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18.
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. 2. 20: 140. 1843, descr. emended E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="560E73EF22CD1A360FD4507434764A0F" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F32" captionText="Figure 29. Cenostigma eriostachys (Benth.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis. A part of bipinnate leaf B median leaflet undersurface, C section of branchlet bark D inflorescence E flower F calyx opened out G detail of stellate hairs on calyx H median petal I median petal claw J upper lateral petal K detail of lateral petal claw L stamen M gynoecium N stigma O fruit P seed Q seedling R bruchid emerged from seed. A, B, P-R from Lewis &amp; Hughes 1799 C from Lewis et al. 1719 D-N from Lewis et al. 1718 O from Lewis &amp; Hughes 1775. Drawn by Sue Wickison." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.71.9203.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/106332" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Figs 29</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B0CEEF9534ED07CC9D4FA1DA3A0B6417" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 30. Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. A flower (G. P. Lewis, Piaui, Brazil, Lewis 1342 (K )) B fruit (G. P. Lewis, Brazil, unvouchered). Cenostigma eriostachys (Benth.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis C fruits (C. E. Hughes, Oaxaca, Mexico, Hughes 1935 (FHO )) I flowers (G. P. Lewis, Mexico, MacQueen et al. 408 (K )). Cenostigma pluviosum (DC.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis cf. var. intermedium (G. P. Lewis) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis D fruit F inflorescence H a new flush of leaves (E. Gagnon, Bahia, Brazil, H. C. Lima et al. 7901 (RB )). Cenostigma pluviosum var. cabralianum (G. P. Lewis) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis E fruits (G. P. Lewis, Brazil, Lewis et al. 2019 (K )). Cenostigma marginatum (Tul.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis G leaves and fruits (C. E. Hughes, Bolivia, Wood et al. 26514 (K )). Cenostigma pluviosum (DC.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis var. pluviosum J inflorescences L inflorescences, foliage and dehisced fruits (C. E. Hughes, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Wood et al. 26552 (K )). Cenostigma gaumeri (Greenm.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis K inflorescence (C. E. Hughes, Quintana Roo, Mexico, Lewis &amp; Hughes 1762 (K ))." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.71.9203.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/106336" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">, 30</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50CFA0C6F329F0EC733DC4686E62F3B8" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="390DF0C91DA5468CFB31FF99FD9FC05E" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="537732D624B263C0A2516444EED95AF5" authorityName="Britton &amp; J.N.Rose" authorityYear="1930" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Poincianella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Poincianella" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poincianella</taxonomicName>
Britton &amp; Rose. 1930, pro parte, excluding the type.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0B6ECEED475CC18CA2DBE0BE34EFC0F3" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8AEC5D561AB14375742D3B89030B9D6F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5205001CA369EA4C99612097BF233732" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="C6858BAD0571C65B8A9AB24F1B705801" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8B8D927849C9ABF0684D211594E1F8A3" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most similar to the genus
<taxonomicName id="299993BC8DAA85164AA20F6719E4C4A3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Erythrostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrostemon" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4B4605E1CF054F89AC3055D262425A10" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Erythrostemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It differs from the latter by its leaves with alternate to subopposite (occasionally opposite) leaflets (vs. leaflets consistently opposite in
<taxonomicName id="09B14B0C14520310230A1294DB6A858B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Erythrostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrostemon" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C65CE804D394AA97E33768A059725156" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Erythrostemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A number of other characters can help to distinguish between the two genera, but these are not constant across species of
<taxonomicName id="13780E29FF148DDB5EF6A5B1FDE44DA7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9B30716B26DBC7A538A96D04F1FE1975" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For example, a stellate indumentum on the leaflets, inflorescences, and/or sepals is found on some, but not all
<taxonomicName id="40F2D5A84D5AC9BC1DC72BA872F5EDEB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AE8DC8FF22CB812AEB5C8C1D3B58FB" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, but is always lacking in
