plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Releases Activity

added 3B

Browse source
This commit is contained in:
maintenance 2024-06-21 12:33:57 +02:00
parent 5e4b328909
commit 6f3fd9c10f
1579 changed files with 321617 additions and 0 deletions
Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

553
data/3B/E6/1A/3BE61A0CD2EC551D8780BB061C6E51D7.xml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1100-117" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600" ID-ZooBank="7159C0092EE94F75BBFB54DC36840873" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1100-117" checkinTime="1652704264477" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tropea, Gioele &amp; Parmakelis, Aristeidis" docDate="2022" docId="3BE61A0CD2EC551D8780BB061C6E51D7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1100: 117-164" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1100" docPubDate="2022-05-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979" docTitle="Euscorpius latinus Tropea &amp; Parmakelis 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="14CD5A7C-378B-4C3E-8664-C9EA5CD0CB1D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600" masterDocTitle="Reconsideration of some populations of Euscorpius concinnus complex (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1652704264477" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Reconsideration of some populations of Euscorpius concinnus complex (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tropea, Gioele</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Via Gavinana 2, 00192 Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gioele.tropea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Parmakelis, Aristeidis</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-4194</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, GR- 15772, Athens, Greece</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-05-16</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1100</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>117</mods:start>
<mods:end>164</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1100-117</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7159C0092EE94F75BBFB54DC36840873</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">D29651C9A22C599AB3DAC324D0032600</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:14CD5A7C-378B-4C3E-8664-C9EA5CD0CB1D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BE61A0CD2EC551D8780BB061C6E51D7" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/14CD5A7C-378B-4C3E-8664-C9EA5CD0CB1D" authority="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis, 2022" authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus" status="sp. nov.">Euscorpius latinus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="117">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Dorsal and ventral views of Euscorpius latinus sp. nov. male holotype. Scale bar: 4.20 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684433" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Dorsal and ventral view of Euscorpius latinus sp. nov. female paratype. Scale bar: 4.20 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684434" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Euscorpius latinus sp. nov. male holotype except C and N, that are of a female paratype A carapace B external view of chela of adult male C external view of chela of adult female D ventral view of pedipalp patella E dorsal view of pedipalp patella F external view of pedipalp patella G ventral view of chela H dorsal view of chela I ventral view of metasomal segment V J lateral view of metasomal segment V K telson of adult male L telson of adult female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684435" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Pregnant Euscorpius latinus sp. nov. found under the bark of a trunk." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684436" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Euscorpius latinus sp. nov. photographed in its habitat with first instar litter on its back." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684437" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Example of the habitat of Euscorpius latinus sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684438" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Pregnant specimen of Euscorpius latinus sp. nov. found inside a pine cone." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684439" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">, 12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Holotype</emphasis>
: ♂, Italy, Latium, Lepini Mts, near Montelanico (RM), 470 m a.s.l., 41.631314°N, 13.026798°E, 20 June 2013, leg. G. Tropea (GTC).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684433" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral views of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. male holotype. Scale bar: 4.20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Paratypes</emphasis>
: Italy: Latium
</emphasis>
: Lepini Mts, near Montelanico (RM), 470 m a.s.l.,
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.631314" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.631313">41.631314°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="13.026798" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="13.026798">13.026798°E</geoCoordinate>
, 20 June 2013, leg. G. Tropea, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); same data but 444 m a.s.l.,
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.63219" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.63219">41.63219°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="13.02634" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="13.02634">13.02634°E</geoCoordinate>
, 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); same data but 456-467 m,
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.63118" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.63118">41.63118°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="13.02580" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="13.0258">13.02580°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.63092" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.63092">41.63092°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="13.02530" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="13.0253">13.02530°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.63156" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.63156">41.63156°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="13.02547" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="13.02547">13.02547°E</geoCoordinate>
