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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.905.39592" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ee5a0817-7cfc-4c21-ba7d-3beabb06cccd" ID-PMC="PMC7004242" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-905-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4C7E0CB428DF56BDB15B7AC8D6707961" ID-PubMed="32063726" ID-ZooBank="F4C766E4633A41039FFDE952718F41FB" ModsDocID="1313-2970-905-1" checkinTime="1579539902851" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Salata, Sebastian & Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2020" docId="3B1B110789ED40C81DC18F1FADE2C979" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 905: 1-235" docOrigin="ZooKeys 905" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.905.39592" docTitle="Pheidole fitarata Salata & Fisher 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="8CF00FF0-5B19-4EA6-803E-27F62D848627" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="4C7E0CB428DF56BDB15B7AC8D6707961" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="4C7E0CB428DF56BDB15B7AC8D6707961" masterDocTitle="Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Madagascar - an introduction and a taxonomic revision of eleven species groups" masterLastPageNumber="235" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668168337901" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Madagascar - an introduction and a taxonomic revision of eleven species groups</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Salata, Sebastian</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part>
|
||||
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>905</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>235</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.905.39592</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.905.39592</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-905-1</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4C766E4633A41039FFDE952718F41FB</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">4C7E0CB428DF56BDB15B7AC8D6707961</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="161777004" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8CF00FF0-5B19-4EA6-803E-27F62D848627" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B1B110789ED40C81DC18F1FADE2C979" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/8CF00FF0-5B19-4EA6-803E-27F62D848627" authority="Salata & Fisher, 2020" authorityName="Salata & Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fitarata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fitarata" status="sp. nov.">Pheidole fitarata</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 46A-F</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 84. Hypostomal teeth. Pheidole aelloea sp. nov. (A). P. ala sp. nov. (B). P. andapa sp. nov. (C). P. ankerana sp. nov. (D). P. annemariae Forel (E). P. avaratra sp. nov. (F). P. bemarahaensis sp. nov. (G). P. bemarivoensis sp. nov. (H). P. binara sp. nov. (I). P. boribora sp. nov. (J). P. brevipilosa sp. nov. (K). P. curvistriata sp. nov. (L). P. diakritos sp. nov. (M). P. ehazoara sp. nov. (N). P. ensifera Forel (O). P. ferruginea sp. nov. (P). P. fisaka sp. nov. (R). P. fitarata sp. nov. (S). P. glabra sp. nov. (T). P. goavana sp. nov. (U). P. lamperos sp. nov. (W). P. longipilosa sp. nov. (X). P. longispinosa Forel (Y). P. lutea sp. nov. (Z)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373131" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 84S</figureCitation>
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||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="F86" captionText="Figure 86. Distribution. Pheidole aelloea sp. nov. (A). P. ala sp. nov. (B). P. andapa sp. nov. (C). P. ankerana sp. nov. (D). P. annemariae Forel (E). P. avaratra sp. nov. (F). P. bemarahaensis sp. nov. (G). P. bemarivoensis sp. nov. (H). P. binara sp. nov. (I). P. boribora sp. nov. (J). P. brevipilosa sp. nov. (K). P. curvistriata sp. nov. (L). P. diakritos sp. nov. (M). P. ehazoara sp. nov. (N). P. ensifera Forel (O). P. ferruginea sp. nov. (P). P. fisaka sp. nov. (R). P. fitarata sp. nov. (S). P. glabra sp. nov. (T). P. goavana sp. nov. (U)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure86" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373133" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 86S</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||||
.
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||||
</emphasis>
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||||
Madagascar. •1 major worker; Antsiranana; Ampasindava,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ambilanivy">d'Ambilanivy</normalizedToken>
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||||
, 3.9 km 181°S Ambaliha;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13.79861" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.79861">-13.79861</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="48.16167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.16167">48.16167</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 600 m; 4 Mar 2001; Fisher et al. leg.; BLF03293, CASENT0420028 (CASC).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
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.
|
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</emphasis>
|
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Madagascar. •4w., 1s.; same data as for holotype; CASENT0420024-CASENT0420027, CASENT0872215-CASENT0872217 (CASC).
