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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297096" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1387d80-7836-4181-89bf-68078ab4ab54" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905267768" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="3BF5347F41C47B4ACE85F486E264DB44" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Spalacidae.907-926.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Spalacidae Gray 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="A11DBA0A6C0B5DFF91C92FCE8D12B73F" lastPageNumber="907" masterDocId="A11DBA0A6C0B5DFF91C92FCE8D12B73F" masterDocTitle="Order Rodentia - Family Spalacidae" masterLastPageNumber="926" masterPageNumber="907" pageNumber="907" updateTime="1716779754618" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E42E76535E57F08AD0473C630573E2D6">
<mods:title id="BB4D3364E47FA1C69BB5704FCEAD53FA">Order Rodentia - Family Spalacidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="2B7E67850776FB5E703F0E5451ECC90E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3FB72DDB048B45C27BB11D7B6AC2E75C">
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<mods:namePart id="C845B9AD0489A91A09088CC5E540A214">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2728B7D673CCFC0A167E7005B3B39635" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="81A53B600733BB20984CCAAFAE8148EA">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D1F692FF648EDD61CAFD81854ACED446">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="AE6927DFA63F0727663F7A21A4D0BA15">2005</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="D905170E4D236BB94097AC861BA012A5">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="42B010E60E82C93F1DDB47EE70A86662">
<mods:title id="8AFF9157A97133D1006DD2F44DF6D952">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="65F390B8B9665503CC7F11D29026ECBF">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="1BE84E00D5308D4AF1FEB64CD7FB38A2" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4B7993008752CA683063BA2AAD1C9900" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316535</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3BF5347F41C47B4ACE85F486E264DB44" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231539195" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3BF5347F41C47B4ACE85F486E264DB44" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BF5347F41C47B4ACE85F486E264DB44" lastPageNumber="907" pageNumber="907" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000007">
<subSubSection id="4EE4E19A3FA76C815C6AA7F0B921864C" pageNumber="907" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="72774AF0FAD183D26339D5520FE8D8B1" pageNumber="907">
<taxonomicName id="8218D93B0EFD6836B517C853AD1A56B3" ID-CoL="GF5" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae Gray 1821</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A072C16D92FD5D1B07FDFBEE22FB7B42" pageNumber="907" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9248392F74FD5F5F6F9DE38226236210" pageNumber="907">
<treatmentCitation id="0B1F3B282A51C337CB0C82DAFB7A9ACE" author="Gray" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" journal="London Med. Repos." kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="303" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="family" title="Spalacidae" volume="15" year="1821">
<taxonomicName id="5F5AA5A3DF983A3ED5B33C1DA4F11C41" ID-CoL="GF5" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Spalacidae
<bibRefCitation id="A25EF401D3886C947D795E3AB57B6660" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray 1821</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="6997DC785CD038A11B200D047D99FD33" author="Gray" journal="London Med. Repos." pageNumber="907" pagination="303" title="Spalacidae" volume="15" year="1821">London Med. Repos., 15: 303</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5256E6571DDEEA8689EC192A66C82B2A" pageNumber="907" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="B629BEF49565781D4BBF23E306F5F63E" pageNumber="907">
<emphasis id="C66FE1058A89B18DC41AAF38699CE179" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="907">Genera:</emphasis>
6 genera with 36 species in 4 subfamilies:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46F6D57843C059AC111190C190CB17F0" pageNumber="907">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="F53AD3A629371C59B17AF8FD7D169C9F" authority="Lilljeborg 1866" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myospalacinae">Myospalacinae Lilljeborg 1866</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86D72528760D178CDC3CE6421058B00A" pageNumber="907">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="AAEB006FAD7E8628A49B3A8A8186A055" authority="G. M. Allen 1938" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1938" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Eospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E77A7859979520594142AF15E6540FF7" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Eospalax</emphasis>
G. M.
<bibRefCitation id="4EBCF14EEB9125A828C352B3EEB985BE" author="Allen, G. M." refId="ref4824" refString="Allen, G. M. 1938 - 1940. The mammals of China and Mongolia [Natural History of Central Asia (W. Granger, ed.)]. Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 11: pt. 1: 1 - 620 [1938]; pt. 2: 621 - 1350 [1940]." year="1938">Allen 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(3 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A53A916B9B014AAC8476BA7A5AC25E7C" pageNumber="907">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="E9DE248F96F7F3E897DC2448E9BB93EA" authority="Laxmann 1769" authorityName="Laxmann" authorityYear="1769" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2137570380658B836B685BD631287488" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
Laxmann 1769
</taxonomicName>
(3 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39B61C02E8F7430704F0227300F0DF03" pageNumber="907">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="9291DB5C2877FF633DF208DD97B9C8C9" authority="Winge 1887" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">
Rhizomyinae
<bibRefCitation id="8F71FEBCB4AB7CD88FAF8CBB65A61731" author="Winge, H." refId="ref391444" refString="Winge, H. 1887. Jordfunde og nulevende Gnavere (Rodentia) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brasilien: Med udsigt over gnavernes indbyrdes slagtskab. E Museo Lundii, 1 (3): 1 - 178." year="1887">Winge 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89EA75084CFF9DE247DF4BE7F3F01F00" pageNumber="907">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="F289B37FD761C85D6553D3163190E6A0" authority="Thomas 1915" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3D3A6E3E181695570B8D985B731930A8" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Cannomys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF2DD965D35437B6136646A5A63D7BAC" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353986" refString="Thomas, O. 1915. List of mammals (exclusive of Ungulata) collected on the Upper Congo by Dr. Christy for the Congo Museum, Tervueren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 16: 465 - 481." year="1915">Thomas 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9DE877B2DC13B070AB64397C25C95E4C" pageNumber="907">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="B4F377D0619068A99F120898126B92F4" authority="Gray 1831" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A3CC5A1390C4D4F35F433972CB78FE50" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