, 12 August 2020, leg G. Tropea, 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); Castel Fusano, Rome, 8 April 2012, leg. G. Tropea, 6 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); Castel Fusano, Rome, ~ 9 m a.s.l., around to
<geoCoordinate degrees="41,73064" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.73064">41,73064°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="12,31516" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="12.31516">12,31516°E</geoCoordinate>
, 22 June 2014, leg. G. Tropea, 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); Near Sabaudia (LT), 18 August 2009, leg. G. Tropea, 3 ♂♂ (GTC paratypes); same data but 5 May 2012, leg. G. Tropea, 3 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); surroundings of Anticoli Corrado (RM), under stones,
<geoCoordinate degrees="42.012665" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.012665">42.012665°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="12.970851" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="12.970851">12.970851°E</geoCoordinate>
, May 2014, leg. A. Massimiani, 2 ♀♀ (GTC paratypes); Near Monterotondo (RM), 109 m a.s.l.,
<geoCoordinate degrees="42.06871" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.06871">42.06871°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="12.64305" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="12.64305">12.64305°E</geoCoordinate>
, 18 April 2014, leg. G. Tropea, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (GTC paratypes); Simbruini Mts., near Trevi nel Lazio (FR), 1 August 1976, leg. R. Argano, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (GTC paratypes).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Molise</emphasis>
: Near SP Carovillense, Villa San Michele (IS),
<geoCoordinate degrees="41.74463" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="41.74463">41.74463°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="14.23146" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="14.23146">14.23146°E</geoCoordinate>
, 14 July 2012, leg. G. Tropea, S. Tropea, 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (GTC paratypes).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684434" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral view of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. female paratype. Scale bar: 4.20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="other examined specimens">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Other examined specimens</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">(not included in type series). Italy: Latium</emphasis>
: Mt. Gennaro, Lucretili Mts., (RM), ~ 1000 m a.s.l., 24 August 2009, G. Tropea, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (GTC).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684435" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. male holotype except
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">C</emphasis>
and
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">N</emphasis>
, that are of a female paratype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">A</emphasis>
carapace
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">B</emphasis>
external view of chela of adult male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">C</emphasis>
external view of chela of adult female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D</emphasis>
ventral view of pedipalp patella
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E</emphasis>
dorsal view of pedipalp patella
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">F</emphasis>
external view of pedipalp patella
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">G</emphasis>
ventral view of chela
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">H</emphasis>
dorsal view of chela
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">I</emphasis>
ventral view of metasomal segment V
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">J</emphasis>
lateral view of metasomal segment V
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">K</emphasis>
telson of adult male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">L</emphasis>
telson of adult female.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">The specific epithet means Latin, due to its range which includes the first area in which the Latins and the Latin language spread, namely the Latium vetus.</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684436" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Pregnant
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. found under the bark of a trunk.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="known geographic range">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Known geographic range.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Italy: Latium (left of the Tiber River; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 32. Maps of the known geographic ranges of the species treated herein." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure32" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684459" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684437" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. photographed in its habitat with first instar litter on its back.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
A medium-small,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, total length 25-34 mm. Colour of adults mostly dark brown with darker marbling on most of the body, including chelicerae, but with rare blackish or medium brown specimens. The number of trichobothria on the pedipalp manus ventral surface is four (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">V</emphasis>
1-3 +
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Et</emphasis>
