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<document id="46A39B049E26E01BFF8B5B088E53C18A" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4cb112e9-a4d9-4bff-8a2b-3104bf2db199" ModsDocID="z01462p001" checkinTime="1247402249539" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Raphael Covain &amp; Sonia Fisch-Muller" docDate="2007" docId="3B7F4179EBA5ABA6E753750BD8FFED0A" docLanguage="en" docName="2007_Covain_Fisch-Muller_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1462" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D1F13841-BD7B-4D00-B57D-9CBEC187B83C" docTitle="Sturisoma Swainson 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FA6C6E047A967CDD773AC3443913C4A8" masterDocTitle="The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis." masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1701314601160" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E1E55F2085C6DC30365E6CE042C27DEF">The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="32D29A14152F2A5A43E01A888B9205FE">Raphael Covain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="701FCE26D925A3BFF88B234D83D01D9C">Sonia Fisch-Muller</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="35D94FD66829325C6299FDECF550A757">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="3B7F4179EBA5ABA6E753750BD8FFED0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6236689" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100117678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6236689" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B7F4179EBA5ABA6E753750BD8FFED0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7F4179EBA5ABA6E753750BD8FFED0A" lastPageNumber="36" pageNumber="36">
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<paragraph id="1D8B535EB3F11CED88A8BA11667CC0E0" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="A96693707037A7F678D47C93DF48B96F" ID-CoL="645QM" ID-ENA="337758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturisoma Swainson, 1838</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C3CBDF3C3A088C13F69CF378F78BD98" pageNumber="36">
Type species:
<taxonomicName id="86A95DE57048FE3CB8CD2967EB173A70" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05717980-BB6C-4A13-838A-AAAD6E5C755D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Loricaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Loricaria rostrata Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829:5" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostrata">Loricaria rostrata Spix &amp; Agassiz, 1829</taxonomicName>
. Brazilian rivers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0B737E6BA5739E8CD3F00E9C6B8BEEE" pageNumber="36">
<materialsCitation id="D17CF262DB6BD60A9AA1097D0FC6463A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923893113" country="Brazil" location="Brazil" typeStatus="Holotype">
<typeStatus id="EDD1D796A36A971BE89CDF380D935D61">Holotype</typeStatus>
: lost (
<normalizedToken id="657E2BC1179562D5BEB6692CC2EA8F4D" originalValue="Isbrücker">Isbruecker</normalizedToken>
1979).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1080C0C037FD9CBAEAEE63EFBB202B16" pageNumber="36">Gender: neuter.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="01B4B9DC8C3C401D76B2E033FD0992AC" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0D454EBFAF24B0979757A4884D645977" lastPageNumber="37" pageNumber="36">
The species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="7C08E694571C7E1C6F68A1ACFF3ED1A1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturisoma</taxonomicName>
are widely distributed on both slopes of the Andes, in Panama and Colombia, and in the Amazon, Orinoco, and
<normalizedToken id="51A371B4B474BE69B38A6A7EA2ADDE64" originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
River basins.
<taxonomicName id="AD6ABF2261BECB798C91CE450FFD39ED" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturisoma</taxonomicName>
inhabit gently to swiftly flowing white waters (Evers &amp; Seidel 2005) where submerged wood is abundant in the main flow of rivers. Sexual dimorphism includes hypertrophied odontodes on the sides of the head of the male. As representatives of
<taxonomicName id="5AF26ADB4B10D4176BCCD248D4493BD6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F67EBCDF-C072-49E3-99DF-AE3E2436805F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Farlowella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Farlowella Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889:32" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Farlowella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E74E41F9313EEB7BC68287C244936D30" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturisoma</taxonomicName>
species are open brooders (pers. obs.). Kavalco et al. (2005) reported a diploid number of 2n = 74 chromosomes for the single species characterized:
<taxonomicName id="D01039B1AE088504EDA37B1FBC4C7725" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrirostrum">S. cf. nigrirostrum</taxonomicName>
. A neotype has yet to be designated for
<taxonomicName id="A0F0561BDE3788FE76B3B996CC4C392A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratum">Sturisoma rostratum</taxonomicName>
, the type species, which was destroyed during World War II (
<normalizedToken id="152C1DD516BB6F85EADEAA165F4413C7" originalValue="Isbrücker">Isbruecker</normalizedToken>
1979). Neotype designation is needed to fix the type locality, which is unspecified and may pertain to several of the currently recognized species. Ghazzi (2003) revised genus, but it remains unpublished and unavailable for the moment.