Gray 1831
</taxonomicName>
(3 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4E67CAB5C49D421D0381EE57EC6B3EC" pageNumber="907">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="27E45AF0EA28BD6D1FCF4D306E4C7618" authority="Gray 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spalacinae">
Spalacinae
<bibRefCitation id="7DFD7DBD23318800467182BCDD163769" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref127912" refString="Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository, 15 (1): 296 - 310." year="1821">Gray 1821</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0FD02BEBDF878F20C1E5606BB150F11E" pageNumber="907">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="D81E1343AA94C444ABDC65146A1CCDDC" authority="Guldenstaedt 1770" authorityName="Guldenstaedt" authorityYear="1770" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8A387A9DC4B1F66FB02A1F49BE2E41E0" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
Guldenstaedt 1770
</taxonomicName>
(13 species)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CA3E3C8B1F7653A39DDFEF417DDF650C" pageNumber="907">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="F5D340464F6A283D941073ABD7B6AF8F" authority="Miller and Gidley 1918" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tachyoryctinae">
Tachyoryctinae
<bibRefCitation id="BEAC3937AB9F750B2534F9EA42E079A8" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. &amp; J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46C9B60719CFD8E6DF40ABEEFDEA469F" pageNumber="907">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="2CDEE551AB025FF145049B95BBFCF424" authority="Rüppell 1835" authorityName="Rüppell" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="907" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D2B156061EBFC11589A2D3C42D1B8E5" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
Rüppell 1835
</taxonomicName>
(13 species)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C973653B2B8FDD8DB2747C2C477819BD" pageNumber="907" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5A7178DC85C732BFCB2FC5FFD1260BB6" pageNumber="907">
<emphasis id="DFD19D85C85B6DA08F04B4602DD66EF7" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="907">Discussion:</emphasis>
<paragraph id="51E4E71B8934F7AF811C49948E8B54DB" pageNumber="907">
This family contains species of fossorial and subterranean muroids arranged in the
<taxonomicName id="FB7F75E0755C048727944FC6FD02D628" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myospalacinae">Myospalacinae</taxonomicName>
(zokors,
<taxonomicName id="4CD4CF79503125A5660E302B563E7FC6" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1938" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Eospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1646A3721DBCA49CAC5237A74641B04F" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Eospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B914EA077F62A28E413828E516F8C7E" authorityName="Laxmann" authorityYear="1769" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9F2311C70C5D7DCC4C91C8357170F9C1" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="60A060B05DD02287C319C0F0C2F695CE" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">Rhizomyinae</taxonomicName>
(bamboo rats,
<taxonomicName id="B1171EAE3CFF8117EC92CDAC55AA5E3E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="40183102DC82F2614AEF6802B89693E5" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Cannomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1351728798E2003BEA31302DF898B44F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="840362B45DB574CAFB054902EE854FFE" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="78A54ED4827BBC253AF76F694E52BBD7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spalacinae">Spalacinae</taxonomicName>
(blind mole rats,
<taxonomicName id="22CF0A1C6BAC7EBBDA735C73D744B526" authorityName="Guldenstaedt" authorityYear="1770" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A76BB3F130CCF40E2424948AE192E96C" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="EEEC38D3B716E9C9220C9D0056192ADE" authorityName="Miller and Gidley" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tachyoryctinae">Tachyoryctinae</taxonomicName>
(African mole rats,
<taxonomicName id="BC68281819CB90D0136AC6C9864A8A18" authorityName="Rüppell" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FB2DD87C183B6C54457356BCD4C2B1B4" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). All extant species are characterized by extreme morphological, physiological, and behavioral specializations associated with subterranean life in tubular burrows (
<bibRefCitation id="A5187A09DCF5E675E52CEF5B83D031D1" author="Gambaryan, P. P." refId="ref112069" refString="Gambaryan, P. P. 1960. [Adaptive specializations of the organs of movement of burrowing mammals.] Erevan: Akademy Nauk Armenia, 198 pp. (in Russian)." year="1960">Gambaryan, 1960</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8E462A8EC893B49DBEFCE324954BA40B" author="Gambaryan, P. P. &amp; J. - P. Gasc" refId="ref112104" refString="Gambaryan, P. P., and J. - P. Gasc. 1993. Adaptive properties of the musculoskeletal system in the mole-rat Myospalax myospalax (Mammalia, Rodentia), cinefluorographical, anatomical, and biomechanical analyses of burrowing. Zoologische Jahrbuchen fur Anatomie, 123: 363 - 401." year="1993">Gambaryan and Gasc, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A346E8E06823788DE366952CB245D89F" author="Nevo, E. &amp; E. Ivanitskaya &amp; A. Beiles" refId="ref259082" refString="Nevo, E., E. Ivanitskaya, and A. Beiles. 2001. Adaptive radiation of blind subterranean mole rats: Naming and revisiting the four sibling species of the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel: Spalax galili (2 n = 52), S. golani (2 n = 54), S. carmeli (2 n = 58) and S. judaei (2 n = 60). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 195 pp." year="2001">Nevo et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6844169A72AE925DDFAAE8F2052492C7" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
). Although each subfamily can be readily diagnosed by unique traits (
<bibRefCitation id="51478FF0B0660244120601EEDC1EB4BE" author="Carleton, M. D. &amp; G. G. Musser" refId="ref52182" refString="Carleton, M. D., and G. G. Musser. 1984. Muroid rodents. Pp. 289 - 379, in Orders and families of Recent mammals of the world (S. Anderson and J. K. Jones, Jr., eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York, 686 pp." year="1984">Carleton and Musser, 1984</bibRefCitation>
), and although molar occlusal patterns among living species are dissimilar, all share a comparable cranial and postcranial skeletal architecture integrated with a myological system that characterizes highly specialized fossorial rodents. Such a phenotypic resemblance was interpreted as phylogenetic relationship by
<bibRefCitation id="2A308F7384F22005E627D7714631EB65" author="Tullberg, T." refId="ref360768" refString="Tullberg, T. 1899. Uber das system der Nagetiere. Eine phylogenetische studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarium Upsaliensis, Ser. 3, 18: 1 - 514." year="1899">Tullberg (1899)</bibRefCitation>
, who placed