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Other material.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Madagascar. -
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antsiranana</emphasis>
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: •1s.; Ambondrobe, 41.1km 175° Vohemar;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13.71533" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.71533">-13.71533</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="50.10167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.10167">50.10167</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 10 m; 29 Nov 2004; B.L. Fisher leg.; CASENT0056078 (CASC). •1w., 4s.; Ampasindava,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ambilanivy">d'Ambilanivy</normalizedToken>
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, 3.9 km 181°S Ambaliha;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13.79861" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.79861">-13.79861</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="48.16167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.16167">48.16167</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 600 m; 4 Mar 2001; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0406700, CASENT0420217, CASENT0420226, CASENT0464109, CASENT0464294 (CASC). •2s.;
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’">d'</normalizedToken>
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Andavakoera, 21.4 km 75°ENE Ambilobe; 4.6 km 356°N Betsiaka; -13.11833, 49.23; alt. 425 m; 15 Dec 2003; B.L. Fisher leg.; CASENT0044135, CASENT0044209 (CASC). •1s.; Montagne des
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Français">Francais</normalizedToken>
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, 7.2 km 142°SE Antsiranana (=Diego Suarez);
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12.32278" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.32278">-12.32278</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="49.33817" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.33817">49.33817</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 180 m; 22 Feb 2001; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0461044 (CASC). •1s.; Nosy Be,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
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Naturelle
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Intégrale">Integrale</normalizedToken>
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de Lokobe, 6.3 km 112°ESE Hellville;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13.41933" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.41933">-13.41933</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="48.33117" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.33117">48.33117</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 30 m; 19 Mar 2001; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0462968 (CASC). •1s.; R.S. Manongarivo, 12.8 km 228°SW Antanambao;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13.97667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-13.97667">-13.97667</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="48.42333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="48.42333">48.42333</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 780 m; 11 Oct 1998; B.L. Fisher leg.; CASENT0198865 (CASC). •3s.;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Spéciale">Speciale</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ambre">d'Ambre</normalizedToken>
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, 3.5 km 235°SW Sakaramy;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12.46889" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.46889">-12.46889</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="49.24217" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.24217">49.24217</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 325 m; 26 Jan 2001; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0406576, CASENT0423829, CASENT0423892 (CASC). •1w., 1s.;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Spéciale">Speciale</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Ankarana">l'Ankarana</normalizedToken>
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, 13.6 km 192°SSW Anivorano Nord;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12.86361" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.86361">-12.86361</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="49.22583" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.22583">49.22583</geoCoordinate>
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; alt. 210 m; 16 Feb 2001; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0420164, CASENT0420181 (CASC). •7s., 1q.;
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve">Reserve</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Spéciale">Speciale</normalizedToken>
|
||||
de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Ankarana">l'Ankarana</normalizedToken>
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, 22.9 km 224°SW Anivorano Nord;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12.90889" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-12.90889">-12.90889</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
|
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<geoCoordinate degrees="49.10983" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="49.10983">49.10983</geoCoordinate>
|
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; alt. 80 m; 10 Feb 2001; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0420207, CASENT0439168, CASENT0439173, CASENT0439183, CASENT0439197, CASENT0439313, CASENT0439315, CASENT0008034 (CASC).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Head in full-face view elongated; sides of the head with moderately dense, long, erect pilosity; occipital lobes smooth to indistinctly foveolate, with thick, sparse, short, transverse, and sometimes arcuate rugae; inner hypostomal teeth distinct, high, closely spaced, triangular, with rounded apex directed inward; outer hypostomal teeth thinner than inner hypostomal teeth and approximately the same height, triangular.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Head foveolate, genae smooth; scape, when laid back, surpassing the posterior head margin by two-fifths of its length; promesonotum low, convex, short, with posterior declivity relatively convex; mesosoma foveolate, katepisternum with smooth notch; propodeal spines short, triangular.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers.</emphasis>
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Measurements (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
|
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= 10): HL: 1.13-1.43 (1.29); HW: 0.91-1.12 (1.07); SL: 0.43-0.53 (0.49); EL: 0.12-0.17 (0.14); WL: 0.79-1.02 (0.92); PSL: 0.16-0.21 (0.18); MTL: 0.51-0.59 (0.55); PNW: 0.45-0.64 (0.56); PTW: 0.11-0.19 (0.16); PPW: 0.29-0.47 (0.41); CI: 77.9-88.4 (82.7); SI: 43.5-49.0 (46.5); PSLI: 12.7-15.3 (14.0); PPI: 34.8-42.9 (38.2); PNI: 49.1-56.7 (52.8); MTI: 48.4 -56.1 (52.0).
|
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
|
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.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
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In full-face view longitudinal, longer than wide, anterior of eyes straight, posterior of eyes slightly convex, occipital margin of lobes straight, inclining toward centre (Fig.
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In lateral view sub-rectangular; ventral and dorsal faces finely convex; dorsal face finely depressed posteriorly, forming indistinct transverse depression between frons and occipital lobes; inner hypostomal teeth visible. Sides of the head with moderately dense, long, erect pilosity; whole head with dense, moderately long, suberect to erect pilosity. Antennal scrobes indistinct and not delimited by carinulae; scrobe surface shiny, foveolate, with thick, longitudinal, short, and interrupted rugae. Occipital lobes shiny, smooth to indistinctly foveolate, with thick, sparse, short, transverse, and sometimes arcuate rugae; frons with moderately dense, thick, longitudinal and interrupted rugae, interspaces smooth and indistinctly foveolate on the posterior part, rugae weakening posteriorly and never connected with rugae on the occipital lobes; genae shiny and smooth; malar area with thick, longitudinal, moderately sparse rugae, interspaces smooth. Centre of clypeus shiny and smooth, lateral sides with longitudinal rugae; median notch present, wide, and shallow; median longitudinal carina absent; lateral longitudinal carinae absent. Scape, when laid back, not reaching the mid-length of head; pilosity suberect to erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Inner hypostomal teeth distinct, high, closely spaced, triangular, with rounded apex directed inward; outer hypostomal teeth thinner than inner hypostomal teeth and approximately the same height, triangular (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 84. Hypostomal teeth. Pheidole aelloea sp. nov. (A). P. ala sp. nov. (B). P. andapa sp. nov. (C). P. ankerana sp. nov. (D). P. annemariae Forel (E). P. avaratra sp. nov. (F). P. bemarahaensis sp. nov. (G). P. bemarivoensis sp. nov. (H). P. binara sp. nov. (I). P. boribora sp. nov. (J). P. brevipilosa sp. nov. (K). P. curvistriata sp. nov. (L). P. diakritos sp. nov. (M). P. ehazoara sp. nov. (N). P. ensifera Forel (O). P. ferruginea sp. nov. (P). P. fisaka sp. nov. (R). P. fitarata sp. nov. (S). P. glabra sp. nov. (T). P. goavana sp. nov. (U). P. lamperos sp. nov. (W). P. longipilosa sp. nov. (X). P. longispinosa Forel (Y). P. lutea sp. nov. (Z)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373131" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">84S</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