<taxonomicName id="91A1777849AA0E70B14C3680189EB4F2" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturisoma</taxonomicName>
has been shown to be sister to
<taxonomicName id="8C8D0DDE0047075E69A0023C72DAF303" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F67EBCDF-C072-49E3-99DF-AE3E2436805F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Farlowella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Farlowella Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889:32" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Farlowella</taxonomicName>
according to Rapp Py-Daniel (1997) and Montoya-Burgos et al. (1998). Ghazzi (2005) confirms this relationship. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive strategy are comparable in both genera and tend to corroborate the molecular and morphological data. Fifteen valid species are currently recognized (Ferraris 2003, Ghazzi 2005). Ghazzi (2005) described a new species,
<taxonomicName id="B81198430EEB02C92BAFAB2162548330" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B18FBFFC-6F12-4668-9C2B-8C423FC5FB39" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Sturisoma kneri Ghazzi 2005:559" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kneri">Sturisoma kneri</taxonomicName>
, replacing an unavailable name,
<taxonomicName id="045DA33467F0253A616A51AE818598AF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F553246-29D8-4C22-88BC-3D4E5640D14C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Loricaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Loricaria kneri De Filippi 1940:137" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kneri">Loricaria kneri</taxonomicName>
, proposed by Tortonese (1940). She argued (p. 564) that “Tortonese’s (1940) intention was solely to publicize the large number of species housed in Museo di Torino; it was not his intention to validate De Filippi ’s manuscript names.” However Tortonese (1940: p. 134-135) explained in his introduction: “Infine, ho avuto anch ’io la ventura di trovare nei nuclei di materiale da me studiato diversi Pesci che ho creduto dover attribuire a specie non ancora note” In this citation we can see the intention of Tortonese to publish the names of new species, in part from De Filippi’s manuscript. The name
<taxonomicName id="CE98B752B2896B862FFFE59A0BB6B958" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F553246-29D8-4C22-88BC-3D4E5640D14C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Loricaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Loricaria kneri De Filippi 1940:137" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kneri">Loricaria kneri De Filippi in Tortonese, 1940</taxonomicName>
is here used as the valid name of this species, because the author refers to a holotype and because he gives a short diagnosis according to De Filippi’s manuscript. Thus, Tortonese made the name
<taxonomicName id="D174FAED8A8CDB26A526F3B52B2A54EA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F553246-29D8-4C22-88BC-3D4E5640D14C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Loricaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Loricaria kneri De Filippi 1940:137" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kneri">Loricaria kneri De Filippi</taxonomicName>
available. Secondly, Tortonese proposes that
<taxonomicName id="AC81AB718E38B3A31DADF2225FB5EBE1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F553246-29D8-4C22-88BC-3D4E5640D14C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Loricaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Loricaria kneri De Filippi 1940:137" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kneri">L. kneri</taxonomicName>
could be a representative of the genus
<taxonomicName id="17230BA69EE80E0D9A2E47DF02CFD2D6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Sturisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturisoma</taxonomicName>
as he specified in his introduction: “Ciascuna specie
<normalizedToken id="1452A3C2F9BE9794F7008CA42E15DF84" originalValue="è">e</normalizedToken>
elencata secondo l'ordine sistematico, col nome dell’A. che per primo la descrisse: ad esso seguono, oltre le indicacazioni bibliografiche, il nome coretto
<pageStartToken id="BBFAF05A0D3B542B3C59BE1889408C50" pageNumber="37">-</pageStartToken>
se il primo
<normalizedToken id="6F1BDD1430D896427BA16756C4935F72" originalValue="è">e</normalizedToken>
passato in sinonimia o vi
<normalizedToken id="8B96A841A3869891EF04F7C7C4B9A2AB" originalValue="è">e</normalizedToken>
stato cambiamiento di genere - il numero che il materiale porta nel Catalogo della collezione e i dati relativi alla provenienza, al raccoglitore o donatore e allo stato attuale di conservatione.” The statement on the validity of
<taxonomicName id="F4B70C3D762867005025C653C517B891" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F553246-29D8-4C22-88BC-3D4E5640D14C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Loricaria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Loricaria kneri De Filippi 1940:137" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kneri">Loricaria kneri De Filippi in Tortonese, 1940</taxonomicName>
should be submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1024.56927" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7a0ded71-ddb1-49e5-9c2c-10c01fd03a1f" ID-PMC="PMC7990858" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1024-157" ID-Pensoft-UUID="086BAB631B8D5B888571137F0CEFF686" ID-PubMed="33786006" ID-ZooBank="FDD37EA991214385B67D51AD313CB49E" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1024-157" checkinTime="1615979483707" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nestor-Arriola, Jorge Ismael, Toledo-Hernandez, Victor Hugo, Solis, Angel, Gonzalez, Guillermo &amp; Vetrovec, Jaroslav" docDate="2021" docId="3B7F7C5B99A455128D11863865CCE06D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1024: 157-196" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1024" docPubDate="2021-03-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1024.56927" docTitle="Brachiacantha mimica Nestor-Arriola &amp; Toledo-Hernandez 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="E8115FF9-80D8-45AF-BF28-19C2B784D002" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="086BAB631B8D5B888571137F0CEFF686" lastPageNumber="157" masterDocId="086BAB631B8D5B888571137F0CEFF686" masterDocTitle="The Brachiacantha Dejean, 1837 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Central America" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="157" pageNumber="157" updateTime="1668149905347" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The