<taxonomicName id="CCDF266FD6FAAE6FA079B9CF8686F3CC" authorityName="Guldenstaedt" authorityYear="1770" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DBA547E556E8FF58300CA370BC92EF4B" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7F9F225DBAA3E6B1AE376A717EB21AB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="988977872F34A2D0869C7435891AA2BF" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="81D7E3D7245DFEF0920C43F6C8D03049" authorityName="Rüppell" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2216DF92661177F86E36661E7D747F1E" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="FB8EF789695001D156146BEAB840AE92" authorityName="Laxmann" authorityYear="1769" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9065548A883C4CBAC045CD77D2D4E3B6" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="FDBFE6F07E87F2C2DD2CFB4CC4D3074B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
, an ordering also used by
<bibRefCitation id="227BB835D869704C73830A6987DA94A8" author="Ognev, S. I." refId="ref264461" refString="Ognev, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie). (Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii) [Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries: Rodents (continued). (Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia)]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 5: 1 - 809 (in Russian)." year="1947">Ognev (1947</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="21BEF743F87C418952625AB2588FF6FE" author="Ognev, S. I." refId="ref264850" refString="Ognev, S. I. 1963 a. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries: Rodents (continued). (Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia) [A translation of S. I. Ognev, 1947, Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie). (Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii)]. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 5: 1 - 662." year="1963">
1963
<emphasis id="A1E641D9921B9C3259CE8C9DABA18E7D" italics="true" pageNumber="907">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; he did not discuss
<taxonomicName id="C086EDCE3DBECFB8565DECF2DBE92591" authorityName="Rüppell" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1E697D7D84BEA18BB883BA98A9828FCA" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A441BFCF64FFB563F2436D234F39C129" pageNumber="907">
Most other classificatory arrangements, implicitly or explicitly, reflect the view that the shared fossorial adaptations indicate evolutionary convergence, not descent from a common ancestor, and have variously combined the genera (also see
<bibRefCitation id="48339727E82397B5647475C92C63B400" author="Topachevskii, V. A." refId="ref358088" refString="Topachevskii, V. A. 1969. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayushchie, Tom 3, vyp. 3. Slepyshovye (Spalacidae) [Fauna of the USSR: Mammals. Mole rats, Spalacidae]. Nauka Publishers, Leningrad Section, Leningrad, 248 pp." year="1969">Topachevskii, 1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="01F80BE7E40F57C7D7A83E25DDBEB069" author="Topachevskii, V. A." refId="ref358137" refString="Topachevskii, V. A. 1976. Fauna of the USSR: Mammals. vol. 3, pt. 3, mole rats, Spalacidae [a translation of V. A. Topachevskii, 1969, Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayushchie, Tom 3, vyp. 3. Slepyshovye (Spalacidae)]. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., 308 pp." year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
): e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="E2EFD456CFFD375968900ED7E5D58E6E" authority="(Myospalacinae)" baseAuthorityName="Myospalacinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C54446001BD43B3C3808E94BB5A3A272" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
(Myospalacinae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="A12E772DDCC85DEB4B274A5BD8E14DE7" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E9380A61554EE7C218DC66164D1BEB9C" authorityName="Guldenstaedt" authorityYear="1770" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="81D2C8C2B142D9AF817514DA01620978" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0C584499AF7060FAF514D7348F0F39AA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2024BC3865849559B26B421E74E081E6" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="D43CACF53F757B1C6DB1F367247F043C" authority="(Alston, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Alston" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Spalacidae (
<bibRefCitation id="94C906EC932882E1F3C23F08B466B1D3" author="Alston, E. R." refId="ref6239" refString="Alston, E. R. 1876. On the classification of the order Glires. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1876: 61 - 98." year="1876">Alston, 1876</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="46791E6BCF743809CAE03B49F9F76874" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1678C12D3E52ABC1886756DBF0BF9428" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="3C3E532EE2E2CD0C8D8F5BDB600E76AD" authority="(Rhizomyinae)" baseAuthorityName="Rhizomyinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3EF34B1DB86AB8A9E185DE6C32F36B7B" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
(Rhizomyinae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="09E1A18E56C62E619663B2E19B36B3C8" authority="(Spalacinae)" baseAuthorityName="Spalacinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D441C1A16FB6C5967B77CE5C2B037C79" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
(Spalacinae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="A9FC99B953F58A1B5AC6DCC917A9847A" baseAuthorityName="Alston" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B6B7DF30B8F88479DCCF9DEA7C196EE9" authority="(Myospalacinae)" baseAuthorityName="Myospalacinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C652CF3DBABD60691CC2A40A4837DEC6" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
(Myospalacinae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4D93BAAD2822FF0B397D276925F3E776" authority="(Thomas, 1896)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Muridae (
<bibRefCitation id="A90B208F0DC722FAB69DDC3CC018658D" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref352089" refString="Thomas, O. 1896 [1897]. On the genera of rodents: An attempt to bring up to date the current arrangement of the order. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896: 1012 - 1028." year="1896">Thomas, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="63F96E043E6600F62E30A0BD4519D38D" authority="(Rhizomyinae)" baseAuthorityName="Rhizomyinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEAF22A4682FBB6B37120914BCB405A4" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
(Rhizomyinae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="08922E6AD38D2F85F452971C245FA392" authority="(Tachyoryctinae)" baseAuthorityName="Tachyoryctinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C5EA2F507C0261D757D5BA14ECD649E" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
(Tachyoryctinae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="783894A388BCD39F39F8217C131DB133" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FFD56E959D4F305CB2B5B1508B7A47E5" authority="(Myospalacinae)" baseAuthorityName="Myospalacinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5739FA8169AFE3AF55F84ECD7803569C" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
(Myospalacinae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9EEC269AB3DD254ADE0EC67EAA2A608" authority="(Spalacinae)" baseAuthorityName="Spalacinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AB37671B4A8F80F3E16556BD3F774EEA" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