In lateral view, promesonotum relatively low and arched, posterior mesonotum relatively steep, with tubercle-like projections; promesonotal groove absent; metanotal groove indistinct; propodeal spines moderately long, triangular, with sharp apex and wide base; humeral area laterally weakly produced (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Surface finely foveolate, dorsal surface of promesonotum with fading sculpture and sometimes with smooth notch; katepisternum with smooth notch; lower half of lateral sides of propodeum with additional longitudinal rugae. Pilosity sparse, very long, and erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Shiny; peduncle moderately long, finely foveolate, with indistinct horizontal lobes on its basal part; node smooth, relatively high, triangular, with rounded apex, in rear view node slightly convex; pilosity moderately sparse and erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Postpetiole</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Shiny and finely shagreened, dorsum with fading sculpture; in dorsal view sides with moderately short, acute, and triangular projections; pilosity long to moderately long, and erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Shiny and finely shagreened; pilosity moderately dense, long, and erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Bright brown to brown; legs, lower frons, malar area and lower parts of lateral sides of mesosoma yellowish brown (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 46" startId="F46">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 46.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata & Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fitarata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fitarata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole fitarata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov., full-face view (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
), profile (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||||
), and dorsal view (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||||
) of paratype minor worker (CASENT0420025) and full-face view (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||||
), profile (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||||
), and dorsal view (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||||
) of holotype major worker (CASENT0420028).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers.</emphasis>
|
||||
Measurements (
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
|
||||
= 6): HL: 0.45-0.47 (0.46); HW: 0.39-0.41 (0.4); SL: 0.44-0.46 (0.45); EL: 0.07-0.1 (0.08); WL: 0.52-0.56 (0.55); PSL: 0.08-0.09 (0.08); MTL: 0.33-0.36 (0.35); PNW: 0.26-0.28 (0.27); PTW: 0.06-0.06 (0.06); PPW: 0.09-0.1 (0.1); CI: 85.9-89.5 (87.7); SI: 111.0-113.6 (111.6); PSLI: 17.3-20.4 (18.5); PPI: 61.0-65.2 (62.5); PNI: 66.4-68.8 (67.8); MTI: 82.8-89.4 (86.7).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Occipital margin straight or indistinctly concave; occipital carina absent (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Pilosity moderately dense, long, suberect. Head shiny, foveolate; genae smooth. Clypeus smooth or finely foveolate; median longitudinal carina absent; two lateral longitudinal carinae absent. Scape, when laid back, surpassing the posterior head margin by two-fifths of its length; pilosity suberect to erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
In lateral view, promesonotum low, convex, short, with posterior declivity relatively convex; promesonotal groove absent; metanotal groove indistinct; propodeal spines short, triangular, with acute apex (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Sculpture foveolate; katepisternum with smooth notch. Pilosity sparse, long, and erect (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Peduncle short and thin with ventral face slightly convex; with few short, erect setae (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Postpetiole</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Short, low, and convex; sometimes with few short, erect setae (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
With moderately sparse, erect pilosity (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Yellow (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Pheidole fitarata sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0420025) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0420028)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373093" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Malagasy for mirror, in reference to smooth and shiny genae of major workers.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The species was collected between 10-780 m in elevation, in rainforest, in tropical dry forest, and in littoral rainforest. Nests were located rotten logs.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata & Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fitarata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fitarata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole fitarata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. is most similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rugofitarata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rugofitarata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. rugofitarata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. and
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. avaratra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="avaratra">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. avaratra</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata & Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fitarata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fitarata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole fitarata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rugofitarata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rugofitarata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. rugofitarata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. in less distinct and interrupted longitudinal rugae on frons and antennal scrobes, lack of connection between rugae on frons and occipital lobes, smooth genae, and never lobe-like outer hypostomal teeth; from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. avaratra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="avaratra">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. avaratra</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. in presence of longitudinal, thick, and interrupted rugae on frons and antennal scrobes, frons with rugae weakening posteriorly and never connected with rugae on the occipital lobes, genae smooth, and smaller and directed inward inner hypostomal teeth.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata & Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fitarata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fitarata">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole fitarata</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. avaratra" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="avaratra">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. avaratra</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. nov. in longer and lower promesonotum and katepisternum with smooth notch.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
393
data/3B/1B/18/3B1B184C4AE591EF59338F8FC90C7AB5.xml
Normal file
393
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Normal file
|
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|
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<subSubSection id="1A7C3566C96720BC7B7FEAA9CC159BB4" pageNumber="663" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="054522977B9BA3901FE0145256E0D502" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E78FFB5492375237770C7710B4AB3D3D" ID-CoL="T56N" authority="Temminck 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CF56393AC894A0F1A9739BFBC7D70012" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
Temminck 1838
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="91604438C6CC3B0219FC6E4A4F1F5027" pageNumber="663" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="879792707EE4A822862766BF20697596" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<treatmentCitation id="A6F27ED6C2986EE247D7B220516E4E54" author="Temminck" authority="Temminck 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" page="xxii" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon" title="Cervus nippon" volumeTitle="in: von Siebold, Temminck, and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan" year="1838">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="794A33D828E99C802523B948BF0A9C89" ID-CoL="T56N" authority="Temminck 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F5F81CE47F685157FA54183235A3C355" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
Temminck 1838
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibCitation id="78C329B2639D4A95D72A4E634E773013" author="Temminck" pageNumber="663" pagination="xxii" title="Cervus nippon" volumeTitle="in: von Siebold, Temminck, and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan" year="1838">
|
||||
in: von Siebold, Temminck, and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp.
