From 6b7bc613b99e87396a4867c3da174db002eef794 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2024 12:50:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-11-30 12:48:18 --- .../63/03A1633BFF80FFE530D9F949FFF03C43.xml | 94 +-- .../63/03A1633BFF81FFE333A7F94AFFF23FE6.xml | 90 +-- .../63/03A1633BFF87FFE8338FFB2BFB843F01.xml | 108 ++-- .../FE/03A9FE14D379FFB1FF6DFD20FE481C69.xml | 93 +-- .../12/03B4126EE843FF9EEE35FCEFFE38FC8E.xml | 121 ++-- .../12/03B4126EE86BFFA6EEC8FDC5FEE2FAC8.xml | 119 ++-- .../C4/1A0EC4A76867BA5DE039A337F39B4B45.xml | 246 ++++---- .../E7/2203E72F032E81B6D7151497FD5EF7DC.xml | 212 +++---- .../58/2626583C90E99D1C78044478FAC74052.xml | 216 +++---- .../1E/2EE01ED16321C18EF74E2BF5A9E58FEB.xml | 186 +++--- .../EE/4A63EE9C5284C8542B6B1C1A0A574DA2.xml | 375 ++++++----- .../4C/59534C7A01102B18C43264456221F8D6.xml | 226 +++---- .../D4/5BC4D4DF2CB541D5A7629D93E68E7D0B.xml | 196 +++--- .../00/65AF00D2281ACE7D4082B7423B16DD04.xml | 132 ++-- .../3A/6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF.xml | 242 ++++---- .../AD/7CB6AD116FE6B38BFB3F37D108B144CA.xml | 228 +++---- .../F5/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72.xml | 550 ++++++++--------- .../03/92C1030599FD99F342E61B5FB8064AEA.xml | 177 +++--- .../EE/9322EEF7E6689BD2200F1B7926D55EF6.xml | 532 ++++++++-------- .../74/BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D.xml | 530 ++++++++-------- .../41/C0854133FC925C6C8C7B4FA428762C5B.xml | 112 ++-- .../EF/C670EF95BF146AB082395EFF9BB9CDEE.xml | 124 ++-- .../DE/E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC.xml | 580 +++++++++--------- .../F4/EE11F4364D6F2C4D4B8FA236633B8630.xml | 294 ++++----- 24 files changed, 2890 insertions(+), 2893 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF80FFE530D9F949FFF03C43.xml b/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF80FFE530D9F949FFF03C43.xml index f04f8a91c87..801a64734cb 100644 --- a/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF80FFE530D9F949FFF03C43.xml +++ b/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF80FFE530D9F949FFF03C43.xml @@ -1,64 +1,64 @@ - - - -Osteological atlas of new lizards from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France), based on historical, forgotten, fossil material + + + +Osteological atlas of new lizards from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France), based on historical, forgotten, fossil material - - -Author + + +Author -Georgalis, Georgios L. -Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich (Switzerland) and Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin (Italy) -georgios.georgalis@pim.uzh.ch +Georgalis, Georgios L. +Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich (Switzerland) and Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin (Italy) +georgios.georgalis@pim.uzh.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) - - -Author + + +Author -Klembara, Jozef -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) +Klembara, Jozef +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) -text - - -Geodiversitas +text + + +Geodiversitas - -2021 - -2021-04-22 + +2021 + +2021-04-22 - -43 + +43 - -9 + +9 - -219 -293 + +219 +293 -journal article -7175 -10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a9 -04426a8e-c179-4af0-8e23-d72908e8b4cc -1638-9395 -4720776 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11D0D852-39D7-449C-9EB3-C3D804114556 +journal article +7175 +10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a9 +04426a8e-c179-4af0-8e23-d72908e8b4cc +1638-9395 +4720776 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11D0D852-39D7-449C-9EB3-C3D804114556 - + - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi Zittel, 1887 @@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ EMENDED DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. — The parietal of - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi differs from that of the sole other recognized species of the genus, - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ The ventral surface of the parietal is smooth ( Although we acknowledge that the holotype of - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi is a maxilla (see Georgalis 2017 for details), we assign these parietals to the same species on the basis of the referral of a parietal by diff --git a/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF81FFE333A7F94AFFF23FE6.xml b/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF81FFE333A7F94AFFF23FE6.xml index 32ac12b508a..b1b2e88fe9a 100644 --- a/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF81FFE333A7F94AFFF23FE6.xml +++ b/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF81FFE333A7F94AFFF23FE6.xml @@ -1,66 +1,66 @@ - - - -Osteological atlas of new lizards from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France), based on historical, forgotten, fossil material + + + +Osteological atlas of new lizards from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France), based on historical, forgotten, fossil material - - -Author + + +Author -Georgalis, Georgios L. -Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich (Switzerland) and Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin (Italy) -georgios.georgalis@pim.uzh.ch +Georgalis, Georgios L. +Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich (Switzerland) and Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin (Italy) +georgios.georgalis@pim.uzh.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) - - -Author + + +Author -Klembara, Jozef -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) +Klembara, Jozef +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) -text - - -Geodiversitas +text + + +Geodiversitas - -2021 - -2021-04-22 + +2021 + +2021-04-22 - -43 + +43 - -9 + +9 - -219 -293 + +219 +293 -journal article -7175 -10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a9 -04426a8e-c179-4af0-8e23-d72908e8b4cc -1638-9395 -4720776 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11D0D852-39D7-449C-9EB3-C3D804114556 +journal article +7175 +10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a9 +04426a8e-c179-4af0-8e23-d72908e8b4cc +1638-9395 +4720776 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11D0D852-39D7-449C-9EB3-C3D804114556 - + Genus - + Palaeovaranus Zittel, 1887 @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Genus TYPE SPECIES . — - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi Zittel, 1887 diff --git a/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF87FFE8338FFB2BFB843F01.xml b/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF87FFE8338FFB2BFB843F01.xml index 64f77283583..ad7d0ee8a22 100644 --- a/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF87FFE8338FFB2BFB843F01.xml +++ b/data/03/A1/63/03A1633BFF87FFE8338FFB2BFB843F01.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -Osteological atlas of new lizards from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France), based on historical, forgotten, fossil material + + + +Osteological atlas of new lizards from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France), based on historical, forgotten, fossil material - - -Author + + +Author -Georgalis, Georgios L. -Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich (Switzerland) and Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin (Italy) -georgios.georgalis@pim.uzh.ch +Georgalis, Georgios L. +Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich (Switzerland) and Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin (Italy) +georgios.georgalis@pim.uzh.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) - - -Author + + +Author -Klembara, Jozef -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) +Klembara, Jozef +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava (Slovakia) -text - - -Geodiversitas +text + + +Geodiversitas - -2021 - -2021-04-22 + +2021 + +2021-04-22 - -43 + +43 - -9 + +9 - -219 -293 + +219 +293 -journal article -7175 -10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a9 -04426a8e-c179-4af0-8e23-d72908e8b4cc -1638-9395 -4720776 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11D0D852-39D7-449C-9EB3-C3D804114556 +journal article +7175 +10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a9 +04426a8e-c179-4af0-8e23-d72908e8b4cc +1638-9395 +4720776 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11D0D852-39D7-449C-9EB3-C3D804114556 - + - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. @@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ specimen was forgotten and unnoticed inside a museum drawer for more than a cent DIAGNOSIS. — The parietal of - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. differs from that of - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi by the following distinguished features and the combination of features: 1) the dorsolateral crests are rather distinct, extending posterolaterally and dorsally, and their margins are distinctly crenulated; 2) the median crest is short (shorter than the length of the median triangular field measured in the median plane) and