(Spalacinae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="1D98E4425A3EDDD5F623D3C21F12AB44" authority="(Miller and Gidley, 1918)" baseAuthorityName="Miller and Gidley" baseAuthorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Spalacidae (
<bibRefCitation id="A9DF5BAF18E01C83C6091ED253F7819A" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. &amp; J. W. Gidley" refId="ref242298" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 8: 431 - 448." year="1918">Miller and Gidley, 1918</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="D720C8C9FC35998945B25B2D009E975F" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0414F20D73455119D1F9BB3273D7F52E" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="2F6FAC3E2DC900C3FC1E7E3C1B569BE8" baseAuthorityName="Miller and Gidley" baseAuthorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="6D29CE059C8C7A1FCF337C3403AF1651" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42488D1FEF55A5B9FBDAFA94A7054E44" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F6C3235A366FFF9BCBBDD4D0304D1F5F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3A4215625DDEABC3983B9ECD93F17D70" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Cannomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="6A8FA66860E65B2C082DF961D8D07148" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9B66298D1D29427761B9C42490DF174D" authority="(Tachyoryctinae)" baseAuthorityName="Tachyoryctinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5F58E79BCBE8946F2757C47B6578FA76" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
(Tachyoryctinae)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5C6CCFCB04F03E863ADC3195E2D3BA03" authority="(Myospalacinae)" baseAuthorityName="Myospalacinae" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="93DF8589F8F1D660FA075C39AB3A527D" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
(Myospalacinae)
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="A5409061CEE2B7CB81C105C2EED9D636" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0722B02B4704DBB6A7157191646FA3D" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92817" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. 1. Rodents other than Muridae. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 689 pp." year="1940">Ellerman, 1940</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DEBE2AFBE6D901B2B9C3CB67463B77A0" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref92857" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1941. The families and genera of living rodents. Vol. II. Family Muridae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 690 pp." year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
);
<emphasis id="485AC65D60C3E06017E09D18A7B9AAC4" italics="true" pageNumber="907">
<taxonomicName id="18AE06B8E4E56923C8775C79164C4FBD" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhizomys</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="384771D244AAB2FDF5DD141099F07D40" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cannomys</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in
<taxonomicName id="73B2DC0857B5248326B68C2D82557208" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
, Myospalacinae and Spalacinae in
<taxonomicName id="7377C86A0B2102DEFF4CE33114915A77" authority="(G. M. Allen, 1940)" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae (G. M. Allen, 1940)</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="CE44CB4050275C144457740E04E6D655" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BBB9301FE8118C8D2312368709324595" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="287FB30B3D3795E82B7FE95587872A00" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DC6831F1F01B2784A9247D26E0C97585" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9F0862E19367FFD80F6F8F3A0CFF3B0D" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E640C5E97F9B704884098F0F5E5CD3FD" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9725F1EA425C6725FE53C5D883837082" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Cannomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="369B3E64A24569F7983EE7A43C7CBFEB" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F44EB95306A8EA55B0EA2D1527D7E820" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1739A2440323306E5565377528D59AC1" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a tribe or subfamily in
<taxonomicName id="6DA593E1545390B2EBC884A3CC19AF20" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cricetidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C65D76888109C231D645527B8FE85078" author="Pavlinov, I. Ya &amp; E. L. Yakhontov &amp; A. K. Agadzhanyan" refId="ref278176" refString="Pavlinov, I. Ya, E. L. Yakhontov, and A. K. Agadzhanyan. 1995 a. [Mammals of Eurasia. I. Rodentia. Taxonomic and geographic guide.] Archives of the Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, 32: 289 pp. (in Russian)." year="1995">
Pavlinov et al., 1995
<emphasis id="D720C95F34D7F3BC3253072F4CBEC058" italics="true" pageNumber="907">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="384257F671980100294E077B047C4FC4" author="Simpson, G. G." refId="ref328876" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85: 1 - 350." year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="A078F963FC0C1A57D13B8F05F90EAF02" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myospalacinae">Myospalacinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0B9C713794AAC3FD6D5C7F70163F3F63" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spalacinae">Spalacinae</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="721FF50F0580782FED9B64339FAE2AA2" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cricetidae</taxonomicName>
, Rhizomyinae and Tachyoryctinae in
<taxonomicName id="EA2FF11B855344628CC9751F9D1C4994" authority="(Chaline et al., 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Chaline" baseAuthorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Rhizomyidae (
<bibRefCitation id="825E1AC11F2DE64ECE0F3CDF935C74F2" author="Chaline, J. &amp; P. Mein &amp; F. Petter" refId="ref57068" refString="Chaline, J., P. Mein, and F. Petter. 1977. Les grandes lignes d'une classification evolutive des Muroidea. Mammalia, 41: 245 - 252." year="1977">Chaline et al., 1977</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; Spalacines and Rhizomyines in
<taxonomicName id="7CEEC266ACB87FCAA39A502FB88FB450" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
of Theridomyoidea (
<bibRefCitation id="708BEE1A2CDBCF23F4EE72D0AEE1AF15" author="Schaub, S." refId="ref319004" refString="Schaub, S. 1958. Simplicidentata (Rodentia), pp. 659 - 818, in Traite de Paleontologie, VI (2) (J. Piveteav, ed.). Masson, Paris, 957 pp." year="1958">Schaub, 1958</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="E7C139BAB641A89F87BD24FD30272D36" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
and Myospalacidae in Muroidea,
<taxonomicName id="DF830BEE10DB2240BEA3696DE196AEDC" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
in Theridomyoidea (Reig, 1980);
