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<taxonomicName id="402441C08CAF9FE1F4EF2596B5AA331C" ID-CoL="63WSG" class="Arachnida" family="Punctoribatidae" genus="Zachvatkinibates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageStartToken id="F0F70C9281AD7EC72EA4FE0E58CDD641" pageNumber="411">Zachvatkinibates</pageStartToken>
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Shaldybina, 1973
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<paragraph id="44447486298169836AFEC1841B32FFED" pageNumber="411">
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Typ:
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<taxonomicName id="90F4F8752375FB2E753124F084D3FBEA" class="Arachnida" family="Punctoribatidae" genus="Zachvatkinibates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemoralis">Zachvatkinibates nemoralis</taxonomicName>
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Shaldybina, 1973
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<subSubSection id="3E5EED0B93FE61E3773864C2FED789C2" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="DE56C39536AA1ACF00B7E1D48D74EF1D" pageNumber="411">Nur eine Art im Bearbeitungsgebiet:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="291EDF510C332113C841195A06759156" pageNumber="411">
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[
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<taxonomicName id="1C3FA244F5BAC85F87FEC0DD35626F65" class="Arachnida" family="Punctoribatidae" genus="Zachvatkinibates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrivertex">Zachvatkinibates quadrivertex</taxonomicName>
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(Halbert, 1920)]
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data/3B/6A/CA/3B6ACA66880BFFDF20F3FDD7450022BE.xml
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<mods:title id="71A081A171D6BB50C5C4541C75BE7FF7">Morphological variation in S. minusculum Lutz and S. oyapockense Floch and Abonnenc and a redescription of the larva of S. minusculum (Diptera, Simuliidae) in the Neotropical Region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="546C0FEE3D50D946D0D6B380446BC0BA">Herzog, Marilza Maia -</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4C0923FDBEDE8FCCE6734D9C383A6A8C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9E2348E640B4205CC48A951D2710B7CA">2011</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD220F3FDD743B52173" ID-CoL="8DX7D" authority="Floch and Abonnenc" authorityName="Floch and Abonnenc" box="[151,923,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense" subGenus="Psaroniocompsa">
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220F3FDD743B52173" bold="true" box="[151,923,583,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220F3FDD741202173" bold="true" box="[151,270,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Simulium</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2217BFDD741C92173" bold="true" box="[287,487,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Psaroniocompsa</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2219CFDD742BF2173" bold="true" box="[504,657,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">oyapockense</emphasis>
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Floch and Abonnenc
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||||
</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220F3FDFA41002190" blockId="7.[151,923,583,642]" box="[151,302,618,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">(Figs. 33–46)</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220F3FD22439C271C" blockId="7.[151,1436,690,1038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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This is a common, mainly anthropophilic species with a broad distribution within
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||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880BFFD2242EFD2244BF21D8" box="[1098,1169,690,714]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||||
, but mainly around the northern tributaries of the Amazon River. It is one of the better–studied species because of its role as a primary vector of onchocerciasis in lowland areas of the Amazônia focus of the disease. A comprehensive overview of its taxonomy, morphology, distribution, biology and medical importance may be found in Shelley
|
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD224D9FCB044D62024" box="[1213,1272,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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||||
(2010). Pupal cocoon morphology has been used as a diagnostic character at species level. The cocoon of
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||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD224C8FCD345AE2049" box="[1196,1408,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD224C8FCD345762049" box="[1196,1368,835,859]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
|
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A19880BFFD22504FCD345AE2049" box="[1376,1408,835,859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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is typically slipper–shaped, but a form with a slightly shoe–shaped cocoon has been recorded in northern
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<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880BFFD22574FCF6457A206C" box="[1296,1364,870,894]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||||
and is regarded by some authors as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD22186FC1B442B20B0" authority="Ramirez Perez, Yarzabal & Peterson" authorityName="Ramirez Perez, Yarzabal & Peterson" box="[482,1029,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanchezi">
|
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD22186FC1B427120B1" box="[482,607,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. sanchezi</emphasis>
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Ramírez Pérez, Yarzábal & Peterson
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
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(see
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880BFFD22427FC1A453420B0" author="Shelley" box="[1091,1306,906,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Shelley
|
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD224FAFC1C44F620B1" box="[1182,1240,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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, 2010). We have now found
|
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD22133FC3F420220D4" box="[343,556,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD22133FC3F422D20D4" box="[343,515,942,966]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A19880BFFD22268FC3E420220D4" box="[524,556,942,966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
|
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with both slipper– and shoe–shaped cocoons at a single site on the Araguaia River in Tocantins State,
|
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<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880BFFD221D6FC4241D920F8" box="[434,503,978,1002]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and these are described below and compared to topotypes and other populations of
|
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<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220F3FC674147271C" box="[151,361,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD220F3FC67416C271C" box="[151,322,1014,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A19880BFFD2212DFC664147271C" box="[329,361,1014,1038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
with slipper-shaped cocoons typical for the species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="FBD928FB880BFFDC20A3FBA941AE27F0" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3FBA941682740" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" box="[199,326,1081,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3FBA941682740" bold="true" box="[199,326,1081,1106]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">FEMALE.</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3FBCD41C22764" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" box="[199,492,1117,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3FBCD41C22764" bold="true" box="[199,492,1117,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Topotype
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD22159FBCD41C22764" box="[317,492,1117,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD22159FBCD41C22764" bold="true" box="[317,492,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3FB12445C27AF" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3FB1241162788" bold="true" box="[199,312,1153,1178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Body size</emphasis>
|
||||
. Females [with slipper shaped cocoons]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD223F9FB11440E278B" box="[925,1056,1153,1177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.3">2.3-2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22419FB1144F8278B" box="[1149,1238,1153,1177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.= 0.14, n=4), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22147FB35418B27AF" box="[291,421,1189,1213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.6">1.6-2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22267FB35427727AF" box="[515,601,1189,1213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.35, n=3), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD223C0FB35440827AF" box="[932,1062,1189,1213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.9">0.9-1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3FB59420727F0" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" box="[199,553,1225,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD220A3FB59420727F0" authority="Araguia Form" authorityName="Araguia Form" box="[199,553,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3FB59420727F0" bold="true" box="[199,553,1225,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3FB59415827F0" bold="true" box="[199,374,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
Araguia Form