<taxonomicName id="6002C4BCBE38FBF777886A1C97A48414" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Erythrostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrostemon" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A8989DC44CD18C2D5E98E2C48EE968A1" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Erythrostemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Black subepidermal glands (visible with a
<normalizedToken id="50CCA74854D9C7162C7FF55AF8C88639" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20 lens) can be found scattered in the undersurface of leaflets and/or on sepals in
<taxonomicName id="5449B499B5C1ACC7C563D5CB92CD647D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="258C84A4D6A624F30CD40554A1001BE7" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(vs. these always lacking in
<taxonomicName id="83D0CEFE8EB97C134DE74CF1DE956E21" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Erythrostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrostemon" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="607BAC591F0C54EDF1FD8FC3FE3490DE" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Erythrostemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="FA22D1A71B99FD473529064A1B44C4F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E76589FFA0DF86A079EDBDC270D171AE" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pods are generally woody with thickened margins or an adaxial, proximal woody ridge or crest (vs. less robust pods lacking any woody ridge or crest in
<taxonomicName id="C1C21391C85A1FEF8903AE6F9C527409" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Erythrostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrostemon" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="038E03F0183828991755A9EF7DF32F89" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Erythrostemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD8AE9D74A1080083C048A7ED749140D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C00DDC2E147F13E491F958AC8A923688" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<typeStatus id="1600041BD0B02D0F77DFC4C9A0CA0123">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F99CB75C4D3176D3AB3D38FF076B27A5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="04120C0BFB50B94039880B8DF8AC9AEE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="99C9767013DF57E5480DC04027DB9358" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Tul.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F4DF7D935647856456E14CBFE16CE25D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="45D6C99F36F183335B666E04076C040D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Emended description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6851432EF5CCB9569B9C485EE33D318A" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Unarmed multi-stemmed shrubs, small compact trees, (0.3-) 0.5-6 m, or large trees to 35 m tall, the larger trees with fluted trunks at maturity (
<taxonomicName id="8FA17D2245AAC16A8F06B84E3A2E062F" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma bracteosum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bracteosum">
<emphasis id="2048E3CC541357B50B612309B986622A" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma bracteosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CCE9CDB4F65A4BC6841D517B152A213" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pluviosum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pluviosum">
<emphasis id="3C3AC0EE5076E4E08D6E3E2C6785D966" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma pluviosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AB786CABCF43DE1FE0B5EC750458B820" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma eriostachys" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eriostachys">
<emphasis id="AFCE4D551B6AD22FE50A83D763DB8E00" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma eriostachys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="04BB157B517B192DA3B3F2614F2FE3BB" authorityName="Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 29, pl. 10" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma tocantinum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tocantinum">
<emphasis id="B0F50691E1CD3B6CBFD7E5A697E88B39" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma tocantinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8A69B6F3FDB75A37018EB5DCE55B5911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="C5969A4CA65770276FEFB9656E047FC3" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); bark smooth, or occasionally rough and flaking (some infraspecific taxa of
<taxonomicName id="86C0724DAB124F1738698E5764122991" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pluviosum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pluviosum">
<emphasis id="C6FEC9D01F57AB4F74700B42895614FA" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma pluviosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), brown, grey, or mottled silver or grey; young shoots terete, glabrous to pubescent, glandular to eglandular. Stipules red, with ciliate margins, broadly ovate with a rounded apex, and caducous in
<taxonomicName id="5D1AA2171D1C15108E10061C7D634D67" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pyramidale" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pyramidale">
<emphasis id="864FDA969D7B9FCAB3124CF116BD6B21" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma pyramidale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not seen in other species. Leaves alternate, pinnate or bipinnate and then ending in a pair of pinnae plus a single terminal pinna, glabrous to densely pubescent, sometimes with stellate hairs or various types of sessile or stalked glands; petioles (0.1-) 0.6-4.8 (-6) cm, rachis 0.5-17 (- 26.5) cm; species with pinnate leaves (