<taxonomicName id="A816C42DF319269BCFB8CD6B5CFF6E91" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spalacinae">Spalacinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3F3D057B767C971C8E1FAD19ECFFE953" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90071A059393CDDB2088166D2C142A9" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="FCF02FC42CD5BABEE995C1D90EEA1A85" authorityName="Winge" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizomyinae">Rhizomyinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="A58F0C962F3AF966ACF47E9088C04A96" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Cannomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49AAFE2128A3CC1D1E0C3C6F2930ED88" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Cannomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="463FE48EA8D059C05E0B1E47164856CD" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="279241EB356FB174F6FA87B2F495EE85" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9B3DA220B3431A040F90DAF849F79AC9" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="847162762E21DAE9FF451195D2E8DE46" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="E1B94DFE9C6E8D671770839A451525F9" authorityName="Lilljeborg" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myospalacinae">Myospalacinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="36C8BF1964BAABA17F6F45FEE88DF277" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A5EA683D97FE4C1DDDBAABB2C8603779" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<taxonomicName id="ED3651B4FD29EBE62F77D7D19FE6E34A" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3E581B72FD59AC2AE4055CCA9DA94CFA" author="Carleton, M. D. &amp; G. G. Musser" refId="ref52182" refString="Carleton, M. D., and G. G. Musser. 1984. Muroid rodents. Pp. 289 - 379, in Orders and families of Recent mammals of the world (S. Anderson and J. K. Jones, Jr., eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York, 686 pp." year="1984">Carleton and Musser, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5CB65649F623A36BA3881758B590C2AF" author="McKenna, M. C. &amp; S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="94A07AAAF4E5849EFB65BF0222F2B2BE" author="Musser, G. G. &amp; M. D. Carleton" refId="ref252333" refString="Musser, G. G., and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae. Pp. 501 - 755, in: Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., xviii + 1206 pp." year="1993">Musser and Carleton, 1993</bibRefCitation>
). These compilations, which recognize three or four separate subfamilies and two or three families, imply independent origin of each, a pattern that echos Ellerman’s (1940:638) pronouncement, &quot;I do not think that there is much doubt that the grouping together of
<taxonomicName id="D701A18375E6B9AE18068AA5456B9FBF" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C1B413A5ADF23A43AB72BC209DD7B047" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DB3F5CEF7FBB7CF669F8EDF346E14B04" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D2326791E9E6B4F1C52639DDB705EC58" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="470302584784FD829A1B67E18DD02E42" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08725E57A0E25992841909ADAD1BE6CC" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6690362C08CC3A52C6B99E5E0414F53B" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="50F768FB04AACC6617042FDD487344B7" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a very unnatural arrangement,&quot; and opinions of some fossil rodent specialists: &quot;
<taxonomicName id="AFA21323176EEDC5E59CC00C973AFFF3" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1387489BF2772104BAA264E1273DEB21" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
originate separately from different muroids&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="24E2A38EE34478C1A29924F302C0AC8F" author="Flynn, L. J. &amp; L. L. Jacobs &amp; E. H. Lindsay" refId="ref105706" refString="Flynn, L. J., L. L. Jacobs, and E. H. Lindsay. 1985. Problems in muroid phylogeny: Relationship to other rodents and origin of major groups. Pp. 589 - 616, in Evolutionary relationships among rodents: A multidisciplinary analysis (W. P. Luckett and J. - L. Hartenberger, eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 721 pp." year="1985">Flynn et al., 1985:608</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F8DBABDECFAD57568FC092D14A697A07" pageNumber="907">
Much doubt, nonetheless, is supplied by recent studies in which the cladistic union of
<taxonomicName id="D9894F8576ABCD43DB88899843930E4B" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E1156749DA6A1C0D5E90F959D6864BDE" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4016F69E0065A65B0813B065FDD240AB" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D6039D7ADBB3BC14E0558716309EC4CF" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is supported by the cephalic arterial pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="D4CA703EAA9D604552D581D868CD7912" author="Bugge, J." refId="ref45960" refString="Bugge, J. 1971 a. The cephalic arterial system in mole-rats (Spalacidae) bamboo-rats (Rhizomyidae), jumping mice and jerboas (Dipodoidea) and dormice (Gliroidea) with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Acta Anatomica, 79: 165 - 180." year="1971">
Bugge, 1971
<bibRefCitation id="DF03CED05B98907812CCA93EDA2FED4F" author="Wolman, A. A." refId="ref393014" refString="Wolman, A. A. 1985. Gray whale- - Eschrichtus robustus. Pp. 67 - 90, in Handbook of marine mammals: The sirenians and baleen whales (S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison, eds.). Academic Press, London, 3: 1 - 362." year="1985">
<emphasis id="9173D3259F6736E95905387CF3852084" italics="true" pageNumber="907">a</emphasis>
, 1985
</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
) and by multiple gene-sequence analyses (nuclear
<collectionCode id="212E43B66476FFFA44F97A6B7B7283C1">LCAT</collectionCode>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2A31F7DE3EE623C9DBBBF4FE501FB988" author="Michaux, J. &amp; F. Catzeflis" refId="ref240457" refString="Michaux, J., and F. Catzeflis. 2000. The bushlike radiation of muroid rodents is exemplified by the molecular phylogeny of the LCAT nuclear gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17: 280 - 293." year="2000">Michaux and Catzeflis, 2000</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="97FB4C801CF1A923BAC2633DD0938914" author="Robinson, M. &amp; F. Catzeflis &amp; J. Briolay &amp; D. Mouchiroud" refId="ref307568" refString="Robinson, M., F. Catzeflis, J. Briolay, and D. Mouchiroud. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of rodents, with special emphasis on murids: Evidence from nuclear gene LCAT. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 8 (3): 423 - 434." year="1997">Robinson et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<collectionCode id="63F58AD82D8CFEAE6FBE40138383EFC7">LCAT</collectionCode>
and vWF,
<bibRefCitation id="8A414EF0FD8079EC78EBFC008DBE7806" author="Michaux, J. &amp; A. Reyes &amp; F. Catzeflis" refId="ref240856" refString="Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001 b. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: Molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18 (11): 2017 - 2031." year="2001">
Michaux et al., 2001
<emphasis id="A5DCBA8D118C0350B025C73CDA748DB1" italics="true" pageNumber="907">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; nuclear
<collectionCode id="E5F99E3E1E2D8F5F2A05C9BD3C329C35">IRBP</collectionCode>
,
<bibRefCitation id="26AED183E2DBB34D81276AA7A407ACF7" author="Debry, R. W. &amp; R. M. Sagel" refId="ref77113" refString="Debry, R. W., and R. M. Sagel. 2001. Phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia) inferred from the nuclear-encolded gene IRBP. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19: 290 - 301." year="2001">DeBry and Sagel, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Further support for uniting