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3FB7D419F263B" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3FB7D41172614" bold="true" box="[199,313,1261,1286]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Body size</emphasis>
|
||||
. Females [with slipper shaped cocoons]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD223C2FB7D441E2617" box="[934,1072,1261,1285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD224A8FB7D45792617" box="[1228,1367,1261,1285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD220B9FA81414B263B" box="[221,357,1297,1321]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.499999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.6499999999999999" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A1FAA5453B2663" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Females [with shoe–shaped cocoons]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD2236AFAA543B8265F" box="[782,918,1333,1357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22392FAA54463265F" box="[1014,1101,1333,1357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.16, n=9), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD220F3FAC941302663" box="[151,286,1369,1393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD2211FFAC941FC2663" box="[379,466,1369,1393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.56, n=9), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22378FAC9438D2663" box="[796,931,1369,1393]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22464FAC944792663" box="[1024,1111,1369,1393]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.10, n=9).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A1FAED424126AB" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Female [with intermediate slipper–shaped cocoon]. Body length not measured [specimen without head]; wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22080FA31411226AB" box="[228,316,1441,1465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD221A9FA31420D26AB" box="[461,547,1441,1465]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=1).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A1FA5542C1257F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1081,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
The general morphology of females that emerged from mature pupae with slipper– (Figs. 33, 34), shoe– (Figs. 35, 36) and intermediate slipper–shoe shaped cocoons (Figs. 37, 38) from the Araguaia River agree with the description given in Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD221BCF99E423F2537" box="[472,529,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2010) for
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD222F6F99E434B2537" box="[658,869,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD222F6F99E43132537" box="[658,829,1549,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A19880BFFD22320F99D434B2537" box="[836,869,1549,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We have dissected five females with shoe–shaped cocoons and the general morphology of the head, wing venation, leg coloration and genitalia agree with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD22542F9A240FB257F" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD22542F9A240FB257F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as detailed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880BFFD22112F9C5427A257F" author="Shelley" box="[374,596,1621,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD221B6F9C64224257F" box="[466,522,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1997
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880BFFD22204F9C542B5257F" author="Shelley" box="[608,667,1621,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2010).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3F907410C25A2" blockId="7.[151,1436,1687,2037]" box="[199,290,1687,1712]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F907413525A2" bold="true" box="[199,283,1687,1712]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">MALE</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3F92C41C225C6" blockId="7.[151,1436,1687,2037]" box="[199,492,1723,1748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F92C41C225C6" bold="true" box="[199,492,1723,1748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
Topotype
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD22159F92B41C225C6" box="[317,492,1723,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD22159F92B41C225C6" bold="true" box="[317,492,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3F97043D8240E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1687,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F970416F25EA" bold="true" box="[199,321,1759,1784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Body size.</emphasis>
|
||||
Male [with slipper–shaped cocoons, following Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD223A0F97143D025EA" box="[964,1022,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2010]: Topotype from R. Oyapock (pinned): body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD221F4F89441C6240E" box="[400,488,1796,1820]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD222E4F89442ED240E" box="[640,707,1796,1820]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22330F8944384240E" box="[852,938,1796,1820]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=1).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3F8B742072452" blockId="7.[151,1436,1687,2037]" box="[199,553,1831,1856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD220A3F8B742072452" authority="Araguia Form" authorityName="Araguia Form" box="[199,553,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F8B742072452" bold="true" box="[199,553,1831,1856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F8B741582452" bold="true" box="[199,374,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
Araguia Form
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A3F8DC40F224BE" blockId="7.[151,1436,1687,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F8DC416D2476" bold="true" box="[199,323,1867,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Body size.</emphasis>
|
||||
Males [with shoe–shaped cocoons]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD223EAF8DC44372476" box="[910,1049,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD2241FF8DC44F82476" box="[1147,1238,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.21, n=8); wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD2214DF8E0419D249A" box="[297,435,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD22270F8E04240249A" box="[532,622,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d. =0.15, n=8), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD223B4F8E04474249A" box="[976,1114,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD224DDF8E0453B249A" box="[1209,1301,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d. =0.09, (n=8).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFDD20A3F827419823E5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1687,2037]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,572]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A3F82741B224C2" bold="true" box="[199,412,1975,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Thoracic pattern.</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined males with shoe–shaped cocoons from the Araguaia River. Their thoracic patterns (Figs. 39–42) agree with those found for
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2228FF84D43EE24E6" box="[747,960,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD2228FF84D43B524E6" box="[747,923,2012,2036]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A19880BFFD223C2F84C43EE24E6" box="[934,960,2012,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" sensu="lato">s.l</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
. reared from pupae with slipper–shaped cocoons (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818804FFDD2165FF0741F023BD" author="Shelley" box="[257,478,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD2139FF0941BB23A2" box="[349,405,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2006
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2010). We have dissected two males with shoe–shaped cocoons and the general morphology of the head, wing venation, legs coloration and genitalia is similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38804FFDD2398FF2D448923C6" box="[1020,1191,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD2398FF2D448923C6" box="[1020,1191,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as detailed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818804FFDD252CFF2C413423E5" author="Shelley" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD20F3FF7140E123EA" box="[151,207,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1997
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818804FFDD2142FF4F414C23E5" author="Shelley" box="[294,354,223,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; 2010).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708804FFDD20A3FE9344BD220E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,572]" box="[199,1171,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD20A3FE934139220E" bold="true" box="[199,279,259,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">PUPA.</emphasis>
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D28804FFDD2179FE95417A220F" box="[285,340,261,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
|
||||
material (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D28804FFDD21A2FE944201220E" box="[454,559,260,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D28804FFDD2201FE944322220E" box="[613,780,260,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D28804FFDD237AFE9443EF220E" box="[798,961,260,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||||
from R. Oyapock.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708804FFDD20A3FEB7415D2276" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD2135FEB741F0222D" box="[337,478,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=0.95, s.d.=0.14; n=5) [Other measurements not taken because material is mounted on slides].