1). Trichobothria est and dsb on fixed finger are respectively located distally and proximally to the notch of the fixed finger. The number of trichobothria on the pedipalp patella ventral surface is usually eight and seven (seven in 39.68% of the pedipalps examined). The number of trichobothria on pedipalp patella external surface is usually: eb = 4, eba = 4, esb = 2, em = 4, est = 4, et = 6 (5-7). Trichobothrium i of the femur is slightly proximal to or at the same level of d. The pectinal teeth number in males usually is eight (7-9) and in females usually is seven (6-8). Dorsal spur well developed. Femur is slightly shorter than the patella. Carapace tends to be shorter than long. Carinae V1 follows an external direction to the trichobothria Et1, without forming a Y-shape. Spinules on legs ending with a Y-shape. Ventrolateral and ventromedian carina on metasomal segment V well formed by small, spaced and slightly serrulated granules.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684438" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Example of the habitat of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="trichobothrial and pectinal teeth count variation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Trichobothrial and pectinal teeth count variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">The variation observed in 63 examined specimens (29 ♂♂ and 34 ♀♀) is given below (left/right asymmetry not specified).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pectinal teeth in males (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 58): 7/7 (1), 7/8 (2); 8/8 (20), 8/9 (2), 9/9 (4); in total, 7 in 6.90% (4), 8 in 77.59% (45), and 9 in 17.24% (10); mean = 8.10, SD = 0.48.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pectinal teeth in females (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 67): 5/6 (1), 6/6 (2), 6/7 (7),?/7 (1), 7/7 (15), 7/8 (6), 8/8 (2); in total, 6 in 17.91% (12), 7 in 65.67% (44), and 8 in 14.92% (10); mean = 6.94, SD = 0.62.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pedipalp patella trichobothria
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Pv</emphasis>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 126): 7/7 (15), 7/8 (20), 8/8 (28); in total, 7 in 39.68% (50), and 8 in 60.32% (76); mean = 7.60, SD = 0.49.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Pedipalp patella trichobothria
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Pe</emphasis>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">n</emphasis>
= 81):
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">et</emphasis>
= 5/4 (1), 5/5 (3), 5/6 (5), 6/1 (1), 6/6 (29), 4/7 (1); in total, 4 in 2.46% (2), 5 in 17.28% (14), 6 in 79.01% (64), and 7 in 1.23% (1); mean = 5.79, SD = 0.49;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">est = 4/3 (1), 4/4 (38), 4/5 (2); em = 3/4 (7), 4/4 (33), 4/5 (1); esb = 2/2 (41); eba = 4/4 (41); eb = 4/4 (39), 4/5 (2).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Description of the male holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
A general dark brown base colour with more or less marked lighter marbling or reticulation, reddish brown, in the less granulated areas, especially of the metasoma, legs, pedipalps and chelicerae; telson mostly dark brown with two ventrally longitudinal pale brown stripes and one for each side, with reddish brown distal part of the sting; pale brown chelicerae with dark brown reticulation; chelae with fingers ranging from pale yellowish brown to dark reddish brown with dark blackish brown reticulation; legs with most ivory tarsus, the basitarsus and tibia are mostly pale brown, but with dark blackish brown marbling externally, almost pale brown internally, the patella and femur are mostly dark with paler spot externally, and mostly pale brown with dark reticulation internally; pectines and genital operculum whitish ivory; sternites are mostly very pale brownish but the most distal is laterally dark blackish brown with the central part pale brown.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684439" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Pregnant specimen of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. found inside a pine cone.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Carapace</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Almost completely covered by dense fine granules, especially on the dark marbling. The granules in the lateral anterior part are larger; anterior edge is straight with some granules; deep posterior lateral furrows; two pairs of lateral eyes, and a pair of median eyes; length from centre of median eyes to anterior margin is 40.48% of carapace length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The tergites are densely covered with a fine granulation; sternites glossy and finely punctuated; small spiracles inclined to ~ 40° downward towards outside.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dorsal carinae on segments I-IV with spaced granules; ventrolateral carinae on segment I absent, on segment II and III smooth or obsolete, on segments IV, little marked with some small and spaced granule, with small slightly serrulated granules on segment V; ventromedian carinae absent on segment I-III, little marked smooth or obsolete on segment IV, on segment V it consists of small, slightly serrulated granules, which expands like a fan in the most distal part; dorsal and lateral intercarinal surfaces on segments I-IV are mostly finely granulated, especially on dark marbling, while the ventral surfaces are mostly smooth, the V segment is mostly finely granulated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Telson</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Vesicle with a few small granules, with ventral setae of different size, especially near the vesicle/aculeus juncture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Pectines</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Teeth number 8/8; middle lamellae number 5-5; several microsetae on proximal area of teeth, marginal lamellae, and middle lamellae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Genital operculum</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The genital operculum is formed by two longitudinally devised subtriangular sclerites with genital papillae protruding.