<taxonomicName id="076B1403BF72E6F310863AC0CA715E50" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1179B4A195E616528938EF22B54DE66B" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DAC8E51E5761BA82FD130FBD88F3D0BB" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="807256C546779FA4DE4D42A62657A846" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="0E39360AFA2847F84051D36BD0B09152" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55528F39DD79C07617299DC7561786C2" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="F0AB13DBB5CC7BE24961E077BFDFD713" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="676B953941C166E0B3B4CCF8E065EBEF" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a basal clade relative to other muroids stems from other sequence analyses with wider taxon sampling (
<bibRefCitation id="10D482E54DE7ECC6AFA436D03C33969A" author="Jansa, S. &amp; M. Weksler" refId="ref172324" refString="Jansa, S., and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: Relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31 (1): 256 - 276." year="2004">Jansa and Weksler, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4B8931B9AB3F4B4FF2342F750DC8E5E0" author="Norris, R. W. &amp; K. Zhou &amp; C. Zhou &amp; G. Yang &amp; C. W. Kilpatrick &amp; R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref262284" refString="Norris, R. W., K. Zhou, C. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31: 972 - 978." year="2004">Norris et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
). These molecular data collectively point to zokors, bamboo rats, blind mole rats, and African mole rats as a monophyletic radiation that is sister-group to all other muroid family-group taxa so far investigated, inferring an early divergence, possibly one of the earliest, from a middle or late Oligocene ancestral stock.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06EE8D50E6ADC56504A42D1EDBE89C64" pageNumber="907">
Morphology of fossil molars attributed to spalacines and rhizomyines suggests their common origin. In describing late Miocene African species of
<taxonomicName id="5331C5BE2A7C78E39AB34898D8FE64D3" authorityName="Flynn &amp; Sabatier" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Nakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3ECEAD7B72F8934A198DE0F4038B7CD4" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Nakalimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BB817EA0CA8FF124EAAB7E0C8425EC49" authority=", Mein et al. (2000 a: 385)" authorityName="Mein" authorityPageNumber="385" authorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" genus="Harasibomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7CC6B8126C1B5FB8FFDCB763B7A328EB" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Harasibomys</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B23A7D16234D7D7425B66A47FBEADEDD" author="Mein, P. &amp; M. Pickford &amp; B. Senut" refId="ref236653" refString="Mein, P., M. Pickford and B. Senut. 2000 a. Late Miocene micromammals from the Harasib karst deposits, Namibia. Part 1 -- Large muroids and non-muroid rodents. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 12: 375 - 390." year="2000">
Mein et al. (2000
<emphasis id="C007D799F619C6E6AA530580C2CBA444" italics="true" pageNumber="907">a</emphasis>
:385)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
allocated them to &quot;Family
<taxonomicName id="042E115ADCE9C48BC39B645BB5553A01" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
… or
<taxonomicName id="396C946F396E1C7825FE00A5C3426694" baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spalacidae</taxonomicName>
,&quot; and noted that the early Miocene Spalacine
<taxonomicName id="1EF92693D9726CC1EC3DF533D602390A" authorityName="Unay" authorityYear="1996" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Debruijnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2F6A40DE11DD45C45D1386608CBDEF93" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Debruijnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="DA5B187E4931F9B9DF51E9A7F9F354AE" name="Turkey">Turkey</collectingCountry>
(at about 20 million years old, the earliest record among the four subfamiles) &quot;could represent an ancestral form for the African burrowing rodents.&quot;
<taxonomicName id="B61EA562D87B7AF8CC9C926B483D0249" authorityName="Flynn &amp; Sabatier" authorityYear="1984" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Nakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8038841F268DBDDC4652C9E4ABA1B562" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Nakalimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first described from the late Miocene of
<collectingCountry id="412F5961E123FDF81FF5747367EED586" name="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and placed in
<taxonomicName id="986A2BFBBC47771F8C9EBDD9E4CE6E32" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="03512A75A9E7822C68B4B099CD2703B5" author="Flynn, L. J." refId="ref105408" refString="Flynn, L. J. 1990. The natural history of rhizomyid rodents. Pp. 155 - 183, in Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels (E. Nevo and O. A. Reig, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 422 pp." year="1990">Flynn, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C50A051593EDD9692FA5525BCD106E30" author="Flynn, L. J. &amp; M. Sabatier" refId="ref105669" refString="Flynn, L. J., and M. Sabatier. 1984. A muroid rodent of Asian affinity from the Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3: 160 - 165." year="1984">Flynn and Sabatier, 1984</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="35F8A2F4715D408D6C1356C1F8726F89" baseAuthorityName="Tong and Jaeger" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Pronakalimys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E6CE21100C66786B003EDB26929B92F2" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Pronakalimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from middle Miocene deposits in
<collectingCountry id="C4ACF27A13B3AAC8008E2F7079DEEA22" name="Kenya">Kenya</collectingCountry>
is regarded &quot;as the most primitive known African
<taxonomicName id="34CACDDAD343D7DB5148108705A2C26B" class="Mammalia" family="Rhizomyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhizomyidae</taxonomicName>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="6630FDE76BECE28DC38C1EF77C8965DC" author="Tong, H. &amp; J. - J. Jaeger" refId="ref357989" refString="Tong, H., and J. - J. Jaeger. 1993. Muroid rodents from the Middle Miocene Fort Ternan locality (Kenya) and their contribution to the phylogeny of muroids. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie-Stratigraphie, 229 (1 - 3): 51 - 73." year="1993">Tong and Jaeger, 1993:59</bibRefCitation>
). The resemblance of Myospalacines to some arvicolines, with their simple occlusal patterns and rootless molars (some extinct species are rooted) impressed
<bibRefCitation id="DCB33E7938CCBA4F77D9B3145412E1C1" author="Hinton, M. A. C." refId="ref154024" refString="Hinton, M. A. C. 1926 a. Monograph of the voles and lemmings (Microtinae) living and extinct. Volume 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, 488 pp." year="1926">
Hinton (1926
<emphasis id="62C6C4FA421C9CEB14B08E3F7295BB26" italics="true" pageNumber="907">a</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, but he also noted that the head skeleton and jaw musculature were definitely unlike arvicolines.