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708804FFDD20A3FEE041C2229A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,572]" box="[199,492,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD20A3FEE041C2229A" bold="true" box="[199,492,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Topotype
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38804FFDD2159FEFF41C2229A" box="[317,492,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD2159FEFF41C2229A" bold="true" box="[317,492,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708804FFDD20A3FE044115212E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
The following dimensions are recorded by SHELLEY
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD2349FE05434E22BE" box="[813,864,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (1997) for topotypes from R. Oyapock: Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD2128FE2741F822DD" box="[332,470,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD2253FE2742BC22DD" box="[567,658,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; s.d.=0.3; n=25); ventrally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD23B4FE27447522DD" box="[976,1115,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean = 2.0 mm; s.d.=0.2; n=26); pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD211CFE4C422F22E6" box="[376,513,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.7">1.7–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2); gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD22B1FE4C437022E6" box="[725,862,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=1.0 mm, s.d.=0.2, n=20). [Extra data from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818804FFDD20F3FE6F41BE2105" box="[151,400,511,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD2093FD914100210A" box="[247,302,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2006)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; see this publication for statistical analysis] – Gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD242FFE6F44F92105" box="[1099,1239,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958804FFDD2558FE6F45B92105" box="[1340,1431,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.2, n=5).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708804FFDD20F3F8E5440124F5" blockId="8.[151,1436,1909,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD20F3F8E541282498" bold="true" box="[151,262,1909,1930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">PLATE 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Figs. 33–44. Adult thoracic patterns in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38804FFDD22CBF8E643632499" box="[687,845,1909,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628804FFDD22CBF8E643632499" box="[687,845,1909,1931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from reared specimens collected in the Aragauia River, Tocantins State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08804FFDD2125F80341AC24BB" box="[321,386,1939,1961]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. The first figure shows anterior light direction and the second posterior light direction.33, 34: Female with slipper–shaped cocoon; 35, 36: Female with shoe–shaped cocoon; 37, 38: Female with intermediate slipper–shoe shaped cocoon; 39, 40: Male with slipper–shaped cocoon; 41, 42: Male with shoe–shaped cocoon.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20F3FBC241AE27F0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1106,1250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC20F3FBC2412A2775" bold="true" box="[151,260,1106,1127]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">PLATE 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
Figs. 43–46. Cocoon shape and gill configuration in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38805FFDC2349FBC343E7277A" box="[813,969,1106,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC2349FBC343E7277A" box="[813,969,1106,1128]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from specimens collected in Aragauia River, Tocantins State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08805FFDC2124FBE141AF2795" box="[320,385,1137,1159]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. 43: Slipper–shaped cocoon (lateral view); 44: Shoe–shaped cocoon (lateral view); arrow indicates the configuration of the pupal gill filaments; 45: Cocoon with intermediate slipper–shoe shaped cocoon (lateral view); 46: Cocoon with intermediate slipper–shoe shaped cocoon (frontal view); arrow indicates the junction of the cocoon anterior aperture with the base of the cocoon.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="FBD928FB8805FFDF20A3FA9F443923BD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3FA9F44152635" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" box="[199,1083,1295,1320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC20A3FA9F4221263A" bold="true" box="[199,527,1295,1320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
All other localities in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08805FFDC21A2FA9F4221263A" box="[454,527,1295,1320]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
. [See Material Examined in Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC23C8FA8043F32635" box="[940,989,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
., 2010]:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3FAA342BE2681" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC21BEFAA3424D2659" box="[474,611,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=2.0 mm, s.d.=0.2, n=10); ventrally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC2431FAA344F02659" box="[1109,1246,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="1.7">1.7–2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC255AFAA345B92659" box="[1342,1431,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.2, n=10); pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC2182FAC74241267D" box="[486,623,1367,1391]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.8" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC22B4FAC74307267D" box="[720,809,1367,1391]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d. =0.2, n=10); gill length (longest intact filaments)
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC20F3FAEB41302681" box="[151,286,1403,1427]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=1.0 mm, s.d.=0.2, n=10).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3FA0F420726AA" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" box="[199,553,1439,1464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38805FFDC20A3FA0F420726AA" authority="Araguia Form" authorityName="Araguia Form" box="[199,553,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC20A3FA0F420726AA" bold="true" box="[199,553,1439,1464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC20A3FA0F415826AA" bold="true" box="[199,374,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
Araguia Form
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3FA5341E826C9" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" box="[199,454,1475,1499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Slipper-shaped cocoon</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3FA7741992531" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC21BEFA77424A26ED" box="[474,612,1511,1535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.7">1.7–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2); ventrally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC234DFA77439C26ED" box="[809,946,1511,1535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.05" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="1.7">1.7–2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2); pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC24FEFA77453126ED" box="[1178,1311,1511,1535]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.8">1.8-2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2); gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC2080F99B41452531" box="[228,363,1547,1571]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3F9BF41802555" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" box="[199,430,1583,1607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Shoe-shaped cocoon</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3F9C3420B25A1" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC21BEF9C3424D2579" box="[474,611,1619,1643]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.2" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.7">1.7–2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC22A7F9C343332579" box="[707,797,1619,1643]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; s.d. =0.28; n = 17); ventrally 2.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC24D5F9C345262579" box="[1201,1288,1619,1643]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean =
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC251DF9C340E8259D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; s.d. =0.22; n=17); pupa length 2.0–
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC221BF9E742F6259D" box="[639,728,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC235FF9E743B7259D" box="[827,921,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; s.d. =0.31 (n=17); gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC2574F9E745B2259D" box="[1296,1436,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC2088F90B417C25A1" box="[236,338,1691,1715]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="0.87">0.87 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d. =0.13, n=19).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3F92F422F25C5" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" box="[199,513,1727,1751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Intermediate shaped cocoon</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3F97340F2240D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC21BEF973421D25E9" box="[474,563,1763,1787]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n = 1); ventrally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC236EF973434D25E9" box="[778,867,1763,1787]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=1); pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958805FFDC242EF973448D25E9" box="[1098,1187,1763,1787]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=1); gill length 0.8 (n=1).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708805FFDC20A3F8BB44CD24C1" blockId="9.[151,1436,1295,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
The cocoon of the pupa of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38805FFDC2199F8BC42842451" box="[509,682,1835,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC2199F8BC42842451" box="[509,682,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is reported to be slipper–shaped (Fig. 43), which is diagnostic for this species (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818805FFDC2142F8DF422D2475" author="Shelley" box="[294,515,1871,1896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC21E6F8C141952475" box="[386,443,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 1997
