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<document id="1732A8EF9301DB477501BF86991C1BDA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3884.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7ed78dab-afa2-48c5-b17c-171e176a3615" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="226952" ID-ZooBank="4B0EA72D-A7B8-4A9E-9B3A-47DDE7D384AE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460967915108" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Liu, Di, Chiappe, Luis M., Zhang, Yuguang, Bell, Alyssa, Meng, Qingjin, Ji, Qiang &amp; Wang, Xuri" docDate="2014" docId="3B6D0861B6793126FF4B8496FDD4B8D6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03884p266.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3884 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gansus Hou and Liu 1984, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="259" masterDocId="C7547019B6783120FFDC853AFF92BF56" masterDocTitle="An advanced, new long-legged bird from the Early Cretaceous of the Jehol Group (northeastern China): insights into the temporal divergence of modern birds" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="253" pageNumber="254" updateTime="1698558249386" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DEB4759708EC6FDD38D35C630968BA96">An advanced, new long-legged bird from the Early Cretaceous of the Jehol Group (northeastern China): insights into the temporal divergence of modern birds</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EA4E035700C8323BB36BA6255179B89E">Liu, Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3AFA11EEEB75CF256F391271D5369E90">Chiappe, Luis M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49AE716ACF854ADFA5414923DAC33279">Zhang, Yuguang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67C74B49F8AF5416FA239D8F7791C7E1">Bell, Alyssa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9C71A4A3EC4DF7D9882A50C7127D00E2">Meng, Qingjin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7F15994322D53686B6511CD6FAE98035">Ji, Qiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8EBFCFCD0651F9C15C50890994D80C49">Wang, Xuri</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="3B6D0861B6793126FF4B8496FDD4B8D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5672085" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119593500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5672085" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B6D0861B6793126FF4B8496FDD4B8D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B6D0861B6793126FF4B8496FDD4B8D6" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<subSubSection id="FBDEEAFCB6793121FF4B8496FBC3BDB2" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF4B8496FE71BE91" blockId="1.[151,483,428,455]" box="[151,483,428,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<heading id="E8330E1BB6793121FF4B8496FE71BE91" bold="true" box="[151,483,428,455]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FF4B8496FE71BE91" authority="Hou and Liu, 1984" authorityName="Hou and Liu" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,483,428,455]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF4B8496FE71BE91" bold="true" box="[151,483,428,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF4B8496FF60BE90" bold="true" box="[151,242,428,454]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B6793121FF258497FE71BE91" author="Hou" box="[249,483,429,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" refString="Hou, L. H. &amp; Liu, Z. C. (1984) A new fossil bird from Lower Cretaceous of Gansu and early evolution of birds. Science in China, Series B, 27, 1296 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1984">Hou and Liu, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF4B84CEFD8FBDE9" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF4B84CEFE19BD5B" bold="true" box="[151,395,500,525]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
Non-ornithurine ornithuromorphs having a hooked omal projection of the sternolateral process of the coracoid; sternum with a caudomedially curved outermost (lateral) trabecula; intermembral index (length of humerus + ulna)/(length of femur + tibiotarsus) between 0.9 and 1.1; intermetacarpal space terminating distal to the distal end of metacarpal I; metatarsal II shorter than metatarsal IV (metatarsal II extends distally only as far as the base of the trochlea of metatarsal IV); proximal pedal phalanges longer than distal pedal phalanges; pedal digit IV longer than digit III.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B87F6FBC3BDB2" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" box="[199,1105,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B87F6FE03BDB3" bold="true" box="[199,401,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Included species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FE4487F6FCC3BDB2" authority="Hou and Liu, 1984" authorityName="Hou and Liu" authorityYear="1984" box="[408,849,716,741]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FE4487F6FDE6BDB2" box="[408,628,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B6793121FDA787F7FCC3BDB2" author="Hou" box="[635,849,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" refString="Hou, L. H. &amp; Liu, Z. C. (1984) A new fossil bird from Lower Cretaceous of Gansu and early evolution of birds. Science in China, Series B, 27, 1296 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1984">Hou and Liu, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FC8187F6FC61BDB2" box="[861,1011,716,740]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FC8187F6FC61BDB2" box="[861,1011,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A83D81EB6793121FC2787F7FBC3BDB2" box="[1019,1105,717,740]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBDEEAFCB6793121FF1B87D5FE33BC06" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B87D5FA8CBC5E" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" box="[199,1310,751,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B87D5FEA6BC5E" bold="true" box="[199,308,751,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<typeStatus id="6C7F07D5B6793121FF1B87D5FEA6BC5E" box="[199,308,751,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. BMNHC-Ph1342, complete and articulated specimen preserved in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B6793121FB1087D5FA9FBC5E" box="[1228,1293,751,776]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1521,1543]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1496]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,375,1496]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photograph and interpretive drawing of the holotype of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations: co—coracoid, cv—cervical vertebrae, fem—femur, fi—fibula, fu—furcula, g—gastroliths, h—humerus, pu—pubis, r—radius, sc—scapula, st—sternum, ti—tibiotarsus, tmt—tarsometatarsus, u—ulna; roman numerals refer to the manual and pedal digits." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226953/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B862EFE33BC06" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B862EFE3BBC7B" bold="true" box="[199,425,788,813]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Referred specimen</emphasis>
. BMNHC-Ph1318 and BMNHC-Ph1394, complete and articulated specimens preserved in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B6793121FE92860DFE01BC06" box="[334,403,823,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1732]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Photograph and line drawing of a referred specimen (BMNHC—Ph 1318) of Gansus zheni. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226954/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBDEEAFCB6793121FF1B8666FBE9BCB6" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B8666FE41BCCE" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B8666FED4BC23" bold="true" box="[199,326,860,885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Etymology</emphasis>
. The specific name
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FDF38666FDF8BC22" box="[559,618,860,884]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FDF38666FDF8BC22" box="[559,618,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
honors Dr. Zhen Shuonan, for his paleontological legacy to the Beijing Museum of Natural History.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B869EFBE9BCB6" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B869EFD54BCEB" bold="true" box="[199,710,932,957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Stratigraphic and geographic occurrence</emphasis>
. Sihedang Town, Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province,
<collectingCountry id="CBD3F9E7B6793121FA8D869EFA05BCEB" box="[1361,1431,932,957]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">China</collectingCountry>
; Jiufotang Formation, Early Cretaceous, Aptian (approximately 120 Ma) (
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B6793121FC1786F2FBE2BCB6" author="He" box="[971,1136,968,992]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" refString="He, H. Y., Wang, X. L., Zhou, Z. H., Wang, F., Boven, A., Shi, H. G. &amp; Zhu, R. X. (2004) Timing of the Jiufotang Formation (Jehol Group) in Liaoning, northeastern China, and its implications. Geophysical Research Letters, 31 (12), 1 - 4. [L 12605] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1029 / 2004 gl 019790" type="journal article" year="2004">
He
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FC2886F3FBBEBCB6" box="[1012,1068,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBDEEAFCB6793121FF1B86D6FC61BB8A" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B86D6FC61BB8A" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B86D6FEA8BB53" bold="true" box="[199,314,1004,1029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. A medium-sized gansuid bird distinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FC0886D6FB29BB52" box="[980,1211,1004,1028]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FC0886D6FB29BB52" box="[980,1211,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: broader U-shaped furcula with an interclavicular angle of approximately 60 degrees (as opposed to ~ 40 degrees for