<bibRefCitation id="AC0C0485EC04DEC3D0CD618B01A2AE14" author="Lawrence, M. A." refId="ref207283" refString="Lawrence, M. A. 1991. A fossil Myospalax cranium (Rodentia: Muridae) from Shanxi, China, with observations on Zokor relationships. Pp. 261 - 286, in Contributions to mammalogy in honor of Karl F. Koopman (T. A. Griffiths and D. Klingener, eds.). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 206: 1 - 432." year="1991">Lawrence (1991:282)</bibRefCitation>
reinforced his observation, remarking that the &quot;character complex myospalacines share with arvicolines is a set of parallel adaptations for propalinal chewing of tough, fibrous plant material,&quot; and listing those parallel features as well as synapomorphic traits distinctive to myospalacines and indicative of great phylogenetic distance from arvicolines. Although the molars have different coronal outlines, occlusal patterns in myospalacines are basically similar to those in spalacines and also could have been derived from a form similar to
<taxonomicName id="27DEF9AE61E54FDF3970D2578CDBEA56" authorityName="Unay" authorityYear="1996" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Debruijnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="185C954F6FC29C7A3FB25478408DD286" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Debruijnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In turn, the dentition of the Turkish, African, and some Asian Miocene forms recalls occlusal patterns common to
<taxonomicName id="6CED67F1E8D08679F97CD39B4B05088D" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Eucricetodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11330C64DCB908F519FA8D2C3AE4ECB9" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Eucricetodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(our observations;
<bibRefCitation id="ADD5671436DA3D7607CABD2079B9DF74" author="Lindsay, E. H." refId="ref213703" refString="Lindsay, E. H. 1994. The fossil record of Asian Cricetidae with emphasis on Siwalik Cricetids. Pp. 131 - 147, in Rodent and lagomorph families of Asian origins and diversification (Y. Tomida, C. ki. Li, and T. Setoguchi, eds.). National Science Museum Monographs, No. 8, Tokyo, 195 pp." year="1994">Lindsay, 1994</bibRefCitation>
, suggested that rhizomyines are closely linked to eucricetodontines), which is known from the late Eocene to early Miocene in Asia, Oligocene in Mediterranean region, and early Oligocene to early Miocene in Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="2F1F995798B414EBD7402FBCA9C2169D" author="Hugueney, M." refId="ref161072" refString="Hugueney, M. 1999. Genera Eucricetodon and Pseudocricetodon. Pp. 347 - 358, in The Miocene land mammals of Europe (G. E. Rossner and K. Heissig, eds.). Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 515 pp." year="1999">Hugueney, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F558DAA612753FDE3C341B3497F7D894" author="McKenna, M. C. &amp; S. K. Bell" refId="ref233772" refString="McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp." year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="85D4064A8D6A161CE780B6F44352E8BB" author="Hugueney, M. &amp; P. Mein" refId="ref161165" refString="Hugueney, M., and P. Mein. 1993. A comment on the earliest Spalacinae (Rodentia, Muroidea). Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1 (3): 215 - 223." year="1993">Hugueney and Mein (1993)</bibRefCitation>
wondered if a hypothetical Oligocene ancestor could be unambiguously distinguished from an ancient &quot;cricetid.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2ECB39430832AB9C08D408EB35718515" pageNumber="907">
A return to Tullberg’s (1899) interpretation of phylogenetic affinities among
<taxonomicName id="DFFA49A1A7E6FC8AA766DDB8032D2D13" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Myospalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5130A6AE2633749CCD33DB9C6A5A2518" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Myospalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C541ED80B97C096AB4BE7DAFCE59A59F" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B4BBC8CADD3609E0CFCBA9BA8BF82CE4" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Spalax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C88B4BF4438C799764F6F03929646FBE" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Rhizomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="51FC941442D050F2547253E35A45DB1C" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Rhizomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="D2EE67BA34BC67F5CC8D01B93D863869" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Tachyoryctes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9B10CB95BFF44CDB133943510C9342BD" italics="true" pageNumber="907">Tachyoryctes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the hypothesis best supported by the accumulation of recent morphological and molecular information. This arrangement should be tested by further cladistic analyses of multi-morphological systems and a wider array of genes
</paragraph>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title>Notes about morphological features of the Western Hemisphere subtribe Ardistomina, and revision of genus Semiardistomis Kult (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaritinae, Clivinini)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Valdes, Pavel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Gertrudis 365 apto 5 e / D'Strampes y Goicuria, Cp 10500, Habana, Cuba</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2012-07-24</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>210</mods:number>
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<mods:start>19</mods:start>
<mods:end>67</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3042</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3042</mods:identifier>
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<subSection lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" type="the labialis species–group">
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152036420" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3BF5E1430C5A8071F2F7D2A97424CC62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BF5E1430C5A8071F2F7D2A97424CC62" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName LSID="3BF5E143-0C5A-8071-F2F7-D2A97424CC62" authority="(Say, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Semiardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Semiardistomis viridis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">Semiardistomis viridis (Say, 1823)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 54–55" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figures 54 - 55. 54 Semiardistomis propinquus (Putzeys) 55 Semiardistomis viridis (Say). Dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/19675" pageId="30" pageNumber="49">Figs 55</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 57. Distribution map of members of the puncticollis species-group." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/19677" pageId="30" pageNumber="49">-57</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Clivina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">Clivina viridis</taxonomicName>
Say, 1823: 21;
<bibRefCitation author="Lindroth, CH" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="326 - 61" refId="B26" refString="Lindroth, CH, Freitag, R, 1969. North American ground-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, excluding Cicindelinae) described by Thomas Say: designation of lectotypes and neotypes. Psyche 76: 326 - 61" title="North American ground-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, excluding Cicindelinae) described by Thomas Say: designation of lectotypes and neotypes." volume="76" year="1969">Lindroth and Freitag 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 334.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1825" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Clivina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">Clivina rostrata</taxonomicName>
Dejean, 1825: 419; Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="75 - 83" refId="B21" refString="LeConte, JL, 1857. Synopsis of the species Clivina and allied genera inhabiting the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9: 75 - 83" title="Synopsis of the species Clivina and allied genera inhabiting the United States." volume="9" year="1857">LeConte (1857</bibRefCitation>
: 80); Lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 29" refId="B7" refString="Bousquet, Y, 2006. Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico. Zootaxa 1308: 1 - 29" title="Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico." volume="1308" year="2006">Bousquet (2006</bibRefCitation>
: 11).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Ardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinus">Ardistomis vicinus</taxonomicName>
Putzeys, 1846: 647; Synonymy by
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="75 - 83" refId="B21" refString="LeConte, JL, 1857. Synopsis of the species Clivina and allied genera inhabiting the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9: 75 - 83" title="Synopsis of the species Clivina and allied genera inhabiting the United States." volume="9" year="1857">LeConte (1857</bibRefCitation>
: 80); Lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 29" refId="B7" refString="Bousquet, Y, 2006. Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico. Zootaxa 1308: 1 - 29" title="Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico." volume="1308" year="2006">Bousquet (2006</bibRefCitation>
: 11).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Ardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">Ardistomis rostrata</taxonomicName>
(Dejean):