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818805FFDC226AF8DF42672475" author="Shelley" box="[526,585,1871,1895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2010). However, specimens from the Aragauia River, Tocantins State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08805FFDC250EF8C0409D2499" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
mainly showed cocoons that were shoe–shaped (Fig. 44) and two specimens that were slipper-shaped and one that was intermediate between slipper– and shoe-shaped (Figs. 45, 46). Apart from this variation, the gill configuration (see Figs. 43, 44) and abdominal onchotaxy agree with descriptions in Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628805FFDC2436F82C44A424C1" box="[1106,1162,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2010).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708806FFDF20A3FF07443923BD" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,429]" box="[199,1047,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF20A3FF0741FC23A2" bold="true" box="[199,466,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<collectionCode id="D5D2E3B58806FFDF20A3FF07410823A2" box="[199,294,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">LARVA</collectionCode>
|
||||
(Final instar).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
No larvae were examined from the Araguaia River.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="FBD928FB8806FFDF20A3FF2B450022BE" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708806FFDF20A3FF2B4409220E" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF20A3FF2B416223C6" bold="true" box="[199,332,187,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||||
The complicated taxonomy of
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF22DAFF2D43B723C6" box="[702,921,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38806FFDF22DAFF2D434323C6" box="[702,877,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A198806FFDF231CFF2C43B723C6" box="[888,921,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has been reviewed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818806FFDF24C9FF2C45B923C6" author="Shelley" box="[1197,1431,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF2568FF2D456623C6" box="[1292,1352,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1997
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818806FFDF20F3FF4F40FA23E5" author="Shelley" box="[151,212,223,247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). More recently, Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF2194FF71420423EA" box="[496,554,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2010) also dealt with this species and synonymised
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF24EEFF7045B523EA" box="[1162,1435,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Cerqueirellum pydanieli</emphasis>
|
||||
Pessoa, Medeiros & Barbosa with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38806FFDF227EFE9542EB220E" box="[538,709,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF227EFE9542EB220E" box="[538,709,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which we follow in this paper.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708806FFDF20A1FEB7450022BE" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
The use of the cocoon shape as the only character to distinguish
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF23C7FEB844562252" box="[931,1144,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38806FFDF23C7FEB844612252" box="[931,1103,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="oyapockense">S. oyapockense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9A841A198806FFDF2433FEB844562252" box="[1111,1144,296,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38806FFDF24DBFEB845122252" box="[1215,1340,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanchezi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF24DBFEB845122252" box="[1215,1340,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">S. sanchezi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was not accepted by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D75206818806FFDF2140FEDC42232276" box="[292,525,332,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" refString="Shelley, A. J., Hernandez, L. M., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Luz, S. B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1 - 68." type="journal article">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF211BFEDD41962276" box="[383,440,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2006)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, who synonymised the latter name with the former, an action not followed by all specialists. Our current data show that in a single population both pupal cocoon forms and an intermediate form occur and are conspecific. Consequently, the synonymy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38806FFDF234FFE05438922BE" box="[811,935,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanchezi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF234FFE05438922BE" box="[811,935,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">S. sanchezi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38806FFDF238CFE0544BD22BE" box="[1000,1171,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628806FFDF238CFE0544BD22BE" box="[1000,1171,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is confirmed.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
563
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Normal file
563
data/3B/6A/CA/3B6ACA66880DFFD220F3FF07453D22E6.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
|
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<mods:titleInfo id="0FDD3879705AEE7D44CF507B0599E218">
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<mods:title id="5648C23E8F98C04043AD377D2C9A790D">Morphological variation in S. minusculum Lutz and S. oyapockense Floch and Abonnenc and a redescription of the larva of S. minusculum (Diptera, Simuliidae) in the Neotropical Region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="797F6635EAA85A2081D664260C519911">Shelley, Anthony John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="489F7852B3F21B7452E010495F6EC758">Herzog, Marilza Maia -</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5B9B9A75EC31117E18C4FCA5FD551196">Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade Luna</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="3B6ACA66880DFFD220F3FF07453D22E6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6194239" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119399322" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6194239" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B6ACA66880DFFD220F3FF07453D22E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B6ACA66880DFFD220F3FF07453D22E6" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="E834CC1C880DFFD420F3FF07429623A2" bold="true" box="[151,696,151,176]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880DFFD420F3FF07429623A2" ID-CoL="8DX7B" authority="Lutz" authorityName="Lutz" box="[151,696,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum" subGenus="Psaroniocompsa">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD420F3FF07429623A2" bold="true" box="[151,696,151,176]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD420F3FF07425723A2" bold="true" box="[151,633,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
Lutz
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420F3FF2C413123C6" blockId="1.[151,696,151,212]" box="[151,287,188,212]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">(Figs. 1–32)</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="FBD928FB880DFFD320F3FE9443F2268E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420F3FE9440F32276" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Variation was observed in pupal gill configuration and adult scutal pattern from various localities. We compared body size of specimens with these gill variations and related them to scutal pattern. A full description of the larva is given.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A3FEFF43C42105" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD420A3FEFF41EB229A" bold="true" box="[199,453,367,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">FEMALE. Body size.</emphasis>
|
||||
Typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880DFFD4224CFEE042E2229A" box="[552,716,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD4224CFEE042E2229A" box="[552,716,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from many localities including the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D2880DFFD4243BFEE044A1229A" box="[1119,1167,368,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
locality (Lassance) and Dardanelos, Aripuanã River [both figured] in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD422FBFE0442CD22BE" box="[671,739,404,428]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD42378FE0443A222BE" box="[796,908,404,428]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
[see Material Examined] [all with median primary branch bifurcating at mid length of gill and more distal to dorsal and ventral primary branch bifurcations, Fig. 23]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42115FE4C422E22E6" box="[369,512,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42202FE4C42ED22E6" box="[614,707,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=1.58, n=25), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42422FE4C44FA22E6" box="[1094,1236,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD4255DFE4C45B922E6" box="[1337,1431,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.10, n=25), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42187FE6F42442105" box="[483,618,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD422A2FE6F43312105" box="[710,799,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.08, n=25).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A1FDB4437621B5" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
Specimens from Maranhão (Tocantins River), Tocantins (Barreiros River) and Pará States (Iriri River) [all with median primary branch located more basally and more distal to dorsal and ventral primary branch bifurcations, Fig. 24]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD4213FFDFC41CC2196" box="[347,482,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42224FDFC42B82196" box="[576,662,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.12, n=4), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42383FDFC44432196" box="[999,1133,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=1.0 mm, s.d.=0.24, n=3), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42104FD1F41C821B5" box="[352,486,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.499999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.6499999999999999" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42227FD1F42B521B5" box="[579,667,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.06, n=3).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A1FD24454D2025" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