<taxonomicName id="CBA1BF02E9DAF3A3BAC501BBFC56F1F3" authorityName="Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 29, pl. 10" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma tocantinum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tocantinum">
<emphasis id="91FA13CE7B8C5A0EE2B6E1D936B23A9A" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma tocantinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="EDFE71AA88CC8C6E2511E472820A8D44" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma marginatum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginatum">
<emphasis id="9C2AC8E89735F6C0A6FB083D00261A20" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma marginatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="810E51620AEB00036E99319B7BDF3697" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pinnatum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnatum">
<emphasis id="0238711F52C2AE4BDCCE9F669C676A02" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma pinnatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E792CFF9FBAA87C1D1F12B0DD291C3C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="F51D4C059FE2B57897FC4ACEFC00645A" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) either with three leaflets or 2-9 pairs of opposite leaflets; species with bipinnate leaves with 1-11 pairs of opposite to alternate pinnae, plus a terminal pinna, each pinna with 3-29 alternate to subopposite (occasionally opposite) individual leaflets; leaflets vary greatly in size, 0.5-15
<normalizedToken id="A520396A27DC7907AB86BB36113239DF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.1-7 cm, glossy on the upper surface, usually more or less coriaceous (chartaceous in
<taxonomicName id="6FE4D28CEAFF04B2D16AEC91D25D2BD4" authorityName="Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 29, pl. 10" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma tocantinum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tocantinum">
<emphasis id="C2E51307936C730B51C57248A49DD24D" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma tocantinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), ovate-elliptic, lanceolate with an acute to acuminate apex (some specimens of
<taxonomicName id="5AA47747205D0362B6E58443CC23AE4E" authorityName="Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 29, pl. 10" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma tocantinum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tocantinum">
<emphasis id="C12137FF021D8A5DC86E9F2C17EDE63E" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma tocantinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), obovate, oblong-elliptic or suborbicular, apex rounded or emarginate, mucronate, base cuneate, cordate or truncate, the blade often inequilateral at the base, eglandular, or with black subepidermal glands (visible with a
<normalizedToken id="1D33A07EAB1D135BBC02427AAF60BF52" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20 lens) scattered on the undersurface, and/or with conspicuous, sessile or punctate glands on the undersurface or along the margins, in addition to stipitate glands; veins usually prominent, main vein often excentric, secondary venation brochidodromous. Inflorescences either axillary or terminal racemes, these sometimes pyramidal in shape, sometimes aggregated into large showy panicles, inflorescence rachis and pedicels densely tomentose to glabrescent, sometimes covered in stellate hairs, these occasionally intermixed with stipitate glands; pedicels 5-22 mm long, articulated; bracts 2.5-6 mm long, caducous. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic; calyx a short hypanthium with 5 sepals, 4.5-9 (- 11) mm long, the lower cucullate sepal generally slightly longer than the other four, apices entire or with a fimbriate-glandular margin, puberulous or tomentose, sometimes with a dense stellate indumentum (
<taxonomicName id="226D8837F6BAB4B764A88801EF883FDD" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma eriostachys" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eriostachys">
<emphasis id="585730B8A65D3AF50FD2B6805382BB0D" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma eriostachys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84891B0F61915BD0F72FA7D5DE17BBB1" authorityName="Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 29, pl. 10" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma tocantinum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tocantinum">
<emphasis id="B0764F794F00952052F39022E9B3F850" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma tocantinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CA9FDDF21AE4B0DEB7F9BD5D77645A02" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="7E46A8929706038FC6916AF433831B8A" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the sepal lobes eglandular or with scattered dark, subepidermal glands, caducous, but the hypanthium persisting as a calyx ring in fruit; all 5 petals free and clawed, bright yellow, the median petal (7.5-) 9-15 (- 19)
<normalizedToken id="F35C0AEA48FDE72F49ECA4E7EEBD2FBB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-13 (- 17) mm, with red or orange markings on the inner surface of the blade, suborbicular to elliptic or spathulate, with a thickened, pubescent claw, the outer surface of which has short-stalked glands, these sometimes also on the dorsal surface of the blade, lateral petals 0.9-2.7