<bibRefCitation author="Putzeys, JAAH" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="521 - 663" refId="B31" refString="Putzeys, JAAH, 1846. Monographie des Clivina et genres voisins, precedee d'un tableau synoptique des genres de la tribu des scaritides. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 2: 521 - 663" title="Monographie des Clivina et genres voisins, precedee d'un tableau synoptique des genres de la tribu des scaritides." volume="2" year="1846">Putzeys 1846</bibRefCitation>
: 647.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Ardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">Ardistomis viridis</taxonomicName>
(Say):
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="75 - 83" refId="B21" refString="LeConte, JL, 1857. Synopsis of the species Clivina and allied genera inhabiting the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9: 75 - 83" title="Synopsis of the species Clivina and allied genera inhabiting the United States." volume="9" year="1857">LeConte 1857</bibRefCitation>
: 80;
<bibRefCitation author="Putzeys, JAAH" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="3 - 242" refId="B32" refString="Putzeys, JAAH, 1866. Revision generale des clivinides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 10: 3 - 242" title="Revision generale des clivinides." volume="10" year="1866">Putzeys 1866</bibRefCitation>
: 214;
<bibRefCitation author="LeConte, JL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="32 - 34" refId="B22" refString="LeConte, JL, 1879. Synoptic tables: Ardistomis, Putz.; Aspidoglossa, Putz.; Clivina, Latr.; Schizogenius, Putz. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 2: 32 - 34" title="Synoptic tables: Ardistomis, Putz.; Aspidoglossa, Putz.; Clivina, Latr.; Schizogenius, Putz." volume="2" year="1879">LeConte 1879</bibRefCitation>
: 32;
<bibRefCitation author="Blatchley, WS" journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Co, Indianapolis" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" publicationUrl="10.5962/bhl.title.56580" refId="B6" refString="Blatchley, WS, 1910. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana -with bibliography and descriptions of new species. The Nature Publishing Co, Indianapolis, 1386 pp., 10.5962/bhl.title.56580" title="An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana - with bibliography and descriptions of new species." url="10.5962/bhl.title.56580" year="1910">Blatchley 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 63;
<bibRefCitation author="Downie, NM" journalOrPublisher="Volume I: Introduction; suborders Archostemata, Adephaga, and Polyphaga, thru superfamily Cantharoidea. The Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" refId="B13" refString="Downie, NM, Arnett, Jr RH, 1996. The beetles of northeastern North America. Volume I: Introduction; suborders Archostemata, Adephaga, and Polyphaga, thru superfamily Cantharoidea. The Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, 880 pp." title="The beetles of northeastern North America." year="1996">Downie and Arnett 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 112.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Ardistomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="50" start="start">Ardistomus</pageBreakToken>
viridis
</taxonomicName>
(Say):
<bibRefCitation author="Csiki, E" editor="Junk, W" journalOrPublisher="Volume II. Carabidae II, W. Junk, Berlin" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="739 - 1022" refId="B10" refString="Csiki, E, 1931. Carabidae: Harpalinae V (Pars 115). In: Junk, W, Shenkling, S, Eds., Coleopterorum catalogus. Volume II. Carabidae II, W. Junk, Berlin: 739 - 1022" title="Carabidae: Harpalinae V (Pars 115)." volumeTitle="Coleopterorum catalogus." year="1931">Csiki 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 549.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Ardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis" subGenus="Ardistomiellus">Ardistomis (Ardistomiellus) viridis</taxonomicName>
(Say):
<bibRefCitation author="Kult, K" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="299 - 325" refId="B20" refString="Kult, K, 1950. New Neotropical species of the group Ardistominina (Carabidae, Col.). Arthropoda 1: 299 - 325" title="New Neotropical species of the group Ardistominina (Carabidae, Col.)." volume="1" year="1950">Kult 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 303.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Semiardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">Semiardistomis viridis</taxonomicName>
(Say);
<bibRefCitation author="Erwin, TL" journalOrPublisher="Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" refId="B15" refString="Erwin, TL, 2011. A Treatise on the Western Hemisphere Caraboidea (Coleoptera): Their classification, distributions, and ways of life Volume III (Carabidae - loxomeriformes, melaeniformes). Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, 412 pp." title="A Treatise on the Western Hemisphere Caraboidea (Coleoptera): Their classification, distributions, and ways of life Volume III (Carabidae - loxomeriformes, melaeniformes)." year="2011">Erwin 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 238.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
Neotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Lindroth, CH" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="326 - 61" refId="B26" refString="Lindroth, CH, Freitag, R, 1969. North American ground-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, excluding Cicindelinae) described by Thomas Say: designation of lectotypes and neotypes. Psyche 76: 326 - 61" title="North American ground-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, excluding Cicindelinae) described by Thomas Say: designation of lectotypes and neotypes." volume="76" year="1969">Lindroth and Freitag (1969</bibRefCitation>
: 334), at Museum of Comparative Zoology, not examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Philadelphia Neck, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
Body piceous with green reflections. Two pairs of supraorbital setae. More than two premedial setiferous punctures on pronotal disc. Elytral surface completely smooth, striae absent, punctures deeply impressed, setiferous. Abdominal sternum VII with 6+6 setiferous punctures. Body length given by
<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 29" refId="B7" refString="Bousquet, Y, 2006. Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico. Zootaxa 1308: 1 - 29" title="Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico." volume="1308" year="2006">Bousquet (2006</bibRefCitation>
: 11) as 5.0-6.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="habitus">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Habitus.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
dorsal aspect, as in
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 54–55" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figures 54 - 55. 54 Semiardistomis propinquus (Putzeys) 55 Semiardistomis viridis (Say). Dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/19675" pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="geographical distribution">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Geographical distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 59. Distribution map of members of the labialis species-group in Central America." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/19679" pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="50">.</emphasis>
Known from southeastern United States and Bahama Islands in the West Indies (
<bibRefCitation author="Nichols, SW" journalOrPublisher="Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" refId="B29" refString="Nichols, SW, 1988a. Systematics and biogeography of West Indian Scaritinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 393 pp." title="Systematics and biogeography of West Indian Scaritinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." year="1988 a">Nichols 1988a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 29" refId="B7" refString="Bousquet, Y, 2006. Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico. Zootaxa 1308: 1 - 29" title="Review of the species of Ardistomina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Clivinini) in America north of Mexico." volume="1308" year="2006">Bousquet 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="habitat and activity">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Habitat and activity.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
I collected this species in the &quot;Eagle trail&quot; at the Grassy Waters Preserve in West Palm Beach on April 2, 2011. Adults were active during the day on sandy margins of a fresh water pond (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 56. Habitat of Semiardistomis viridis (Say) at Grassy Waters Preserve, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/19676" pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Fig. 56</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="50" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">USA. Marion Co. V 99 Fla (USNM, 2) Jackson Co, Fla XII 97 (FSCA, 4). Sarasota Co, Fla. May 68 (USNM, 2) San Jacinto Co. Tex, Jun 68 (USNM, 4). West Palm Beach, Fla, March 2011(PVCCu, 12) Etats unis (MHNP, 6).</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/19676" pageId="31" pageNumber="50" start="Figure 56" startId="F18">
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Figure 56.</emphasis>
Habitat of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Semiardistomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="50">Semiardistomis viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Say) at Grassy Waters Preserve, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>