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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7f85570c-a3d4-432c-9df3-f59d969d7d43" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127881410" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="2367-5365-2" ModsDocOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2)" ModsDocTitle="Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz" checkinTime="1418151875190" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hofmann, Axel &amp; Naderi, Alireza" docDate="2014" docId="3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 37(2): 167-181" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888" docTitle="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica Hofmann &amp; Naderi, 2014, ssp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" masterDocId="9B2D313EFFB0FFBEEF0196250226FFF3" masterDocTitle="Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz" masterLastPageNumber="181" masterPageNumber="167" pageId="6" pageNumber="173" updateTime="1643519278681" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hofmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Naderi, Alireza</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Nota Lepidopterologica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>37</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>167</mods:start>
<mods:end>181</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2367-5365-2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7FD37BBF-F89E-469F-8372-3A1A9F238CE4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127881410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="173" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
classification Animalia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="6" pageNumber="173">ssp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 55-63, 64-70, 72
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="material">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
Holotype ♂, 31 mm wingspan, &quot;Iran, Prov. Qazvin, Hir NE, Gardaneh-ye Anbarkesh, N-Seite, 2780-2900 m, 13.7.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi&quot;, [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.624332">36°37,46'N</geoCoordinate>
, 50°
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="21.34">21,34E</geoCoordinate>
], coll. A. Hofmann (to be deposited later in SMNK). Paratypes, same data as holotype: 7 ♂, 4 ♀, coll. A. Hofmann; 2 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi. Same locality as holotype: 3 ♂, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. &amp; C. Keil, coll. T. Keil. Same locality as holotype, F1, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 13 ♂, 15 ♀, e. p.: 26.iv.-29.v.2007; 19 ♂, 21 ♀, e. p.: 22.iv.-15.vii.2008; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, e. p.: 27.v.-11.vi.2009. Ibidem, F2: 3 ♂, 7 ♀ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.v.-23.vi.2008; 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.-14.vi.2009; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ex CV08053,2), e. p.: 27.-30.v.2009. Ibidem, F3: 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (ex CV080503,1), e. p.: 29.v.-28.vi.2009. 10 ♂, 8 ♀, &quot;Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Tamol vic., 2250-2400 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi&quot;, [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.647835">36°38,87'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="50.4285">50°25,71'E</geoCoordinate>
], coll. A. Hofmann; 2 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 24 ♂, 6 ♀, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. &amp; C. Keil, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 13.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann. Ibidem, F1, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 15 ♂, 28 ♀, e. p.: 22.v.-30.v.2007; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, e. p.: 15.-24.v.2008; 8 ♂, 9 ♀, F2 (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 30.iv.-15.vii.2008. Ibidem, F2: 2 ♂, 6 ♀ (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 2.-19.vi.2009; 3 ♂, 4 ♀ (ex CV070524), e. p.: 4.v.-11.v.2008; 6 ♂, 5 ♀ (ex CV070524), e. p.: 1.-11.vi.2009. 2 ♀, &quot;Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout) N, 2800-3000 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi&quot;, [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.689167">36°41,35'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="50.532665">50°31,96'E</geoCoordinate>
], coll. A. Hofmann; 3 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 5 ♂, 2 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 1 ♂, coll. P. Zehzad; 3 ♀, 14.vii.2010, leg. et. coll. A. Hofmann. Paratypes will be deposited in HMIM, CWGT.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">Dailam (persian ‏دیلم‎) is the historical name of the mountain region on the south-west side of the Caspian Sea. Because of its mountain location Dailam was for a long time protected from the attacks of invading Arabs, its inhabitants much later being converted to Islam. The centre was the Assassin fortress of Alamut, a castle at 2100 m altitude that was regarded as impregnable, but was destroyed in 1275 by the Mongols.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="174" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">Black ground colour with greenish or greyish sheen. Coloration of forewing spots warm red but without a tendency to orange. Hindwings less densely scaled, slightly translucent. Spots 1+2+2a forming a large basal blotch that is always well separated from the spot pair 3+4. Spot 3 smaller than spot 5, connected to the largest spot (spot 4). Spot 5 quadrangular, attached to spot 6, in the majority with a groove in the upper part, occasionally isolated, especially in the males. Spot 6 large, pear-shaped when separated from spot 5. Spot 6 completely absent in one female. Hindwings with a narrow greyish black border that can be broadened slightly at the apex. Red patagia and red abdominal belt always present on one segment, the latter closed ventrally. Tegulae consistently black in males, in females sometimes mixed with a few red scales. Legs greyish white in both sexes.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="174" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
Imago: From all other populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
the new subspecies is well separated by the one-segmented red cingulum on the abdomen (Fig. 62). Moreover, the red coloration is colder, less orange than in the red populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. placida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="placida">Zygaena tamara placida</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. kendevanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="kendevanica">Zygaena tamara kendevanica</taxonomicName>
). The distance between the spot pairs 1+2+2a and 3+4 of these subspecies is broader than that in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
ssp. n., thus forming a broad black band of ground colour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
Preimaginal stages: Already the L1 larva is darker than larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
from other localities. This is even more obvious in the diapausing stage. Post-diapause larvae and fully-grown larvae exhibit a more dirty-yellow ground colour with more brownish grey-yellow on the verrucae. While the fully-grown larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
are nearly unicolorous without contrasting elements, those of dailamica ssp. n. are much more strongly marked with the anterior dorsal spots (ADS) well developed and the yellow dorso-subdorsal spots well visible and present on 10 segments (Figs 64-69). Moreover, constant differences exist in the sclerotization of the pupae and even in the coloration of the cocoon (Figs 70-72). The exuviae of dailamica ssp. n. are dark brown, in contrast to the light- to mid-brown coloration in all other known populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
. The coloration of the cocoon is consistently slightly darker, less yellowish but light white-brownish with a tinge of green. Cocoons of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
from Zanjan, Baneh (Kurdestan), Golujeh (Azerbaijan-e Sharqi) or from Dorud (Lorestan) are light yellow to white (Fig. 71).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" type="bionomics">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">Bionomics.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
All habitats of Z.