<normalizedToken id="7243A2AC05100A301FD0DBA3E208F17F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.4-2 cm, broadly elliptic, sub-rectangular, obovate or suborbicular, petal claws pubescent and with stalked-glands, these sometimes also on the dorsal surface of the blade; stamens 10, free, filaments (7-) 8-14 (-21) mm long, pubescent on lower ⅔ to
<normalizedToken id="835C4BE39501AF208BD8F35A6BC99B71" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
, with short-stipitate glands along entire length (except in
<taxonomicName id="D5669141FA3DB8F8E163D8335E2DEB87" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="71DD84E3A662A9F04CB5BE001B7BE66A" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); ovary pubescent with glands intermixed, these sometimes obscured by the indumentum, stigma a terminal fringed-chamber. Fruits laterally compressed, coriaceous to woody pods, (3.8-) 5-14 (- 16)
<normalizedToken id="7186567E067AFBE462C8C797F47AEA51" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.2-3.3 (- 3.7) cm, with conspicuously thickened margins (an adaxial, proximal woody ridge or crest in
<taxonomicName id="685A2E61F4AE92FEB370C75EB67F59F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="C60EE1687BB618844949E6AB01927201" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), elastically dehiscent (sometimes tardily), the valves twisting at maturity, either glabrous or pubescent, smooth or prominently reticulately veined (on herbarium specimens), usually eglandular or with a few scattered stipitate or sessile glands (densely glandular in
<taxonomicName id="366A3B8745D9B96D59A59FB59CD2ED65" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma microphyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphyllum">
<emphasis id="70DE7BBF3F19D4BE27A633D8380D66FC" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma microphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Seeds 2-6 (- 8) per pod, ovate-elliptic to ovate-orbicular, 9-19
<normalizedToken id="5F796DEE45F8EDF2E9B932A650824D06" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(6-) 8-12
<normalizedToken id="75F2E0C998DB5F27B7A822B98A57E150" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-3 mm, ochre, brown, or mottled, shiny.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="74F1EBB91DD936DC1129CE139962DAE1" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2FADCC8141EC393A21D1BF4CD630D6F5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E4ACEF377DD779C5DC5E7549FF6CE23" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
We recognise 20 taxa in 14 species, all of them neotropical; only two of these taxa do not require new names, while the rest are species of
<taxonomicName id="D40349DC2F3A1C7D54C1FCBEB7175249" authorityName="L. Sp. Pl. 1: 380" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Caesalpinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Caesalpinia" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="715A445F25B055D2F5AB7E963F335B43" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Caesalpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here transferred to
<taxonomicName id="1AE16C1BA75C8D75494F7A51CE75A2FA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BC018F35ED0ACC6C0B8201CA6EFD0FD0" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The majority of species are found in central and NE Brazil, including parts of the Amazon. Two species extend around the circum-Amazonian arc of dry forests and adjacent cerrado, including in Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia, and one taxon is also found in the seasonally dry inter-Andean valleys of Peru. Species
<pageBreakToken id="2F134CE69159513A7ACF3A3850DB1F35" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
also found throughout Central America, from Panama northwards and in Mexico, extending to the Caribbean, with endemics in Cuba and Hispaniola.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCA435939D7F9EAD0CDA1C3B81850A8E" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="1942586B7A789BDFC1B9C8BE9A8A3D6A" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB1D7898745886622649F90C496799AA" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Seasonally dry tropical forest, bushland and thicket (restinga, caatinga, semi-arid thorn scrub), wooded grassland (cerrado and
<normalizedToken id="99D9D1C46333A677F02DB031AF8477FA" originalValue="cerradão">cerradao</normalizedToken>
) and terra firme forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9066A506A7EB335DAE32B49FB64110F9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3FE2614F904D13ABC85E5B012EF16C2E" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13E6BB9B91E4CED2F8F486D83374F098" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
From
<emphasis id="96018EB8F1474E4460217410785DB834" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ceno</emphasis>
- (Greek: empty) and
<emphasis id="35B10EFA32D92371ED50263FA62A76F7" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">stigma</emphasis>
, presumably alluding to the chambered stigma (a character of many species of the
<taxonomicName id="60ED47A8F6052C911E9647C0D6AAB4BC" authorityName="L. Sp. Pl. 1: 380" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Caesalpinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Caesalpinia" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Caesalpinia</taxonomicName>