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="FA4ABEA9F32334A9E84C49384D04DD7F" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
: xxii
|
||||
</bibCitation>
|
||||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="7B967CEBEBC3E855C340057BFDB2F93B" pageNumber="663" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="2F6BE5AC7D25223260D0077B2F3C7A48" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EAF6E9511192BEB90A1F6F861E7BFDF8" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="663">Type Locality:</emphasis>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="A0D160D56B33BCC5A18C0627539E4D34" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867329311" country="Japan" pageNumber="663" stateProvince="Nagasaki">
|
||||
"Les îles du domaine du
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="7F306E0120B048E46842B88973153772" name="Japan">Japon</collectingCountry>
|
||||
"; restricted to
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="CCC41AF115F511D80876959C48974E11" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, Kyushu,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="9188AB760050F70AB341C31CC146E26F" country="Japan" name="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</collectingRegion>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="FA82D8030441E9BAD38618C2DC91C542" author="Groves, C. P. & C. Smeenk" refId="ref133332" refString="Groves, C. P., and C. Smeenk. 1978. On the type material of Cervus nippon Temminck, 1836; with a revision of sika deer from the main Japanese islands. Zoologische Mededelingen, 53: 11 - 28." year="1978">Groves and Smeenk, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="BE7C7E87F3D7507537B7F08DA603D47D" pageNumber="663" type="vernacular_names">
|
||||
<paragraph id="41A9EF1D4C8F93E85C4E2E8574B409BE" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<emphasis id="31B644B78CC9194E1298523FA4515DA1" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="663">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
|
||||
<vernacularName id="D3637D58323D00EFCEC87423D7D38CAE" language="eng" pageNumber="663">Sika</vernacularName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DD1241DBCD59133395AEA444C7F595E8" pageNumber="663" type="child_taxa">
|
||||
<paragraph id="AA276D76880DA3E6545E023B9347F5B2" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EC5A894DBF12B120C9D133715F260514" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="663">Subspecies:</emphasis>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="A20C2AA90816C5A6E8A12723A82586C6" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A26AE57FEF9C69A0A4F70547532313FC" authority="Temminck 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="nippon">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1C9E5A86BA0CA1F8724437EA824C58DC" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="50D63AF25B5BF3D464E44697CED381A5" italics="true" pageNumber="663">nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
Temminck 1838
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9F9DD011BF84C6D2FF9AE135AF84E2EE" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="92656F02477100CD541537E4A993BF5B" authority="Heude 1884" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="aplodontus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EE0DA5C8EE13F59F5D9A9A45DEBE904E" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="4D020ED3F8DE35642B2417DEAE88258C" italics="true" pageNumber="663">aplodontus</emphasis>
|
||||
Heude 1884
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B47A239A785833A7B2622F347883E35E" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="495659D6CA1AF18D1B6EA9B3EB9AE17B" authority="Heude 1884" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="grassianus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="219055D326E5F6810441976E6178E18D" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="9BB1101B6B815DDE8A4F116B31529747" italics="true" pageNumber="663">grassianus</emphasis>
|
||||
Heude 1884
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="03EA79FFE21199A0D6488D4EB817C5B0" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F772048C83325E45A417C6AFCEBCAB77" authority="Swinhoe 1864" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1864" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="hortulorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="462FA6BE8DA789EC43549C029E7A35AB" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="CABC6199F539FC162BC26DA9A79B15EC" italics="true" pageNumber="663">hortulorum</emphasis>
|
||||
Swinhoe 1864
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="E26B53907780D47940AE9890615C7873" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C65CB29FE151C78AFF32E57634F6246" authority="Kuroda 1924" authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="keramae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A5B1A58FD9FB0549F119BB218D2C6960" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="B2191C6CD06E3D688AAA16920DAEF288" italics="true" pageNumber="663">keramae</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="42FA12135D62C83E302E301D0770B2C6" author="Kuroda, N." refId="ref201411" refString="Kuroda, N. 1924. [On new mammals from the Riu Kiu Islands and the vicinity.] Published by the author, Tokyo, 16 pp." year="1924">Kuroda 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5D02A62133628328317ACD70C25625D0" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="BDB8DC33C29B7272BC868B80B4672C14" authority="Swinhoe 1873" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="kopschi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4470C8A07327D59AC7F2237A599FB228" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="DBECCBAB93594A6D8B34F1F60334BE77" italics="true" pageNumber="663">kopschi</emphasis>
|
||||
Swinhoe 1873
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D18F63F03E0E81DADE89535829B3131B" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="DB8B54530559B752EA5932746600DFF5" authority="Kuroda and Okada 1950" authorityName="Kuroda and Okada" authorityYear="1950" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="mageshimae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3226050ECA366BF2B253E154FECD9856" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="5D970511EC6A88B592C31ACAABBEAEC0" italics="true" pageNumber="663">mageshimae</emphasis>
|
||||
Kuroda and Okada 1950
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="181FBF91140CE8E7A020552D958C556F" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A335CDBB8242FFB93FAC1B1694462BCA" authority="Milne-Edwards 1871" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="mandarinus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="ABC4E11F6D19EEF2F7AE6D9629E00636" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A1D09EA737A64183A11F876EF83DB46C" italics="true" pageNumber="663">mandarinus</emphasis>
|
||||
Milne-Edwards 1871
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="BD3AACD8A5BE10D43E5D66DEEB28DB4C" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5F9E4BB4B2D24E8EC15CFC25D5584570" authority="Swinhoe 1864" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1864" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="mantchuricus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8E4103B052CA313ECA6A89D5E66DEC20" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="A3AE016B6D0E2D89EAA69CF9D98DC9E3" italics="true" pageNumber="663">mantchuricus</emphasis>
|
||||
Swinhoe 1864