Brachiacantha Dejean, 1837 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Central America</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Nestor-Arriola, Jorge Ismael</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2394-1586</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Conservacion (CIByC), Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad # 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62209, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Toledo-Hernandez, Victor Hugo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Conservacion (CIByC), Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad # 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62209, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Solis, Angel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gonzalez, Guillermo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vetrovec, Jaroslav</mods:namePart>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="180585859" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E8115FF9-80D8-45AF-BF28-19C2B784D002" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7F7C5B99A455128D11863865CCE06D" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/E8115FF9-80D8-45AF-BF28-19C2B784D002" authority="Nestor-Arriola &amp; Toledo-Hernández" authorityName="Nestor-Arriola &amp; Toledo-Hernandez" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brachiacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachiacantha mimica" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimica" status="sp. nov.">
Brachiacantha mimica Nestor-Arriola &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toledo-Hernández">Toledo-Hernandez</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="157">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–12" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 12. Brachiacantha sp. 9 Brachiacantha guatemalensis comb. nov., male 10 Brachiacantha papiliona sp. nov., female 11 Brachiacantha mimica sp. nov., female 12 Brachiacantha gorhami comb. nov., female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1024.56927.figures9-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/520868" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Figure 11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="157" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063616332" collectingDate="1980-07-01" collectorName="N. L. H. Krauss" country="Guatemala" elevation="1550" location="Female" municipality="Original" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B7F7C5B99A455128D11863865CCE06D:C5274AC5443AE3A3D6B642BD8EF6A2DE" country="Guatemala" municipality="Original" name="Female">Female</location>
, pinned.
<collectingMunicipality>Original</collectingMunicipality>
labels: &quot;
<collectingCountry name="Guatemala">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
, ANTIGUA,
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1500.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500-1600 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date value="1980-07-01">
<collectingDate value="1980-07-01">01-VII-1980</collectingDate>
</date>
, col.
<collectorName>N. L. H. Krauss</collectorName>
&quot; (USNMNH).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="157" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Dorsal color black with three pale yellow spots. Protibial tooth small. Apical elytral suture dentiform.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="157" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Female. Length
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
; body oval rounded, convex. Dorsal color black except head pale yellow; pronotum with lateral angles and sides yellow; each elytron with three yellow spots in discal, mid-lateral and sub-apical positions (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 9–12" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 9 - 12. Brachiacantha sp. 9 Brachiacantha guatemalensis comb. nov., male 10 Brachiacantha papiliona sp. nov., female 11 Brachiacantha mimica sp. nov., female 12 Brachiacantha gorhami comb. nov., female." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1024.56927.figures9-12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/520868" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">11</figureCitation>
). Ventral surface with head, prostermum, and metaventrite brown; abdomen yellowish brown; legs, mouthparts, and antennae yellow. Head punctures small, separated by their diameter or less, each puncture as large as an eye facet; pronotal punctures larger than head punctures, separated by their diameter or less; elytral punctures as large as pronotum punctures, separated by their diameter; metaventral punctures as large as head punctures, separated by their diameter to two diameters. Elytral suture with apex dentiform. Clypeus curved. Carinae on prosternal process convergent, joined near the anterior prosternal border, larger than half prosternum. Protibia not flanged, basal tooth small. Basal abdominal ventrite without setal tuft. Abdomen with postcoxal line on basal abdominal ventrite slightly flattened along posterior ventrite margin, ventrite with sparse, long pubescence and small, dense punctures. Genitalia not examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Etiology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
The name refers to its similarity to other
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brachiacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachiacantha" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Brachiacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="157" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063616326" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Guatemala" location="Sacatepequez" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sacatepequez" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="Guatemala">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion country="Guatemala" name="Sacatepequez">Sacatepequez</collectingRegion>
: Antigua
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3063616396" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Guatemala" latitude="14.55" location="Guatemala" longLatPrecision="1287" longitude="-90.73333" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guatemala" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion country="Guatemala" name="Guatemala">Guatemala</collectingRegion>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="14.55">14°33'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="90" direction="west" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-90.73333">90°44'W</geoCoordinate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="157" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
