41: F, 42: A, D, 45: B–C, G 46: H, 47: H–I, 49: C, F, 53: C, F, 55: C, F, 57: B, 58: C, G, 92: A, G)
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A diagnosis of this
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endemic species is covered in the
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description. Other
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include
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FE10FEF5FD9BFEEE" baseAuthorityName="Saalmuller" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[502,614,294,320]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boseae">E. boseae</taxonomicName>
,
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but in each of those species the hindwing medial patch is fused with the marginal band.
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is much smaller and lacks the orange dorsal abdomen. It could also be confused with
<taxonomicName id="A2EA84A9FFFFFFC0FF36FEBDFEB3FE26" baseAuthorityName="Brou &amp; Zilli" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[208,334,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eudocima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lequeuxi">
<emphasis id="579E2338FFFFFFC0FF36FEBDFEB3FE26" box="[208,334,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E. lequeuxi</emphasis>
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but that species is only found on mainland Africa.
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(
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b)
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(
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: C–D, 90: G)
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This species is separated from other
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locality is
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and all specimens and images we have seen are from southeastern
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. There are recent photographs, but we are not aware of recent specimens and no COI 5’ sequences were available.
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<paragraph id="903ED44037A4B82A312D022C21CBB7CC" pageNumber="13">(Figs. 19-22, 29)</paragraph>
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Atta (Acromyrmex) jamaicensis
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, 1893:149 (worker). Wheeler, 1907: 712 (gyne and male). Weber, 1966: 588 (figures of gyne and worker head). Kempf, 1972: 253 (catalog). Bolton, 1995: 420 (catalog).
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<paragraph id="4FBF7331A73E593D42C3F1918D65E9E1" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="C9B8BD660E1880FBEAC2885C8140278C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:145462" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Atta (Trachymyrmex) sharpii Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sharpii" subGenus="Trachymyrmex">Atta (Trachymyrmex) sharpii Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1893: 372 (worker). Wheeler, 1907: 712 (synonymy).
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="2B7868443D7018A430525BBD5FFA116A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:145449" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Atta (Trachymyrmex) maritima Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritima" subGenus="Trachymyrmex">Atta (Trachymyrmex) maritima Wheeler</taxonomicName>
, 1905: 107 (worker). Wheeler, 1907: 712 (synonymy).
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<paragraph id="02D8F8AE3A9968E90DC48C5ED9F28035" pageNumber="13">
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: Mann, 1920: 428 (revived from synonymy). Kempf (1972: 253) catalog. Bolton (1995: 420) catalog
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACF66D1821A277BBDC5BB8E5E8EBAF8D">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9BF9192D195D8FAB212D4A0A419D555F" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="F107224C193CC83F47ED20E00F71BE2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152422" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis frontalis Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="jamaicensis" variety="frontalis">Trachymyrmex jamaicensis var frontalis Santschi</taxonomicName>
, 1925 (worker)
<taxonomicNameLabel id="742482705CED358E75A823E8604A94D2">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="52148CECAD05D805EF841B7D9CEDB83D" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="F5987051648722392826E9A1A2CAA438" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152421" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis cubaensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="jamaicensis" subSpecies="cubaensis">Trachymyrmex jamaicensis cubaensis Wheeler</taxonomicName>
, 1937 (worker).