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="175" start="start">tamara</pageBreakToken>
dailamica ssp. n. are treeless slopes with a combination of arboreal, oreal and eremic vegetation, e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Securigera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Securigera varia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varia">Securigera varia</taxonomicName>
(L.) Lassen (
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) is found in the immediate vicinity of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Onobrychis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Onobrychis cornuta" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cornuta">Onobrychis cornuta</taxonomicName>
(L.) Desv. (
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eryngium billardieri" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="billardieri">Eryngium billardieri</taxonomicName>
Delar. (
<taxonomicName family="Apiaceae" genus="Apiaceae" lsidName="Apiaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Astragalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Astragalus (Tragacanthus)" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tragacanthus">Astragalus (Tragacanthus)</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) cushions and yellow-flowering
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Phlomis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phlomis" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phlomis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Lamiaceae" genus="Lamiaceae" lsidName="Lamiaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
), typical for the narrow transitional zone between the humid Hyrcanian and the more arid eremic regions. At the first locality (Gardaneh Anbarkesh), Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. is syntopic with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena cambysea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambysea">Zygaena cambysea</taxonomicName>
Lederer, 1870, while at the more northerly sites it is syntopic with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena haberhaueri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haberhaueri">Zygaena haberhaueri</taxonomicName>
Lederer, 1870. In the more humid valley that lies between the two mountain ranges, where there is intensive agriculture, plenty of orchards and many villages, only
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena loti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loti">Zygaena loti</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena dorycnii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorycnii">Zygaena dorycnii</taxonomicName>
Ochsenheimer, 1808, were found; just 100-200 m higher up, the vegetation changes rapidly and becomes much drier and is partly grazed intensively by goats and sheep. These are the biotopes where, in the vicinity of Tamol, Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena haberhaueri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haberhaueri">Zygaena haberhaueri</taxonomicName>
were accompanied by these two species, a faunistic combination that is atypical for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
. In its biotopes,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
is usually accompanied by species typical of the Zagros arid climate, e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena turkmenica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkmenica">Zygaena turkmenica</taxonomicName>
Reiss, 1933,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena escalerai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalerai">Zygaena escalerai</taxonomicName>
Poujade, 1900,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena rosinae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosinae">Zygaena rosinae</taxonomicName>
Korb, 1903, Z. cambysea. The sympatry in the vicinity of Tamol represents a faunistic mixture comprising two species that are typical for the northern side of the Alborz Range (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena dorycnii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorycnii">Zygaena dorycnii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena loti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loti">Zygaena loti</taxonomicName>
), while the latter species does not even cross the Alborz main chain to the south.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="175">
After 10.00 h, moths were observed nectaring at the pinkish flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Salvia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Salvia" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salvia</taxonomicName>
, but preferred to sit on the flower heads of some
<taxonomicName family="Dipsacaceae" genus="Dipsacaceae" lsidName="Dipsacaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Dipsacaceae</taxonomicName>
, viz. a white and bluish
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Scabiosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scabiosa" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Scabiosa</taxonomicName>
sp. and a tall white-flowered
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Cephalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cephalaria" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cephalaria</taxonomicName>
sp. Several copulae were found sitting on dry stems or on the flowers of scabious during the afternoon after 15.00 h, rarely on cushions of an
<taxonomicName genus="Acanthophylum" lsidName="Acanthophylum" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="genus">Acanthophylum</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="175" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="175">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
ssp. n. was found only at altitudes between 2250-3000 m. Its distribution is restricted to the central Alborz range between north of Qazvin and south of Tonekabon and extends over two north-westerly/south-easterly ranging mountain chains with a valley of 1700-1900 m in between. In its most northerly sites
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
ssp. n. inhabits slopes that are open to the Caspian Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>