Group, and not restricted to
<taxonomicName id="B13B15656A36C08E7AD6A5924D749B0B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BD7E46223BC25920F207F39C652D7ED0" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="828C063F4D86F18E2941A2517A197CF4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="references">
<paragraph id="666444129F43B58F2B601DADDEF9CDD3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">References.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F99B064067B29E5DA9A8E7CB4F5697DD" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<bibRefCitation id="CD76BA4EE47875C02867771470298F5D" author="Lewis, GP" journalOrPublisher="Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 369" refId="B77" refString="Lewis, GP, 1987. Legumes of Bahia. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond: 1 - 369" title="Legumes of Bahia" year="1987">Lewis (1987</bibRefCitation>
: 34-35,
<bibRefCitation id="16ED4E99DF5B4924B1937BAFBC0DCCD0" author="Lewis, GP" journalOrPublisher="Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 233" refId="B79" refString="Lewis, GP, 1998. Caesalpinia: a revision of the Poincianella-Erythrostemon group. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Richmond: 1 - 233" title="Caesalpinia: a revision of the Poincianella-Erythrostemon group" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="A83F26B86AC8A02E7391F70E123D0AFD" author="Freire, FT" journalOrPublisher="Bradea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="297 - 303" refId="B46" refString="Freire, FT, 1994. Cenostigma tocantinum Ducke (Leg. Caes.): uma redescricao da especie. Bradea 6 (36): 297 - 303" title="Cenostigma tocantinum Ducke (Leg. Caes.): uma redescricao da especie." volume="6" year="1994">Freire (1994)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7E71AEA397992EF84AB9AF3D0487C659" author="Ulibarri, EA" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" pagination="299 - 348" refId="B142" refString="Ulibarri, EA, 1996. Sinopsis de Caesalpinia y Hoffmannseggia (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) de Sud America. Darwiniana 34 (1-4): 299 - 348" title="Sinopsis de Caesalpinia y Hoffmannseggia (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) de Sud America." volume="34" year="1996">Ulibarri (1996)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8C6CB95DB22046A6886FED4D10639440" author="De Queiroz, LP" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana and Associacao Plantas do Nordeste, Brazil" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 443" refId="B36" refString="De Queiroz, LP, 2009. Leguminosas da Caatinga. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana and Associacao Plantas do Nordeste, Brazil: 1 - 443" title="Leguminosas da Caatinga" year="2009">De Queiroz (2009</bibRefCitation>
: 129-130, see also under
<taxonomicName id="D6D106C1149609328892B388E6B926B8" authorityName="Britton &amp; J.N.Rose" authorityYear="1930" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Poincianella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Poincianella" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31B2E72F92C2088E12D9398E918C9DB9" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Poincianella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 121-128);
<bibRefCitation id="B304FBA0E40FA7E4792EB91AE3991027" author="Warwick, MC" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" pagination="135 - 146" publicationUrl="10.1007/s12225-008-9091-1" refId="B153" refString="Warwick, MC, Lewis, GP, 2009. A revision of Cenostigma (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae - Caesalpinieae), a genus endemic to Brazil. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 135 - 146, DOI: 10.1007/s12225-008-9091-1" title="A revision of Cenostigma (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae - Caesalpinieae), a genus endemic to Brazil." url="10.1007/s12225-008-9091-1" volume="64" year="2009">Warwick and Lewis (2009)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="27FCC5566884A4F53534B16ED99A1134" author="Lewis, GP" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="209 - 220" publicationUrl="10.1007/s12225-010-9203-6" refId="B83" refString="Lewis, GP, Hughes, CE, Daza Yomona, A, Solange Sotuyo, J, Simon, MF, 2010. Three new legumes endemic to the Maranon Valley, Peru. Kew Bulletin 65 (2): 209 - 220, DOI: 10.1007/s12225-010-9203-6" title="Three new legumes endemic to the Maranon Valley, Peru." url="10.1007/s12225-010-9203-6" volume="65" year="2010">Lewis et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1C3677BEA1EE373EE7919A5200F7472A" ID-Zenodo-Dep="982569" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.71.9203.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/106332" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 29" startId="F32">
<paragraph id="7C7C85E566F8EF046E80E305F64CC64B" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="E230A7D6C52E3A879DFA4578CC1FF531" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Figure 29.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="75BCEA6F36040DDC902F7BBE9CDB131E" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma eriostachys" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eriostachys">
<emphasis id="3010BFD789EC42702BBF54DC57F03E9D" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma eriostachys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis.