Specimens from Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD42325FD2443A821DE" box="[833,902,692,716]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
[all with median primary branch dividing more apically at about same level as bifurcations on the dorsal and ventral primary bifurcations, and gill filaments much longer than in typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880DFFD421FCFD6D42102006" box="[408,574,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD421FCFD6D42102006" box="[408,574,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Fig. 25]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42337FD6C43F32006" box="[851,989,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.7" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42459FD6C44B92006" box="[1085,1175,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.11, n=3); wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42080FC8F4144202A" box="[228,362,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD421ADFC8F4231202A" box="[457,543,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.16, n=5); wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD4230EFC8F43DF202A" box="[874,1009,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42429FC8F448B202A" box="[1101,1189,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.12, n=4).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A1FCD3418C2622" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD420A1FCD341B9204E" bold="true" box="[197,407,835,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Thoracic pattern.</emphasis>
|
||||
The thoracic pattern in the typical form of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880DFFD4231BFCD5440D204E" box="[895,1059,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD4231BFCD5440D204E" box="[895,1059,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and the specimens found in Chapada das Guimarães is different. In the typical form observed in the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D2880DFFD423C7FCF74424206D" box="[931,1034,871,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
(Figs. 1, 2), link–reared specimens from Mato Grosso, Dardanelos (Figs. 3, 4),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD422ECFC1C42D920B6" box="[648,759,908,932]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Rio de las Piedras, Jujuy Province) (Figs. 7, 8), and Maranhão (Tocantins River) (Figs. 9, 10), Tocantins (Barreiros River) and Pará States (Iriri River),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD424D1FC3F44D220D5" box="[1205,1276,943,967]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and man–biting specimens from Dardanelos, Mato Grosso State (Figs. 3, 4) and Peixe, Tocantins State (Figs. 5, 6),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD42542FC44454320FE" box="[1318,1389,980,1004]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the scutal pattern changes in relation to illumination. With anterior lighting the black areas of the scutum on silver a pruinose background are as follows: wide median black vitta extending from anterior border for almost four fifths of scutum, rounded and twice as wide posteriorly as on anterior scutal border; 1+1 disc–shaped vittae between median vitta and lateral margin of scutum, beginning in second quarter of scutum and extending to same posterior limit as median vitta; 1+1 intervittal triangular marks on anterior scutal border in pruinose area between median and disc–shaped vittae – tails extending for half length of scutum may be seen by tilting specimen slightly. With posterior lighting median black vitta remains the same while the disc–shaped vittae extend to anterior margin of scutum to form bands of the same length and run almost parallel to median vitta; intervittal triangular marks become silver pruinose.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A1FAAD446726F6" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
In link–reared females collected from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD42415FAAC44962646" box="[1137,1208,1340,1364]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the thoracic pattern is somewhat similar to the above patterns. However, with light anterior the 1+1 silver pruinose bands diverge at the mid–point of the scutum towards the lateral margins and they are of the same width along their lengths (Fig. 11). With light posterior the 1+1 silver pruinose bands have a black area in the anterior half leaving a 1+1 rounded disc on the anterior third of the scutum and 1+1 tails near the posterior margins (Fig. 12).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A3FA7F422C25AE" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD420A3FA7F41B4251A" bold="true" box="[199,410,1519,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">MALE. Body size</emphasis>
|
||||
. Typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880DFFD42261FA604287251A" box="[517,681,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD42261FA604287251A" box="[517,681,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from many localities including link–reared specimens with typical gill configuration, and specimens from Minas Gerais (Rio das Velhas) and Goiás (Mucambão River) States of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD4250EF985409D2542" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880DFFD42094F9A741F72542" bold="true" box="[240,473,1591,1616]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||||
) [all with median primary branch bifurcating at mid length of gill and more distal to dorsal and ventral primary branch bifurcations, Fig. 23]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD423C9F9CC441B2566" box="[941,1077,1628,1652]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD424F0F9CC44C52566" box="[1172,1259,1628,1652]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d. =0.16, n = 6), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42132F910419D258A" box="[342,435,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD4223DF910429D258A" box="[601,691,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
range (mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD4233BF9104381258A" box="[863,943,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.02, n=4), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42575F91045B2258A" box="[1297,1436,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42089F934416A25AE" box="[237,324,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.19, n=4).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A3F95845BD243A" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
Specimens from Maranhão State (Tocantins River), Tocantins (Barreiros River) and Pará States (Iriri River) [median primary branch bifurcating basally – Fig. 24]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD423CEF97C44042416" box="[938,1066,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.5mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD424EEF97C44F42416" box="[1162,1242,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.09, n=3), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42147F880418C243A" box="[291,418,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.3mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42265F880427E243A" box="[513,592,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.28, n=3), wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD423FEF880440F243A" box="[922,1057,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42419F88044FB243A" box="[1149,1237,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.19, n=3).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880DFFD420A1F8A4421B2486" blockId="1.[151,1437,260,1940]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
Specimens from Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880DFFD42326F8A443A8245E" box="[834,902,1844,1868]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
[link–reared specimens with median gill dividing more apically – Fig. 25]: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD4221FF8C8432A2462" box="[635,772,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42300F8C843952462" box="[868,955,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.20, n=3), wing length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42570F8C845B22462" box="[1300,1436,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2) wing width
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880DFFD42106F8EC41C72486" box="[354,489,1916,1940]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880EFFD720F3FA7D43B8254D" blockId="2.[151,1437,1517,1631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880EFFD720F3FA7D412D2510" bold="true" box="[151,259,1517,1538]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">PLATE 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Figs. 1–12. Female thoracic patterns of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880EFFD722FDFA7E43022511" box="[665,812,1517,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880EFFD722FDFA7E43022511" box="[665,812,1517,1539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The first figure shows anterior light direction and the second posterior light direction.1, 2:
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D2880EFFD721A4F99D42062530" box="[448,552,1549,1570]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, Minas Gerais State, Lassance,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD7230DF99B43842533" box="[873,938,1547,1569]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 3,4: Mato Grosso State, Dardanelos,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD7254EF99B45452533" box="[1322,1387,1547,1569]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 5,6: Tocantins state (Peixe); 7–8: Jujuy Province, Rio de las Piedras,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD72347F9BA43A52552" box="[803,907,1578,1600]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 9–10: Maranhão State, Tocantins River,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD72548F9BA45432552" box="[1324,1389,1578,1600]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 11– 12: Mato Grosso State, Chapada dos Guimarães,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD722EDF9D942E9254D" box="[649,711,1609,1631]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(new morphoform).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880EFFD720A3F91B424E2426" blockId="2.[151,1436,1675,2024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880EFFD720A3F91B41B725B6" bold="true" box="[199,409,1675,1700]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Thoracic pattern.</emphasis>
