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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db99327c-6b14-4d79-9a0c-4b8c941ca1bd" ID-PMC="PMC6160854" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-108-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" ID-PubMed="30275733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409868" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2003-108-25" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." checkinTime="1553125367062" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Horn, Charles N. &amp; Almeida, Rafael F." docDate="2018" docId="09D23E83DD63EEA9D48FA240B0481362" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 108: 25-83" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 108" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" docTitle="Pontederia (Eichhornia) subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn 2018, comb. et stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" masterDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668139023691" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Horn, Charles N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Almeida, Rafael F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>108</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>25</mods:start>
<mods:end>83</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-108-25</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1409868</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472667" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09D23E83DD63EEA9D48FA240B0481362" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/09D23E83DD63EEA9D48FA240B0481362" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
4.
<taxonomicName LSID="2D3AE824-7FAC-542B-B979-0CFC6F4A9AB3" authority="subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityName="subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="comb. et stat. nov.">Pontederia subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="25">comb. et stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pontederia subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. A-B habit: A habit of P. heterosperma (Alexander) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn, showing the emerged petiolate leaves B habit of P. diversifolia (Vahl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn, showing the floating petiolate leaves C-F inflorescence: C 2 - 3 - flowered inflorescences of P. diversifolia, showing the flowers with a yellow nectar guide in the posterior perianth lobes D 1 - flowered inflorescence of P. natans P. Beauv., showing the lack of a nectar guide E inflorescence of P. heterosperma, showing the lack of nectar guides in the posterior perianth lobes F morphological variation of inflorescences and perianth colour of P. azurea Sw G front view of a flower of P. azurea H front view of a flower of P. natans. A, B by O. Gaubert C by A. S. Castro D by P. Birnbaum E by H. Medeiros F by L. O. A. Teixeira G by M. O. O. Pellegrini and I by T. C. Buruwate." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225724" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eichhornia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eichhornia</taxonomicName>
Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 129. 1843. Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Sw." class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eichhornia azurea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">Eichhornia azurea</taxonomicName>
(Sw.) Kunth. (≡
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. azurea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="azurea">P. azurea</taxonomicName>
Sw.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Leptosomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptosomus" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Leptosomus</taxonomicName>
Schltdl., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 6: 174. 1862. Type species.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Leptosomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptosomus natans" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natans">Leptosomus natans</taxonomicName>
(P.Beauv.) Schltdl. (≡
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. natans" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="natans">P. natans</taxonomicName>
P.Beauv.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Herbs</emphasis>
perennial, aquatic, procumbent-emergent.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Rhizome</emphasis>
short and generally inconspicuous.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Stems</emphasis>
trailing, spongy, branched to unbranched.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Sessile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sessile leaves" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Sessile leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
late deciduous, sometimes persistent in mature plants.
<taxonomicName genus="Petiolate" lsidName="Petiolate leaves" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Petiolate leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distichously-alternate, evenly distributed along stem, emergent, ligule truncate, petioles not-inflated, blades cordate to ovate or obovate to broadly obovate to rounded.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Main florescences (inflorescences)</emphasis>
axillary or terminal, pedunculate; inflorescence leaf without an inflated leaf-sheath; basal bract tubular; cincinni alternate, 1-3-flowered, sessile to subsessile, internodes contracted.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Flowers</emphasis>
sessile, chasmogamous, tristylous or pseudo-homostylous, zygomorphic, non-enantiostylous, perianth connate forming a tube, infundibuliform, revolute at post-anthesis, deliquescent and loosely enclosing the developing fruit, lobes 3 superior and 3 inferior, rarely 5 superior and 1 inferior, the central superior lobe with a nectar guide, consisting of 2 yellowish-green to green spots, generally surrounded by a dark purple to bluish-purple, rarely white blur, coiling or post-anthesis; stamens dimorphic, filaments free from each other, J-shaped, glandular-pubescent, anthers dorsifixed, rimose; ovary with 3 fertile locules, multi-ovulate, septal nectaries present, style glabrous, stigma capitate to trilobate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Capsules</emphasis>
loculicidal or with irregular dehiscence, ellipsoid to oblongoid; anthocarp thin, smooth.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Seeds</emphasis>
subglobose to broadly oblongoid, testa longitudinally winged.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409888" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225724" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Eichhornia" authorityName="subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia subg. Eichhornia</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
habit:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">A</emphasis>
habit of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. heterosperma" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="heterosperma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. heterosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Alexander) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn, showing the emerged petiolate leaves
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
habit of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. diversifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="diversifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. diversifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Vahl) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn, showing the floating petiolate leaves
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–F">C-F</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
inflorescence:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
2-3-flowered inflorescences of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. diversifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="diversifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. diversifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the flowers with a yellow nectar guide in the posterior perianth lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
1-flowered inflorescence of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. natans" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
P.Beauv., showing the lack of a nectar guide
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
inflorescence of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. heterosperma" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="heterosperma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. heterosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the lack of nectar guides in the posterior perianth lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
morphological variation of inflorescences and perianth colour of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. azurea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="azurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. azurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
front view of a flower of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. azurea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="azurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. azurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H front view of a flower of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. natans" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">A, B</emphasis>
by O. Gaubert
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
by A.S. Castro
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
by P. Birnbaum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
by H. Medeiros
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
by L.O.A. Teixeira
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
by M.O.O. Pellegrini and I by T.C. Buruwate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="circumscription">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Circumscription.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Eichhornia" authorityName="subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia subg. Eichhornia</taxonomicName>
is composed of four species. All species occur in permanently or seasonal water bodies, growing as procumbent-emergent and resembling in habit some members of
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Monochoria" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="P." infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P." order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">P. subg. Monochoria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Pontederia" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="P." infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P." order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">P. subg. Pontederia</taxonomicName>
. The members of this subgenus are peculiar within
<taxonomicName authorityName="subg. Eichhornia (Kunth) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">s.l.</emphasis>
due to their late deciduous sessile leaves (sometimes persistent throughout the
<normalizedToken originalValue="plant’s">plant's</normalizedToken>
entire lifespan), perianth infundibuliform, revolute at post-anthesis, deliquescent and loosely enclosing the developing fruit, glandular-pubescent filaments, glabrous styles and anthocarp thin and smooth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
Mainly Neotropical, except for
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. natans" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is restricted to continental Africa and Madagascar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>