its posterior tip fits between the anterolateral processes of the triangular median field; 3) the anterior ends of the dorsolateral crests extend to the tips of the anterolateral processes; 4) the ornamentation of the parietal consists of small, more or less densely arranged mounds having more or less distinctly developed crest; and 5) the anterior margin of the parietal fossa lies anterior to the level of the junctions of the anterolateral margins of the supratemporal processes with the parietal plate. @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ The two smaller specimens MNHN.F.QU17177 and UM ( Fig. 42 ), which we herein assign to - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. @@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ parietal , the ornamentation is weakly developed and the dorsolateral crests are still more distantly placed one to another than in MNHN.F.QU17177. We may interpret this here by the hypothesis that during ontogenetic growth, the dorsolateral crests move one to another and finally fuse together in about their posterior portions to form a median crest. As a consequence, large anterior and small posterior median triangular fields are produced ( Fig. 42 ). If so, the anatomy of three different size stages presented and discussed herein represent the first evidence of the medial movement of the dorsolateral crests to their final fusion in the median plane in adult specimens. We suppose the same process of the origin of the similar morphology of the dorsal surface of parietal in - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi . @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ indet. FIG. 34. — - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi Zittel,1887 @@ -357,31 +357,31 @@ described the frontal MNHN.F.QU17175 as belonging to “ Necrosaurus eucarinatus ”. In contrast to - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi , however, both these frontals have the same type of mounds as those present in the dorsal surface of the parietals of - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. ( Fig. 43 ). To the contrary, the dorsal surfaces of all three known parietals of - + Palaeovaranus cayluxi have no such type of ornamentation, as that exhibited in - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. Thus, it is highly probable that these two frontals belong to - + Palaeovaranus lismonimenos n. sp. diff --git a/data/03/A9/FE/03A9FE14D379FFB1FF6DFD20FE481C69.xml b/data/03/A9/FE/03A9FE14D379FFB1FF6DFD20FE481C69.xml index e5bdf884c04..5f3e04ec4d5 100644 --- a/data/03/A9/FE/03A9FE14D379FFB1FF6DFD20FE481C69.xml +++ b/data/03/A9/FE/03A9FE14D379FFB1FF6DFD20FE481C69.xml @@ -1,67 +1,68 @@ - - - -Taxonomy of Epyris Westwood (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Korea, with the descriptions of ten new species + + + +Taxonomy of Epyris Westwood (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Korea, with the descriptions of ten new species - - -Author + + +Author -Lim, Jongok +Lim, Jongok - - -Author + + +Author -Lee, Jongwook +Lee, Jongwook - - -Author + + +Author -Koh, Sanghyun +Koh, Sanghyun - - -Author + + +Author -Lee, Bongwoo +Lee, Bongwoo - - -Author + + +Author -Azevedo, Celso O. +Azevedo, Celso O. - - -Author + + +Author -Lee, Seunghwan +Lee, Seunghwan -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2011 - -2866 + +2011 + +2866 - -1 -38 + +1 +38 -journal article -10.5281/zenodo.277431 -7b1e0f87-7063-4230-840a-2a8b1afe14a0 -1175-5326 -277431 +journal article +47381 +10.5281/zenodo.277431 +7b1e0f87-7063-4230-840a-2a8b1afe14a0 +1175-5326 +277431 - + @@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ species Dulos Motschulsky 1863 : 27. Type-species - + Dolus politus Motschulsky 1863 diff --git a/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE843FF9EEE35FCEFFE38FC8E.xml b/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE843FF9EEE35FCEFFE38FC8E.xml index e137fcaef9f..15abce94811 100644 --- a/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE843FF9EEE35FCEFFE38FC8E.xml +++ b/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE843FF9EEE35FCEFFE38FC8E.xml @@ -1,78 +1,77 @@ - - - -Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species + + + +Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species - - -Author + + +Author -Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael -8E23FE6D-3D20-4667-9F69-15B132D9537B -Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. -rafaelbioferreira@gmail.com +Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael +8E23FE6D-3D20-4667-9F69-15B132D9537B +Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. +rafaelbioferreira@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Guadanucci, José Paulo Leite -D4955FF5-FE7F-4E68-AB2F-4A89593F9850 -Departamento de Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. -jose.guadanucci@unesp.br +Guadanucci, José Paulo Leite +D4955FF5-FE7F-4E68-AB2F-4A89593F9850 +Departamento de Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. +jose.guadanucci@unesp.br - - -Author + + +Author -Yamamoto, Flávio Uemori -86719D83-2F02-4122-8CCE-D0932A3206D0 -Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. -flayamamoto@gmail.com +Yamamoto, Flávio Uemori +86719D83-2F02-4122-8CCE-D0932A3206D0 +Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. +flayamamoto@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Brescovit, Antonio Domingos -D5B81D79-AFAE-47B1-8A6E-DAB448A24BCC -Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. -antonio.brescovit@butantan.gov.br +Brescovit, Antonio Domingos +D5B81D79-AFAE-47B1-8A6E-DAB448A24BCC +Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. +antonio.brescovit@butantan.gov.br -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2021 - -2021-11-25 + +2021 + +2021-11-25 - -780 + +780 - -1 + +1 - -1 -71 + +1 +71 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 -journal article -3103 -10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 -41b8f51f-1d31-44c0-851e-2697e4e9497f -2118-9773 -5761280 -932663A6-D83D-49E0-B1F7-87F7DA8DC086 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 +41b8f51f-1d31-44c0-851e-2697e4e9497f +2118-9773 +5761280 +932663A6-D83D-49E0-B1F7-87F7DA8DC086 - + @@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ - + Acanthodon petitii Guérin, 1838: 163 @@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ - + Acanthodon santaremia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896: 733 @@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ by its large oval-shaped receptacula ( Holotype of - + Acanthodon petitii Guérin, 1838 @@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ of Holotype of - + Acanthodon santaremia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 diff --git a/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE86BFFA6EEC8FDC5FEE2FAC8.xml b/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE86BFFA6EEC8FDC5FEE2FAC8.xml index 5275aa6ec2c..14a8332233d 100644 --- a/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE86BFFA6EEC8FDC5FEE2FAC8.xml +++ b/data/03/B4/12/03B4126EE86BFFA6EEC8FDC5FEE2FAC8.xml @@ -1,78 +1,77 @@ - - - -Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species + + + +Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species - - -Author + + +Author -Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael -8E23FE6D-3D20-4667-9F69-15B132D9537B -Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. -rafaelbioferreira@gmail.com +Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael +8E23FE6D-3D20-4667-9F69-15B132D9537B +Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. +rafaelbioferreira@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Guadanucci, José Paulo Leite -D4955FF5-FE7F-4E68-AB2F-4A89593F9850 -Departamento de Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. -jose.guadanucci@unesp.br +Guadanucci, José Paulo Leite +D4955FF5-FE7F-4E68-AB2F-4A89593F9850 +Departamento de Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A 1515, 13506 - 900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. +jose.guadanucci@unesp.br - - -Author + + +Author -Yamamoto, Flávio Uemori -86719D83-2F02-4122-8CCE-D0932A3206D0 -Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. -flayamamoto@gmail.com +Yamamoto, Flávio Uemori +86719D83-2F02-4122-8CCE-D0932A3206D0 +Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. +flayamamoto@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Brescovit, Antonio Domingos -D5B81D79-AFAE-47B1-8A6E-DAB448A24BCC -Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. -antonio.brescovit@butantan.gov.br +Brescovit, Antonio Domingos +D5B81D79-AFAE-47B1-8A6E-DAB448A24BCC +Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05503 - 900, Brazil. +antonio.brescovit@butantan.gov.br -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2021 - -2021-11-25 + +2021 + +2021-11-25 - -780 + +780 - -1 + +1 - -1 -71 + +1 +71 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 -journal article -3103 -10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 -41b8f51f-1d31-44c0-851e-2697e4e9497f -2118-9773 -5761280 -932663A6-D83D-49E0-B1F7-87F7DA8DC086 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2021.780.1581 +41b8f51f-1d31-44c0-851e-2697e4e9497f +2118-9773 +5761280 +932663A6-D83D-49E0-B1F7-87F7DA8DC086 - + @@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ species by monotypy: - + Acanthodon Guérin, 1838: 163 @@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ species by monotypy: ( type species by monotypy: - + A. petitii Guérin, 1838 @@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ species by monotypy: - + Acanthodon – diff --git a/data/1A/0E/C4/1A0EC4A76867BA5DE039A337F39B4B45.xml b/data/1A/0E/C4/1A0EC4A76867BA5DE039A337F39B4B45.xml index ce820c08530..43123106f26 100644 --- a/data/1A/0E/C4/1A0EC4A76867BA5DE039A337F39B4B45.xml +++ b/data/1A/0E/C4/1A0EC4A76867BA5DE039A337F39B4B45.xml @@ -1,221 +1,221 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945 + + + +Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945 Figs 12 -A-C +A-C , Figs 13 -A-G +A-G - - -Cyamon argon -Dickinson 1945 + + +Cyamon argon +Dickinson 1945 : 15, pl. 19 Figs 37-38 (Mexican Pacific). - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Holotype of -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon , AHF-NHMLA L35535, D34, preserved in alcohol, Mexico, Cedros Island, South Bay, Hancock Pacific Exp -editions +editions , Velero Station 287-34, -28.09°N +28.09°N , -115.3°W +115.3°W , 18-27 m, among kelp, 10 March 1934. - -Description. -Shape upright, bilobed thick branches (Fig. 12A), spreading out upwards, with longitudinal grooves and covered in rounded spiny projections and conules. Height and diameter 3.5 cm, stalk approximately 1.5 cm. Colour (preserved) red-brown. Consistency tough, barely incompressible. -Skeleton: axial-columnar, with surface projections formed by the outwardly directed columns (Fig. 12B) branching off from the axial region. Columns have a core of short thick styles and polyactines crowned at the surface by long thin styles accompanied by (rare) short thin centrotylote styles. -Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - + +Description. +Shape upright, bilobed thick branches (Fig. 12A), spreading out upwards, with longitudinal grooves and covered in rounded spiny projections and conules. Height and diameter 3.5 cm, stalk approximately 1.5 cm. Colour (preserved) red-brown. Consistency tough, barely incompressible. +Skeleton: axial-columnar, with surface projections formed by the outwardly directed columns (Fig. 12B) branching off from the axial region. Columns have a core of short thick styles and polyactines crowned at the surface by long thin styles accompanied by (rare) short thin centrotylote styles. +Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles (Fig. 13A), mostly broken in the slides, one complete one measured 960 -x +x 15 -µm +µm . - + Short thin centrotylote (Figs 13C, C1, C2), wavy to somewhat crooked, with one end rounded and the other mucronate-spined, 210 --250.6- +-250.6- 348 -x +x 3 --3.6- +-3.6- 4 -µm +µm . - + Short thick styles (Figs 13B, B1), smooth curved evenly, 350 --480.5- +-480.5- 593 -x +x 15 --32.3- +-32.3- 42 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Figs 12C, 13D-E) two-, three-, four- and five-claded, quite variable in shape and size. T-shaped spicules (Fig. 13D) similar to those found in -Trikentrion -are +Trikentrion +are common. Basal cladi usually prominently spined (Fig. 13D1), lateral cladi finely spined (Fig. 13D2). No entirely smooth spicules were observed. Diactinal spicules (Fig. 13E) with swollen excentrical swellings and spined apices, often sharply angulated. Three-claded spicules with basal cladi 45 --60.7- +-60.7- 78 -x +x 6 --14.9- +-14.9- 22 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 30 --110.7- +-110.7- 162 -x +x 5 --17.0- +-17.0- 21 -µm +µm . Four-claded spicules have basal cladi 33 --44.8- +-44.8- 51 -x -9 --14.9- +x +9 +-14.9- 21 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 63 --86.2- +-86.2- 123 -x +x 7-18 -µm +µm . Diactinal spicules: 204 --245.1- +-245.1- 312 -x +x 18 --22.8- +-22.8- 31 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 12. -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945, holotype AHF-NHMLA L35535 (D34), A shape (scale mm) (photo Phyllis Sun) B microphoto of cross section of skeleton showing columns of styles supported by polyactines C microphoto of a range of polyactine shapes. - - + + Figure 13. -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945, holotype AHF-NHMLA L35535 (D34), A detail of head of long thin style B short thick style B1 detail of head of short thick style C short thin centrotylote (strongylo-)style C1 detail of spined apex of short thin (strongylo-)style C2 detail of centrotylote part of short thin (strongylo-)style D polyactines D1 heavily spined basal cladus of polyactine D2 lightly spined lateral cladus of polyactine E diactine polyactines. - -Distribution. -Pacific coast of North Mexico. + +Distribution. +Pacific coast of North Mexico. - -Ecology. -In kelp forest, 18-27 m. + +Ecology. +In kelp forest, 18-27 m. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + As pointed out above, this species is close to -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon , and if more data on variation would become available, it is possible, in view of the nearness of both type localities that the two might be part of a single variable species. The following characteristics are similar between the two: long thin styles of 1000+ -µm +µm in length, the possession of short thin centrotylote styles with spined pointed apex (shared with -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii ), smooth evenly curved short thick styles of 400-500 -µm +µm in length, polyactines consisting predominantly of three-claded polyactines with all cladi smooth except for the apices, short basal cladus compared to long lateral cladi, and the frequent occurrence of diactinal polyactines. However, there are also clear differences, which presently preclude synonymization of the two: shape bush-like in -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon , massively encrusting in -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon , thickness of short thick styles in -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon twice that of -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon , basal cladi of the polyactines distinctly spined in -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon whereas these are only rugose or even smooth in -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon , and finally the size (length but also thickness) of the lateral cladi in three-claded polyactines which are usually well over 200 -µm +µm long and 20 -µm +µm thick in -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon , whereas those of -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon are on average around 150 -x +x 10 -µm +µm . - + With -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii , this species shares a more elaborate, upright growth form, which is otherwise rare in the genus. diff --git a/data/22/03/E7/2203E72F032E81B6D7151497FD5EF7DC.xml b/data/22/03/E7/2203E72F032E81B6D7151497FD5EF7DC.xml index 84263d995e1..d6c096f5e26 100644 --- a/data/22/03/E7/2203E72F032E81B6D7151497FD5EF7DC.xml +++ b/data/22/03/E7/2203E72F032E81B6D7151497FD5EF7DC.xml @@ -1,187 +1,187 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Trikentrion catalina (Sim & Bakus, 1986) + + + +Trikentrion catalina (Sim & Bakus, 1986) Figs 25 -A-F +A-F - - -Cyamon catalina -Sim and Bakus 1986 + + +Cyamon catalina +Sim and Bakus 1986 : 18, fig. 4; -Lee et al. 2007 +Lee et al. 2007 : 211 (California). - -Not: Trikentrion catalina + +Not: Trikentrion catalina ; - -Gomez + +Gomez et al. 2002 = -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium . - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Holotype USNM 33631, preserved in alcohol, California, Santa Catalina Island, Bird Rock, -33.45°N +33.45°N , -118.4833°W +118.4833°W , on rocky cliff at 50 m depth, coll. K. McCleneghan. -Not examined: paratype BMNH 1985 (reg. nr. unknown), Santa Catalina Island, Ship Rock, on rock at 46 m depth, coll. R. Given. +Not examined: paratype BMNH 1985 (reg. nr. unknown), Santa Catalina Island, Ship Rock, on rock at 46 m depth, coll. R. Given. - -Description. - + +Description. + Flabelliform sponge (Fig. 25A), measuring 15 -x +x 8 by 0.4 cm, attached to rocks by a 3 -x +x 0.6 cm stalk. Surface hispid. No oscules apparent. Consistency firm and leathery. Color reddish orange (alive), pale beige (alcohol). -Skeleton (Fig. 25B): choanosome densely packed with three-claded polyactines; ectosome with long, relatively thick styles surrounded by dense bouquets of short thin styles; trichodragmata commonly observed especially in the peripheral parts. -Spicules: long (thin) styles, short thin styles, polyactines, trichodragmas. - +Skeleton (Fig. 25B): choanosome densely packed with three-claded polyactines; ectosome with long, relatively thick styles surrounded by dense bouquets of short thin styles; trichodragmata commonly observed especially in the peripheral parts. +Spicules: long (thin) styles, short thin styles, polyactines, trichodragmas. + Long (thin) styles (Fig. 25C), usually broken and only a few could be measured: 1400-5400 -x +x 8-40 -µm +µm , so not really thin. - -Short + +Short thin styles (Fig. 25D), 130 --611.3- +-611.3- 730 -x +x 3 --5.6- +-5.6- 8 -µm +µm , - + Polyactines (Figs 25E, E1), predominantly three-claded, with spined shorter basal cladi (Fig. 25E1), occasionally with few or no spines on the basal cladi, and smooth, longer, relatively pointed lateral cladi; occasionally four-claded; size basal cladi 78 --98.7- +-98.7- 126 -x +x 16 --25.3- +-25.3- 31 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 156 --197.7- +-197.7- 236 -x +x 18 --24.4- +-24.4- 29 -µm +µm . - -Trichodragmas + +Trichodragmas : straight, with lightly spined raphides (Figs 25F, F1), 63 --79.3- +-79.3- 88 -x +x 7 --10.2- +-10.2- 13 -µm +µm . - -Distribution. -Santa Catalina Island, Southern California. + +Distribution. +Santa Catalina Island, Southern California. - -Ecology. -On rocks, from 46-50 m depth. + +Ecology. +On rocks, from 46-50 m depth. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + This species is assigned to -Trikentrion +Trikentrion , because of the flabellate shape resembling -Trikentrion flabelliforme -Hentschel (1912) +Trikentrion flabelliforme +Hentschel (1912) , the sagittal polyactines, three-claded with spines only on the basal cladus, and the possession of trichodragmas. It is similar to -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium in the lack of genuine choanosomal oxeas, and the short basal cladi of the polyactines. Remarkably, when describing -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina , Sim & Bakus (1986) did not notice - they did not discuss -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium - the similarities with their species. Specimens assigned to -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina by - -Gomez + +Gomez et al. (2002) are considered to be long to -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium (see above). - - + + Figure 25. -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina (Sim & Bakus, 1986), holotype USNM 33631, A shape of holotype specimen (scale bar = 1 cm) B cross section of skeleton C detail of head of long thin style D details of short thin style E three- and four-claded polyactines E1 detail of spined basal clade of polyactine F raphide F1 detail of raphide showing spination. diff --git a/data/26/26/58/2626583C90E99D1C78044478FAC74052.xml b/data/26/26/58/2626583C90E99D1C78044478FAC74052.xml index 0a9ec457aea..e71d07eec7d 100644 --- a/data/26/26/58/2626583C90E99D1C78044478FAC74052.xml +++ b/data/26/26/58/2626583C90E99D1C78044478FAC74052.xml @@ -1,195 +1,195 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon quinqueradiatum (Carter, 1880) + + + +Cyamon quinqueradiatum (Carter, 1880) Figs 14 -A-D +A-D , 14E (right) - - -Microciona quinqueradiata -Carter 1880 + + +Microciona quinqueradiata +Carter 1880 : 43, pl. IV fig. 5a-e (Gulf of Manaar, India). - -Cyamon quinqueradiatum + +Cyamon quinqueradiatum ; -Dendy 1905 +Dendy 1905 : 178 (Gulf of Manaar, Sri Lanka). - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Seven slides from the collections of the Natural History Museum, BMNH 1954.2.23.8, made of -Dendy's +Dendy's (1905) topotypical material. - -Carter's + +Carter's specimen from the Gulf of Manaar is apparently lost from the collections of the National Museums Liverpool (Dr Ian Wallace, in litteris), no original slides have been found in the Natural History Museum (Ms Emma Sherlock, in litteris). - -Description. - + +Description. + (Partly from Carter, 1880 and Dendy, 1905). Thinly encrusting, hispid, yellowish brown (alcohol) to cream color (dry). -Dendy's +Dendy's specimen was 1.1 cm in lateral expansion, 3 mm thick. Texture soft. - + Skeleton (Figs 14 -A-C +A-C ): bundles of subtylostyles and styles standing erect on the substratum, in the basal layer supported by polyactine spicules. -Spicules: predominant spicules are longer and shorter subtylostyles with a minority of thin styles and polyactines. - -Subtylostyles +Spicules: predominant spicules are longer and shorter subtylostyles with a minority of thin styles and polyactines. + +Subtylostyles , presumably a mixture of undifferentiated long thin styles and short thick styles, with prominent heads, usually lightly and gradually curved, in a large size range, which makes determining an average size meaningless: 129-1989 -x +x 3-33 -µm +µm . - + Thin styles, tapering gradually to thinly pointed curved ends, size range limited, 492-698 -x +x 3-5 -µm +µm . Dendy believed these spicules to be growth stages of the subtylostyles, but we regard them, like Carter, as a separate spicule category. - + Polyactines [Figs 14D, 14E(right)], predominantly five-claded (a few four-claded forms were observed), with the basal cladus relatively finely spined, the lateral cladi smooth, with mucronate, occasionally bifid ends, basal cladi 45 --62.8- +-62.8- 93 -x +x 4 --5.9- +-5.9- 11 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 31 --38.4- +-38.4- 51 -x +x 3 --4.8- +-4.8- 7 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 14. -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum Carter, 1880, images of -Dendy's +Dendy's (1905) non-type slides BMNH 1954.2.23.8 ( -A-E +A-E ) and -Cyamon quadriradiatum +Cyamon quadriradiatum Carter, 1880 (E left), -A-C +A-C various perpendicular sections showing long subtylostyles and basal polyactines of -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum D polyactine of -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum showing spined basal cladus and smooth lateral cladi E -Cyamon quadriradiatum +Cyamon quadriradiatum Carter, 1880 and -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum Carter, 1880, original drawings from Carter, 1880, E (right) -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum , right side of figure, showing long subtylostyle, short subtylostyle, thin style, and polyactine with spined basal cladus and smooth lateral cladi E(left) -Cyamon quadriratiatum +Cyamon quadriratiatum , left side of figure, showing long thick style, thin wavy spicule, and entirely spined polyactines. - -Distribution. -Only known from the Gulf of Manaar. + +Distribution. +Only known from the Gulf of Manaar. - -Ecology. -Deep water (not specified). + +Ecology. +Deep water (not specified). - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + As pointed out above, Mauritanian -Cyamon arguinense +Cyamon arguinense sp. n. shares many features with Indian Ocean -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum , including the smooth lateral cladi and the lack of differentiation of the long thin and short thick styles. Although the -Cyamon +Cyamon nature of this species has never been challenged, it is nevertheless obvious from the original description and drawing by -Carter (1880) +Carter (1880) and the subsequent record of -Dendy (1905) +Dendy (1905) that the polyactines of this species have only their basal cladi spined, an alleged prominent and discriminating feature of the genus -Trikentrion +Trikentrion . We have confirmed single cladus spination by examining a series of slides of -Dendy's +Dendy's material. The structure of the skeleton with longer and shorter styles originating from a basal mass of polyactines is characteristic for -Cyamon +Cyamon . This indicates that emphasis on a single spined cladus versus all cladi spined as a difference between -Cyamon +Cyamon and -Trikentrion +Trikentrion is wrong. See further discussion below. Among the species of -Cyamon +Cyamon the present species also stands out by the extreme length variation of the structural subtylostyles, assuming these are homologous with the 'short thick -styles' +styles' of many other -Cyamon +Cyamon species, and perhaps related to it, the absence of a category of long thin styles. The thin styles observed above are assumed by their size to be homologous to the peripheral short thin styles surrounding the long thin styles in other species. diff --git a/data/2E/E0/1E/2EE01ED16321C18EF74E2BF5A9E58FEB.xml b/data/2E/E0/1E/2EE01ED16321C18EF74E2BF5A9E58FEB.xml index 2ca4678438c..47ec844f5a7 100644 --- a/data/2E/E0/1E/2EE01ED16321C18EF74E2BF5A9E58FEB.xml +++ b/data/2E/E0/1E/2EE01ED16321C18EF74E2BF5A9E58FEB.xml @@ -1,166 +1,166 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986 + + + +Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986 Figs 10 -A-F +A-F - - -Cyamon koltuni -Sim and Bakus 1986 + + +Cyamon koltuni +Sim and Bakus 1986 : 18, fig. 3 (California); -Lee et al. 2007 +Lee et al. 2007 : 210. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + HolotypeUSNM 33630, preserved in alcohol, California, Santa Catalina Island, Big -Fisherman's +Fisherman's Cove, -33.45°N +33.45°N , -118.4833°W +118.4833°W , 6 m. - + LEB-ICML-UNAM 1497, preserved in alcohol, Mexican Pacific, Islas Marietas (Nayarit), Cueva Marietas, -20.7003°N +20.7003°N , -105.5658°W +105.5658°W , 11 m, coll. J.L. Carballo, 11 --10- +-10- 2006. - + The holotype (Fig. 10A1) was received on loan from the Smithsonian Institution, but in view of the small crust and previous studies of it, including SEM examination ( -Sim and Bakus 1986 +Sim and Bakus 1986 : Fig. 3; -Lee et al. 2007 +Lee et al. 2007 ), and the presence of additional material, it was decided that no further sampling of it was necessary. We report the occurrence of a second specimen of this species from Mexican Pacific waters, from which we obtained our data for the description below. - -Description. - + +Description. + Thinly encrusting (Fig. 10A1, A2) on rocks, color bright orange. Size of Mexican specimen 12 -x +x 15 cm, thickness 1 mm. Surface very hispid. -Skeleton: a basal mass of polyactine spicules (Fig. 10B), upon which with styles are erected (Fig. 10C), no discernible skeletal organization due to thinness. -Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - +Skeleton: a basal mass of polyactine spicules (Fig. 10B), upon which with styles are erected (Fig. 10C), no discernible skeletal organization due to thinness. +Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles (Fig. 10D, 10D1): rather straight, with faint subterminal tyle at the rounded end, 900 --967- +-967- 1400 -x +x 5 --5.9- +-5.9- 7 -µm +µm . - + Short thin styles (Fig. 10E), occasionally oxea-like with tapering thin endings, 265-370 -x +x 2.5-5 -µm +µm . - + Short thick styles (Fig. 10F): slightly curved and thickest subterminally near the faintly constricted rounded end, 150 --316- +-316- 425 -x +x 10 --14.7- +-14.7- 25 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Fig. 10G): three-six claded, cladi spined predominantly at the apices; basal cladi pointed, spined more heavily than the lateral cladi, which are provided with prominent bulbous apices, 35 --46- +-46- 66 -x +x 5 --8.9- +-8.9- 10 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 10. -Cyamon koltuni +Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986, A1 Californian holotype, USNM 33630, encrusting a rock (scale = 1 cm) A2 Mexican Pacific specimen LEB-ICML-UNAM 1497 B cross section of peripheral region C thick section of basal mass of polyactines D fragments of long thin style D1 microphoto of detail of rounded apex of long thin style E short thin style F short thick styles G three- to five-claded polyactines showing prominent bulbous ending of lateral cladi. - -Distribution. -Southern California, Pacific coast of Mexico. + +Distribution. +Southern California, Pacific coast of Mexico. - -Ecology. -Under rocks and in caves in shallow water. + +Ecology. +Under rocks and in caves in shallow water. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The enhanced bulbous endings of the polyactines is distinctive and is only matched by those of -Cyamon amphipolyactinum +Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp. n., but that species differs clearly by possessing a smaller category of amphipolyactines. It is generally similar to -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani , differing from that species in the sizes of the styles and the very prominent bulbous endings of the cladi of the polyactines. diff --git a/data/4A/63/EE/4A63EE9C5284C8542B6B1C1A0A574DA2.xml b/data/4A/63/EE/4A63EE9C5284C8542B6B1C1A0A574DA2.xml index f111227d5e9..1ed3506881e 100644 --- a/data/4A/63/EE/4A63EE9C5284C8542B6B1C1A0A574DA2.xml +++ b/data/4A/63/EE/4A63EE9C5284C8542B6B1C1A0A574DA2.xml @@ -1,364 +1,363 @@ - - - -Review and redescription of species in the Oecetis avara group, with the description of 15 new species (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) + + + +Review and redescription of species in the Oecetis avara group, with the description of 15 new species (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) - - -Author + + +Author -Blahnik, Roger J. +Blahnik, Roger J. - - -Author + + +Author -Holzenthal, Ralph W. +Holzenthal, Ralph W. -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -376 + +2014 + +376 - -1 -83 + +1 +83 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 -1313-2970-376-1 -2B58574A5FCF40D19A3AFB4D13D33A92 -2B58574A5FCF40D19A3AFB4D13D33A92 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 +1313-2970-376-1 +2B58574A5FCF40D19A3AFB4D13D33A92 - - - -Oecetis avara (Banks) + + + +Oecetis avara (Banks) Figs 5, 13, 14, 40, 41, Map 2 - - -Setodes avara -Banks 1895 + + +Setodes avara +Banks 1895 : 316. [holotype male, Sherbrook Canada, pinned with genitalia in vial, MCZ type 11553]. - -Oecetina avara + +Oecetina avara (Banks): Banks 1899: 214. - -Oecetodes avara + +Oecetodes avara (Banks): -Ulmer 1905 +Ulmer 1905 : 129. - -Oecetis avara + +Oecetis avara (Banks): Sibley 1926: 105, 189; -Betten 1934 +Betten 1934 : 269 (plate 34, Figs 1-3) [description, illustration]; -Ross 1944 +Ross 1944 : 240 (figures 813, 818A, 828) [description, illustration]; -Denning 1956 +Denning 1956 : 267 (fig. 10: 34d) [illustration]; -Smith and Lehmkuhl 1980 +Smith and Lehmkuhl 1980 : 641 (Figs 3-4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17, 19-20, 22, 24, 27-28, 35-36, 39, 42, 44, 49, 50) [description, illustration, distribution]; Bueno and Flint 1980: [distribution - Mexico, Central America, Venezuela]; -Bueno-Soria 1981 +Bueno-Soria 1981 : 111 (fig. 5A) [illustration only]; -Flint 1981 +Flint 1981 : 96 (fig. 364) [illustration, distribution - Colombia]; -Botosaneanu and Alkins-Koo 1993 +Botosaneanu and Alkins-Koo 1993 : 35 [distribution - Trinidad & Tobago]; -Flint 1996a +Flint 1996a : 104 [distribution - Trinidad & Tobago]; -Flint 1996b +Flint 1996b : 423 [distribution - Peru]. -Moulton and Stewart 1996 +Moulton and Stewart 1996 : 150 (fig. 407) [illustration, distribution]; - + Rueda -Martin +Martin et al. 2011 : 21 (fig. 2A-F) [illustration, distribution - Bolivia]. - -Oecetis (Oecetodes) avara + +Oecetis (Oecetodes) avara (Banks): -Fischer 1966 +Fischer 1966 : 153; -1972 +1972 : 150. - -Oecetis (Pseudosetodes) avara + +Oecetis (Pseudosetodes) avara (Banks): -Chen 1993 +Chen 1993 (unpublished): (Figs 27 -A-D +A-D , J-M) [description, illustration, distribution]. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + This species is similar to and most likely to be confused with - -Oecetis + +Oecetis houghtoni sp. n., especially due to their sympatric distributions and relatively minor morphological differences. Unfortunately, the range of variation for the 2 species has not been fully established and specimens from some localities may not be currently diagnosable if they do not conform closely to the holotypes for the 2 species (see remarks section following the species description). The holotype of -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara is characterized by a very well developed ventral lobe of the inferior appendage that forms a prominent, acutely angled projection. The ventral margin is distinctly elongate (see Figs 11-14 for comparison to -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni ). Some evidence of -"wrinkling" +"wrinkling" is apparent at the point of articulation between the dorsal and ventral lobes; this is distinctly more noticeable than in -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni due to the sharper angle of articulation. Also, as compared to -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni , the phallobase is usually more distinctly sclerotized and arched ventrally, with its apex strongly downturned and very finely striate, often with the extreme apex slightly ridged or burred. Unfortunately, characters of the phallobase are subtle and also variable within the 2 species and thus may not always be completely diagnostic. Although the holotype of -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara itself is grayish-brown in color, with forewings only weakly spotted (possibly as a result of the specimen being somewhat faded), specimens from most areas of its distribution, including those from Minnesota, are distinctly lighter in color than -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni and also have more prominent forewing spots. In Minnesota, -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara can be distinguished from -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni by color alone (Figs 40 and 41). - + Despite the close similarity and difficulty of distinguishing - -Oecetis + +Oecetis avara from -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni , another species that closely resembles -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara , both in color and genitalic aspects, is -Oecetis verrucula +Oecetis verrucula sp. n. from Central America. The only significant difference is the possession of a small rugose wart or projection preapically on the phallobase in -Oecetis verrucula +Oecetis verrucula , similar to the character state in -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida , sp. n. This character is absent in -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara , but suggested by the fine striations often observed near the apex of the phallobase. COI barcode data (Fig. 58) also suggest that -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara and -Oecetis verrucula +Oecetis verrucula are more closely related to each other than to -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni . Rationale for treating -Oecetis verrucula +Oecetis verrucula as a separate species is discussed in its diagnosis and description. - -Adult. - + +Adult. + Forewing length: male (8.2-10.3 mm), female (7.5-8.7 mm). Color generally pale yellowish-brown (slightly darker than -Oecetis mexicana +Oecetis mexicana sp. n., paler than -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni sp. n.). Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots small, but distinct; spots at base of discal and thyridial cells and base of fork V largest, other spots indistinct; veins of forewing chord relatively widely spaced (wider than -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni sp. n.), either evenly spaced or s and r-m veins slightly closer; chord with crossveins pigmented or with small spots at juncture of major veins; apical spots, at apices of major veins, indistinct, but usually evident, pigmentation extending slightly beyond veins. Setae along veins in apical part of forewing only moderately elongate, semi-prostrate, laterally diverging. Fringe of setae along costal margin of forewing dense, short, not strongly projecting. - -Male genitalia. - + +Male genitalia. + Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, apex of lobe tapered or rounded, with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with short, paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage moderately elongate, length 2-3 times maximum width (longer, on average, than -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni sp. n.), simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and angularly projecting ventral lobe; projection of ventral lobe prominent and strongly protruding, typically forming acute angle with dorsal lobe, angle usually abrupt, causing appendage at basal angle to be somewhat -"wrinkled;" +"wrinkled;" posterior margin of dorsal lobe evenly rounded, not angulate; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (Fig. 5F), only weakly bent near base; basomesal projection of appendage rounded, with short, stiff setae; dorsal lobe with stout, mesally-curved setae on dorsal margin and stout, ventrally-curved setae on mesal surface. Phallobase very short, tubular basally, ventral apex strongly down curved, often noticeably sclerotized, with minute striations; ventral apex, as viewed caudally, U-shaped (Fig. 5C). Phallotremal sclerite prominent, basally forming short tubular collar, ventral margin projecting, apex acute; asymmetrical lateral sclerite present. - - + + Figure 5. -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara (Banks), Holotype, male genitalia: A lateral B phallic apparatus, lateral C phallic apparatus, caudal D phallic apparatus, ventral E inferior appendage, caudal F inferior appendage, ventral G segment IX and tergum X, dorsal. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + CANADA: Quebec: Sherbrook, male holotype (pinned) (MCZ); USA: Alabama: Bibb Co., Little Cahaba River, 4 mi NE Sixmile, 23.v.1988, C.M. & O.S. Flint, Jr., 1 male (pinned) (NMNH); Florida: Jackson Co., Chipola River at County Road 280, 1.5 mi E Oakdale, 11.vi.1995, V.L. Nations & M.J. Howe, 6 males, 4 females (pinned) (UMSP); Kansas: Clark Co., 12 mi W, 5 mi S Columbus, 8-9.vi.1976, G.F. Hevel, 2 males (pinned) (NMNH); Maryland: Montgomery Co., Potomac River, Carderock, 27.viii.1981, Flint & Butler, 1 male (pinned) (NMNH); Minnesota: Aitkin Co., Mississippi River, County Road 3, -47°01.417'N +47°01.417'N , -93°16.5000'W +93°16.5000'W , 12.vii.2000, D.C. Houghton, 321 males, 497 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Aitkin Co., Hay Lake, Hay Lake State Park, -46°57.500'N +46°57.500'N , -93°13.000'W +93°13.000'W , 12.vii.2000, D.C. Houghton, 1 female (alcohol) (UMSP); Anoka Co., Coon Creek, confl. Mississippi River, -45°08.000'N +45°08.000'N , -93°17.000'W +93°17.000'W , 10.vii.2000, D.C. Houghton, -13 +13 males, 8 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Blue Earth Co., Minnesota River, Mile 112, Sibley Park, Mankato, 11.vii.1979, N. Potthoff, 1 male, 1 female (alcohol) (UMSP); Blue Earth Co., Minneopa Creek, Minneopa State Park, -44°09.034'N +44°09.034'N , -94°05.500'W +94°05.500'W , 10.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 1 male, 1 female (alcohol) (UMSP); Blue Earth Co., un. sp. 1, Minneopa State Park, -44°09.667'N +44°09.667'N , -94°05.500'W +94°05.500'W , 10.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 1 male, 2 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Blue Earth Co., Le Seur River, County Road 16, public access, -44°04.916'N +44°04.916'N , -94°00.583'N +94°00.583'N , 11.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 17 males, 13 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Blue Earth Co., Maple River, County Road 166, public access, -44°00.034'N +44°00.034'N , -94°03.083'W +94°03.083'W , 11.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 198 males, 97 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Brown Co., un. sp., Cottonwood River, Flandrau State Park, -44°17.333'N +44°17.333'N , -94°28.916'W +94°28.916'W , 09.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 6 males, 17 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Brown Co., Cottonwood River, Flandrau State Park, -44°17.545'N +44°17.545'N , -93°28.134'W +93°28.134'W , 02.viii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 14 males, 1 female (pinned), 96 males, 53 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Chisago Co., Sunrise River at Kost Dam County Park, ca. 1.5 km S Kost, -45°28.75'N +45°28.75'N , -92°52.54'W +92°52.54'W , el 280 m, 13.vii.2004, Holzenthal et al., 3 males, 3 females (pinned) (UMSP); Crow Wing Co., Pine River, County Road 11, public access, -46°34.583'N +46°34.583'N , -94°01.834'W +94°01.834'W , 16.ix.2000, D.C. Houghton, 3 males, 2 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Crow Wing Co., Pine River, County Road 11, -46°34.333'N +46°34.333'N , -94°02.000'W +94°02.000'W , 29.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 214 males, 222 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Fillmore Co., Middle Br. Root River, Co. Rd. 21, ca. 5 mi NW Lanesboro, -43°49.080'N +43°49.080'N , -92°0.900'W +92°0.900'W , el 283 m, 13.vii.1991, R.J. Blahnik, 1 male (pinned) (UMSP); Fillmore Co., Spring Valley, 15.vi.1935, 1 male (pinned) (UMSP); Koochiching Co, Rainey R., confl. Little Fork River, State Highway 11 nr. International Falls, -48°31.174'N +48°31.174'N , -93°34.174'W +93°34.174'W , 12.vii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 983 males, 1461 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Koochiching Co., Big Fork River, State Highway 11, public access, -48°30.700'N +48°30.700'N , -93°42.754'W +93°42.754'W , 12.vii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 35 males, 5 females (pinned), 421 males, 203 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Koochiching Co., Little Fork River, Minn. F.S., 17.vii.1968, E.F. Cook, 1 male (alcohol) (UMSP); Koochiching Co., Tamarac River, Pine Island State Forest, Balsiger F.R., 7 km E Waskish, -48°09.526'N +48°09.526'N , -94°22.950'W +94°22.950'W , 23.vii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 1 female (pinned) (UMSP); Lyon Co., Redwood River, Camden State Park, -44°22.452'N +44°22.452'N , -95°55.315'W +95°55.315'W , 06.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 1 male (alcohol) (UMSP); same locality, 31.vii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 1 male, 2 females (pinned) (UMSP); McLeod Co., Otter Creek, County Road 01, -44°53.667'N +44°53.667'N , -94°03.33'W +94°03.33'W , 22.vi.2001, D.C. Houghton, 2 males (alcohol) (UMSP); Morrison Co., Mississippi River, Charles Lindberg State Park, -45°57.000'N +45°57.000'N , -94°23.333'W +94°23.333'W , 24.