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Sternum</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pentagonal shape, type 2; slightly wider than long, with a deep posterior emargination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Pedipalps</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Coxa and trochanter with tuberculated carinae. Femur: dorsal internal and external and ventral internal carinae tuberculated; irregular ventral external carinae formed by tubercles just on 1/3 or 1/4 of femur length; external median carinae formed by lightly serrulated tubercles; anterior median carinae formed by some spaced conical tubercles; intercarinal spaces granulated. Patella: dorsal and ventral internal carinae tuberculated; ventral external carinae crenulated; dorsal external carinae slightly crenulated to rough; intercarinal surfaces finely granulated, especially on the dark reticulations near the internal carinae. Dorsal patellar spur well developed. Chela: chelal carina D1 is distinct, strong, dark and smooth with a few tubercles; D4 is rounded with a few spaced granules; V1 is distinct, strong, dark, from rough to smooth, following an external direction to the trichobothria Et1; V3 is rounded with scattered granules; external carina granulated; intercarinal tegument granulated; the fixed and movable fingers with medium notch and lobe, respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Finger dentition</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In the most distal part is present a DD on the tip; MD is formed by very small denticles closely spaced forming an approximately straight line, discontinued at level of the OD; fixed finger has 5/5 OD and 11/10 ID; movable finger has 7/7 OD and 13/15 ID.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Trichobothria</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Chela: trichobothria on the pedipalp manus ventral surface V = 2*/3 (V1-3) (*the trichobothrium V3 of the left chela is vestigial) +
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Et</emphasis>
1 = 1/1; trichobothrium V4 situated on the external surface of the chela, near the carina V1; trichobothrium ratio of et-est/est-dsb is ~ 0.95 and 0.87. Trichobothrium est is distal to the centre of the notch of the fixed finger and dsb is proximal. Patella: Pv = 8/7; et = 6/6, est = 4/4, em = 4/4, esb = 2/2, eba = 4/4, eb = 4/4. Femur: trichobothrium d is slightly proximal to i, while trichobothrium e is well distal to both d and i, and situated on dorsal surface on dorsal external carina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Legs</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Two pedal spurs present; no tarsal spur; ventral row of tarsus with a total of 12/10 spinules on leg III, of increasing size from proximal to distal, ending with two spinules to form a Y-shape; three main flanking tarsal setae present. Tubercles present on ventral and dorsal surface of all leg femora.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Chelicerae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Typical of the genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Description of the hemispermatophore.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Type A. It has a well-developed lamina tapered distally; well-developed basal constriction present; truncal flexure present; median projection with lde, ldi, and lb; internal projection distally with 9-11 tines in its crown. The number and the shape of tines of the crown varied between specimens and between the right and the left hemispermatophores.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is the southernmost species of the
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. The geographically closest species of the
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group is
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. trejaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="trejaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. trejaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., which seems to be divided from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by the Tiber River. However, in terms of both phylogeny and of DNA sequence divergences, these two species do not seem to be more closely related compared to the others. In fact, according to the concatenated phylogenetic tree 16S rDNA + COI presented herein (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated 16 S rDNA and COX 1 mtDNA loci. Posterior probabilities of nodes are shown (as percentages) on the branches. Different colours are used to indicate the newly described species. Scale bar corresponds to substitutions per site." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1100.78979.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/684458" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">31</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is placed between
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is more basal to it, and the other species, which are apical to it. Regarding the sequence divergence in 16S marker, between
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. trejaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="trejaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. trejaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., it ranges from 2.7% to 3.1%, as with
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. niciensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="niciensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. niciensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov., from 3% to 2.7% with
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and from 3.8% to 4.2% with
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Morphologically, like the other species of the
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and the many cryptic species complex that have been described in recent years,
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is difficult to identify without reference to the locality of origin or with a limited number of specimens. As for the trichobothrial and pectines teeth values,
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., together with
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. trejaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="trejaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. trejaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., has the lowest average of Pv, which is 7.60 and 7.62, respectively, having the highest percentage of Pv = 7, i.e., 39.68%, vs. percentages ranging from 2.78% to 13.33% in
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. niciensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="niciensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. niciensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov. and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and a very similar percentage in
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. trejaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="trejaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. trejaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., 34.07. While the percentage of Pv = 8 is very similar to both
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. trejaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="trejaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. trejaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (from 60.32%-65.25%), it is very different from that of