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FE33810EFD5DBB1A" box="[495,719,1076,1100]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FE33810EFD5DBB1A" box="[495,719,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); cnemial crests of tibiotarsus extending distally less than in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FF4B8162FEE1BB39" box="[151,371,1112,1135]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF4B8162FEE1BB39" box="[151,371,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; manual digit II (major digit) proportionally shorter than in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FBC98162FB63BB39" box="[1045,1265,1112,1135]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FBC98162FB63BB39" box="[1045,1265,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; pedal digit IV slightly longer than digit III (pedal digit IV is markedly longer than digit III in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FBCD8146FB7FBBC2" box="[1041,1261,1148,1172]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FBCD8146FB7FBBC2" box="[1041,1261,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); ratio of pedal digit III/tarsometatarsus about 1.1 (it is approximately 1.0 in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FC9A819AFBB1BBE1" box="[838,1059,1184,1207]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FC9A819AFBB1BBE1" box="[838,1059,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); claws of pedal digits III and IV lacking a prominent pendant flexor tubercle (present in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FCDA81FEFC70BB8A" box="[774,994,1220,1244]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FCDA81FEFC70BB8A" box="[774,994,1220,1244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBDEEAFCB6793126FF1B81DDFDD4B8D6" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" type="description">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B81DDFD09B9DB" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF1B81DDFECBBA56" bold="true" box="[199,345,1255,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Description.</emphasis>
Based on the complete fusion of compound bones, we regard BMNHC-Ph1342, BMNHC-
<collectingCountry id="CBD3F9E7B6793121FF4B8036FF25BA73" box="[151,183,1292,1317]" name="Philippines" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Ph</collectingCountry>
1318, and BMNHC-Ph1394 as adult individuals, with a body mass of approximately
<quantity id="743C1492B6793121FB5C8036FB56BA73" box="[1152,1220,1292,1317]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.38" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" unit="g" value="238.0">238 g</quantity>
. based on the midshaft diameter of the tibiotarsus (
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B6793121FDD58015FD26BA1E" author="Liu" box="[521,692,1327,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" refString="Liu, D., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, Y. G. (2012) Mass estimation and evolutionary trend in Chinese Mesozoic fossil birds. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 50 (1), 45 - 58. [in Chinese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2012">
Liu
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FDE4800BFDE3BA1E" box="[568,625,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). These specimens have a mesorostral, subtriangular-shaped skull in which the delicate rostrum is slightly longer than half of the total length of the skull. The internal naris is small, rostrally tapered, and tear-shaped. Its caudal margin overlaps the rostral level of the much larger and triangular antorbital fenestra. Very small teeth are present in the dentary (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B6793121FCAE80A6FC2ABAE2" box="[882,952,1436,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1174,1196]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,301,1153]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Details of the skull of Gansus zheni. A. Holotype BMNHC—Ph 1342 showing teeth in dentary. B. BMNHC-Ph 1318. Abbreviations: af—antorbital fenestra, d—dentary, pm—premaxilla, q—quadrate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226955/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), but it is unclear whether they were also present in the premaxilla and/or maxilla. Caudal to the round orbit, a displaced quadrate shows that the orbital process of this bone was narrow, pointing rostrodorsally. The dentary is generally straight, but not as long as that of
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FF4B8332FEC6B949" box="[151,340,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Yanornis martini</emphasis>
, in which the dentary extends for approximately two-thirds of the skull’s length (
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B6793121FB2D833DFF41B912" author="Zhou" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" refString="Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2001) Two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 1258 - 1264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03184320" type="journal article" year="2001">Zhou &amp; Zhang 2001</bibRefCitation>
). The angular is slightly curved and robust. Unlike other Jehol ornithuromorphs, such as
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B6793121FB338316FD94B93E" authority="Zhou &amp; Zhang, 2005" authorityName="Zhou &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2005" class="Aves" family="Hongshanornithidae" genus="Hongshanornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Yanornithiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicresta">
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FB338316FE86B93E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Hongshanornis longicresta</emphasis>
Zhou &amp; Zhang, 2005
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FDE0836AFCE3B93E" box="[572,881,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Jianchangornis microdonta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B6793121FCA48375FBA8B93E" author="Zhou" box="[888,1082,1615,1640]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" refString="Zhou, Z. H., Zhang, F. C. &amp; Li, Z. H. (2009) A new basal orithurine (Jianchangornis microdonta gen. et sp. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 47, 299 - 310." type="journal article" year="2009">
Zhou
<emphasis id="81B06565B6793121FC66836BFC60B93E" box="[954,1010,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
, no pre-mandibular ossification is visible in any of the two studied specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793121FF1B83ADFEAFB8FB" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
The articulated vertebral column is composed of 11-12 cervical vertebrae. The number of thoracic and synsacral vertebrae cannot be determined given that they are covered by the sternum and a mass of gastroliths. However, a few posterior thoracic vertebrae preserved either caudal to the sternum or with relief visible through this thin bone, show centra that are laterally excavated by broad fossae (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B6793121FC08823EFB8BB84A" box="[980,1049,1796,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1258,1280]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Thoracic girdle and limb of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) typical of many basal birds. The visible portion of the synsacrum of BMNHC-Ph1318 also shows a broad ventral groove running along the entire exposed surface. A small number of free caudals are preserved in BMNHC-Ph1342, although their specific morphology cannot be determined. The caudal series ends in a small pygostyle formed by the fusion of three to four vertebrae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B6793122FF1B8282FE5EBE16" blockId="1.[151,1437,500,2037]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,320]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="1" pageNumber="254">
The coracoid is strut-like, and approximately 50% and 40% the length of the scapula and the humerus, respectively (
<tableCitation id="FE468CCCB6793121FEEC82E6FE15B8A2" box="[304,391,2012,2037]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,368,391]" captionTargetBox="[159,1273,450,1506]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342, BMNHC—Ph 1318) and Gansus yumenenis (You et al. 2006) (in mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1" pageId="1" pageNumber="254" tableUuid="E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The coracoid possesses a distinct procoracoid process and a hooked laterodistal process (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67A3122FF4385ADFF77BFE6" box="[159,229,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1258,1280]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Thoracic girdle and limb of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) that is more pronounced than that noted for
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FD2785A2FC4FBFE6" box="[763,989,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Yixianornis grabaui</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67A3122FC3B85ADFB4EBFE6" author="Zhou" box="[999,1244,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" refString="Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2001) Two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 1258 - 1264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03184320" type="journal article" year="2001">Zhou &amp; Zhang, 2001</bibRefCitation>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67A3122FAD085ADFF77BF83" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" refString="Clarke, J. A., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2006) Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui. Journal of Anatomy, 208, 287 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006.00534. x" type="journal article">
Clarke
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FABD85A3FA0EBFE6" box="[1377,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
. The slender scapular blade is gently curved and the acromion is short. The delicate U-shaped furcula has an intraclavicular angle of approximately 60?, a subcircular cross-section, and lacks a hypocleideum (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67A3122FB3685E5FAA2BFAE" box="[1258,1328,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1258,1280]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Thoracic girdle and limb of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). In these respects, the furcula of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FE41843EFDA6BE4A" box="[413,564,260,284]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FE41843EFDA6BE4A" box="[413,564,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FCDE843EFC4CBE4A" box="[770,990,260,284]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FCDE843EFC4CBE4A" box="[770,990,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FBC9843FFB66BE4A" box="[1045,1268,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Yixianornis grabaui</emphasis>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67A3122FAF3843FFF5DBE16" author="You" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" refString="You, H. L., Lamanna, M. C., Harris, J. D., Chiappe, L. M., O'Connor, J. K., Ji, S. A., Lu, J. C., Yuan, C. X., Li, D. Q., Zhang, X., Lacovara, K. J., Dodson, P. &amp; Ji, Q. (2006) A nearly modern amphibious bird from the Early Cretaceous of north western China. Science, 312, 1640 - 1643." type="journal article" year="2006">