|
||||
In typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880EFFD72275F91D429A25B6" box="[529,692,1676,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880EFFD72275F91D429A25B6" box="[529,692,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the scutum is velvet black with a pattern varying with direction of light source. With anterior light source 1+1 sub–median thin silver lines arising from anterior scutal border and extending for two thirds scutal length, occasionally silver lines reduced to small bands on anterior scutal border (Figs. 13, 15, 17, 19). With posterior light source thorax black, though sometimes silver pruinosities present and hard to distinguish (Figs. 14, 16, 18, 20).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880EFFD720A3F8D140C3248D" blockId="2.[151,1436,1675,2024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">In specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães, the thorax is black with 1+1 thin silver lines centrally that extend from the anterior third of the scutum to nearly the posterior margin with anterior and posterior light sources (Figs. 21, 22).</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880EFFD620A3F83B40CE23C6" blockId="2.[151,1436,1675,2024]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,212]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880EFFD720A3F83B413924D6" bold="true" box="[199,279,1963,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">PUPA.</emphasis>
|
||||
The cocoon shape, and morphology of the pupal frontoclypeus, thorax and abdominal onchototaxy in specimens from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD72135F84041EE24FA" box="[337,448,2000,2024]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and the material collected in Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880EFFD724B4F840453A24FA" box="[1232,1300,2000,2024]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
falls within the variation of typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880FFFD621C2FF08426223A2" box="[422,588,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880FFFD621C2FF08426223A2" box="[422,588,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, variation in the bifurcation of the median primary branch was found.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880FFFD620F3F9B442302584" blockId="3.[151,1437,1572,1686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880FFFD620F3F9B4412D252B" bold="true" box="[151,259,1572,1593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">PLATE 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
Figs. 13–22. Male thoracic patterns of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880FFFD622F7F9B543092528" box="[659,807,1572,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880FFFD622F7F9B543092528" box="[659,807,1572,1594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The first figure shows anterior light direction and the second posterior light direction. 13–14: Minas Gerais, R. dos Velhas,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880FFFD62340F9D3434B254B" box="[804,869,1603,1625]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. 15–16: Goiás State, Mucambão River,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880FFFD6256CF9D34567254B" box="[1288,1353,1603,1625]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 17–18: Maranhão State, Tocantins River,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880FFFD62267F9F1426A2565" box="[515,580,1633,1655]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 19–20, Pará State, Iriri River,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880FFFD623F8F9F143F32565" box="[924,989,1633,1655]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 21–22, Mato Grosso State, Chapada dos Guimarães,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880FFFD62175F91041612584" box="[273,335,1664,1686]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(new morphoform).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880FFFD620A3F95344802431" blockId="3.[151,1437,1730,1971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880FFFD620A3F953416F25C9" bold="true" box="[199,321,1730,1755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Body size.</emphasis>
|
||||
Typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880FFFD621C3F954426225C9" box="[423,588,1731,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880FFFD621C3F954426225C9" box="[423,588,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(following Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880FFFD62356F954434325C9" box="[818,877,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2010) (Fig. 23): Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD6252CF95340ED25ED" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD62145F977415925ED" box="[289,375,1767,1791]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.13, n=12), ventrally 1.6–2.0 mm (mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD623F3F97743C325ED" box="[919,1005,1767,1791]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.16, n=12), pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD6252CF97740ED2431" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD62145F89B41592431" box="[289,375,1803,1827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.14, n=6), gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD622D1F89B43122431" box="[693,828,1803,1827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD623FEF89B43DE2431" box="[922,1008,1803,1827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.05, n=4).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880FFFD620A1F8BF421524A1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1730,1971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
Specimens from Maranhão State (Tocantins River) and Pará State (Iriri River) [median primary branch bifurcating basally] (Fig. 24): Cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD622AAF8C343762479" box="[718,856,1875,1899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.8" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.4">1.4–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD623DCF8C3443F2479" box="[952,1041,1875,1899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.34, n=4), ventrally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD6252CF8C340ED249D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD6217BF8E74158249D" box="[287,374,1911,1935]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.41, n=12), pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD622B6F8E74376249D" box="[722,856,1911,1935]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD623D0F8E74422249D" box="[948,1036,1911,1935]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.18, n=4), gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD6252CF8E740ED24A1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880FFFD6217BF80B415924A1" box="[287,375,1947,1971]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.21, n= 5).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708808FFD120A1FF07426D220E" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
Specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD1231BFF0743ED23BD" box="[895,963,151,175]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
[median primary branch bifurcating more apically] (Fig. 25): cocoon length dorsally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD122E9FF2C433623C6" box="[653,792,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.35" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.1">2.1–2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD1231CFF2C43FA23C6" box="[888,980,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.1, n=12), ventrally
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD12576FF2C45B223C6" box="[1298,1436,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.7" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.3">2.3–3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD12088FF4F416923E5" box="[236,327,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.26, n=12), pupa length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD122CBFF4F431623E5" box="[687,824,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.9" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.3">2.3–3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD123F3FF4F43DC23E5" box="[919,1010,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.31, n=12), gill length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD1252CFF4F40ED220E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD6958808FFD12145FE944159220E" box="[289,375,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.27, n=12).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708808FFD120A3FEB8445D2196" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
In typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38808FFD12153FEB841F42252" box="[311,474,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628808FFD12153FEB841F42252" box="[311,474,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Minas Gerais State, Lassance, Rio das Velhas), and from many other localities across
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD120F3FEDC40F52276" box="[151,219,332,356]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628808FFD12171FEDB41D32276" bold="true" box="[277,509,331,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD12258FEDC42802276" box="[572,686,332,356]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the pupal gill main trunk gives rise to three primary branches (Fig. 23): dorsal with bifurcation in basal tenth of gill, median (sometimes arising from base of dorsal primary branch) with bifurcation in basal third of gill, and ventral which bifurcates in basal fifth of gill. This is the most common pattern found in
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628808FFD12131FE28422C22C2" box="[341,514,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38808FFD12131FE2841D022C2" box="[341,510,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">S. minusculum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