<collectingCountry name="Guatemala">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="157" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="157">
This species is very similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. bistripustulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="bistripustulata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">B. bistripustulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and allies, but the pale-colored head and the yellowish ventral color of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nestor-Arriola &amp; Toledo-Hernandez" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Brachiacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachiacantha mimica" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">Brachiacantha mimica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
marks the difference. The apical dentate elytral suture is shared only with
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. papiliona" pageId="0" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="papiliona">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="157">B. papiliona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
</document>

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Crawford, 1913
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<mods:namePart id="E65282BFC2A853AEE149C44F8AFC493C">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="27B70995AB77E4C76624CFE3A997FE8A">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany &amp; Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="8D91477CC7C734C374F500242FC3D334">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E5AF63FA222AA7F71B50A69BF2F79E21">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador &amp; Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5B61F785562207824DD3362A208028EA" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B65D477CDCB09661A13A0A023171F88E">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F0758A27723A23C6DB0B21FABC267C6C">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo id="51F053BF8EDD21BDF60C038B69D173A7">
<mods:title id="B5BAFDAFCD9DC3929336E4361C5F6408">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E17F2D23078A3A31E03A5F946E0DA32B">
<mods:date id="7A12F318A3F06BFDA0E1DEF76FBFDE14">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B0563C805609CC802AFEC606E30E4B23">2024-02-08</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AC5E49222B9EEA6345AE636B80F692A6">8</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="929A01D21402BEE38FB71A3930999D56">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E33C8BCFF6E441A5AB8EA7D8A668077F">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="F88A556660E5F71E3CA9D21B67FD1106">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A3F18414FD1506B6768ECEA0CEB86547" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3B7F86708DC858229A4A8510B21F23FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B7F86708DC858229A4A8510B21F23FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7F86708DC858229A4A8510B21F23FA" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection id="1377152D8C1642F2C42AE3FEBE5D7BDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="85939B9DF681806FE380C19445E00D04" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="36329AEEB82A5958E30F4440C0E79124" ID-CoL="563YW" LSID="3B7F8670-8DC8-5822-9A4A-8510B21F23FA" authority="(Posada Arango, 1889 a)" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">Bothriechis torvus (Posada Arango, 1889a)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DE4F9A70B206A037E3491277059ACAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="51FD57BD05903D5C6B778742600BBD44" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<figureCitation id="1674322D9120320521CB76F2E13C93E8" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis torvus in life. a. Adult and b. Juvenile (same individual) from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; c. TH 145 adult female from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; d. Adult and e. Juvenile from Uraba, Antioquia department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981701" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="C421199CD9B13BCA9607C0BACB2DCCDD" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis torvus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. ICN 0421 from Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981702" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26BA84B8395C8A96B0BA87202B4BCC34" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9479409A8D81BAD240A880C71A2F1400" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="8634C401EB1202EDB9FC1C9E53B55444" authorityName="Posada Arango" authorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Thanatophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thanatophis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">Thanatophis torvus</taxonomicName>
Posada Arango, 1889a: 48. Type(s): not designated. Type locality: &quot;lugares
<normalizedToken id="488FEBBBC7B07E4FE8388D29B04F4714" originalValue="cálidos">calidos</normalizedToken>
de Antioquia.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9627698E5DF8CA2B0F61A0F7094B559E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="AB410C9AAB8B2AC4B070F2033B40B839" authorityName="Posada Arango" authorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Thanatophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thanatophis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">Thanatophis torvus</taxonomicName>
Posada Arango, 1889b: 345. Type(s): not designated. Type locality: &quot;regions chaudes
<normalizedToken id="DC606C145A31291385DA7E0E9AED124F" originalValue="d’Antioquia.”">d'Antioquia.&quot;</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E48ABD72826C2071B47450FCBADDF741" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="CC01B8ADC9C59FAA8FFE9ACF3F602CF3" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Teleuraspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teleuraspis birri" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birri">Teleuraspis birri</taxonomicName>