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EB2D306D2530D51924129A7621091937">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="785269777381938AFE13BE5591D7840A" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CF556D57B398CE6294A7BE8F6901E663" pageNumber="13">[Types not examined]</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="089D8C1A3FC1E9CCA96F1DCE50C74151" type="description">
<paragraph id="4A7D988491D4BD08FBA1D51A8DFBC28E" pageNumber="13">Worker measurements (n = 10). TL 5.3 (4.5-5.7); DHL 1.42 (1.23-1.49); HW 1.38 (1.25-1.48); IFW 0.83 (0.69-0.94); ScL 1.17 (1.08-1.31); HWL 0.86 (0.78-0.92); MeL 2.03 (1.75-2.18); PL 0.42 (0.32-0.48); PPL 0.53 (0.45-0.58); GL 1.48 (1.23-1.58); HfL 2.04 (1.75-2.18).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C888F9C9B850CD9926803E85E46035C5" lastPageNumber="14" pageNumber="13">Worker description: Dark ferruginous, with lighter spots on coxae and inferior margin of pronotum; in most specimens, the head and gaster are darker than the rest of the body. Integument opaque and finely granulose. Pilosity: scarce very short curved hairs confined to body projections, more abundant on antennal scapes and gaster tip.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="836EDB699042E6D14CDB3E7794527AA6" pageNumber="14">Head, in full face view (Fig. 19), from a little longer than broad to a little broader than long (DCI average 100; 92-117). Outer border of mandible feebly sinuous; eight teeth on chewing border, gradually diminishing in size towards base. Clypeus median apron without conspicuous projections. Frontal area shallowly impressed. Frontal lobe semicircular, moderately approximate to moderately expanded (FLI average 60; 50- 67), with faintly crenulated free border, lacking prominent denticles on the antero-lateral border. Frontal carina moderately diverging caudad, reaching the antennal scrobe posterior end in a small tooth at the posterior margin of head; preocular carina posteriorly ending in the posterior margin of head as a stout blunt spine larger than the frontal carinae projections. Occipital spine slender and as long as the preocular carinae projections. Supraocular projection tuberculiform. Paired denticulate vertexal carinae indicated by a series of weakly connected piligerous denticles, flanking the shallowly impressed sagital furrow, which in front joins the transverse impression of frons behind the frontal area. Inferior corner of occiput, in side view, with a small denticulate ridge. Eye convex, weakly surpassing the head lateral border, with 13 facets in a row across the greatest diameter. Antennal scape, when lodged in the scrobe, projecting beyond the tip of the preocular carinae projections by nearly one fourth of its length; gradually thickened towards apex, covered with small piligerous tubercles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F2554C2D7CE9EEC0DA879CA34AA900F1" pageNumber="14">Mesosoma (Figs. 20, 21). Pronotal dorsum marginate in front and on sides; antero-inferior corner with a strong and blunt tooth; inferior margin smooth; pair of median pronotal teeth absent or, when present, very small and arising from a common or separate bases, their tip microtuberculated or acute, not projected above the tip of the stronger lateral pronotal spines, which point obliquely upwards (with the pronotum in frontal view). Anterior pair of mesonotal spines nearly of the same length of the lateral pronotal pojections, with more robust base and upward directed; the second smaller, but much stronger than the almost always absent third pair. Anterior margin of katepisternum smooth, without a projecting tooth. Metanotal constriction impressed. Basal face of propodeum laterally marginated by a row of two denticles on each side; propodeal spines as long as the distance between their inner bases. Hind femora varying from a little shorter to a little longer than mesosoma length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FEC05D509621198BE4E5BD9A1BEC8B5B" pageNumber="14">Waist and gaster (Figs. 20, 22). Dorsum of petiolar node with one pair of truncate teeth, the sides parallel in dorsal view, with a series of lateral denticles; sternum without sagital keel. Postpetiole almost as long as broad in dorsal view, and shallowly impressed dorsally, with straight postero-dorsal border. Gaster, when seen from above, suboval. Tergum I with convex lateral faces separated from the dorsal face by a weak longitudinal row of piligerous tubercles on each side; anterior two thirds of dorsum with three glabrous shallow longitudinal furrows, separated by a pair of rows of piligerous tubercles. Sternum I without an anterior sagital keel.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FBEE92C58691DC22F36C2E05E3BCBA57" pageNumber="14">Gyne and Male. See Wheeler (1907).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="82C935A1929E3F643930B086A18B1FC5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5B5259AF812374978877BF39AB97DC8B" pageNumber="14">