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. niciensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="niciensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. niciensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov. and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (25% and 81.67, respectively). Dp in males is also quite similar to
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. trejaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="trejaensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. trejaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and very different from
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. niciensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="niciensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. niciensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stat. nov. and
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. stefaniae" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="stefaniae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. stefaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. As for Pe-et,
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has the largest percentage of et = 5, i.e., 17.28%, vs. percentages ranging from 5.93% to 10.69%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is the southernmost species of the
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and its known distribution includes central southern Lazio, on the left bank of the Tiber River, and north-western Molise. Regarding the latter location, this is the first time that a member of the
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. concinnus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group is reported from this region. This could be due to an accidental introduction, but we cannot dismiss the possibility of this area belonging to the natural distributional range of the species. The Apennines in this area are less elevated and more fragmented, and this may have facilitated the colonisation of that region. It remains to be seen if this species continues its distribution to the left of the Tiber River until it reaches Umbria, or if the latter region is inhabited by another species of the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
E
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius concinnus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinnus">Euscorpius concinnus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
group, as well as whether the species is also present in Campania.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. was found from almost the sea level (e.g., in Castel Fusano, near Ostia (RM)), up to ~ 900 m a.s.l. on the Lucretili Mountains. It was always found in woodlands, mostly mesophilic, but also hygrophilous. It is evident that the species prefers very humid habitats and microhabitats. In these environments,
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. behaves as a lapidicolous and corticolous species, since it mainly occurs under stones, but also under branches, trunks, and bark, often rotting, as well as inside pine cones.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tropea &amp; Parmakelis" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius latinus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has not been found in sympatry with other species of scorpions, but it cannot be excluded that rare encounters may occur with
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. flavicaudis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="flavicaudis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">T. flavicaudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euscorpius italicus" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="italicus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euscorpius italicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Herbst, 1800) which prefer more rural and less humid habitats than completely natural and very humid ones as
<taxonomicName genus="E." lsidName="E. latinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. latinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

192
data/3B/E6/E2/3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC.xml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7f85570c-a3d4-432c-9df3-f59d969d7d43" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127881410" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="2367-5365-2" ModsDocOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2)" ModsDocTitle="Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz" checkinTime="1418151875190" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hofmann, Axel &amp; Naderi, Alireza" docDate="2014" docId="3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 37(2): 167-181" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888" docTitle="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica Hofmann &amp; Naderi, 2014, ssp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" masterDocId="9B2D313EFFB0FFBEEF0196250226FFF3" masterDocTitle="Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz" masterLastPageNumber="181" masterPageNumber="167" pageId="6" pageNumber="173" updateTime="1643519278681" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hofmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Naderi, Alireza</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Nota Lepidopterologica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>37</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>167</mods:start>
<mods:end>181</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2367-5365-2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7FD37BBF-F89E-469F-8372-3A1A9F238CE4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127881410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="173" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
classification Animalia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="6" pageNumber="173">ssp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 55-63, 64-70, 72
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="material">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">
Holotype ♂, 31 mm wingspan, &quot;Iran, Prov. Qazvin, Hir NE, Gardaneh-ye Anbarkesh, N-Seite, 2780-2900 m, 13.7.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi&quot;, [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.624332">36°37,46'N</geoCoordinate>