Posada Arango, 1909: 231.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="926513AF88A3E0DB09CE35FD4191467E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="referred specimens">
<paragraph id="EE4E7B44B59BCDD50DAC87D28D1A2463" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4112494C115C8EA794F943524A3E099D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
All labeled
<taxonomicName id="8827697ED398615EE3DBADF3D6054552" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="55F59000F69EF8A77A511625A69D47CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Suppl. material 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1F54CE2383D887ECA3F285DABD0F2744" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english name">
<paragraph id="516E2E46F9CDFF96F52747AA8838A3A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English name.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5B5F872A30BB53FD0A129CD22225EBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Birri Eyelash--Pitviper.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="68B621FD425BDAE6E5CD751FFD8A2E51" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="spanish names">
<paragraph id="B82F8B3C2CAA6C418B4F2FD42E87684A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Spanish names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D386C4F1B49BB2B02AFDBFBA91FD45DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<normalizedToken id="B465397F8AB599C7105EC2730B7AA5BE" originalValue="Víbora">Vibora</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="90D7B37FC73AB5A127D0E1C311F6242F" originalValue="birrí">birri</normalizedToken>
, serpiente guinda,
<normalizedToken id="8FBA954DBAF73B8E8529414CEE642220" originalValue="pestañona">pestanona</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B98C0F366695AAD313BE5521F64B5081" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="75585D9521DAD1EA8D3EC9AA48E55764" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B23445115B87BC65E38C0B79D0DEBBA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="3EED6F0B3BBEF9AC276E1AD84C21EB3B" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="6CECBA49E086DA570310027ECA70D862" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) 3 raised supraciliary scales, triangular, but rounded and not spinelike; (2) anterior dorsal head scales keeled; (3) gular scales much smaller than chinshields; (4) 6-18 interoculolabials; (5) 3-8 canthals, most of them with raised triangular projections; (6) loreal in contact with preocular in some populations; (7) yellow morph absent; (8) dorsal bands pink or red; (9) no opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales absent; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces absent or faint; (12) ventral surfaces entirely white in some individuals; (13) iris pale bluish-green or straw yellow with fine black speckling; (14) 21-23 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 148-159 ventrals in males, 141-153 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 378 mm, in females 657 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDD130530E8CCA9A5A15B311BA62F023" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
<paragraph id="C6482FB0B508E7E5F8CFBCD9DEA6C58F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="62D2D57AF14B1DF0475C474007AEA3FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="599CFEA7267A94D8336AB745D1D0382C" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="C963292D6110383E2DA76FBB9148B3CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
<taxonomicName id="A16B07C99A3F8DA9F9B748A03E522C29" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
<emphasis id="AD99AC7D7FB76498116E92B371674957" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="72974BCBEB85D0604FA4A8820BDCF63D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
(differences summarized in Table
<tableCitation id="07944388AA3A0FCBB88F0A57E290DFEF" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
). It differs from all of them by having three raised and triangular supraciliary scales, anterior dorsal head scales keeled, a high number of canthals (3-8) and interoculolabials (6-18), thin pink dorsal bands, and entirely pale white belly.
<taxonomicName id="8758D2541F520BED15F8E052B69345A6" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="43053ABF00C074EE05A458706BB575CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="B6D99D7AA8700244FC9AD938B41B5A48" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
<emphasis id="5BDE90070BF9B69B83A007F98B0B7BD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="57EB960F35DEB589EA9A534E7D3582F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu stricto</emphasis>
by having anterior dorsal head scales keeled, 3-8 canthals (rather than 1-3), bands pink or red (rather than black or dark brown; Fig.
<figureCitation id="9FE5CA8365253AAC1B4A49A3A741B44F" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis torvus in life. a. Adult and b. Juvenile (same individual) from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; c. TH 145 adult female from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; d. Adult and e. Juvenile from Uraba, Antioquia department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981701" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">15</figureCitation>
), ventral surfaces entirely white, a higher number of ventrals in both males and females, smaller body size, and smaller basal hooks on the hemipenial body (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6AB8F626B20A16EDE19D6BB77B9E3B4A" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis torvus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. ICN 0421 from Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981702" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">16</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="C8ECC949E8BDFDB7ADC106B88DBBB7BD" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="6F9DB8FD968D5EB9A0325C397C69F52E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with
<taxonomicName id="B32E7DB36C5B91333706685B67FE52E7" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
<emphasis id="51DA1910CB350A41A0859A050BD071B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along the
<normalizedToken id="3F3AB37F167F32F0B46DF2E910A9F32E" originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
de Pirre,
<normalizedToken id="3EDF94A4A55C437EBC1E77D0685DD629" originalValue="Darién">Darien</normalizedToken>
province, Panama (lime green shade in Fig.