Material examined:
<materialsCitation id="DC92A7205EE8CC558946B1D9D1200903" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906025" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM, CECL" collectorName="Mann" country="Bahamas" location="Mangrove Cay" specimenCount="27" specimenCount-worker="27" stateProvince="Andros Island,">
<collectingCountry id="6C0E396555E570CFFBFDF988C4F1695E">BAHAMAS</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="4E10F969D853A2B616E775D71C08F764">Andros Island,</collectingRegion>
<location id="CB1253D4658C3798250E680F71C3F4E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:CB1253D4658C3798250E680F71C3F4E2" country="Bahamas" name="Mangrove Cay" stateProvince="Andros Island,">Mangrove Cay</location>
,
<collectorName id="F5A96F83671B86341E1691F0D507C6F9">Mann</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="8855B66B6AB22D924AE7539C7DF27DE2" count="27" type="worker">27 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="2BA39C0F41121B8D3B8721122EBDF967" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="D3190084FC96A2CC904A212AB075D603" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="16F49129BBFA2D1857F15EAC736D33A2" collectionName="CECL">CECL</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B34E2896148C21CEA4824ABD901C0C1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906017" collectingDate="1904-06" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="W. M. Wheeler" country="BAHAMAS" location="Mangrove Cay" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-worker="4" stateProvince="Andros Island, Mangrove Cay">
ibidem,
<collectingDate id="74F978482BE10E094E086C17AB07E720">v-vi, 1904</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="2A22B11931D5DB071F93A8A94C700339">W.M. Wheeler</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="D04F7F43998D226A0C60F6FFA471EA12" count="4" type="worker">4 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="815EE0DD2E0CF6F9D4ADE476932EB0A4" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="6BD069E25C2766B5A63B1B18245A2C54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906020" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM, CECL" collectorName="Mann" country="BAHAMAS" location="Fresh Creek" specimenCount="15" specimenCount-worker="15" stateProvince="Fresh Creek">
<collectingRegion id="912DE6445B2D0794A906058E6BA20DC4">Fresh Creek</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="C762B27B4FFC0070DE86C7AE86F9D7FE">Mann</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="157AE1B53E334B14A67C6422568A8347" count="15" type="worker">15 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="FEBE6A02C076A2FC46AA3049BF8C238C" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="CBA2272AE07D9E8A3BAA7CE868FC624B" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="F6AC970B49AAA52AA0D9D2353FD57E21" collectionName="CECL">CECL</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="BC75329F56CCE43AAD7CDA05A057D398" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906034" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Mann" country="BAHAMAS" location="Spanish Wells" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-worker="6" stateProvince="Spanish Wells">
<collectingRegion id="A5C42DFF9C2EF14F5CA738072E754960">Spanish Wells</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="214EEEBD35990C85CB1EC612C81C85AC">Mann</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="E2CE912A86D966E234F4057B1BB158D7" count="6" type="worker">6 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="47F81A71E31FD9380C35C91FDAC58281" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="749C8E582DB0EE1A3EBA8FE2754201DA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906024" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM, CECL" collectorName="Mann" country="BAHAMAS" location="Blutt" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-worker="9">
<location id="9853D1260C62DDB1EADF2C07AED4A2BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:9853D1260C62DDB1EADF2C07AED4A2BC" country="Bahamas" name="Blutt">Blutt</location>
,
<collectorName id="7440CFF6C3909836F22B37163C829825">Mann</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="16FD2FF9BEE94BD863425795834CF873" count="9" type="worker">9 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="21E7F75AF6B147E09A6DD3F64DB742E6" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="92FCF99625F908877CB35E1D09222F5F" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="F1C3D2FC10B81BB36148775542DA3819" collectionName="CECL">CECL</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="0AE8DD6CB5817A0D51AF653744C8CE4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906016" collectingDate="1951-09-02" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="C. &amp; P. Vaurie" country="BAHAMAS" location="South Bimini" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="Bimini">