<emphasis id="09871841394AE760EDDDC559EB9C021C" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">A</emphasis>
part of bipinnate leaf
<emphasis id="AD95C7C71E5C645B90BA4165A132AEE9" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">B</emphasis>
median leaflet undersurface,
<emphasis id="0D42BAE93D144C2B6E2226EC1C6D7D42" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">C</emphasis>
section of branchlet bark
<emphasis id="BFE6343E9417AAB101FF90D6148551E1" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">D</emphasis>
inflorescence
<emphasis id="A67F712B2B7164CB2195A545BEA2D0A5" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">E</emphasis>
flower
<emphasis id="FB02B3FACCF00D214E17094EF6E14CF7" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">F</emphasis>
calyx opened out
<emphasis id="7CF2DDEE216AFAFCA9DA6E3EA67D427B" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G</emphasis>
detail of stellate hairs on calyx
<emphasis id="2A07A72F8DF12F23F80918C8304285A9" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">H</emphasis>
median petal
<emphasis id="55CDB188CA3D73B476D925CDEEA310ED" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">I</emphasis>
median petal claw
<emphasis id="9F6E8A474FBFED6C94A95B981927705A" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">J</emphasis>
upper lateral petal
<emphasis id="391D2ED26F3305F4788389D3B8FA5322" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">K</emphasis>
detail of lateral petal claw
<emphasis id="30CDCEA6109F300216E5D584AED0B74C" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">L</emphasis>
stamen
<emphasis id="EE3054E7E012877213E0D1CE2E797965" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">M</emphasis>
gynoecium
<emphasis id="E620BAAAEF9BB8B103D2F15A7ECDCF29" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">N</emphasis>
stigma
<emphasis id="97FA42A1A53AEC0BB461AF8B3EC95956" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">O</emphasis>
fruit
<emphasis id="458B85DF21D3AAC7077CCBF9EB030627" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P</emphasis>
seed
<emphasis id="7A84A8C42C61D514927315C5E0DCF336" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Q</emphasis>
seedling
<emphasis id="64B0266212E9C933A3828FC9A709DAB7" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">R</emphasis>
bruchid emerged from seed.
<emphasis id="32575FD9E0F6CD77885829BAD55D5D48" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">A, B, P-R</emphasis>
from
<emphasis id="287B847EC196A7E8F06EE5AE8FEFA6D2" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis &amp; Hughes</emphasis>
1799
<emphasis id="E6F276CD61270FAF0E4304B62C06823B" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">C</emphasis>
from
<emphasis id="5C79097BA9644DA1AAD0C0673F64ECD0" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis et al.</emphasis>
1719
<emphasis id="41444F2F408BF287B6BA2A8F0CDB9FB8" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">D-N</emphasis>
from
<emphasis id="8AB3BE9ECA8702F105270769FB47D2DA" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis et al.</emphasis>
1718
<emphasis id="2F239C31097059C0C438DA16864EB1F7" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">O</emphasis>
from
<emphasis id="BD09715FA0DF4BADF782E628E29699EF" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis &amp; Hughes</emphasis>
1775. Drawn by Sue Wickison.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="911791D61B1D47A105F1C4D878C31D7A" ID-Zenodo-Dep="982571" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.71.9203.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/106336" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 30" startId="F33">
<paragraph id="BCCE595A6DCFC77CB1199C80613C396E" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="8D710DE7D8DDEB84C2C3B8B83BD40794" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Figure 30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BBABF1E3D24ACD63011A6FB46C69FFB4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma macrophyllum" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophyllum">
<emphasis id="4795C056E308F7A7B6AA2F9FF06DA87D" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma macrophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Tul.
<emphasis id="536ABE195C27E117BE2EE628FEAE2D05" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">A</emphasis>
flower (G. P. Lewis,
<normalizedToken id="8ECB027E6006A10450E1243B31515CAB" originalValue="Piauí">Piaui</normalizedToken>
, Brazil,
<emphasis id="93EE8EE6F438FFF1824AE46DD1672DCF" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis 1342</emphasis>
(K))
<emphasis id="999D329B16E2EF7E249F4D17D25FDB2D" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">B</emphasis>
fruit (G. P. Lewis, Brazil,
<emphasis id="D17435C642790CEE8404C64A06ABE82B" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">unvouchered</emphasis>
).
<taxonomicName id="3CB82DE37C8B305CECEA52716071537A" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma eriostachys" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eriostachys">
<emphasis id="B360B5548AE3745817619A0E62F34B75" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma eriostachys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis
<emphasis id="3C491E36190351303A92ABBD55931D52" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">C</emphasis>
fruits (C. E. Hughes, Oaxaca, Mexico,
<emphasis id="70EC058565EFD53231C4ED77F41C0860" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Hughes 1935</emphasis>
(FHO))
<emphasis id="441EB3DD0C60BE1FA1C21454CA49E9FC" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">I</emphasis>
flowers (G. P. Lewis, Mexico,
<emphasis id="AC1FE7C30A9625257F8AB0DEBDC9F445" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">MacQueen et al. 408</emphasis>
(K)).