<figureCitation id="C148AA3FF3D4B4DD3838C879B6A4D18D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
). The two species differ in coloration (Figs
<figureCitation id="AC46437517852F41F0010C718FECE937" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in life. a. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; b. MHCH 3269 adult from Guabito, Bocas del Toro province, Panama; c. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; d. Adult from a private collection in Costa Rica; e, f. Juveniles from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; g. MHCH 3268 adult female from Porton, Chiriqui province, Panama; h. MHCH 3266 adult female from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama; i. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; j. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; k. FP 001 from Cerro Gaital, Cocle province, Panama; l. MHCH 3267 juvenile male from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981691" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="33146549C5D79DF3E0FE42D73E322170" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis torvus in life. a. Adult and b. Juvenile (same individual) from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; c. TH 145 adult female from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; d. Adult and e. Juvenile from Uraba, Antioquia department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981701" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">15</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="594155667A3033526AADEA562239EFEF" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="75C730F5EDDCB150D48E5737E5C21ACE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has dorsal bands (vs opposing kidney shaped marks), three broad and triangular enlarged supraciliary scales (vs two thin and spinelike), a lower number of ventral scales, and lateral surface of the hemipenial body and lobes more heavily packed with larger spines (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E8E3BFA82A7E758888BDB0058820F828" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis torvus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. ICN 0421 from Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981702" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">16</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="EF639F028B4A703DFA07EFA62E714043" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="9AE62D1E50BC60EEABA391E1091320EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="CDE3B14DB8CBDA47CA7159ACB3E53ACB" lsidName="B. rahimi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
<emphasis id="F8A1201BBEF2CA74E0D01EDC3A546125" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rahimi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., but this other species occurs south of the known distribution of
<taxonomicName id="60B66A2611CBF6720A19076ADD267EA2" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="CAA7E07DBE9B1603DC8B817F3A2C122B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is characterized by having a lower number of ventrals, enlarged spinelike supraciliary scales, faint dorsal banding, and presence of the yellow morph.
<taxonomicName id="1C4E8A8252CF1891911191EBDE50408B" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="AC7C80356A2BA803D16A02730350C42A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="7BF2E41BF5D29DACF962E2A96D37A10A" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
<emphasis id="C3724257FC0A050D3EE38FCC69678C65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having pink bands (bands absent or dark vertebral blotches in
<taxonomicName id="5F8691093AD4BE2AD6E60ACC811B3730" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
<emphasis id="6E2E2176DEEC70D6D6F30F029C8168C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7247005AE16FBCFA882E3F61D359C867" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981701" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="DD258AFF4F214A19DCB833EF4D823052" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="7464E0652D9DB5D7BD0FAAA302D79DF7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 15.</emphasis>
Photographs of some specimens of
<taxonomicName id="1425CF940CE6A37F7C1C5CC2F39E90E1" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="761943D0F842FF3252B3EEB61E20C9B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in life.
<emphasis id="8C2B3F51EED238B700FB70B23E9BEF09" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
Adult and
<emphasis id="D4D3C8629FB8998E9A70F2FEB2BF9978" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
Juvenile (same individual) from Morromico Reserve,
<normalizedToken id="F07680445F463E8805E9C037B4DBF12B" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
department, Colombia;
<emphasis id="72A4A9DF003B3BEDEA2E41E82E0F631F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">c.</emphasis>
TH 145 adult female from Morromico Reserve,
<normalizedToken id="9A46549887495291402623E17B02FB1A" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
department, Colombia;
<emphasis id="49CC820B1EB0D446370575637EC035C8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">d.</emphasis>
Adult and
<emphasis id="0848C0CCAAA96A284530696493AC795D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">e.</emphasis>
Juvenile from
<normalizedToken id="4A42648C2368D55B8224D4B7C24CD77B" originalValue="Urabá">Uraba</normalizedToken>
, Antioquia department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CA5A8273A9BC3510038711778812CB41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981702" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="F22A3182AAA8E58CA013D173630251EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="56900E62EE8F34434DAE8FE970F521DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 16.</emphasis>
Hemipenial architecture of
<taxonomicName id="8D053949D1A82D6FBB0E2F393923DF68" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="539866212DC4746BDC46C2F598FCC855" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. ICN 0421 from Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. Photos by
<normalizedToken id="404778F8178F2BDF974B79FC7F457898" originalValue="Duván">Duvan</normalizedToken>
Zambrano.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C867CEBF532ADE0A673E4C566BD479D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="hemipenial morphology">
<paragraph id="B999C4ABAFE390C51ABC8FA88FEFB5F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8DE0E9A177F04657140790E42AEC5D35" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
(n = 1; Fig.