<location id="29E303F8E91AE33569ACEF3BC253A94F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:29E303F8E91AE33569ACEF3BC253A94F" country="Bahamas" name="South Bimini" stateProvince="Bimini">South Bimini</location>
,
<date id="10DF67A9BD23CCFB30452E76504F5DCD" day="02" month="09" value="1951-09-02" year="1951">
<collectingDate id="F52106712F8ED2FA81D6FFF5FA349E0B" day="02" month="09" value="1951-09-02" year="1951">2.ix.1951</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="A8F73537DBD4879B54190AC0CD9523ED">C. &amp; P. Vaurie</collectorName>
,
<specimenCount id="9BA9EBBB1CB7D4A7E4176AF531A85B2D" count="1" type="worker">1 worker</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="5C2AFE0AA6ECC77BDD3C8A8374DD85F4" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="9BF0B37F9F11F030E6FB4FD33A507816" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906021" collectingDate="1927-06-12" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="W. S. Creighton" country="Cuba" location="Soledad" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-worker="6">
<collectingCountry id="7B6D4A24883D9B7C56B9A7200C50397D">CUBA</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="0DA7492ACE76BFD6339F17445BE1302D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:0DA7492ACE76BFD6339F17445BE1302D" country="Cuba" name="Soledad">Soledad</location>
,
<date id="9A0F6321D6D2576AB3C328BCEE7DF386" day="12" month="06" value="1927-06-12" year="1927">
<collectingDate id="348407E3E84DEE66194BA681FC2046B3" day="12" month="06" value="1927-06-12" year="1927">12.vi.1927</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="A1DC80A32553B9C1689C0985329DC3F8">W.S. Creighton</collectorName>
,
<specimenCount id="4A8A03CE810B05D54A03229698151D75" count="6" type="worker">6 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="B1F267194F1F17564088FFD8773639E7" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="783988D74BD1986B5D8340687F7AFB71" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906037" collectingDate="1927-11-12" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM" collectorName="Creighton" country="CUBA" location="Nueva Gerona Island" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-worker="6" stateProvince="Nueva Gerona Island">
<collectingRegion id="0BCE87C0A84AF79C90D81C729A67A3E9">Nueva Gerona Island</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="B816C8AA8ED89B2434E87F8C42CA0FDD" day="12" month="11" value="1927-11-12" year="1927">
<collectingDate id="C6D98116EB8F849267654F5A53EB8BDD" day="12" month="11" value="1927-11-12" year="1927">12.xi.1927</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="4CE3F517B782CEDA929A5BDFF97B7A1D">Creighton</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="365103ECC2E3654CBABD83F1EF1E4D5E" count="6" type="worker">6 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="A22A365FA3A61BD40EB2517EB3BDF008" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="6E7AF5629C8A9212E4005D9009060CA8" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="73A035AFDFCE4C27F75276AFBD6C08FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906036" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM, CECL" collectorName="Mann" country="Haiti" location="Manneville" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-worker="10">
<collectingCountry id="7E1CF65C9C5B5A4629437993A9C6432B">HAITI</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="25561FA55663B75431948BA48AEDC5AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:25561FA55663B75431948BA48AEDC5AA" country="Haiti" name="Manneville">Manneville</location>
,
<collectorName id="445946A48823D24B3F86742462420B2E">Mann</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="AE6D24D045220190EBD459C5213E80A3" count="10" type="worker">10 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="54111832386B8D12A83ADCFF40710097" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="10097BEB7FE7D1AF2C14AC48938485B5" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="0EB5C058362D1EE29C26E74A5130EDF1" collectionName="CECL">CECL</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="363961363F92AD1FE896D050966B41E0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906035" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM" collectorName="Mann" country="HAITI" determinerName="Diquini" location="Diquini" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-worker="6">
<location id="36B738EC34BF0CF3E1112FFD954342B4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:36B738EC34BF0CF3E1112FFD954342B4" country="Haiti" name="Diquini">Diquini</location>
,
<collectorName id="73212E1C5D0A5FC73040FB5AE9FC7091">Mann</collectorName>
col.