You
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FAB8843FFA0EBE4A" box="[1380,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
&amp;
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67A3122FF2F841DFE52BE16" author="Clarke" box="[243,448,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" refString="Clarke, J. A., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2006) Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui. Journal of Anatomy, 208, 287 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006.00534. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Clarke
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FE988413FEEEBE16" box="[324,380,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1" ID-Table-UUID="E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" targetBox="[159,1273,450,1506]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1" blockId="2.[151,1435,368,423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FF4B844AFE99BED1" bold="true" box="[151,267,368,391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Selected measurements of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FDEA844AFD54BED1" box="[566,710,368,391]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FDEA844AFD54BED1" box="[566,710,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNHC—Ph 1342, BMNHC—Ph 1318) and
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FB0F844AFEDEBEF1" authority="You et al. 2006" authorityName="You et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenenis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FB0F844AFA09BED1" box="[1235,1435,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus yumenenis</emphasis>
(You
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FF0E84AAFE95BEF1" box="[210,263,400,423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">et al.</emphasis>
2006)
</taxonomicName>
(in mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67A3122FF4384F9FB7EBAB4" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<table id="C1C44BD7B67ACEDFFF4384F8FB6BBAB4" box="[159,1273,450,1506]" gridcols="3" gridrows="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4384F8FB6BBE8E" box="[159,1273,450,472]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4384F8FEC2BE8E" box="[159,336,450,472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Taxon</th>
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F84F8FD25BE8E" box="[403,695,450,472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">BMNHC-Ph1342</th>
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE84F8FB6BBE8E" box="[818,1273,450,472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
BMNHC-Ph1318
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FBCD84F9FB49BE8E" box="[1041,1243,451,472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FBCD84F9FB40BE8E" box="[1041,1234,451,472]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenenis">Gansus yumenenis</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF43872FFB6BBD7D" box="[159,1273,533,555]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF43872FFEC2BD7D" box="[159,336,533,555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Skull</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F872FFD25BD7D" box="[403,695,533,555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">53.28</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE872FFB6BBD7D" box="[818,1273,533,555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">45.42</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438704FB6BBD02" box="[159,1273,574,596]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438704FEC2BD02" box="[159,336,574,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Humerus</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8704FD25BD02" box="[403,695,574,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">54.56(l) 53.37(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8704FB6BBD02" box="[818,1273,574,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">53.56(l) 52.28(r) 48.0(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438752FB6BBD28" box="[159,1273,616,638]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438752FEC2BD28" box="[159,336,616,638]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Ulna</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8752FD25BD28" box="[403,695,616,638]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">56.10(l) 55.08(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8752FB6BBD28" box="[818,1273,616,638]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">? 54.08(r) 48.8(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4387ABFB6BBDF1" box="[159,1273,657,679]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4387ABFEC2BDF1" box="[159,336,657,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Radius</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F87ABFD25BDF1" box="[403,695,657,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">54.91(l) 54.33(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE87ABFB6BBDF1" box="[818,1273,657,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">? 50.24(r) 46.8(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438780FB6BBD86" box="[159,1273,698,720]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438780FEC2BD86" box="[159,336,698,720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Carpometacarpus</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8780FD25BD86" box="[403,695,698,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">27.12(l) 25.58(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8780FB6BBD86" box="[818,1273,698,720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">? 21.62(r) 23.4(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4387DEFB6BBDAC" box="[159,1273,740,762]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4387DEFEC2BDAC" box="[159,336,740,762]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Coracoid</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F87DEFD25BDAC" box="[403,695,740,762]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">20.74(l) 20.73(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE87DEFB6BBDAC" box="[818,1273,740,762]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">22.91(l) 21.20(r) 19.2(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438637FB6BBC75" box="[159,1273,781,803]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438637FEC2BC75" box="[159,336,781,803]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Scapula</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8637FD25BC75" box="[403,695,781,803]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">40.38(l)?</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8637FB6BBC75" box="[818,1273,781,803]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">?? 41.7(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF43860CFB6BBC1A" box="[159,1273,822,844]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF43860CFEC2BC1A" box="[159,336,822,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Femur</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F860CFD25BC1A" box="[403,695,822,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">36.41(l)?</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE860CFB6BBC1A" box="[818,1273,822,844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">34.50(l) 34.56(r) 30.0(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF43865AFB6BBC20" box="[159,1273,864,886]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF43865AFEC2BC20" box="[159,336,864,886]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Tibiotarsus</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F865AFD25BC20" box="[403,695,864,886]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">64.41(l) 66.11(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE865AFB6BBC20" box="[818,1273,864,886]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">63.78(l) 65.44(r) 65.8(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4386B3FB6BBCC9" box="[159,1273,905,927]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4386B3FEC2BCC9" box="[159,336,905,927]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Tarsometatarsus</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F86B3FD25BCC9" box="[403,695,905,927]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">37.85(l) 38.11(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE86B3FB6BBCC9" box="[818,1273,905,927]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">36.92(l) 36.45(r) 36.3(l)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438688FB6BBC9E" box="[159,1273,946,968]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438688FEC2BC9E" box="[159,336,946,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit I-1</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8688FD25BC9E" box="[403,695,946,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">8.37(l) 8.17(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8688FB6BBC9E" box="[818,1273,946,968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">7.67(l) 7.51(r) 8.2(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4386E6FB6BBCA4" box="[159,1273,988,1010]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4386E6FEC2BCA4" box="[159,336,988,1010]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit I-2</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F86E6FD25BCA4" box="[403,695,988,1010]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">3.92(l) 4.21(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE86E6FB6BBCA4" box="[818,1273,988,1010]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">4.14(l) 4.58(r) 4.2(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF43813FFB6BBB4D" box="[159,1273,1029,1051]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF43813FFEC2BB4D" box="[159,336,1029,1051]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit II-1</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F813FFD25BB4D" box="[403,695,1029,1051]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">15.04(l) 14.87(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE813FFB6BBB4D" box="[818,1273,1029,1051]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">13.69(l) 12.87(r) 13.9(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438114FB6BBB12" box="[159,1273,1070,1092]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438114FEC2BB12" box="[159,336,1070,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit II-2</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8114FD25BB12" box="[403,695,1070,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">13.46(l) 14.39(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8114FB6BBB12" box="[818,1273,1070,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">11.98(l) 12.66(r) 11.9(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438162FB6BBB38" box="[159,1273,1112,1134]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438162FEC2BB38" box="[159,336,1112,1134]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit II-3</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8162FD25BB38" box="[403,695,1112,1134]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">4.59(l) 5.09(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8162FB6BBB38" box="[818,1273,1112,1134]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">4.57(l) 4.54(r) 5.2(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4381BBFB6BBBC1" box="[159,1273,1153,1175]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4381BBFEC2BBC1" box="[159,336,1153,1175]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit III-1</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F81BBFD25BBC1" box="[403,695,1153,1175]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">15.51(l) 14.33(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE81BBFB6BBBC1" box="[818,1273,1153,1175]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">13.47(l) 13.76(r) 14.2(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438190FB6BBB96" box="[159,1273,1194,1216]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438190FEC2BB96" box="[159,336,1194,1216]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit III-2</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8190FD25BB96" box="[403,695,1194,1216]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">10.97(l) 11.04(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8190FB6BBB96" box="[818,1273,1194,1216]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">10.36(l) 10.44(r) 9.4(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4381EEFB6BBBBC" box="[159,1273,1236,1258]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4381EEFEC2BBBC" box="[159,336,1236,1258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit III-3</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F81EEFD25BBBC" box="[403,695,1236,1258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">10.16(l) 9.85(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE81EEFB6BBBBC" box="[818,1273,1236,1258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">8.82(l) 8.70(r) 8.7(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4381C7FB6BBA45" box="[159,1273,1277,1299]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4381C7FEC2BA45" box="[159,336,1277,1299]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit III-4</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F81C7FD25BA45" box="[403,695,1277,1299]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">4.11(l) 4.83(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE81C7FB6BBA45" box="[818,1273,1277,1299]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">4.73(l) 4.15(r) 4.8(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF43801CFB6BBA6A" box="[159,1273,1318,1340]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF43801CFEC2BA6A" box="[159,336,1318,1340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit IV-1</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F801CFD25BA6A" box="[403,695,1318,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">10.59(l) 10.95(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE801CFB6BBA6A" box="[818,1273,1318,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">10.42(l) 9.82(r) 12.0(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF43806AFB6BBA30" box="[159,1273,1360,1382]" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF43806AFEC2BA30" box="[159,336,1360,1382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit IV-2</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F806AFD25BA30" box="[403,695,1360,1382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">9.09(l) 8.66(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE806AFB6BBA30" box="[818,1273,1360,1382]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">8.49(l) 8.25(r) 9.7(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438043FB6BBAD9" box="[159,1273,1401,1423]" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438043FEC2BAD9" box="[159,336,1401,1423]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit IV-3</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8043FD25BAD9" box="[403,695,1401,1423]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">8.51(l) 8.46(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8043FB6BBAD9" box="[818,1273,1401,1423]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">8.01(l) 8.25(r) 9.4(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF438098FB6BBAEE" box="[159,1273,1442,1464]" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF438098FEC2BAEE" box="[159,336,1442,1464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit IV-4</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F8098FD25BAEE" box="[403,695,1442,1464]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">8.16(l) 8.34(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE8098FB6BBAEE" box="[818,1273,1442,1464]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">7.92(l) 7.05(r) 9.4(r)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DF4BB35B67ACEDFFF4380F6FB6BBAB4" box="[159,1273,1484,1506]" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
<th id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFF4380F6FEC2BAB4" box="[159,336,1484,1506]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Pedal digit IV-5</th>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFE4F80F6FD25BAB4" box="[403,695,1484,1506]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">3.45(l) 3.46(r)</td>
<td id="4E25D249B67ACEDFFCEE80F6FB6BBAB4" box="[818,1273,1484,1506]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">3.73(l) 3.90(r) 4.9(r)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67A3122FF4B8338FE94B96F" blockId="2.[151,1435,1538,1593]" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
*Measurements of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FEB48338FDA3B94F" box="[360,561,1538,1561]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenenis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FEB48338FDA3B94F" box="[360,561,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus yumenenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were taken from different specimens because no single specimen is completely preserved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67A3123FF1B835CFC6BBE69" blockId="2.[151,1437,1638,2023]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">
Like in most basal ornithuromorphs, the sternum is large, longer than wide, and keeled throughout. The length: width ratio of the sternum is approximately 2.0, thus comparable to that of other ornithuromorphs. The cranial margin of this bone forms a broad, inverted V outline, with a prominent and triangular-shaped laterocranial process (BMNHC-Ph1394); a similar process was reported in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FD2B83E9FC46B9BC" box="[759,980,1747,1770]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FD2B83E9FC46B9BC" box="[759,980,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67A3122FC2383E8FB39B9BD" box="[1023,1195,1746,1771]" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" refString="Li, Y., Zhang, Y. G., Zhou, Z. H., Li, Z. H., Liu, D. &amp; Wang, X. L. (2011) New material of Gansus and a discussion on its habit. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (4), 435 - 445. [in Chinese with English abstract]" type="journal article">
Li
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FBC383E9FBCAB9BD" box="[1055,1112,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
. Central on its lateral margin, the sternum develops a subrectangular, squared-off lateral process. Gastroliths and other bones largely cover the caudal margin of this bone, thus making it impossible to fully determine the precise morphology of this important region of the skeleton. Nonetheless, it can be seen that the distal end of the sternum bears two relatively short trabeculae. The outermost (lateral) trabecula is gently curved caudomedially, defining a short caudal notch (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67A3122FF4382BCFF75B8C9" box="[159,231,1926,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1258,1280]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Thoracic girdle and limb of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), this condition is consistent with that of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FD0F82BDFC21B8C8" box="[723,947,1927,1950]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FD0F82BDFC21B8C8" box="[723,947,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While it is uncertain whether the medial trabeculae of the sternum of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67A3122FE348291FD13B895" box="[488,641,1963,1987]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="255" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67A3122FE348291FD13B895" box="[488,641,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="255">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
defined caudal fenestrae, the exposed portion of the caudal sternum indicate that if they indeed formed caudal fenestrae, these openings would have been located more caudally, and not at the same level as the fenestrae cranial margin, than in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67B3123FC9D85A2FB8FBFF9" box="[833,1053,152,175]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FC9D85A2FB8FBFF9" box="[833,1053,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The thoracic ribs are slender and slightly curved, lacking uncinate process. These processes are known for a variety of basal birds, including many ornithuromorphs, such as
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67B3123FE1385DAFC72BFAE" authority="Archaeorhynchus" authorityName="Archaeorhynchus" box="[463,992,224,248]" class="Aves" family="Hongshanornithidae" genus="Hongshanornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Yanornithiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicresta">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FE1385DAFC95BFAE" box="[463,775,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Hongshanornis longicresta</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FCC085DAFC72BFAE" box="[796,992,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Archaeorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spathula Zhou &amp; Zhang, 2006, and
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FF4B843EFEA7BE4A" box="[151,309,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Schizooura lii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67B3123FEE2843EFD37BE4A" author="Zhou" box="[318,677,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" refString="Zhou, S., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; O'Connor, J. K. (2012) A new basal beaked ornithurine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 50 (1), 9 - 24." type="journal article" year="2012">Zhou, Zhou &amp; O’Connor, 2012</bibRefCitation>