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD3A1EC3EFFE1B47DFAB77E737BF4B2D" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0F664E05D3247691893A23E664FA259E" authority="Gervais 1841" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1841" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="pseudaxis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9A6EC09AE06D6CFCB6D4E95C93BEF998" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="1ABE18FEE7FB659B73822F83DBF4F542" italics="true" pageNumber="663">pseudaxis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2BA1517651152227C455FD50842511DA" author="Gervais, F. L. P." refId="ref119624" refString="Gervais, F. L. P. 1841. Mammiferes. Pp. 1 - 68, in Zoologie (J. F. T. Eydoux and L. F. A. Souleyet, eds.). in Voyage autour du Monde execute pendant les annees 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette La Bonite commandee par M. Vaillant. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 4: 1 - 334, pls. 1 - 12 (Mammiferes)." year="1841">Gervais 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B09B82638DC481011835D2E17A3B3721" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7922E31A7394F6C5F53F29AD2FFCFBFB" authority="Imaizumi 1970" authorityName="Imaizumi" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="pulchellus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="09C6222027744449730E2735A30CEB62" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="1817604D878538712BD96F6DABA07FBB" italics="true" pageNumber="663">pulchellus</emphasis>
|
||||
Imaizumi 1970
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="994DF6C8C2C324DD9A54AA0C75F72569" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0E52C310A6C9A0D2474DBB2DAB592558" authority="Guo, Chen and Wang 1978" authorityName="Guo, Chen and Wang" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="sichuanicus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F442EF59DCBE86BA900689339EC8EEA1" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="94668B36A7E4655B0CFC43AD022FE1E9" italics="true" pageNumber="663">sichuanicus</emphasis>
|
||||
Guo, Chen and Wang 1978
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="0106C1E77F106BC50804B0D40E88EE11" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7DCFD91E3656C5F19175977C21496E1B" authority="Heude 1888" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="soloensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="07292F9688BC3BCF8B640FFFFAD998EF" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="6F054D3C74CE3BFEB79E91197D2EE52E" italics="true" pageNumber="663">soloensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Heude 1888
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="B892828ADBC0D9AF6554425EAC78ED88" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5ED323F2AA47FC1496F1412A64D5D437" authority="Blyth 1860" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1860" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="taiouanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0CE4AAD070927270C27C54202DDEF577" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="5E0CBD2714E0210E1305EEADDD9B7A0A" italics="true" pageNumber="663">taiouanus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="30B18BD2BB5FC76E4EF0091582E19739" author="Blyth, E." refId="ref34065" refString="Blyth, E. 1860. On the flat-horned taurine cattle of S. E. Asia with a note on the races of rein deer, and a note on domestic animals in general. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 29: 282 - 306, 376 - 392." year="1860">Blyth 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="082B9F35908CB394ABDD95142B0B8C39" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADE080FD5A474A375E430FE9AAA54D51" authority="Kuroda and Okada 1950" authorityName="Kuroda and Okada" authorityYear="1950" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="yakushimae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="C5CEE712B8355568C643B0029371270E" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="4F63D5B32DF8F8066D3746D93068C37A" italics="true" pageNumber="663">yakushimae</emphasis>
|
||||
Kuroda and Okada 1950
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="60C37211E273266DFF2C7B2BCF039B2C" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
Subspecies
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ED27C9CB3134B02B8D2C11949C0A4EEC" authority="Heude 1884" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nippon" subSpecies="yesoensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="920822E03D9604DB903E3707976A1F4F" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
subsp.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAD1933B429FF1E59C32E5CA5FFAD749" italics="true" pageNumber="663">yesoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Heude 1884
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1E5DB1D98B5B732D023B3031C65E0596" pageNumber="663" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="3F144BB148E7A7E4C03D8BFEB12B5307" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6C49CCA2ACBBB4C81878F98AAA1FEAB4" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="663">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="22CD00C4007CCE45BB888B8D40C28FCD" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Manchuria south to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="CE52B65CC18B4B17819DD2817CF4BBF7" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="0BFFBC779D17756B781FF2E1D003807F" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="A95586044910069B676BEE12AEAB12DD" country="China" name="Anhui">Anhui</collectingRegion>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="8E2768D5B89CD52CAEB3ED180A3CD760" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(incl. Cheju Isl),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="610385652E19BFAC66A6D539D9200B86" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(incl. Tsushima Isls),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="D7478AE838F8B675CF9127ACBE905A05" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Soviet Far East),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="4420D472AEE278A41C731E9F5273056C" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(extinct but reintroduced), and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F6190B2587BFEEE8E637B20D42028E17" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. Apparently wild populations now very localised in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="97479BD9CE5EC33CD7506CA62C3BB857" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. Presumably anciently introduced to
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2F634158145D82A454AD3132937392D9" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Solo Isl; still extant?). Introduced in 17th century to Kerama Isls (Ryukyu Isls). Introduced in 19th-20th centuries to British Isles, mainland Europe (
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="15DA0CE722AA43B2015B0AD3918929A1" name="Armenia">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="123121F9AA36A9C1AE2B61976A7C033B" name="Austria">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="A13B4D3FCAD2622E431BD4400F6EDEF3" name="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="D612BA7B6046E5FA7471872E224C6C31" name="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="95C34FC128075F99A1B9EFCD109ADC5F" name="Denmark">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="FD17A011FC3311E9111C03086A3A41D8" name="Finland">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="9804FA6C92B5827FD5B93482AF11A7D8" name="France">France</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B293D5E369AFF6D61400E3B46CEDB074" name="Germany">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, Kaliningrad,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="7351BE2ACC88890A0334AB23AD0F4EF5" name="Lithuania">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="9FA3EFBA2752361DFF8A854B5F33E641" name="Poland">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, W
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="E2810597304ECD0E3C9FE1FDA60BAC0E" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="2E787623C9CC93212C24963AA773B31B" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="5BFF1FBCE0B9C72E790D07E3C8E067AA" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="7568D0FAF67DEADD8B9915B40EC99AF0" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and small islands off