However two variations have been found in specimens collected from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD12554FE27455622DD" box="[1328,1400,439,463]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. In specimens collected in the states of Maranhão (Tocantins River), Tocantins (Barreiros River) and Pará (Iriri River),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD120F3FE6F40F52105" box="[151,219,511,535]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Fig. 24) the bifurcation of the median primary branch is more basal and at the same level as that of the ventral primary branch. An extreme variation from the typical pattern was found in specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD1219AFDD7426D214D" box="[510,579,583,607]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Fig. 25) in which the median primary branch bifurcates at the mid point of the pupal length and nearly at the same level of the dorsal and ventral primary branches.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708808FFD120F3F8FA44C524C9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1897,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628808FFD120F3F8FA412B246D" bold="true" box="[151,261,1898,1919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">PLATE 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
Figs. 23–25. Variation in the pupal gill configuration in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38808FFD12333F8FA43C3246D" box="[855,1005,1897,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628808FFD12333F8FA43C3246D" box="[855,1005,1897,1919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. 23: Typical configuration, Minas Gerais State, Lassance, Rio dos Velhas,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD12194F818421F248C" box="[496,561,1928,1950]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 24: Gill with median primary branch more basal, specimens from Maranhão State, Tocantins River,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD12127F83641AA24AE" box="[323,388,1958,1980]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
; 25: Gill with median primary branch more apical and bifurcating at mid length of gill, specimens from Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08808FFD1224EF855424524C9" box="[554,619,1989,2011]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. Arrows indicate the different bifurcations in the gill filaments.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B708809FFD020F3F8F7431324A8" blockId="5.[151,1436,1895,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628809FFD020F3F8F7412D246E" bold="true" box="[151,259,1895,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">PLATE 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
Figs. 26–32. Larval morphology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F38809FFD0221CF8F84322246F" box="[632,780,1895,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A7628809FFD0221CF8F84322246F" box="[632,780,1895,1917]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
based on specimens collected in Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE08809FFD0214DF8164144248E" box="[297,362,1926,1948]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. 26: Body (lateral view); 27: Head (dorsal view); 28: Head (ventral view); 29: Hypostomium (ventral view); 30: Hypostomial teeth; 31: Mandible; 32: Mandibular teeth.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A3FF0741A52295" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD320A3FF0741FB23A2" bold="true" box="[199,469,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">LARVA (Final instar).</emphasis>
|
||||
A short description of the larva of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32308FF08443F23A2" box="[876,1041,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32308FF08443F23A2" box="[876,1041,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was provided by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880AFFD324BBFF0745B223BD" author="Coscaron" box="[1247,1436,151,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refString="Coscaron, S. (1991) Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina. 38. Insecta, Diptera. 2. Simuliidae. vi + 7 - 304 [+ 67 figures on un - numbered pages], Fundacion para la Educacion, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Buenos Aires." type="book chapter" year="1991">Coscarón (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and Coscarón and Coscarón–Arias (2007), who only illustrated the larval antennal segment. The general morphology of larvae from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD32322FF4F43A423E5" box="[838,906,223,247]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
falls within the morphological variation of larvae in typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32127FE9541C5220E" box="[323,491,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32127FE9541C5220E" box="[323,491,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
collected in Minaçu, Goiás State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD323EDFE9443FE220E" box="[905,976,260,284]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, except the morphology of the median primary branch in the dissected gill histoblast. Hence, we provide a detailed description of this life stage and illustrate the key diagnostic characters, which are the morphology of the postgenal cleft, and number of hypostomial and mandibular teeth.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A1FE0442A622DD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD320A1FE04411222BE" bold="true" box="[197,316,403,428]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Body size.</emphasis>
|
||||
Typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD321F8FE05421122BE" box="[412,575,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD321F8FE05421122BE" box="[412,575,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Minaçu, Goiás State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD3235BFE0443A822BE" box="[831,902,404,428]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, n=1): Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD32407FE04449522BE" box="[1123,1211,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, length of head capsule
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD320AFFE27410D22DD" box="[203,291,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, width of head capsule
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD3224EFE2742AD22DD" box="[554,643,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A1FE4C4240214D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
Specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD323E3FE4C43FE22E6" box="[903,976,476,500]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
: Body length
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD3240AFE4C44CF22E6" box="[1134,1249,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="3.6" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.2">3.2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD3255BFE4C45B922E6" box="[1343,1431,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.29, n=6); length of head capsule
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD3222BFE6F42F82105" box="[591,726,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(mean=
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD32356FE6F43A72105" box="[818,905,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, s.d.=0.05, n=6); width of head capsule
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD32523FE6F45B22105" box="[1351,1436,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=6). Body colour dark grey dorso–laterally, whitish ventrally (specimens preserved in Carnoy’s solution and/or alcohol). General body form as in Fig. 26.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A1FDFC43E0274A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD320A1FDFC412F2196" box="[197,257,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
— mainly pale brown, anterior region of cephalic apotome yellowish. Numerous small setae present on all surfaces and head capsule slightly wrinkled. Head pattern lightly positive (Fig. 27). Cervical sclerites small, elliptical, fused to membrane. Postgenal cleft deep and broad mesally wide on median region; postgenal bridge 3.5 times shorter than length of hypostomium (Fig. 29). Hypostomium strongly pigmented on anterior margin, with approximately nine apical teeth evenly distributed along anterior margin; median tooth weakly reduced and nearly of same height as sublateral teeth; 3+3 sublateral teeth, all of same length; 1+1 produced lateral teeth much longer than remaining teeth; 6+6 small lateral serrations; 1+1 lines of 5 or 6 hypostomial setae parallel to lateral margin; 1+1 long, simple setae in posterior half of hypostomium (Fig. 30). Sub–esophageal ganglion lightly pigmented. Antennal segments longer than labral fan stalk, segments I–III weakly pigmented brown, length of segments excluding the sensillum 0.08–0.1:0.04–0.07:
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880AFFD322E8FC3F431820DA" box="[652,822,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.07" valueMax="0.08" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(n=7). Mandible with three apical teeth, the first one longer than second and third teeth; mandibular comb with approximately 13 teeth, the first three more prominent than others; two mandibular serrations, the anterior more prominent and longer than posterior (Figs. 31, 32). Lateral mandibular process absent. Maxillary palps heavily pigmented; one and a half times as long as wide at base. Labral fan with 23–43 rays with fine, single line of spines in a row (n=4).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A1FBF4418127FA" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD320A1FBF44138276E" box="[197,278,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||||
— pale grey dorsally and ventrally. Cuticle without setae. Proleg with plate heavily sclerotised with single band of approximately 19–25 processes of 9–15 hooks (n=4). Pupal respiratory gill histoblast greyish; dissected gill histoblast with six filaments, with dorsal, median and ventral primary branches all branching at mid length; filaments rounded apically.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A1FB6443F2268E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD320A1FB644101261E" box="[197,303,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||||
— dark grey with segments having greenish tinges. Ventral nerve cord pale white. Ventral papillae absent. Cuticle lacking setae except area around anal sclerite and rectal gills [
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880AFFD32463FA8844E92622" author="Coscaron" box="[1031,1223,1304,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refString="Coscaron, S. (1991) Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina. 38. Insecta, Diptera. 2. Simuliidae. vi + 7 - 304 [+ 67 figures on un - numbered pages], Fundacion para la Educacion, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Buenos Aires." type="book chapter" year="1991">Coscarón (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reported abundant simple and bifid setae on the larval cuticle]. Anal sclerite well sclerotised with anterior arms extending to one third of posterior circlet anteriorly, with weakly sclerotised areas between arms. Posterior circlet with 52–64 rows of 12– 19 simple hooks (n=5). Rectal gills not everted in all specimens examined.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="FBD928FB880AFFD220A3FA3742DE2276" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A3FA3743D42542" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD320A3FA37416226D2" bold="true" box="[199,332,1447,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||||