(see Zhou &amp; Zhang 2005; 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67B3123FBF6843EFB7FBE4A" author="Zhou" box="[1066,1261,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" refString="Zhou, S., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; O'Connor, J. K. (2012) A new basal beaked ornithurine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 50 (1), 9 - 24." type="journal article" year="2012">
Zhou
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FBB2843FFB3ABE4A" box="[1134,1192,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
), however they have not been reported in the many known specimens of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67B3123FCCA8412FC60BE69" box="[790,1010,296,319]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FCCA8412FC60BE69" box="[790,1010,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E7BBE9FFB67B3123FF4B80CBFE81B935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226953/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" targetBox="[151,1436,375,1496]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67B3123FF4B80CBFE81B935" blockId="3.[151,1437,1521,1635]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FF4B80CBFE85B950" bold="true" box="[151,279,1521,1543]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Photograph and interpretive drawing of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67B3123FCA180C8FB9BB951" box="[893,1033,1521,1543]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FCA180C8FB9BB951" box="[893,1033,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations: co—coracoid, cv—cervical vertebrae, fem—femur, fi—fibula, fu—furcula, g—gastroliths, h—humerus, pu—pubis, r—radius, sc—scapula, st—sternum, ti—tibiotarsus, tmt—tarsometatarsus, u—ulna; roman numerals refer to the manual and pedal digits.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67B3123FF1B83B0FB1BB8B1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1674,2023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">
The humerus has a cranially convex and moderately developed deltopectoral crest, which extends more than one-third the total length of the bone. The distal margin of the deltopectoral crest gradually merges with that of the shaft (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67B3123FF0083E8FEB0B9BD" box="[220,290,1746,1771]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1258,1280]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Thoracic girdle and limb of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). A laterally concave intermuscular line marks the dorsal half of this crest. The cranioventral corner of the proximal end bears a broad transverse ligamental groove that is distally defined by a prominent, cranially raised protuberance. A distinct ligamental pit excavates the distal margin of this protuberance. The distal condyles of the humerus are not well preserved in any of the two specimens but a scar for the brachial impression is clear. The ulna is straight and subequal in length to the humerus (
<tableCitation id="FE468CCCB67B3123FD008258FCA1B82D" box="[732,819,1890,1915]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,368,391]" captionTargetBox="[159,1273,450,1506]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342, BMNHC—Ph 1318) and Gansus yumenenis (You et al. 2006) (in mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" tableUuid="E7BBE9FFB67A3122FF4B844AFE22BEF1">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Proximally, this bone exhibits a prominent bicipital tubercle and a deep but narrow brachial impression. The carpometacarpus is fully fused both proximally and distally, a condition comparable to that recorded for basal ornithuromorphs such as
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FB9B8291FB76B895" box="[1095,1252,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Schizooura lii</emphasis>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67B3123FAFC8290FF43B8B1" author="Zhou" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" refString="Zhou, S., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; O'Connor, J. K. (2012) A new basal beaked ornithurine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 50 (1), 9 - 24." type="journal article" year="2012">
Zhou
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FABF8291FA0EB895" box="[1379,1436,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) and in the more advanced
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67B3123FDDA82F5FD70B8B0" box="[518,738,1999,2022]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FDDA82F5FD70B8B0" box="[518,738,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67B3123FCF482F5FC4AB8B1" author="You" box="[808,984,1998,2023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" refString="You, H. L., Lamanna, M. C., Harris, J. D., Chiappe, L. M., O'Connor, J. K., Ji, S. A., Lu, J. C., Yuan, C. X., Li, D. Q., Zhang, X., Lacovara, K. J., Dodson, P. &amp; Ji, Q. (2006) A nearly modern amphibious bird from the Early Cretaceous of north western China. Science, 312, 1640 - 1643." type="journal article" year="2006">
You
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FC8182F5FC07B8B0" box="[861,917,1998,2022]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67B3123FC3F82F4FBECB8B1" author="Li" box="[995,1150,1998,2023]" pageId="3" pageNumber="256" refString="Li, Y., Zhang, Y. G., Zhou, Z. H., Li, Z. H., Liu, D. &amp; Wang, X. L. (2011) New material of Gansus and a discussion on its habit. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (4), 435 - 445. [in Chinese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2011">
Li
<emphasis id="81B06565B67B3123FBDF82F5FBA9B8B0" box="[1027,1083,1998,2022]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="256">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E7BBE9FFB67C3124FF4B83E3FF4BB858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226954/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="257" targetBox="[151,1434,193,1731]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67C3124FF4B83E3FF4BB858" blockId="4.[151,1436,1753,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67C3124FF4B83E3FE86B9B8" bold="true" box="[151,276,1753,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="257">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Photograph and line drawing of a referred specimen (BMNHC—Ph 1318) of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67C3124FBE183E0FB54B9B9" box="[1085,1222,1753,1775]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67C3124FBE183E0FB54B9B9" box="[1085,1222,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="257">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67C3125FF1B820FFF7BBFAE" blockId="4.[151,1437,1845,2014]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="4" pageNumber="257">
The alular metacarpal lacks an extensor process. The major metacarpal is much thicker than the minor metacarpal and both define a narrow intermetacarpal space, thinner than the width of the latter. The alular digit, including a small terminal claw, does not reach distally to the end of the carpometacarpus. The major digit is longer, but still shorter than the carpometacarpus. The proximal phalanx of this digit has a dorsally thickened cranial margin and a thin, craniocaudally expanded corpus (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67C3124FC8C82FFFC0BB888" box="[848,921,1989,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1258,1280]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1237]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Thoracic girdle and limb of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="257">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). This phalanx is followed by a slender and somewhat shorter phalanx, which in turn is followed by a small claw. The minor digit is greatly reduced and limited to a small, wedge-shaped phalanx similar to that observed in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FC7E8586FB41BF82" box="[930,1235,188,212]" class="Aves" family="Hongshanornithidae" genus="Hongshanornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Yanornithiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicresta">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FC7E8586FB41BF82" box="[930,1235,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Hongshanornis longicresta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67D3125FB228586FF77BFAE" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" refString="Chiappe, L. M., Zhao, B., O'Connor, J. K., Gao, C. L., Wang, X. R., Habib, M., Marugan, L. J., Meng, Q. J. &amp; Cheng, X. D. (2014) A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Hongshanornis longicresta: insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph. PeerJ, 2, e 234. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 234" type="journal article">
Chiappe
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FABF8587FA0EBF82" box="[1379,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E7BBE9FFB67D3125FF4B81ACFB8ABB9D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226955/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" targetBox="[151,1436,301,1152]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67D3125FF4B81ACFB8ABB9D" blockId="5.[151,1435,1174,1227]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FF4B81ACFE86BBFD" bold="true" box="[151,276,1174,1196]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Details of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FDD881ADFD1EBBFA" box="[516,652,1174,1196]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FDD881ADFD1EBBFA" box="[516,652,1174,1196]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. Holotype BMNHC—Ph 1342 showing teeth in dentary. B. BMNHC-Ph 1318. Abbreviations: af—antorbital fenestra, d—dentary, pm—premaxilla, q—quadrate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67D3125FF1B81C8FEE3BAB5" blockId="5.[151,1436,1266,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
The ilia are largely covered by other elements in both specimens. The acetabulum is small, about 1/10 the length of the bone and its dorsocaudal portion bears an antitrochanter. The slender pubis is compressed craniocaudally, ending in a rounded, distal expansion (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67D3125FD238000FCD6BA05" box="[767,836,1338,1363]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[491,1095,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1096,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pelvic girdle and limbs of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
); the distal third of the bone is strongly curved. Both pubes form a short distal symphysis. The ischium is slender, distally tapered, and less than half the length of the pubis; its distal 1/3 curves ventrally. The lateral surface of the ischium bears a central ridge and its cranial margin expands into a triangular process. Fragments of gastralia are visible between and around the ischia and pubes of the