, 50°
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="21.34">21,34E</geoCoordinate>
], coll. A. Hofmann (to be deposited later in SMNK). Paratypes, same data as holotype: 7 ♂, 4 ♀, coll. A. Hofmann; 2 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi. Same locality as holotype: 3 ♂, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. &amp; C. Keil, coll. T. Keil. Same locality as holotype, F1, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 13 ♂, 15 ♀, e. p.: 26.iv.-29.v.2007; 19 ♂, 21 ♀, e. p.: 22.iv.-15.vii.2008; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, e. p.: 27.v.-11.vi.2009. Ibidem, F2: 3 ♂, 7 ♀ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.v.-23.vi.2008; 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.-14.vi.2009; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ex CV08053,2), e. p.: 27.-30.v.2009. Ibidem, F3: 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (ex CV080503,1), e. p.: 29.v.-28.vi.2009. 10 ♂, 8 ♀, &quot;Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Tamol vic., 2250-2400 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi&quot;, [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.647835">36°38,87'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="50.4285">50°25,71'E</geoCoordinate>
], coll. A. Hofmann; 2 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 24 ♂, 6 ♀, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. &amp; C. Keil, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 13.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann. Ibidem, F1, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 15 ♂, 28 ♀, e. p.: 22.v.-30.v.2007; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, e. p.: 15.-24.v.2008; 8 ♂, 9 ♀, F2 (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 30.iv.-15.vii.2008. Ibidem, F2: 2 ♂, 6 ♀ (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 2.-19.vi.2009; 3 ♂, 4 ♀ (ex CV070524), e. p.: 4.v.-11.v.2008; 6 ♂, 5 ♀ (ex CV070524), e. p.: 1.-11.vi.2009. 2 ♀, &quot;Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout) N, 2800-3000 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi&quot;, [
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="36.689167">36°41,35'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="50.532665">50°31,96'E</geoCoordinate>
], coll. A. Hofmann; 3 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 5 ♂, 2 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 1 ♂, coll. P. Zehzad; 3 ♀, 14.vii.2010, leg. et. coll. A. Hofmann. Paratypes will be deposited in HMIM, CWGT.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="173" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="173">Dailam (persian ‏دیلم‎) is the historical name of the mountain region on the south-west side of the Caspian Sea. Because of its mountain location Dailam was for a long time protected from the attacks of invading Arabs, its inhabitants much later being converted to Islam. The centre was the Assassin fortress of Alamut, a castle at 2100 m altitude that was regarded as impregnable, but was destroyed in 1275 by the Mongols.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="174" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">Black ground colour with greenish or greyish sheen. Coloration of forewing spots warm red but without a tendency to orange. Hindwings less densely scaled, slightly translucent. Spots 1+2+2a forming a large basal blotch that is always well separated from the spot pair 3+4. Spot 3 smaller than spot 5, connected to the largest spot (spot 4). Spot 5 quadrangular, attached to spot 6, in the majority with a groove in the upper part, occasionally isolated, especially in the males. Spot 6 large, pear-shaped when separated from spot 5. Spot 6 completely absent in one female. Hindwings with a narrow greyish black border that can be broadened slightly at the apex. Red patagia and red abdominal belt always present on one segment, the latter closed ventrally. Tegulae consistently black in males, in females sometimes mixed with a few red scales. Legs greyish white in both sexes.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="174" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
Imago: From all other populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
the new subspecies is well separated by the one-segmented red cingulum on the abdomen (Fig. 62). Moreover, the red coloration is colder, less orange than in the red populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. placida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="placida">Zygaena tamara placida</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. kendevanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="kendevanica">Zygaena tamara kendevanica</taxonomicName>
). The distance between the spot pairs 1+2+2a and 3+4 of these subspecies is broader than that in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
ssp. n., thus forming a broad black band of ground colour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
Preimaginal stages: Already the L1 larva is darker than larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
from other localities. This is even more obvious in the diapausing stage. Post-diapause larvae and fully-grown larvae exhibit a more dirty-yellow ground colour with more brownish grey-yellow on the verrucae. While the fully-grown larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
are nearly unicolorous without contrasting elements, those of dailamica ssp. n. are much more strongly marked with the anterior dorsal spots (ADS) well developed and the yellow dorso-subdorsal spots well visible and present on 10 segments (Figs 64-69). Moreover, constant differences exist in the sclerotization of the pupae and even in the coloration of the cocoon (Figs 70-72). The exuviae of dailamica ssp. n. are dark brown, in contrast to the light- to mid-brown coloration in all other known populations of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
. The coloration of the cocoon is consistently slightly darker, less yellowish but light white-brownish with a tinge of green. Cocoons of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
from Zanjan, Baneh (Kurdestan), Golujeh (Azerbaijan-e Sharqi) or from Dorud (Lorestan) are light yellow to white (Fig. 71).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="7" pageNumber="174" type="bionomics">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="174">Bionomics.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="7" pageNumber="174">
All habitats of Z.