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3A1A8BBC7712DE11E6FA0362AC167340" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="65132E5F686640E5A01D74B0AEB1B375" pageNumber="663" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="DB5B97BE1AB49FB7CDDFB392B11A577B" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CF981344B7EC028DF3D3DECECF8CD9AF" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="663">Conservation:</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="42BD3D7976726601558420E2ACC5B814" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="2B7FDDB5232CD23C316118AE7B2F05D9" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
|
||||
– Endangered as
|
||||
<emphasis id="B5B3F7114CE69078CC6D15ED7DA711B1" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. grassianus</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="13EBF3B1D7463136467662119A65E881" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. keramae</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="D4D0425A4F1B2CDD083B3028B2F89944" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. kopschi</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="D5A1169B68967F35365E8B3D81708AA6" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. mandarinus</emphasis>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="52A04A9E06B5E302670416A30C1D8ECB" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. taiouanus</emphasis>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<collectionCode id="E2A263F43C6C51CD9729547AC5FD8C43">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||||
– Critically Endangered as
|
||||
<emphasis id="B331385FD20B26BA4E493708A8E778D2" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. grassianus</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="DFD4D58FE8F951589D34F0BF8E3B005B" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. keramae</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="BC49730229097B4AC092C0C0892BDC93" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. mandarinus</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="9879F3DC234504BFA97A1D36E6DED9B5" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. taiouanus</emphasis>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="6AE9EBDC67ABFFBD8D5F59999D8A6D08" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. pseudaxis</emphasis>
|
||||
, Endangered as
|
||||
<emphasis id="6FD5D77B762639BF97DF61A6476FF4C3" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. sichuanicus</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="58408BBE4DAA4DE3DCDA1DB890AB6267" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. kopschi</emphasis>
|
||||
, Data Deficient as
|
||||
<emphasis id="8C870EEA44538DC7755B5A574ED2876A" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. aplodontus</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="265146888DAF5CAD966FBBF2979C9D5A" italics="true" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
C. n.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F7BF2EDC17746EEBB1E23BD8187209EE" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1864" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mantchuricus">mantchuricus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="2DE94A5C968DCD889CF89F30D225EBB4" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. pulchellus</emphasis>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<emphasis id="5757B73727FFF1F77E09C538EC819F32" italics="true" pageNumber="663">C. n. yesoensis</emphasis>
|
||||
, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F3C00FDF15604D68C76E52E395A6FF46" pageNumber="663" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="0BF3156013944CDA6055F8BE99EE2FEC" pageNumber="663">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A120037A39CD78FB864E114746B89733" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="663">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||||
Further described by Temminck
|
||||
<emphasis id="E118C9259692559A170D21D107DFCF06" italics="true" pageNumber="663">in</emphasis>
|
||||
von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aperçu Gén. Spéc. Mamm.
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="D899CA72F2C1AEAAC499FB230D59FA51" name="Japan">Japon</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, p. 54, pl. 17 [1844] as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9A432FBDCD8A6BA320C9E10C1FD88391" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sika">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B3A2A83435D186A313A971F04814C51E" italics="true" pageNumber="663">Cervus sika</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Includes
|
||||
<emphasis id="66BD22A0EF2AE0286E3F5C67FB564C2F" italics="true" pageNumber="663">hortulorum</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="67D6BF1755D97C309F3B93F02112EAAE" italics="true" pageNumber="663">taiouanus</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="E855F9B82DD5CE3433A1D55BF99D24C7" italics="true" pageNumber="663">pulchellus</emphasis>
|
||||
, which were considered species by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7B31C5E20B6C26B7102E01A4B5298961" author="Imaizumi, Y." refId="ref165431" refString="Imaizumi, Y. 1970 a. Description of a new species of Cervus from the Tsushima Islands, Japan, with a revision of the subgenus Sika based on clinal analysis. Bulletin of the National Science Museum (Tokyo), 13: 185 - 193." year="1970">
|
||||
Imaizumi (1970
|
||||
<emphasis id="03FDA929DC11F1A5822367D6A123D85E" italics="true" pageNumber="663">a</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Includes
|
||||
<emphasis id="800A3B7561FB1DD2F8E15B65402E8335" italics="true" pageNumber="663">soloensis</emphasis>
|
||||
, see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="AC574B011F0F4B135B6CFE78716A4101" author="Grubb, P. & C. P. Groves" refId="ref134470" refString="Grubb, P., and C. P. Groves. 1983. Notes on the taxonomy of the deer (Mammalia, Cervidae) of the Philippines. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 210: 119 - 144." year="1983">Grubb and Groves (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Revised in part by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="93D76F340295C7CE041BD2C255B3C885" author="Groves, C. P. & C. Smeenk" refId="ref133332" refString="Groves, C. P., and C. Smeenk. 1978. On the type material of Cervus nippon Temminck, 1836; with a revision of sika deer from the main Japanese islands. Zoologische Mededelingen, 53: 11 - 28." year="1978">Groves and Smeenk (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
who included
|
||||
<emphasis id="82057151969D3F060212ACD808667495" italics="true" pageNumber="663">mageshimae</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="ADB9A9C17A0031BC51FF55BFC238FD0D" italics="true" pageNumber="663">yakushimae</emphasis>
|
||||
in nominate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A157C98C5AA74864BA4941F07EEADFDC" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F1C86336B1B402408D08D638C668A821" italics="true" pageNumber="663">nippon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and noted that
|
||||
<emphasis id="EABA52A177A9E01C98A6F586DCD66D0F" italics="true" pageNumber="663">aplodontus</emphasis>
|
||||
has priority over
|
||||
<emphasis id="2C965411869F2A2196924DDB9FFC8CF4" italics="true" pageNumber="663">centralis</emphasis>
|
||||
. Reviewed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3A0C410235437B13800A52AC02FD9D53" author="Feldhamer, G. A." refId="ref99611" refString="Feldhamer, G. A. 1980. Cervus nippon. Mammalian Species, 128: 1 - 7." year="1980">Feldhamer (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Mammalian Species, 128) and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="CC7D3B17C0195A90CEC94EC5D36F18D3" author="Banwell, D. B." refId="ref20143" refString="Banwell, D. B. 1999. The sika. Halcyon Press, Auckland, New Zealand. 137 pp." year="1999">Banwell (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Native and introduced populations seriously threatened by genetic pollution; numerous populations are of uncertain provenance or have mixed ancestry; status of
|
||||
<emphasis id="F35F83DED9F514F47D90B6C4B2D685F7" italics="true" pageNumber="663">hortulorum</emphasis>
|
||||
is particularly uncertain.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
1226
data/3B/1B/95/3B1B959D1E4057FBB3ABCDBFB90E083B.xml
Normal file
1226
data/3B/1B/95/3B1B959D1E4057FBB3ABCDBFB90E083B.xml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