<figureCitation id="91A044E84950D6D783E8F74375736166" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis torvus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. ICN 0421 from Valle del Cauca department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981702" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">16</figureCitation>
) Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, calyculate and noncapitate; hemipenial lobes cylindrical, but tapering towards the capitulum; in sulcate and asulcate views, lobe crotch ornamented with densely packed spines that become larger distally; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, bifurcate and with walls strongly defined, bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the base of the hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to lobe tips; distal half of each hemipenal lobe densely ornamented with small calyces with defined spinulate edges. In sulcate view, hemipenial body surface spinulate medially with enlarged and strongly calcified lateral basal hooks followed by rows of smaller obliquely arranged mesial spines that become gradually smaller towards each
<normalizedToken id="A3A0D114F6ED1ACDF77E37BD9D7A1334" originalValue="lobe’s">lobe's</normalizedToken>
capitulum; each hemipenial lobe ornamented with mesial and lateral spines about 1/5 the size of the large basal hooks; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by calyces with strongly spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body and lobes non-spiculate but with rows of spines; distal half of lobes strongly calyculate. In asulcate view, the center of hemipenial body is nude to barely spiculate; hemipenial lobes ornamented with 2 rows of smaller spines (about 1/3 the size of the lateral basal hooks) that decrease in size towards the lobe crotch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3A69EBBB45FEB1E1F58BB0FE614D495E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
<paragraph id="0DFCE8915F0AF29CA46B375152B85707" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B36779AA9AED091940EAD4DEF1C0E704" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="C7FA64EBE98DFAC26873D5A29D805C30" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="C7F76A7EFBAA3745577A11BA2F3DC0A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen lowland/foothill forests. We have found vipers of this species active at night crawling on ferns, tree branches, and trunks from 1.8 to 5 m above the ground or during the day perched on arboreal vegetation up to 3.5 m above the ground. Specimens from Cerro Sapo and Pirre Mountain ranges, eastern Panama, were found in a cloud forest consisting predominantly of trees covered with moss and a large variety of understory and midstory bromeliads. In captivity, TH 145 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FE625044C8127CAC218C8A485A8863FC" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis torvus in life. a. Adult and b. Juvenile (same individual) from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; c. TH 145 adult female from Morromico Reserve, Choco department, Colombia; d. Adult and e. Juvenile from Uraba, Antioquia department, Colombia. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981701" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">15c</figureCitation>
) and another specimen from Morromico,
<normalizedToken id="CE56A7912F02B5859D696395EF640E74" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
department, Colombia, consumed lizards (
<taxonomicName id="C5EE88753277F60CE37E95A281CD93C5" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Anolis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anolis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="74629300B2685C262F7019EF2BBD7AC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Anolis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0B158EA0706F47D0DD95FF4517B5B6EB" class="Squamata" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lepidodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidodactylus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B2F78C407267D8E819CC827E9325C5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Lepidodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and frogs (
<taxonomicName id="5C30D897F789FF03362F5C995E0EB14E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Craugastor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craugastor" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A85067F9D279D2E54A4F7098F55A34D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Craugastor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0210BCED16D67381303AB05A9DD38CAE" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="09488DC7C149121670989F74D734A8E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Pristimantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6098FE81278519835CE1065ED7D41F5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
<paragraph id="5710B916B17AB1090E168D439B03294E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D219F2F5C7D15FBA5A987B0176E51656" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="2AC94F064CD9086789ED4A34D517A3CA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" author="Prezotto-Neto, JP" journalOrPublisher="Experimental Biology and Medicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="2075 - 2085" refId="B86" refString="Prezotto-Neto, JP, Kimura, LF, Alves, AF, Gutierrez, JM, Otero, R, Suarez, AM, Santoro, ML, Barbaro, KC, 2016. Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica. Experimental Biology and Medicine 241: 2075 - 2085, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" title="Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" volume="241" year="2016">Prezotto-Neto et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
studied the composition of the venom of specimens of
<taxonomicName id="D2EB8B3365D9DBAA33A24440B085AAB5" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="9A8311C1D18F6392249235E7B620AD13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Vegachi, Antioquia, and found that its properties differ drastically from specimens of
<taxonomicName id="AA441296CEC8E72B35DAC0F16F232782" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
<emphasis id="7A73E1C1FDDEB642DA4232763FD962DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Costa Rica. When compared to the latter, the venom of
<taxonomicName id="C472CC7DF9C1CF92C8601CE9B65A6FD7" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="009A08750EF926D22EB8B9CB1F9D6705" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found to be less edematous, hemorrhagic, and lethal (LD50 estimated as 9.24 mg/kg vs 5.60 mg/kg).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="45E5F3654421BBC54398DCB6AC9E0009" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="02407B4531A8A69E737A30BC812B5D19" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6902378D5A1E9EE96C04C5FD797A9AF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="5E3885C21A6CED942FD068CF0ACE35D3" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="BCD8BB864540E07E23678C8FBB70E738" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from at least 37 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) along the
<normalizedToken id="870A52E887EE34B39D8D8CE5E6FB21AD" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken id="186190C015E338F81B384C08DDE2C12A" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Magdalena valley regions of northern Colombia and extreme southeastern Panama. The species occurs over an area of approximately 61,466 km2 and has been recorded at elevations 61-1,413 m above sea level (Fig.