The convoluted history of the taxonomy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32335FA3843D926D2" box="[849,1015,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32335FA3843D926D2" box="[849,1015,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was first reviewed by Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32505FA3945B226D2" box="[1377,1436,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1982, 1984). The adults and pupa were later redescribed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880AFFD3235AFA5C440C26F6" box="[830,1058,1484,1508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refString="Shelley, A. J., Maia - Herzog, M., Lowry, C. A., Luna Dias, A. P. A., Garritano, P. R., Shelley, A., Camargo, M. & Carter, H. G. (2000) The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the secondary onchocerciasis focus at Minacu in Central Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 69, 171 - 221." type="journal article">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD323FDFA5D43FF26F6" box="[921,977,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2000)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
whilst studying the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32560FA5C455326F6" box="[1284,1405,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of Minaçu, Goiás State in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD321C4FA6041C6251A" box="[416,488,1520,1544]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. More recently, Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD3229DFA61431F251A" box="[761,817,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2010) have also covered the taxonomy of this species and selected a female
|
||||
<typeStatus id="6C78C5D2880AFFD321E9F98441D8253E" box="[397,502,1556,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, which is housed at the IOC (Material Examined). Further descriptions of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32550F98540F52542" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32550F98540F52542" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are given in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880AFFD32109F9A842062542" author="Coscaron" box="[365,552,1592,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refString="Coscaron, S. (1991) Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina. 38. Insecta, Diptera. 2. Simuliidae. vi + 7 - 304 [+ 67 figures on un - numbered pages], Fundacion para la Educacion, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Buenos Aires." type="book chapter" year="1991">Coscarón (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and Coscarón & Coscarón–Arias (2007).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD320A1F9CC441B2486" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
Variation in the adults’ thoracic pattern and in the pupal gill configuration has been recorded in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD3249CF9CD45B52566" box="[1272,1435,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD3249CF9CD45B52566" box="[1272,1435,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from link–reared specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD3235AF91043A8258A" box="[830,902,1664,1688]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. These differences from typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32493F91045B2258A" box="[1271,1436,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32493F91045B2258A" box="[1271,1436,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are sufficient to designate the latter as the “Chapada dos Guimarães form of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32465F935448B25AE" box="[1025,1189,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32465F935448B25AE" box="[1025,1189,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”. Preliminary studies on the COI DNA Bar–coding region on three specimens (two specimens typical of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD32404F958452825F2" box="[1120,1286,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD32404F958452825F2" box="[1120,1286,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
– Goiás and Mato Grosso states, and one specimen from Chapada dos Guimarães) [L.M.Hernández, X.Zhou, P.N.D.Hebert– BIO,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880AFFD320B3F8804100243A" box="[215,302,1808,1832]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, unpublished data] formed a single cluster, in which the specimen from Chapada dos Guimarães is separated by a>2% genetic divergence from the other two typical
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD3231FF8A54433245E" box="[891,1053,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD3231FF8A54433245E" box="[891,1053,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the Neighbour Joining analysis tree [as in BOLD working platforms: www.boldsystems.org]. However, the paucity of data at this stage precludes any further comment on the taxonomic status of the Chapada dos Guimarães form.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880AFFD220A1F83042DE2276" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
The larva of the Chapada dos Guimarães form of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD3229CF83143B224AA" box="[760,924,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD3229CF83143B224AA" box="[760,924,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be distinguished from the other morphologically similar species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD321DCF855424924CE" box="[440,615,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD321DCF855424924CE" box="[440,615,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880AFFD322C1F855436D24CE" box="[677,835,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraimense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880AFFD322C1F855436D24CE" box="[677,835,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">S. roraimense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the centrally expanded and oval postgenal cleft (Figs. 28, 29), a very short postgenal bridge (Fig. 29) and the median and sublateral teeth (Fig. 30) of the mandible not extending to the apex of the lateral teeth (see also
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880BFFD2228AFF2C43EF23C6" author="Shelley" box="[750,961,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2232CFF2D43AE23C6" box="[840,896,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
1997
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Figs. 241, 252). However, the larva of the Chapada das Guimarães form of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD22263FF70428423EA" box="[519,682,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD22263FF70428423EA" box="[519,682,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be identified from the latter two species by the absence of ventral papillae and the filaments of the dissected gill histoblast being long and bifurcating at mid length of gill (as in Fig. 25). In
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD2217EFEB841EB2252" box="[282,453,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyapockense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2217EFEB841EB2252" box="[282,453,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. oyapockense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD2219EFEB842BA2252" box="[506,660,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roraimense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2219EFEB842BA2252" box="[506,660,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. roraimense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the ventral papillae are present and filaments in the dissected gill histoblast is different as detailed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="D7520681880BFFD22260FEDC42C22276" box="[516,748,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia - Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. & Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article">
|
||||
Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2223BFEDD42B92276" box="[607,663,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(1997)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="FBD928FB880BFFD220A1FEE0453D22E6" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B37C7B70880BFFD220A1FEE0453D22E6" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="74C300F3880BFFD220A1FEE04190229A" box="[197,446,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minusculum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD220A1FEE04190229A" box="[197,446,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Simulium minusculum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a common anthropophilic species in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880BFFD223E2FEFF43E42295" box="[902,970,367,391]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
found from south of Amazon River into parts of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880BFFD22096FE04414F22BE" box="[242,353,404,428]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||||
and possibly
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CBD43BE0880BFFD2219FFE05424D22BF" box="[507,611,405,429]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Shelley
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD222A9FE05432B22BE" box="[717,773,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2010;
|
||||
<emphasis id="81B7A762880BFFD2233CFE03446E22BE" bold="true" box="[856,1088,403,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||||
). All specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães were collected in medium to large rivers (varying from
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD223D8FE27440422DD" box="[956,1066,439,463]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 10 m</quantity>
|
||||
wide and
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD224C4FE2744C822DD" box="[1184,1254,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<quantity id="743BD695880BFFD2256FFE27451922DD" box="[1291,1335,439,463]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||||
deep) of clear, fast flowing waters with rocky and sandy riverbeds, temperatures of 21ºC to 24.5ºC and pH 4–5.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
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Reference in a new issue