<typeStatus id="6C7F07D5B67D3125FF4B80F0FF6BBAB5" box="[151,249,1482,1507]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67D3125FF1B80D4FC7BB8E1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1266,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
The hindlimb of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FE5E80D5FD85B950" box="[386,535,1518,1542]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FE5E80D5FD85B950" box="[386,535,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is longer than its forelimb, with a forelimb:hindlimb ratio of 0.97. Such a ratio is similar to that in
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FE858329FDAAB97C" box="[345,568,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Yixianornis grabaui</emphasis>
(0.98), smaller than in
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FC9E8328FBFCB97C" box="[834,1134,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Archaeorhynchus spathula</emphasis>
(1.35), and greater than in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FF4B830CFE5BB918" box="[151,457,1590,1614]" class="Aves" family="Hongshanornithidae" genus="Hongshanornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Yanornithiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicresta">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FF4B830CFE5BB918" box="[151,457,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Hongshanornis longicresta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0.79). The femur is subequal in length to the tarsometatarsus and slightly more than half the length of the tibiotarsus. The femur: tarsometatarsus ratio of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FC1C8361FBCBB924" box="[960,1113,1626,1650]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FC1C8361FBCBB924" box="[960,1113,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 0.96, which is similar to
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FF4B8344FE58B9C0" box="[151,458,1662,1686]" class="Aves" family="Hongshanornithidae" genus="Hongshanornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Yanornithiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicresta">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FF4B8344FE58B9C0" box="[151,458,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Hongshanornis longicresta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.0) and
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FD998345FCB1B9C0" box="[581,803,1663,1686]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FD998345FCB1B9C0" box="[581,803,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.04), and lower than other those of ornithuromorphs such as
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FF2E8398FD8CB9EC" box="[242,542,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Archaeorhynchus spathula</emphasis>
(1.85),
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FDA68399FCC8B9EC" box="[634,858,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Yixianornis grabaui</emphasis>
(1.57), and
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FC3A8399FB31B9EC" box="[998,1187,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Yanornis martini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67D3125FB708398FA0EB9ED" author="Zhou" box="[1196,1436,1698,1723]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" refString="Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2001) Two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 1258 - 1264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03184320" type="journal article" year="2001">Zhou &amp; Zhang, 2001</bibRefCitation>
(1.37). The tibiotarsus of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FE6A83FDFDDEB988" box="[438,588,1734,1758]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FE6A83FDFDDEB988" box="[438,588,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears two distinct cnemial crests that extend along the proximal one-fourth of the bone (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67D3125FEF883D0FEFAB855" box="[292,360,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[491,1095,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1096,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pelvic girdle and limbs of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), somewhat less than the cnemial crests of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67D3125FC9183D1FBBBB854" box="[845,1065,1771,1794]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FC9183D1FBBBB854" box="[845,1065,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lateral cnemial crest curves laterally. The distal end of the tibia is fully fused to the proximal tarsals. A deep extensor groove excavates the craniomedial surface of the distal end (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67D3125FD828208FD34B81D" box="[606,678,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[491,1095,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1096,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pelvic girdle and limbs of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226957/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
); a raised medial ridge strongly defines this sulcus. The fibula is needle-shaped and long. The proximal half is preserved and the distal portion is only recognized by a groove on the tibia. The slender bone extends to nearly the midshaft of the tibia, while in
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FBC48241FB69B8C4" box="[1048,1275,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Yixianornis grabaui</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FAE58241FF78B8E0" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Yanornis martini</emphasis>
it is shorter and reduced (
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67D3125FDD082A4FD6FB8E1" author="Zhou" box="[524,765,1950,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" refString="Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2001) Two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 1258 - 1264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03184320" type="journal article" year="2001">Zhou &amp; Zhang, 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67D3125FCD582A4FC4FB8E1" author="Clarke" box="[777,989,1950,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" refString="Clarke, J. A., Zhou, Z. H. &amp; Zhang, F. C. (2006) Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui. Journal of Anatomy, 208, 287 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006.00534. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Clarke
<emphasis id="81B06565B67D3125FC8682A5FC01B8E0" box="[858,915,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E7BBE9FFB67E3126FF4B81D0FB23BA56" box="[151,1201,1258,1280]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226956/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1236]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67E3126FF4B81D0FB23BA56" blockId="6.[151,1201,1258,1280]" box="[151,1201,1258,1280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FF4B81D0FE80BBA9" bold="true" box="[151,274,1258,1280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Thoracic girdle and limb of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FDE981D1FD2FBA56" box="[565,701,1258,1280]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FDE981D1FD2FBA56" box="[565,701,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BMNHC—Ph 1342).Abbreviations as in Fig. 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67E3126FF1B801DFB19B9A6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1319,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">
The tarsometatarsus is completely fused. On the right element of the
<typeStatus id="6C7F07D5B67E3126FBDF801DFBFABA16" box="[1027,1128,1319,1344]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, there is a tarsometatarsal proximal foramen piercing the bone between metatarsals III and IV. Distally, the trochlea of metatarsal II ends much more proximally than the trochleae of either metatarsal III or IV. The trochlea of metatarsal IV ends more proximally than that of metatarsal III. In dorsal view, the trochleae of metatarsal II and IV are somewhat behind that of metatarsal III. The pedal digits are long and slender. The ratio of pedal digit III/tarsometatarsus is about 1.1, which is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FE1F80E6FD32BAA5" box="[451,672,1500,1523]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FE1F80E6FD32BAA5" box="[451,672,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.0). The feet are completely preserved and in articulation in both specimens. Like in
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FEA7833AFDC8B941" box="[379,602,1536,1559]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FEA7833AFDC8B941" box="[379,602,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the proximal phalanges of all pedal digits are longer than any of their respective distal phalanges, and the ungual phalanges are small and relatively straight (
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67E3126FB1A831EFA02B96A" author="You" box="[1222,1424,1571,1596]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" refString="You, H. L., Lamanna, M. C., Harris, J. D., Chiappe, L. M., O'Connor, J. K., Ji, S. A., Lu, J. C., Yuan, C. X., Li, D. Q., Zhang, X., Lacovara, K. J., Dodson, P. &amp; Ji, Q. (2006) A nearly modern amphibious bird from the Early Cretaceous of north western China. Science, 312, 1640 - 1643." type="journal article" year="2006">
You
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FAD8831EFAD7B96A" box="[1284,1349,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless, the ungual phalanges of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FD948372FD4DB936" box="[584,735,1608,1632]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zheni">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FD948372FD4DB936" box="[584,735,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Gansus zheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FC0E8372FB3DB909" box="[978,1199,1608,1631]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenensis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FC0E8372FB3DB909" box="[978,1199,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Gansus yumenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that they lack the prominent flexor tubercles present in the latter species (
<bibRefCitation id="D755C486B67E3126FCD38351FC3DB9D2" author="Li" box="[783,943,1643,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" refString="Li, Y., Zhang, Y. G., Zhou, Z. H., Li, Z. H., Liu, D. &amp; Wang, X. L. (2011) New material of Gansus and a discussion on its habit. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (4), 435 - 445. [in Chinese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2011">