<taxonomicName id="12E0E46CD4C9CF3826FE068A877BE495" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pluviosum" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pluviosum">
<emphasis id="6C6855FBFD2FF66C7B9EB1E32D813CF4" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma pluviosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis cf.
<taxonomicName id="B3DFE370A5B4427927833CA1352C75C3" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="subsp. var. var. intermedium" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pluviosum" subSpecies="var." variety="intermedium">var. intermedium</taxonomicName>
(G.P. Lewis) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis
<emphasis id="7632343DEF659FD637FA3421BF2A5CF9" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">D</emphasis>
fruit
<emphasis id="DE22C884AC4448FDD2F275B19865196C" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">F</emphasis>
inflorescence
<emphasis id="0BC3DE115423A90839DE7D4B4FDB2B30" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">H</emphasis>
a new flush of leaves (E. Gagnon, Bahia, Brazil,
<emphasis id="385289FD3DAAEA2C7FC3D3F760A7D451" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">H.C. Lima et al. 7901</emphasis>
(RB)).
<taxonomicName id="E88C8F9A7C6D8CC5D9AABE7C67A8BB6C" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pluviosum subsp. var. var. cabralianum" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pluviosum" subSpecies="var." variety="cabralianum">Cenostigma pluviosum var. cabralianum</taxonomicName>
(G. P. Lewis) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis
<emphasis id="31264D1408D832C5101765ADC9F009C1" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">E</emphasis>
fruits (G. P. Lewis, Brazil,
<emphasis id="1A6F13FC07A19364580202CE6BEDCD52" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis et al. 2019</emphasis>
(K)).
<taxonomicName id="16CA06072478F79148BFD1863FEE62D3" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma marginatum" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginatum">
<emphasis id="805AE15899E4E92441759B80A451A4AC" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma marginatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tul.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis
<emphasis id="2D9AE82E6E69FFF1BD6B8EB102FED21F" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G</emphasis>
leaves and fruits (C. E. Hughes, Bolivia,
<emphasis id="DF1B68CCA14AB345314E1C0C91BE47FF" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Wood et al. 26514</emphasis>
(K)).
<taxonomicName id="A971DF01AA40195E2B2FF8F132B45A8E" authority="(DC.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis var. pluviosum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma pluviosum subsp. var. var. pluviosum" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pluviosum" subSpecies="var." variety="pluviosum">Cenostigma pluviosum (DC.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis var. pluviosum</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="95BF6804E4F21CFFED5D887744CA79BD" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">J</emphasis>
inflorescences
<emphasis id="44A31610B6AFE486640452B939C75365" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">L</emphasis>
inflorescences, foliage and dehisced fruits (C. E. Hughes, Santa Cruz, Bolivia,
<emphasis id="A5F383C60422245245209FF136515D17" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Wood et al. 26552</emphasis>
(K)).
<taxonomicName id="F3244CD1F108BB9D9D5D376D714DEEC4" authorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Cenostigma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenostigma gaumeri" order="Fabales" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gaumeri">
<emphasis id="4CC16C4D56D312CC2B747EEF44C41C02" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Cenostigma gaumeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Greenm.) E. Gagnon &amp; G. P. Lewis
<emphasis id="99AA966505A54096B760D96B405CAC8A" bold="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">K</emphasis>
inflorescence (C. E. Hughes, Quintana Roo, Mexico,
<emphasis id="D7E46281B2EC41AE112C77940E48056A" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lewis &amp; Hughes 1762</emphasis>
(K)).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="68E1816B60E5CDF61054644765BB3821">A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2F782A33887B2593C362A15251D2A73E" ID-CoL="XDJ7" authority="Gerstaecker, 1869" authorityName="Gerstaecker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Comacris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Comacris semicarinatus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semicarinatus">Comacris semicarinatus (Gerstaecker, 1869)</taxonomicName>
Figs 125, 126
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D88C2DB3595433846DEDD34EE87D73AD" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="20B01B3D0CD9E1833BCB6A9F1265A8DA" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="746EE822699E391C929E0348A7F76269" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chrysochraon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysochraon semicarinatus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semicarinatus">
<pageBreakToken id="6E55FB1AE2537D202FEABCC5BCF56C0B" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" start="start">Chrysochraon</pageBreakToken>
semicarinatus
</taxonomicName>
Gerstaecker, 1869: 218.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F3745B5E861B5A43E5E3A8B755E9EB7" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="1A8477F119652F6320A54E37B105BDE5" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Comacris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Comacris sansibaricus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sansibaricus">Comacris sansibaricus</taxonomicName>
I.