<specimenCount id="5E01B551DF08306234BC9EFF138ED232" count="6" type="worker">6 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="018DAE5A34998C075B3BC77CB07094CC" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="AC13870CF7400DB3CE09BBD3F2B49109" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="1B24ED66E929444E3E1CF41D49FE743A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906022" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="M. Grabham" country="Jamaica" location="Kingston" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-worker="3">
<collectingCountry id="9270C69056415F33EBD782FBCAD7168E">JAMAICA</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="E94B80EE8163494F8C1586299587BD33" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:E94B80EE8163494F8C1586299587BD33" country="Jamaica" name="Kingston">Kingston</location>
,
<collectorName id="A7960F8BFC4D353CE2B5FD63A3CA870C">M. Grabham</collectorName>
(?),
<specimenCount id="D7B3A67893A79E90476EA3982136DD37" count="3" type="worker">3 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="702DD8AA2154AAC6572754DDACCBA341" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="21D6A87CA7E236CA0C03D473385D92B7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906041" collectingDate="1984-03-12" collectionCode="JTLC" collectorName="J. Longino" country="JAMAICA" latitude="18.95" location="Malvern, 380 m" longitude="-77.71666667" specimenCode="JTLC000006114" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-worker="2" stateProvince="St. Eliz.">
<collectingRegion id="57BDF8F38CB11E87429F646C3A80F569">St. Eliz.</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="32651FC2C6D2B74313AB58EBD020A4AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:32651FC2C6D2B74313AB58EBD020A4AA" country="Jamaica" latitude="18.95" longitude="-77.71666667" name="Malvern, 380 m" stateProvince="St. Eliz.">Malvern, 380m</location>
[
<geoCoordinate id="922B337E826F4361C5CE3500F6251B48">18° 57´N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2C49B8DEDA5875D64B4D966253B76C8F">77° 43´W</geoCoordinate>
],
<date id="235769264950FCFFAFB3BAC170D44B39" day="12" month="03" value="1984-03-12" year="1984">
<collectingDate id="0C55A2B24C22B5E27E794FCCF226E13B" day="12" month="03" value="1984-03-12" year="1984">12.iii.1984</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="893E54A7ED7568CA6BB77ED0B3167977">J. Longino</collectorName>
, specimen code
<specimenCode id="E21276C634693052C7D964FCD72C3C55">JTLC000006114</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCount id="B920556C2FB8E5374E1BA12CADB8C9FA" count="2" type="worker">2 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="45715E64AEF4EBCA8755694D2BB0803C" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="99B3818891045E05E7692120728D6EF3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906040" collectingDate="1944-11-01" collectingDateMax="1944-11-30" collectingDateMin="1944-11-01" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM" collectorName="H. A. Beatty" country="Puerto Rico" location="Mona Island" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-worker="4">
<collectingCountry id="078679282166D98BF8D5B45B6F7A00E4">PUERTO RICO</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="A70C53906D739B2C99A6F24BD0678F41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:A70C53906D739B2C99A6F24BD0678F41" country="Puerto Rico" name="Mona Island">Mona Island</location>
, 31.