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="175" start="start">tamara</pageBreakToken>
dailamica ssp. n. are treeless slopes with a combination of arboreal, oreal and eremic vegetation, e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Securigera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Securigera varia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varia">Securigera varia</taxonomicName>
(L.) Lassen (
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) is found in the immediate vicinity of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Onobrychis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Onobrychis cornuta" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cornuta">Onobrychis cornuta</taxonomicName>
(L.) Desv. (
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eryngium billardieri" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="billardieri">Eryngium billardieri</taxonomicName>
Delar. (
<taxonomicName family="Apiaceae" genus="Apiaceae" lsidName="Apiaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Astragalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Astragalus (Tragacanthus)" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Tragacanthus">Astragalus (Tragacanthus)</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) cushions and yellow-flowering
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Phlomis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phlomis" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phlomis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Lamiaceae" genus="Lamiaceae" lsidName="Lamiaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
), typical for the narrow transitional zone between the humid Hyrcanian and the more arid eremic regions. At the first locality (Gardaneh Anbarkesh), Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. is syntopic with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena cambysea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambysea">Zygaena cambysea</taxonomicName>
Lederer, 1870, while at the more northerly sites it is syntopic with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena haberhaueri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haberhaueri">Zygaena haberhaueri</taxonomicName>
Lederer, 1870. In the more humid valley that lies between the two mountain ranges, where there is intensive agriculture, plenty of orchards and many villages, only
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena loti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loti">Zygaena loti</taxonomicName>
(Denis &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
, 1775) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena dorycnii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorycnii">Zygaena dorycnii</taxonomicName>
Ochsenheimer, 1808, were found; just 100-200 m higher up, the vegetation changes rapidly and becomes much drier and is partly grazed intensively by goats and sheep. These are the biotopes where, in the vicinity of Tamol, Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena haberhaueri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haberhaueri">Zygaena haberhaueri</taxonomicName>
were accompanied by these two species, a faunistic combination that is atypical for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
. In its biotopes,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamara">Zygaena tamara</taxonomicName>
is usually accompanied by species typical of the Zagros arid climate, e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena turkmenica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkmenica">Zygaena turkmenica</taxonomicName>
Reiss, 1933,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena escalerai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escalerai">Zygaena escalerai</taxonomicName>
Poujade, 1900,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena rosinae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosinae">Zygaena rosinae</taxonomicName>
Korb, 1903, Z. cambysea. The sympatry in the vicinity of Tamol represents a faunistic mixture comprising two species that are typical for the northern side of the Alborz Range (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena dorycnii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorycnii">Zygaena dorycnii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena loti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loti">Zygaena loti</taxonomicName>
), while the latter species does not even cross the Alborz main chain to the south.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="175">
After 10.00 h, moths were observed nectaring at the pinkish flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Salvia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Salvia" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salvia</taxonomicName>
, but preferred to sit on the flower heads of some
<taxonomicName family="Dipsacaceae" genus="Dipsacaceae" lsidName="Dipsacaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="family">Dipsacaceae</taxonomicName>
, viz. a white and bluish
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Scabiosa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scabiosa" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Scabiosa</taxonomicName>
sp. and a tall white-flowered
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" genus="Cephalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cephalaria" order="Dipsacales" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cephalaria</taxonomicName>
sp. Several copulae were found sitting on dry stems or on the flowers of scabious during the afternoon after 15.00 h, rarely on cushions of an
<taxonomicName genus="Acanthophylum" lsidName="Acanthophylum" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" rank="genus">Acanthophylum</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="175" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="175">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="175">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
ssp. n. was found only at altitudes between 2250-3000 m. Its distribution is restricted to the central Alborz range between north of Qazvin and south of Tonekabon and extends over two north-westerly/south-easterly ranging mountain chains with a valley of 1700-1900 m in between. In its most northerly sites
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Zygaenidae" genus="Zygaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tamara" subSpecies="dailamica">Zygaena tamara dailamica</taxonomicName>
ssp. n. inhabits slopes that are open to the Caspian Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>