295
data/3B/1B/C9/3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F.xml
Normal file
295
data/3B/1B/C9/3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
|
|||
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" ID-GBIF-Dataset="752f7715-2b9f-45a4-b9ee-c759bebf3981" ID-PMC="PMC3760134" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-324-1" ID-PubMed="24003317" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-324-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 324" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" checkinTime="1451247026135" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Helgen, Kristofer M., Pinto, C. Miguel, Kays, Roland, Helgen, Lauren E., Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N., Quinn, Aleta, Wilson, Don E. & Maldonado, Jesus E." docDate="2013" docId="3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 324: 1-83" docOrigin="ZooKeys 324" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" docTitle="Bassaricyon medius Thomas 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="FF99321FFFDBFFCCFFA0FFB7FFC59601" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1668156320301" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Pinto, C. Miguel</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Kays, Roland</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Helgen, Lauren E.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Quinn, Aleta</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart>Maldonado, Jesus E.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part>
|
||||
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>324</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>83</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-324-1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047251" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B1BC9A4B89C6B0F94FF51999D00380F" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Bassaricyon_medius" authority="Thomas, 1909" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius Thomas, 1909</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Carnivora" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassariscyon" order="Mammalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassariscyon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[sic] gabbi [sic] orinomus Goldman, 1912:16.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="type specimens and localities">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type specimens and localities.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
The holotype of medius is BMNH 9.7.17.10, an adult male (skin and skull) from "Jimenez, mountains inland of
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||||
, W. Colombia, 2400 feet" (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Thomas 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
holotype of orinomus is USNM 179157, an adult male (skin and skull), from "Cana (altitude 1,800 feet), in the mountains of eastern Panama" (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
figured the holotype skull.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a medium-sized olingo, smaller (on average) than
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of Mesoamerica and larger than
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of the Andes. It requires closest comparison with the closely-related, allopatrically-distributed taxon
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, from which it differs especially in having (externally) less strikingly black-tipped dorsal pelage (which gives the pelage a slightly darker appearance in
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), (cranially) in its proportionally narrower and (on average) longer rostrum, and in having less inflated auditory bullae (Table 3), and (dentally) in its generally smaller p4 (Table 4).
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is considerably smaller than
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(of South America east of the Andes), such that there is a clear body-size contrast between the two lowland olingo taxa of South America (
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
east of Andes vs. B. medius medius west of Andes), but
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(of eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia) is very similar in size to
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
often has a reddish tail that contrasts somewhat with the less rufous head and body;
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tends to be more uniformly colored head to tail. In life,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
usually has a darkly pigmented nose, whereas in
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the nose is often pink (Ivo Poglayen-Neuwall to C.O. Handley Jr., in litt., 9 February 1973; Figures 21-22). Sequence divergence in cytochrome b in these sister species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), separated by the Andes, is 6-7% (Table 2).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Distribution and geographic variation.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
occurs in forests from Central Panama to Colombia and Ecuador west of the Andes, where it is recorded from sea level up to about 1800 m elevation. We recognize two distinctive subspecies of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, distinguished especially by clear differences in size (Tables 6-7).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Figure 22) occurs in most of the South American portion of the range, where it is recorded west of the Andes in western Colombia (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Thomas 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and western Ecuador (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Loennberg, E" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 104" title="A second contribution to the mammalogy of Ecuador with some remarks on Caenolestes." volume="14" year="1921">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lönnberg">Loennberg</normalizedToken>
|
||||
1921
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Parker and Carr 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tirira 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Pinto and Tirira 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), in the
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||||
region, on the western slopes of the Andes, and in outlying western ranges. It occurs in regional sympatry with
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Otonga–San">Otonga-San</normalizedToken>
|
||||
Francisco de las Pampas and probably elsewhere along the western versant of the Andes.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">Bassaricyon</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
medius orinomus
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Figure 23) occurs primarily in the Central American portion of the range, where it is recorded from central and eastern Panama, from the vicinity of the Canal Zone in the west to the Darien Mountains in the east (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 309" title="Mammals of Panama." volume="69" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Handley 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mendez 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, RW" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 10" title="The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama." url="10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1" volume="64" year="2000">Kays 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In the Darien, records include Cerro Tacarcuna and Cerro Pirri (USNM series), and as these mountain blocks extend across the Colombian border, there can be no doubt this subspecies enters South America in northwestern Colombia. The two north-westernmost records of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Colombia, from Villa Arteaga, Antioquia District (FMNH 69578) and from the Cauca Valley (AMNH 37797) have large anterior premolars relative to