<collectingDate id="ADF4085314FEEEDFE2BC8684ED11FD93" month="11" value="1944-11-01" valueMax="1944-11-30" valueMin="1944-11-01" year="1944">
<date id="302F02A1A8C496DEDFBE44395A440B23" month="11" value="1944-11-01" valueMax="1944-11-30" valueMin="1944-11-01" year="1944">xi.1944</date>
</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="A76ACC839D8D0452B1A8BFB8A03B2ECD">H.A. Beatty</collectorName>
col.,
<specimenCount id="8FC5CCBF504B08C6B66E73869C7C97BC" count="4" type="worker">4 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="60EB4B289FACE885A8D166739AB10BC7" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="167BDF893A2DCCEBFBB6575DA1990AA6" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="EBA90004E7803E2A8C04C58B3601C669" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906038" collectingDate="1945" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM, CECL" collectorName="W. F. Buren" country="United States of America" location="Dania" specimenCount="35" specimenCount-worker="35" stateProvince="Florida">
<collectingCountry id="69D5B0F8C3BB942F757C0342CD968EDA">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="0573BC467A6163EDC3D3FFE91932D5D4">Florida</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="B6D011FF7BF50871A89B6FA847AEBC6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:B6D011FF7BF50871A89B6FA847AEBC6F" country="United States of America" name="Dania" stateProvince="Florida">Dania</location>
, (several dates in
<collectingDate id="8F5CE32EF446E45F3A314DA3DDF28112">1945</collectingDate>
),
<collectorName id="747547C43A8A3CD404A8A9DCFD56CF5E">W.F. Buren</collectorName>
,
<specimenCount id="650492D301C5800449E7EE7A41EC5736" count="35" type="worker">35 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="68BE80B2B43ACEABF5C1F3BC3136330E" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="0CF0271F63AB7F286CDE323A1CD72EAD" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="4132D9C29B77C9027803DAAAA28BB735" collectionName="CECL">CECL</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="0FFE39648F9EC6D486D1372F5D181596" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906039" collectingDate="1946-02-28" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM" collectorName="W. F. Buren" country="USA" location="Marathon" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-worker="9" stateProvince="Florida">
<location id="4B7B4583BD74FBF51C8B8DD184676F18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:4B7B4583BD74FBF51C8B8DD184676F18" country="United States of America" name="Marathon" stateProvince="Florida">Marathon</location>
,
<date id="86676A1D634E3CAF4A207938967275A8" day="28" month="02" value="1946-02-28" year="1946">
<collectingDate id="517DCF9780F656DBF93124095D7C010B" day="28" month="02" value="1946-02-28" year="1946">28.ii.1946</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="E667BDD219E05BE7512657E92C8691E9">W.F. Buren</collectorName>
,
<specimenCount id="26E1E9DE939B9D6A5DEA5AA702BC743D" count="9" type="worker">9 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="A92C235CB226AD34BF4091216B0DFFCD" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo">MZSP</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="292791C93F442BE46AAF87EAC90BD2F7" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="8A814030059E2D051DAFE05DB43A0B24" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923906042" collectedFrom="ground forager, hard wood, hammock" collectingDate="1982-09-16" collectionCode="JTLC" collectorName="P. S. Ward" country="USA" location="Big Pine Key, 10 m" specimenCode="JTLC000006115" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-worker="2" stateProvince="Florida">
<location id="812CE4C81BC41325ECA5F1FFE79F542A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED435ABAD1B0AF355644A4BD70C2D9AE:812CE4C81BC41325ECA5F1FFE79F542A" country="United States of America" name="Big Pine Key, 10 m" stateProvince="Florida">Big Pine Key, 10m</location>
,
<date id="466876B08C7FAE43244AD7FD2E55E983" day="16" month="09" value="1982-09-16" year="1982">
<collectingDate id="31C728D4509CC32947C73B02B29EA9B7" day="16" month="09" value="1982-09-16" year="1982">16.ix.1982</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="DEB62EFD99825B2C27EC85BA72361AAB">P.S.Ward</collectorName>
# 5745, “
<collectedFrom id="AC6DA7016CCC480C965B77545053BCE5">ground forager, hard wood, hammock</collectedFrom>
”, specimen code
<specimenCode id="7F19F7FE970731B0A7AD344B8289634C">JTLC000006115</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCount id="1F04990FC522DB7727A79F5D5302A1E8" count="2" type="worker">2 workers</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="F1C0360D074EF0A30FCE78D5C4D8B2D2" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="570A5FA04E2DDDCEB31549E92323D1A6" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3CCB0162B768F0F2A39069F4FBD2004C" pageNumber="15">
Comments: The described infraspecies of
<taxonomicName id="54BF14171EDE6CFB514C8FCA4154BB31" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
are, in our view, local varieties based more on the degree of development of character states than in their presence or absence. Wheeler (1907) proposed the first two synonymies of