<normalizedToken id="AB25634BD001A760A3C5BE9319336B96" originalValue="Bolívar">Bolivar</normalizedToken>
, 1890: 313 (syn.
<bibRefCitation id="FC0EBEDBCB0754123D6024651D636CE4" author="Karsch, F" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Nachrichten" pageId="50" pageNumber="87" pagination="274 - 287" title="Vorarbeiten zu einer Orthopterologie Ostafrika's II. Einige Gattungen Feldheuschrecken, Acridodea." volume="26" year="1900">Karsch 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 275).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="05D2FEB6B1C362321A3DFCADE5EF4640" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CA6679137F4BDA7C21544702C4F4B054" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3D31DEC21350D9D77CE7A4C400F376B8" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">
-Holotype male (
<taxonomicName id="FEF5B3DF8DF6CD3B2237EB0E200B29FE" genus="Acridina" lsidName="Acridina semicarinatus" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="semicarinatus">semicarinatus</taxonomicName>
): KENYA: Wanga (material not available); Types male and female
<taxonomicName id="2283B08F02E03B3689BC7C897952ABA9" genus="Acridina" lsidName="Acridina sansibaricus" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="sansibaricus">sansibaricus</taxonomicName>
: Zanzibar. Other series: TANZANIA: Zanzibar: Korogwe, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanga, Miombo, Mlingano, Ngomeri; SOUTH AFRICA: Durban.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A2324BF64AEDE00D11273D50F49B2956" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="E05734E691F7326097589C7815B01355" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A63754B47C6254FF15435AA6C8775D63" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">-Size (in mm): Small; total length: male 16-17, female 22-24. Integument finely rugose, matt. Antennae rather thick, basally slightly compressed, in males somewhat longer than combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge weakly sulcate, margins low weakly divergent. Pronotum weakly tectiform, almost flat; lateral carinae strong, straight and slightly divergent in prozona, obliterate in metazona. Metazona equal in length to prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular. Tegmina extending beyond hind knees, rather broad; intercalary vein in medial area weak. Hind-wing venation specialized, costal and subcostal areas inflated at apex, medial and cubital areas strongly expanded, lustrous with regular, sparse, transverse veinlets (Fig. 125). Epiphallus with relatively short incurving lophi (Fig. 126). General coloration uniformly brownish to greenish-brown, probably a somewhat brighter green in life. Some specimens with a darker dorsal medial stripe. Hind knee dark. Frons, gena and ventral part of pronotal lobe white or cream colored.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F60210250B1E38DCD78695166636001D" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="CD93CE7DD444FED44F5F8FC04CD7C9C0" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FD8D9898CE5A67A76B749266407024B" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">
-
<taxonomicName id="4ECBA268E8AE38C99346D54F5EA09610" lsidName="C. semicarinatus" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="semicarinatus">C. semicarinatus</taxonomicName>
is predominantly East African where it is best known from coastal grasslands. However, the type locality (Wanga) is in Western Kenya. The only other species,
<taxonomicName id="A28404B5CEB4DAC6CE5B6A0B527577A6" lsidName="C. lamottei" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="lamottei">C. lamottei</taxonomicName>
, is known only from Guinea, Mt. Nimba. It differs from the type species in its smaller size and shorter wings. Biology little known, but habitat apparently predominantly short moist grasslands. Adults in IV and
<normalizedToken id="2CCE3C299320BC2E7D532DD880290D89" originalValue="VIII–XII">VIII-XII</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD9359EF9E39D40EF2CB2CE3EDC35755" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CE85D83E7B8FB88627F0FCC492264AB" pageId="26" pageNumber="63">-Predominantly East African, but also reaches Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa. KENYA; TANZANIA; SOUTH AFRICA. Given this distribution, presence in MOZAMBIQUE seems probable.</paragraph>
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