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and we tentatively attribute them to
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
then recorded further south in forests of the
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||||
and Western Andean slopes. The specimen from the Cauca Valley (from Puerta Valdivia, Antioquia District:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="191 - 238" title="List of mammals collected in Colombia by the American Museum of Natural History Expeditions, 1910 - 1915." volume="35" year="1916">Allen 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) demonstrates that
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also occurs in lowland forests in between the Western and Central Andes; another low elevation specimen from the Cauca Valley of Colombia reported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Saavedra-Rodriguez, CA" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="505 - 507" title="Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876 (Carnivora: Procyonidae): new distribution point on western range of Colombian Andes." volume="7" year="2011">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saavedra-Rodríguez">Saavedra-Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||||
and Velandia-Perilla (2011)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
(UV-3774,
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||||
Agua Sucia,
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||||
Cajambre, 725 m) that we have not examined is also presumably
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
Figure 23. Western Lowland Olingo,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, in life. Wild animals captured, radio-collared, released, and studied by Roland Kays in Limbo Plot, Pipeline Road, Gamboa, Panama (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, RW" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 10" title="The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama." url="10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1" volume="64" year="2000">Kays 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Photographs courtesy of M. Guerra and R. Kays.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
As noted above for
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the nature of interactions with the distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
on the western margin of the range of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Panama (whether characterized by allopatry, parapatry, or sympatry) is unknown and worthy of study.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="notes">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
The first detailed description of representatives of this species was published in French by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Huet (1883)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, based on two specimens from Chorrera, near Panama City (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Thomas 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 309" title="Mammals of Panama." volume="69" year="1920">Goldman 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), the first specimens to become available after the original discovery of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Costa Rica in 1876 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="20 - 23" title="Description of a new generic type (Bassaricyon) of Procyonidae from Costa Rica." volume="28" year="1876">Allen 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Thomas (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
was first to name it (
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), based on specimens from western Colombia, and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 18" title="New mammals from eastern Panama." volume="60" year="1912">Goldman (1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, EA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 309" title="Mammals of Panama." volume="69" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) described the larger Panamanian subspecies (orinomus) and provided brief notes on the species, noting its arboreal, nocturnal, and frugivorous habits, and its association in fruiting trees with
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Potos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Potos" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Potos</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. More recent field studies in Panama (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, RW" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 10" title="The behavior and ecology of olingos (Bassaricyon gabbii) and their competition with kinkajous (Potos flavus) in central Panama." url="10.1515/mamm.2000.64.1.1" volume="64" year="2000">Kays 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Kays, R" journalOrPublisher="Mesoamericana" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="56 - 70" title="Animal visitation and pollination of flowering balsa trees (Ochroma pyramidale) in Panama." volume="16" year="2012">Kays et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Figure 23) are limited but likewise show
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be nocturnal, arboreal, frugivorous (and nectarivorous), and to feed in the same trees as kinkajous, which sometimes displace the smaller olingos. It is mostly solitary at night, spends its days in tree holes or other arboreal hide-outs, and usually has one young at a time. One olingo was found to have a home range of 37 hectares. Field workers have described this
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
vocalizations as
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“whey-chuck”">"whey-chuck"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wer-toll”">"wer-toll"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
, or
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wake-up.”">"wake-up."</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">Relevant</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
field notes associated with
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
include: "shot at dusk in high tree in forest" (FMNH 29180); "shot at 8 pm, 40 feet up in large tree, active and agile, but curious, eyes shine brightly" (USNM 305748); "shot at 8:30 pm in avocado plantation" (USNM 305749); "shot near banana plantation (at night), stomach with banana" (USNM 305750); " "shot at 8:30 pm in large tree in cafetal [coffee plantation], stomach with soft fruit with tomato-like seed" (USNM 305751); "shot at 8 pm in forest" (USNM 307037);
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lactating”">"lactating"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
and pregnant with "1 embryo", "stomach: fruit pulp" (USNM 310666); "shot in tree at night" (USNM 335767, 338348); "shot at night in tree in forest" (USNM 335769); "shot at night in tree in cocoa grove" (USNM 335770); "shot in small tree in plantain patch at night" (USNM 335771); "one embryo" in a pregnant female "shot in forest" (USNM 363342); "shot in banana tree" (USNM 363343)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="specimens examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Colombia: BMNH 9.7.17.10 (holotype of medius), 9.7.17.11, FMNH 29180, 86852, 90049, 90051, MVZ 124112, USNM 598997. Ecuador: AMNH 66752, BMNH 34.9.10.81, 34.9.10.82, EPN 841, 900, MECN DAP37, NMS A59-5081, A59-5082, QCAZ 8758, 8659.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Panama: USNM 171138, 179053, 179157 (holotype of orinomus), 179158, 179779, 179917, 206123, 284773, 284903, 284933, 284934, 284935, 305748, 305749, 305750, 305751, 305752, 305753, 305754, 307035, 307036, 307037, 310666, 310667, 310668, 324295, 324296, 335767, 335768, 335769, 335770, 335771, 338348, 338894, 363342, 363343, 363344. Colombia (tentatively attributed): AMNH 37797, FMNH 69578.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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