<taxonomicName id="EDAF249EAC7A46784C98E1A1AF57713B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="411ECE25A8E35A7D695162ABED363335" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37430" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex sharpii (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sharpii">T. sharpii Forel</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BE73577023F656DD8C32445C76B65D23" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241034" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex maritima Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritima">T. maritima Wheeler</taxonomicName>
) at a time when he believed that this was a single species of the genus widely distributed in the West Indies. Some years later, however, Wheeler (1937) described other varieties of
<taxonomicName id="BCAD845665FA74D5AB274C4C64017A77" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
, and Mann (1922) revalidated
<taxonomicName id="3B99EC5464A76711C9A5BFC869E7E62F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239181" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis var. maritima" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="jamaicensis" variety="maritima">T. jamaicensis var. maritima</taxonomicName>
in a new concept. Although we were not able to study type material of all these varieties, in our comparative studies of the many available Antillean samples of
<taxonomicName id="9D876749B4E11C1CFA0785F7AB60E7D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
, we were not able to discern samples that could merit specific recognition. Based on this and on the minor characters the authors used to differentiate infraspecies forms of
<taxonomicName id="828F6157B244362EACEA71B235594E54" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
, we are proposing the synonymies above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E4B26E9D56C5964D796E3FB3DBDC9DE" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="212279D77205B159BA5F38137EC78575" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Trachymyrmex jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
presents noticeable variation in color and several morphological characters. In relation to the typical Jamaican form, specimens from Haiti, Cuba, and Florida are darker and present more slender and a little longer lateral pronotal spines. Specimens from the Bahamas may have, in relation to the other localities, very slender lateral pronotal spines, relatively short projections on the tip of frontal and preocular carinae, as well as smaller second mesonotal projection pair, thinner occipital projections, and longer petioles. Some specimens from Cuba and Puerto Rico also present relatively long petioles. Workers from Cuba and Florida may have two midpronotal teeth, and in the case of some Florida specimens, arising from separate bases. All Florida specimens present mesosomal projections stouter than in other samples and more expanded frontal lobes in relation to specimens from other localities, but agree in all other details with the description we provide above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CE1000B655994F205015AA384796C190" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="95F06146002F40A7AF73AA0D1B087084" pageNumber="15">
Wheeler (1905) described the nesting habits of
<taxonomicName id="715517066F9D827EE792C997F5D215DE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
(cited by him as
<taxonomicName id="F1D856EEB6AD2CFC205FB9F294E469A1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:145449" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Atta (Trachymyrmex) maritima Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritima" subGenus="Trachymyrmex">Atta [T.] maritima</taxonomicName>
), that prefer to nest in pure foraminiferous sand of the seashore at or just above the high water mark, but may be found more inland as well. The inconspicuous nests are surmounted by very flat moundlets, with a single somewhat eccentric entrance, leading to one to many small ovoid chambers. The fungus is nourished with buds, small flowers, bits of dead and living leaves and caterpillar excrement. The workers feign death when disturbed. Weber (1967) visited Bimini Islands in 1959 to examine nests of this species and to secure fungus cultures. He only found nests in the northwestern portion of the South Island among scrub vegetation. He described the nest entrance crater, which may attain up to 50mm height and 3 to 8 chambers, which can extend to a depth of 70cm. Not all chambers were filled with fungus gardens, that when present were in the form of friable lamellae suspended from rootlets. The ants foraged at night or early mornings, ceasing when the sun shone on nests. The workers feigned death or quickly ran into the crater when disturbed. The largest workers in the colony were responsible for the foraging or for bringing up sand from the nest, while the smallest and palest stayed inside the nest and took care of the fungus garden, to which they brought yellowish flower stamens, woody particles, green dicot leaf sections and possibly insect feces. Weber (1972) depicted a cluster of inflated hyphal ends freshly removed from a garden of