<figureCitation id="621F099DC13DF84A7EF0E227D914FEA3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
). The ENM suggests the distribution is not continuous across the valley of the
<normalizedToken id="533EED7B9FB96144FAC28136E05E523B" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Atrato (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="83B8CF839ECDC4565CF3B7304C17E00B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="A72613A55FCB18CEEC7B8C4272F44A81" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="747597016A4A32E574F3CBB26045E7AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
The specific epithet
<emphasis id="740B66547911A1FFAA527C5DE926C604" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">torvus</emphasis>
is a Latin word meaning
<normalizedToken id="2F5082552F04A7D57ABC491A628B9E0C" originalValue="“fierce.”">&quot;fierce.&quot;</normalizedToken>
It refers to the protruding supraciliary scales, which according to
<normalizedToken id="EBB27597F637ABFDAFE7F2480387A215" originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
Posada Arango, give this species an &quot;
<emphasis id="0B07597F312C12663D9D6030128CA161" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
air
<normalizedToken id="A9A9CA26F09EE67D6A897C89759AA776" originalValue="féroce.”">feroce.&quot;</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A89C4ABF2FC48056B2D138041692B19A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
<paragraph id="7BD1140988923A4389D486C4ED1BAA6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B781122BA5894C901A5BB3197F92BFB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
We consider
<taxonomicName id="6070B17277C5F8223CDBCAB244FB4D98" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="A088868438784C14DCD7541B33984FD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be included in the Least Concern category following IUCN Red List criteria (
<bibRefCitation id="4EA1897447B57C48C674D8EEDC3149F8" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
) because the species is distributed over a region that holds large areas of continuous unspoiled forest. Based on the species distribution model presented in Fig.
<figureCitation id="A240B1FFED93D551299004A1A980F246" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
in combination with maps of vegetation cover of Colombia (
<bibRefCitation id="15CD522D947BC5FCBC664A2504622B9E" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B47" refString="IDEAM (2014) Mapa de cobertura de la tierra adaptada para Colombia." year="2009">IDEAM 2014</bibRefCitation>
) and Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="54B07AFE1B8E411D0F8A5831091300EB" author="Castoe, TA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B23" refString="CATHALAC (2011) Mapa Centroamericano de cobertura y uso de la tierra, cambios de cobertura y uso de la tierra 1980-1990-2000-2010.Programa Regional para la Reduccion de la Vulnerabilidad y Degradacion Ambiental, Ciudad de Panama, 166 pp." year="2009">CATHALAC 2011</bibRefCitation>
), we estimate that more than half (~59%) of the
<normalizedToken id="D1542AFBA3587AEBFDDC486C78041EEA" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
forest habitat is still standing. Unfortunately, vast areas of the
<normalizedToken id="FEEE07C7A45BCA4F7F445D943E60C0ED" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
rainforest in northern Colombia and towards central Panama have already been converted to pastures (
<bibRefCitation id="CCFD705E3412D631C879ED10B60D3952" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501" author="Myers, N" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="835 - 838" refId="B69" refString="Myers, N, Mittermeier, RA, Mittermeier, CG, da Fonseca, GAB, Kent, J, 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 835 - 838, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501" title="Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501" volume="403" year="2000">Myers et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="7BD39D6CDC3E125E3AB7073179C9FEDB" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
<emphasis id="552BDAE2AB481D3D1B539A0634A3C2EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs over an area greater than 50,000 km2 and is presumably not declining fast enough to qualify for a threatened category.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>