Li
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FCED8356FCF9B9D2" box="[817,875,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Unlike most other basal ornithuromorphs, digit IV is slightly longer than digit III. This rather unusual condition is shared with
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FBE383AAFA82B9F1" box="[1087,1296,1680,1703]" class="Aves" family="Gansuidae" genus="Gansus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gansuiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumenenis">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FBE383AAFA82B9F1" box="[1087,1296,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Gansus yumenenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although in the latter the ratio of digit IV/digit III is greater and equal to 1.2. Pedal digit III is followed in length by digit II and digit I (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67E3126FF3683EDFEBFB9A6" box="[234,301,1751,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[491,1095,193,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1096,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pelvic girdle and limbs of Gansus zheni (BMNHC—Ph 1342). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226957/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), which are approximately 80% and 30% the length of digit III, respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B37BB977B67E3126FF1B83C1FDD4B8D6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1319,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">
There are 14–15 and about 30 poorly sorted gastroliths preserved in BMNHC-Ph1342 and BMNHC-Ph1318, respectively (
<figureCitation id="2BFFA5F2B67E3126FEEC8225FEEAB86E" box="[304,376,1823,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1380,1402]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1358]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,373,1359]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Details of thoracic region of Gansus zheni showing gastroliths in BMNHC—Ph 1318 (A) and BMNHC—Ph 1342 (B). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226958/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). These stomach stones vary greatly in size and are minimally rounded. Their size is much greater than the gastroliths preserved in other birds from the Jehol Biota (e.g.,
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FBD0827EFB58B80D" box="[1036,1226,1860,1883]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Yanornis martini</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FB04827EFF65B8D6" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Archaeorhynchus spathula</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="74C4C2F4B67E3126FED98252FDA4B8D6" box="[261,566,1896,1920]" class="Aves" family="Hongshanornithidae" genus="Hongshanornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Yanornithiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicresta">
<emphasis id="81B06565B67E3126FED98252FDA4B8D6" box="[261,566,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">Hongshanornis longicresta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

116
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<paragraph id="83DD1D976F2B436FE32342F4AE92FFB0" pageNumber="375">
<taxonomicName id="4B9F9BE31A81B1002B07A006E60CD805" ID-CoL="3M37X" authority="Thomas and Doria 1886" authorityName="Thomas and Doria" authorityYear="1886" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">
<emphasis id="3B5C529A59C1815DA1401E904A30CF00" italics="true" pageNumber="375">Hipposideros papua</emphasis>
Thomas and Doria 1886
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF2C1F1F6BA26C50511C18489007A416" pageNumber="375" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0E2AE1B0F77EB00D7116F20A01FEC217" pageNumber="375">
<treatmentCitation id="EF21EBAD341D4DAC0AA4D92176130396" author="Thomas and Doria" authority="Thomas and Doria 1886" authorityName="Thomas and Doria" authorityYear="1886" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" journal="Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" page="204" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua" title="Hipposideros papua" volume="4" year="1886">
<taxonomicName id="32EF1563104331E62A2E735D7BC400E0" ID-CoL="3M37X" authority="Thomas and Doria 1886" authorityName="Thomas and Doria" authorityYear="1886" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageNumber="375" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">
<emphasis id="B5115342EF7063FE7D5B31A1266A26A0" italics="true" pageNumber="375">Hipposideros papua</emphasis>
Thomas and Doria 1886
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="A235D9B0358B02256BF967190695C646" author="Thomas and Doria" journal="Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova" pageNumber="375" pagination="204" title="Hipposideros papua" volume="4" year="1886">Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 4: 204</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BE9012948B2E46833E92DDE7692620CE" pageNumber="375" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="A6A8A81535DC546C363D0C43D6B3DD39" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="2018CA5EEBD9999E453E5206E5EC9C24" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="375">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="16CCB9EBE879992FB48BC6E6A111E7BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867352309" country="Indonesia" pageNumber="375">
<collectingCountry id="E5CE3EB2286DE0225D1426A015C8B8E6" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, Prov. of
<taxonomicName id="A92C7FD1AC0A28E1913B75554F70AB40" authority=", Tjenderawasih Div." authorityName="Tjenderawasih Div." class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papua">Papua, Tjenderawasih Div.</taxonomicName>
(= Geelvinck Bay), Misori Isl (= Biak Isl = Schouten Isl), Korido.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CE2A29ED2734DE423E4641CF12A59BD4" pageNumber="375" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="19692097A618477D13B673E0023ECCA8" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="C6AF0E9D42844181E162F8D68057AC49" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="375">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="88CA12337D4E53D9C84DEDF3FE784FA3" language="eng" pageNumber="375">Biak Leaf-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9397BD4935AB991E6F76F7A5572C7D93" pageNumber="375" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="CF5F41E134875840C51C9D7A5795E39F" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="FFC89AB2342CFA3FC3718B2B128D2523" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="375">Distribution:</emphasis>
Biak and Numfoor Isls, W New
<collectingCountry id="39F1431B2AC712DDB168CF1EB92526EF" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, and N Molucca Isls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7B282183EA5404BE90AF94CB83A33B1B" pageNumber="375" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="174707D77D1297309EBB5358CE7383D5" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="C0E751F3B52A259D02DACE4DB51AB336" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="375">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="0B3B1ABCAC1E4016FB66470E9D5566A4">IUCN</collectionCode>
2003 and
<collectionCode id="43D7510B086BA9A6AF6C85C7CF8AE077">IUCN</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="29AC05BD8ED2DA828D0E701BBC9B43E7" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9wqd-8bvt" name="Sacramento State University" type="">SSC</collectionCode>
Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CBA8474232BED1331A15EDEBB6CB8D56" pageNumber="375" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="680EC6A8E37ACC21B346614AA5BFF6A3" pageNumber="375">
<emphasis id="D5C6904AFB90AB71640B3A826A0D6DDA" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="375">Discussion:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CB071F554AE990318DDE67A4F34B2B7C" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="D87861D4BD3666E061FBC26B15237568" italics="true" pageNumber="375">bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group. See
<bibRefCitation id="6DA4798F9B8463F70B30CFDAC9D31E16" author="Hill, J. E. &amp; F. G. Rozendaal" refId="ref152831" refString="Hill, J. E., and F. G. Rozendaal. 1989. Records of bats (Microchiroptera) from Wallacea. Zoologische Mededelingen, 63: 97 - 122." year="1989">Hill and Rozendaal (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and Flannery (1995
<emphasis id="ADB8B54A6C800BF235E6ECCB5FEBCB27" italics="true" pageNumber="375">a</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="42E40DEFE7B5D6A8E2FC64EC2BCD8E6F" italics="true" pageNumber="375">b</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

158
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<mods:title>Six new species of Cymatodera from Mexico and Central America and the retention of Cymatodera obliquefasciata as a valid name (Cleridae, Tillinae)</mods:title>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152044014" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:398AFCAB-A1D8-49DD-8809-6B40230CED6F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B6D4E2746CB143AF80A36C6DB4D1362" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:398AFCAB-A1D8-49DD-8809-6B40230CED6F" authority="Burke" class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera rubida" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubida">
<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="67" start="start">Cymatodera</pageBreakToken>
rubida Burke
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="18" pageNumber="67">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 5, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 59
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="67" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="67">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
Holotype: male,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Zona del Canal, Fuerte Kobbe, 125 m, X-30-1980, H. Stockwell, red handwritten label, holotype deposited in INBC. Paratypes: 8 males, 4 females. 1 male and 2 females:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Colón">Colon</normalizedToken>
, 4.5 km NE Palenque, 25-II to 4-III-1992, E. Giesbert (USNM, 1; WFBM, 1; KSUC, 1); 1 male:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Cerro Azul, 14 to 25-I-1993, F. T. Hovore (KSUC, 1); 1 female:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, km 8-11 carretera El Llano-Carti, 330 m, 24-V to 2-VI-1992, J. E. Wappes (JEWC, 1); 1 female:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, 12 km NE El Llano, 23-I-1993, F. T. Hovore (FSCA, 1); 1 male:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Cerro Azul/Jefe, 17-I-1996, F. T. Hovore (JNRC, 1); 3 males:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, NW of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tocumén">Tocumen</normalizedToken>