<taxonomicName id="83F59146D8FA7DD0081A0693550C805F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
and presented a drawing of ends of two hyphae, showing stages in the development of inflations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1A6C62ADA49B9EF0D6D3804484E17941" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AC1A0538828D4BEB70ED88B641EDF2ED" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="2D6792BE76DFB6AB71AAAFBA3A1CC84D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:145462" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Atta (Trachymyrmex) sharpii Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sharpi" subGenus="Trachymyrmex">Atta (Trachymyrmex) sharpi Forel</taxonomicName>
, 1893 was synonymyzed with
<taxonomicName id="EE2BA93EC9A64C8826AF5320EA76D647" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Trachymyrmex jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
by Wheeler in 1907. Notwithstanding, Kempf (1972) cited this name as valid in his catalog, and so Bolton (1995) considered Kempf´s move as a revalidation of the name
<taxonomicName id="851B427711B53CD0C59B323B3413CB45" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37430" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex sharpii (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sharpi">T. sharpi</taxonomicName>
. However, Kempf commented on all taxonomic novelties he proposed in the catalog, not citing any
<taxonomicName id="B1C0CF949A15E1A864982605605A41B6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
in this list. Also, the Museu de Zoologia da USP keeps the original cards Kempf used to construct the catalog, but the information regarding Wheeler´s synonymy is missing in the cards related to
<taxonomicName id="DDE5EA0B5B446C577EEF6EE8ED7EA661" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37430" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex sharpii (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sharpi">T. sharpi</taxonomicName>
. We interpret the citation in the catalog as an error and are thus not proposing again the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="27962A95013C75F30EA9492FBC49ABAB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37430" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex sharpii (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sharpi">T. sharpi</taxonomicName>
, with which we fully agree. This is not the case of
<taxonomicName id="1C9CF74FB7315573842BB917781D4AB4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:241032" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex maritimus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">T. maritimus</taxonomicName>
, which was revived from synonymy by Mann (1920), cited by Kempf (1972) as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="907F59FEB2255C2024DDBF8552469363" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
, and that we consider now a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="36092F77B32E597399CB685D6989CC4E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E553412DFA900750B75A638676F9A389" lastPageNumber="16" pageNumber="15">
The first known fossil of any fungus-growing ant,
<taxonomicName id="B75119DE648E3FA5C6EE1987990C715B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37424" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex primaevus Baroni Urbani" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primaevus">Trachymyrmex primaevus</taxonomicName>
, was described by Baroni Urbani (1980) from several Dominican amber pieces. He compared this species with
<taxonomicName id="5FE4A668A9071C74DBA46CD055FECDD6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">T. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
, the only known valid species of the island of Hispaniola at the time of the description, although he stated that the definite relationships of the fossil to the known recent
<taxonomicName id="6F6EF3C3F6D66337FB0998A22E6CFA4D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
species were not clear. Baroni Urbani´s reconstruction of
<taxonomicName id="64EF9B1963F0DCAF22D0DEA0593BDFB7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37424" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex primaevus Baroni Urbani" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primaevus">T. primaevus</taxonomicName>
workers clearly shows heavily longitudinally striate mandibles and preocular carinae curved inwards, characters shared with
<taxonomicName id="B99EAD0CEB507A17749AF3FC81C0A2F3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
of the
<taxonomicName id="0E09D434A90C6C2ADFAA6CA477F6C997" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">Septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
group, distributed today all over the Americas, but hitherto unknown in Caribbean localities. We will deal formally with the fossil species and the
<taxonomicName id="A4E7B1D35323595563964D937DA2D9EF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">Septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
species group in a forthcoming paper.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>