, Cerro Azul, 12.8 km N C[arretera] Panamericana, 650 m, 18-XII-1993, tropical dry forest, J. &amp; E. Beierl (JNRC, 2; WOPC, 1); 1 male:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Zona del Canal, 8 km NW Gamboa, (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.167784">9°10.067'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-79.75028">79°45.017'W</geoCoordinate>
), 100 m, canopy fogging in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Luehea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Luehea seemanni" order="Malvales" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seemanni">Luehea seemanni</taxonomicName>
, pyrethrin fog, 12-VII-1976, Montgomery and Lubin (USNM, 1); 1 male:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Provincia de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ancón">Ancon</normalizedToken>
Hill, 22-II-1983, D. Yanega (SEMC, 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="67">Size: TL= 7.7 mm, length of males 7 - 9.2 mm, length of females 6.8 - 9.8 mm, n = 13 (Fig. 5).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="67">Color: head, pronotum, prosternum, mesosternum, metasternum, and abdomen ferrugineous; elytral ground dark-testaceous; legs, antennae and mouthparts testaceous; sixth visible ventrite light brown, slightly lighter than remaining visible ventrites (Fig. 28). Each elytron with two irregular fasciae; first slender, brown, extending from elytral suture to humeral angle, surrounding scutellum; second fascia broad, fuscous, slightly darker than preceding band, in the form of a vitta, located on third fourth, extending from elytral suture to ninth stria, not reaching epipleuron, covering about one fourth of elytral length.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
Head: HL= 1.2 mm, HW= 1.4 mm; length to width ratio: males average 0.91, females average 1.02; measured across eyes wider than pronotum; densely, moderately coarsely punctate; surface rugose; covered with short, recumbent setae intermixed with less abundant, long, erect setae that become more densely arranged behind eyes; frons moderately bi-impressed. Eyes rather small, subsinuate, longer than wide, feebly emarginate in front, somewhat bulging laterally, separated by approximately 3.5 eye-widths. Antennae extending to basal sixth of elytra; antennomeres 2-3 subequal in length; fourth antennomere inconspicuously longer than third antennomere; antennomeres 4-10 subequal in length; antennomeres 2-5 slender; antennomeres 6-10 weakly serrate; last antennomere subsinuate, flattened apically, about 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than tenth antennomere (Fig. 14).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="18" pageNumber="67">
Thorax: PL= 1.7 mm, PW= 1.2 mm; length to width ratio: males average 1.39, females average 1.33; pronotum widest at middle; sides constricted subapically, more constricted behind middle; surface somewhat rugose; disc flat, somewhat impressed in
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="68" start="start">front</pageBreakToken>
of middle; moderately, finely punctate; less densely, deeply punctate than head; clothed with short, semirecumbent setae intermingled with long, erect setae; subbasal tumescences pronounced. Mesosternum rugulose, coarsely punctate. Metasternum rugose, moderately, coarsely punctate; somewhat clothed with short, recumbent setae; absence of sensory area (Fig. 59). Scutellum subquadrate; broader than long; covered with short, recumbent setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="68">Legs: vested with short, recumbent setae, intermixed with longer semierect setae, vestiture becomes more abundant on internal face of tibiae; femora rugulose, finely punctate; tibiae rugose, moderately, coarsely punctate.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
Elytra: EL= 4.5 mm, EW= 2.0 mm; length to width ratio: males average 2.18, females average 2.12; anterior margin bisinuate, slightly broader than pronotum; sides subparallel, inconspicuously wider behind middle; humeri moderately indicated; apices rounded, dehiscent; covering sixth tergite; surface shiny, vested with short, recumbent setae interspaced with some long, erect setae; sculpturing consisting of coarse, deep punctations arranged in striae that gradually reduce in size behind middle; interstices smooth, 2.0
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the width of punctuation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="19" pageNumber="68">
Abdomen: ventrites 1-4 moderately, finely punctate; smooth; somewhat vested with fine, short, recumbent setae interspaced with few long, erect setae; hind margins truncate. Fifth visible ventrite smooth; surface convex; lateral margins oblique; posterior margin broadly, deeply, arcuately emarginate (Fig. 28). Sixth visible ventrite subquadrate; broader than long; surface slightly convex; rugose; moderately, finely punctate, less densely punctate than preceding ventrite; lateral margins oblique; posterior margin broadly, deeply, arcuately emarginate; hind angles arcuate (Fig. 28). Fifth tergite rugulose; surface convex; puncticulate; lateral margins feebly oblique; posterior margin shallowly, broadly, arcuately emarginate. Sixth tergite subtriangular; surface convex; rugulose; broader than long; lateral margins oblique; posterior margin rounded, with a median, shallow, broad, triangular emargination; hind angles rounded (Fig. 42). Posterior margin of sixth tergite extending slightly beyond apical margin of sixth visible ventrite. Aedeagus 1.4 mm long,
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="69" start="start">slender</pageBreakToken>
; ratio of length of paramere to whole tegmen 0.39: 1; parameres narrow, parallel, obtuse distally; phallus with copulatory piece somewhat tapered at apex; phallic plate with numerous fine, small denticles along dorsal margin; phallobasic apodeme rather broad, not dilated distally; endophallic struts slender (Fig. 56).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="69" type="variation">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">Female specimens have the sixth visible ventrite subquadrate, rugulose, surface strongly convex, lateral margins oblique, posterior margin truncate (Fig. 35); sixth tergite campanulate, rugulose, surface convex, lateral margins oblique, becoming parallel on last third, then abruptly expanding before apex, posterior margin broadly, deeply notched (Fig. 49); posterior margin of sixth tergite extending beyond apical margin of sixth visible ventrite, posterolateral margins of sixth visible ventrite projecting laterally beyond sixth tergite (Figs 35, 49). Elytral marking on anterior half ranges from strongly impressed to absent. Posterior fasciae color is also rather variable, ranging from light brown to piceous. Leg color ranges from uniformly brown to bicolored. One male with posterior margin of sixth ventrite slightly less incised than remaining male specimens in the type series.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="69" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera rubida" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubida">Cymatodera rubida</taxonomicName>
is separable from congeners based on its size, shape, elytral markings, terminal abdominal segments and male genitalia. Most similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera vittata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittata">Cymatodera vittata</taxonomicName>
, but differs from this by having the fourth antennomere about the same size as third antennomere (Fig. 14), rather than 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer (Fig. 13). Unlike
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera vittata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittata">Cymatodera vittata</taxonomicName>
, antennomeres 5-10 of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera rubida" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubida">Cymatodera rubida</taxonomicName>
are rather short; hence, antennae do not extend beyond basal sixth of elytral ground. Furthermore, male specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera rubida" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubida">Cymatodera rubida</taxonomicName>
do not display the moderately dense vestiture found on the metasternal area of males of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera vittata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittata">Cymatodera vittata</taxonomicName>
(Figs 58-59). Conspicuous differences in terminal abdominal segments (Figs 27, 28, 41, 42) and male genitalia (Fig. 55, 56) also distinguish this new species from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cleridae" genus="Cymatodera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatodera vittata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittata">Cymatodera vittata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="69" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">
Known from five localities in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
: the Canal Zone, 5 km south of Gamboa; Fuerte Kobbe; the mountainous region of Cerro Azul; the surroundings of Palenque; and El Llano-Carti road, 12 km north of El Llano.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="69" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="69">The specific epithet comes from the Latin noun rubida (=red), this adjective indicates the general reddish color of this new species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="737366156F5C4777DA5560F8F1D723FF" ID-CoL="3NYW6" authority="Thomson, 1887" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hyposoter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyposoter coxator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coxator">Hyposoter coxator (Thomson, 1887)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="3963BEBDAEFC51D70342B621D4A105AC" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Anilasta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anilasta coxator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coxator">Anilasta coxator</taxonomicName>
Thomson, 1887
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1FFEE4C978704A2355C761566FAD09E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB8D8CD0905755FD7C9C0EB09EBDBAF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">England</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="17A7E0BB1B4650EADA70B2A7E68299D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4CAE79C8859DB9A403D4F9E526CB5F59" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">BMNH, NMS, det. Horstmann, added here</paragraph>
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