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 2 males (alcohol) (UMSP); Pine Co., Kettle River, Banning State Park, -46°10.000'N +46°10.000'N , -92°50.000'W +92°50.000'W , 28.vi.2001, D.C. Houghton, 1 male (alcohol) (UMSP); Pine Co. Kettle River, 9.viii.1991, L.J. Luedeman, 4 males, 2 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Ramsey Co., St. Paul, University Farm, A.A. Granovsky, 20.viii.1935, 1 male (pinned) (UMSP); Rock Co., Rock River, County Road 1, -43°32.666'N +43°32.666'N , -96°11.917'W +96°11.917'W , 07.vi.2000, D.C. Houghton, 9 males, 6 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Swift Co., Pomme de Terre River, State Road 12 rest area, -45°17.450'N +45°17.450'N , -95°58.745'W +95°58.745'W , 335 m, 29.vii.1999, D.C. -Houghton +Houghton , 7 males, 5 females (pinned) (UMSP); Wright Co., North Fork Crow River, public access, -45°05.500'N +45°05.500'N , -93°52.000'W +93°52.000'W , 17.ix.2000, D.C. Houghton, 1 male, 1 female (alcohol) (UMSP); Wright Co., North Fork Crow River, County Road 115, -45°05.500'N +45°05.500'N , -93°52.333'W +93°52.333'W , 27.vi.2001, D.C. Houghton, 25 males, 11 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Wright Co., Deer Lake, County Road 108, -45°08.500'N +45°08.500'N , -93°54.667'W +93°54.667'W , 27.vi.2001, D.C. Houghton, 2 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Yellow Medicine Co., Yellow Medicine River, confl. Minnesota River, Upper Sioux Agency State Park, -44°44.319'N +44°44.319'N , -95°25.904'W +95°25.904'W , 30.vii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 43 males, 30 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Yellow Medicine Co., Minnesota River, Mile 243.9, T115N, R38W, S28, 14.viii.1980, N. Potthoff, 5 males, 20 females (alcohol) (UMSP); Yellow Medicine Co., Minnesota River, picnic area, Upper Sioux Agency State Park, -44°44.393'N +44°44.393'N , -95°27.306'W +95°27.306'W , 122 m, 30.vii.1999, D.C. Houghton, 10 males, 1 female (pinned) (UMSP); New York: Warren Co., Hudson River, Riparius, -43°39.5'N +43°39.5'N , -73°53.8'W +73°53.8'W , 29.vii.1996, C.M. & O.S. Flint, Jr., 2 males (pinned) (NMNH); Wisconsin: Polk Co., St. Croix Falls, 29.viii.1937, L.R. Penner, 2 males, 10 females (pinned) (UMSP). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Mexican, Central, and South American specimens identified previously as -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara have been transferred to a number of new species in this paper. Some North American material has also been transferred to another new species, -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni . Most North American material examined was from Minnesota, where -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara and -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni co-occur, sometimes at the same location. In Minnesota the 2 species are distinguishable by color attributes and also by minor genitalic characters. Available COI barcode data are consistent with the recognition of 2 species and conform to the morphological differences noted (Fig. 58). Only a limited amount of material from other localities in North America was examined. Some material examined from other localities conformed to the differences noted in the holotypes of the 2 species, and these are included in the materials examined list above, but specimens from other localities could not always be confidently identified. This may either represent variation within the 2 species, or additional unidentified species. A more extensive study of North American material is necessary to determine this, but was outside the scope of the current study. Figs 28 and 29-30 illustrate some of the variation encountered. See also the remarks section under -Oecetis houghtoni +Oecetis houghtoni . - + The illustration of -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara (Fig. 5) is taken from the holotype specimen. The holotype was reported by -Smith and Lehmkuhl (1980) +Smith and Lehmkuhl (1980) as having the phallic structure badly damaged, but this was not evident in our examination of the holotype. The species has been illustrated by a number of authors, but many of the illustrations vary from the genitalia of the holotype specimen. Although -Smith and Lehmkuhl (1980) +Smith and Lehmkuhl (1980) reported examining the type, the specimen illustrated was apparently a specimen from Saskatchewan determined to be - -Oecetis + +Oecetis avara , and not that of the type itself. Due to the minor differences among species in the -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara group, it is usually difficult to state conclusively which species was illustrated by different authors. Only the illustrations provided by -Betten (1934) +Betten (1934) and -Moulton and Stewart (1996) +Moulton and Stewart (1996) conform closely enough to the holotype to be confidently identified as -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara . The illustration by -Bueno-Soria (1981) +Bueno-Soria (1981) is also similar to the holotype of -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara , but may have been based on -Oecetis verrucula +Oecetis verrucula sp. n., which occurs in Mexico and whose diagnostic ventral wart may have been omitted, since it is a relatively minor feature. diff --git a/data/59/53/4C/59534C7A01102B18C43264456221F8D6.xml b/data/59/53/4C/59534C7A01102B18C43264456221F8D6.xml index 272fd25ad43..5958d049a83 100644 --- a/data/59/53/4C/59534C7A01102B18C43264456221F8D6.xml +++ b/data/59/53/4C/59534C7A01102B18C43264456221F8D6.xml @@ -1,206 +1,206 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Trikentrion laeve Carter, 1879 + + + +Trikentrion laeve Carter, 1879 Figs 21 -A-F +A-F - - -Trikentrion laeve -Carter 1879 + + +Trikentrion laeve +Carter 1879 : 294, pl. 27 figs 9-12 (West Africa); - + (Not: -Carter 1882 +Carter 1882 : 294 = -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme ; nec: -Burton 1948 +Burton 1948 = -Trikentrion africanum +Trikentrion africanum sp. n.) - -Material examined. -Holotype: BMNH 1848.10.4.6 (additional numbers Dh.2, 252), West Africa, coll. Rev. Allen; label text, presumably by Carter, reads Trikentrion Ehlers, very long acuates. + +Material examined. +Holotype: BMNH 1848.10.4.6 (additional numbers Dh.2, 252), West Africa, coll. Rev. Allen; label text, presumably by Carter, reads Trikentrion Ehlers, very long acuates. - -Description. - + +Description. + Multi-branched bush (Fig. 21A), with single stalk of 1.5 cm high, 0.8 cm diameter, from which cylindrical branches spread out dichotomously, ending in approximately 26 smaller terminally rounded branches. Size of entire specimen, which is broken in two unequal parts, 4.5 -x +x 5.5 -x +x 3 cm. Surface optically smooth, but microhispid, with punctate appearance. Consistency (dry) crumbly compressible, colour beige-purplish. - + Skeleton: a comparatively loose reticulation of oxeas echinated sparingly with polyactines, forming rounded or squarish meshes of 150-200 -µm +µm diameter, with 5 or more oxeas to the sides, no axial specialization. Peripherally there are numerous long thin styles, accompanied by short thin styles. - -Spicules + +Spicules : long thin styles, short thin styles, oxeas, polyactines, trichodragmas. - + Long thin styles (Fig. 21B), rather curved, 750 --921.8- +-921.8- 1062 -x +x 4 --6.6- +-6.6- 9 -µm +µm . - + Short thin styles (Figs 21C, C1), often modified to thin oxeotes, wispy, curved, 234 --312.9- +-312.9- 433 -x +x 0.5 --1.4- +-1.4- 2.5 -µm +µm . - + Choanosomal -'true' +'true' oxeas (Figs 21D) (not to be confused with diactinal polyactines), straight, or more often centrotylote or abruptly curved, with pointed ends, very common, 175 --204.1- +-204.1- 242 -x +x 6 --9.6- +-9.6- 13 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Fig. 21E), usually three-claded, occasionally four-claded or diactinal, mostly Y-shaped, less often equiangular, with the basal ray provided with strong hook-like spines, basal cladi 59 --69.6- +-69.6- 89 -x +x 10 --11.9- +-11.9- 15 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 47 --63.4- +-63.4- 75 -x +x 9 --10.7- +-10.7- 13 -µm +µm . - + Trichodragmas (Fig. 21F), straight or curved, 32 --48.2- +-48.2- 60 -x +x 4 --8.2- +-8.2- 11 -µm +µm . - -Distribution. -West Africa (Carter, 1879). + +Distribution. +West Africa (Carter, 1879). - -Ecology. -Probably from shallow water or washed up on the beach. No further data. + +Ecology. +Probably from shallow water or washed up on the beach. No further data. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + This is the first redescription after -Carter's +Carter's report, which is accurate but deficient in omitting the trichodragmas and short thin styles. This is also the first depiction of habit of the specimen and with the details provided here the species is now at least properly described, but it remains ill known. -Carter (1879) +Carter (1879) differentiated this species from -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum by emphasizing the presence of ectosomal long styles, which appear lacking in -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum . The shape and surface characteristics of the two are also quite different, and sizes of the oxeas and polyactines are considerably smaller than in -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum . - -Carter (1882) + +Carter (1882) reported this species from Australia, but from his description it is clear that it concerns the species later described as -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912. The two differ significantly in shape (T. flabelliforme being thinner or thicker bladed, lacking rounded branches forming a three-dimensional bush). The three other species of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion differ by lacking oxeas. - -Burton (1948) + +Burton (1948) reported this species from the -Republique +Republique du Congo, more to the south, but this specimen lacks oxeas and has a different shape. It is assigned to a new species ( -Trikentrion africanum +Trikentrion africanum sp. n.) below. - - + + Figure 21. -Trikentrion laeve +Trikentrion laeve Carter, 1879, holotype BMNH 1848.10.4.6, A shape of holotype specimen (size bar = 1 cm) B details of apices of long thin style C short thin style C1 detail of rounded head of short thin style D oxeas E polyactine F trichodragma. diff --git a/data/5B/C4/D4/5BC4D4DF2CB541D5A7629D93E68E7D0B.xml b/data/5B/C4/D4/5BC4D4DF2CB541D5A7629D93E68E7D0B.xml index 843e0cd1b4c..87a2548a40a 100644 --- a/data/5B/C4/D4/5BC4D4DF2CB541D5A7629D93E68E7D0B.xml +++ b/data/5B/C4/D4/5BC4D4DF2CB541D5A7629D93E68E7D0B.xml @@ -1,174 +1,174 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon aruense Hentschel, 1912 + + + +Cyamon aruense Hentschel, 1912 Figs 9 -A-E +A-E - - -Cyamon aruense -Hentschel 1912 + + +Cyamon aruense +Hentschel 1912 ; 374, pl. 20 fig. 33 (Aru Islands, Indonesia); -Hooper 1991 +Hooper 1991 : 1305, figs 63f-i. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Fragment of holotypeSMF 1618, preserved in alcohol, Indonesia, Aru Islands, Straits of Dobo, 6°S, -134.8333°E +134.8333°E , 40 m, coll. H. Merton, 20 --03- +-03- 1908. - -Description. - + +Description. + The holotype is an encrusting sponge of 6 cm long and 3 cm wide growing over a haplosclerid sponge (Hentschel, 1912). The fragment of less than 0.5 -x +x 0.5 cm and 1 mm in thickness (see Fig. 9A) examined by us was mixed with the haplosclerid in such a way that the microscopic slides were thoroughly contaminated with it. We have to rely on -Hentschel's +Hentschel's remarks about shape and surface characters. The surface is hispid due to the long styles protruding from the sponge, which was grey coloured in alcohol, but shows a pale brownish colour in our fragment. Consistency not mentioned by Hentschel, but crumbly describes it best. -Skeleton: the usual basal mass of polyactinal spicules upon which relatively long styles are erected surrounded in the periphery by bundles of thin centrotylote styles. Thick short styles are singly erect on the substrate, buried in the basal mass of polyactines. -Spicules: long thin styles, centrotylote thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - +Skeleton: the usual basal mass of polyactinal spicules upon which relatively long styles are erected surrounded in the periphery by bundles of thin centrotylote styles. Thick short styles are singly erect on the substrate, buried in the basal mass of polyactines. +Spicules: long thin styles, centrotylote thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles (Figs 9B, B1), relatively rare, smooth, almost always broken in the slides so we cannot show a complete SEM image of them, heads smooth and not distinguished in width from the shaft, the other end gradually pointed. Longest style approximately 1620 -x +x 16 -µm +µm , whereas Hentschel mentioned 1760 -x +x 9-12 -µm +µm . Hentschel suggested a faint tyle, but we did not observe this. - + Centrotylote thin styles (Fig. 9C, C1), smooth, curved, with a tyle near the middle of the spicule, but not exactly in the middle, the most common spicule of the monaxone spicule complement, 302 --368.7- +-368.7- 426 -x +x 1.5 --2.6- +-2.6- 4 -µm +µm . - + Short thick styles (Fig 9D, D1), relatively rare, smooth, often curved in the upper half, slightly fusiform, with a faint tyle, 297 --389.8- +-389.8- 456 -x +x 8 --13.9- +-13.9- 17 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Figs 9E) with 3-5 cladi, all of which are heavily spined with relatively coarse spines, without smooth areas, basal cladi rather blunt compared to those of other species, 48 --68.9- +-68.9- 84 -x +x 5 --8.1- +-8.1- 11 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 29 --40.6- +-40.6- 54 -x +x 4 --6.7- +-6.7- 8 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 9. -Cyamon aruense +Cyamon aruense Hentschel, 1912, holotype SMF 1618, A fragments from holotype B long thin style (broken) B1 detail of head of long thin style C short thin style C1 detail of head of short thin style D short thick style D1 detail of head of short thick style E polyactines. - -Distribution. -Only known from the Arafura Sea. + +Distribution. +Only known from the Arafura Sea. - -Ecology. -Deeper water on hard substrate. + +Ecology. +Deeper water on hard substrate. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The heavy spination of the polyactines appears to be a distinct feature of this species. -Hooper's +Hooper's (1991) redescription denies the occurrence in this species of centrotylote ectosomal thin styles, wheras these spicules appeared common in the fragment of the holotype examined by us. These spicules are comparable to those of -Cyamon arguinense +Cyamon arguinense sp. n., rather than to those of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii because they do not have the characteristic crooked shape and also are not rugose at the pointed end. The polyactines of this species appear somewhat similar to those of -Cyamon quadriradiatum +Cyamon quadriradiatum as described and -drawn +drawn by -Carter (1880) +Carter (1880) . However, details and sizes of the other spicules differ between the two: long styles are much longer and thinner in -Cyamon aruense +Cyamon aruense and there is apparently no further category of short thick styles in -Cyamon quadriradiatum +Cyamon quadriradiatum . Since both are ill known, we must have more data and further specimens to establish these species as distinct. diff --git a/data/65/AF/00/65AF00D2281ACE7D4082B7423B16DD04.xml b/data/65/AF/00/65AF00D2281ACE7D4082B7423B16DD04.xml index 785daf8b668..ecd988ebb79 100644 --- a/data/65/AF/00/65AF00D2281ACE7D4082B7423B16DD04.xml +++ b/data/65/AF/00/65AF00D2281ACE7D4082B7423B16DD04.xml @@ -1,112 +1,112 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - + + + Genus -Trikentrion Ehlers, 1870 +Trikentrion Ehlers, 1870 - -Type species: - -Spongia muricata + +Type species: + +Spongia muricata Pallas, 1766 (by monotypy). - -Definition - + +Definition + (emended). -Cyamoninae +Cyamoninae with reticulate skeleton containing polyactine spicules of which the basal cladi are provided with hook-like spines in mature condition, and if present choanosomal oxeas. Microscleres trichodragmas. Additional longer and shorter thin styles are usually present in peripheral regions. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Polyactine spicules are genuinely polyaxone, with axial canals visible in all of the predominantly three, occasionally four- or two cladi. As will be demonstrated below, none of the specimens of the type species we were able to examine, including the neotype, possess the raspailiid synapomorphy of peripheral long styles surrounded by short styles, despite -Hooper's +Hooper's (2002) description of the type species where such spicules were mentioned. Possibly, but unlikely, these spicules are present in living condition, because we only had dry old specimens available and the peripheral skeleton may have become abraded. It seems likely that -Hooper's +Hooper's (2002) description was based on a contaminated spicule slide. All other -Trikentrion +Trikentrion species do have the long and -short +short styles as a peripheral skeletal feature, and in that sense the type species appears a deviating representative of the genus. - -Trikentrion + +Trikentrion differs from -Cyamon +Cyamon in its possession of choanosomal oxeas (whereas -Cyamon +Cyamon has styles), but several species, -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina , -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945 and -Trikentrion africanum +Trikentrion africanum sp. n., are lacking these spicules. The polyactines of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion differ from those of -Cyamon +Cyamon in having only the basal clade provided with strong hook-like spines, with the lateral cladi smooth; also the shape is often Y- or T-shaped. As demonstrated above, these differences are not entirely exclusive, because -Cyamon arguinense +Cyamon arguinense sp. n. and -Trikentrion quinqueradiatum +Trikentrion quinqueradiatum also have only the basal cladus spined, whereas Y- and T-shaped polyactines occur in -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon and -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon . Finally, all species of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion described below have abundant trichodragmas, which are entirely lacking in -Cyamon +Cyamon species. diff --git a/data/6E/8B/3A/6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF.xml b/data/6E/8B/3A/6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF.xml index 1f4c068a0e4..f0f14692687 100644 --- a/data/6E/8B/3A/6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF.xml +++ b/data/6E/8B/3A/6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF.xml @@ -1,226 +1,226 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945 + + + +Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945 Figs 24 -A-E +A-E - - -Trikentrion helium -Dickinson 1945 + + +Trikentrion helium +Dickinson 1945 : 15, pl. 20 figs 39-40 (Mexican Pacific); -Luke 1998 +Luke 1998 : 10 (La Jolla, Southern California). - -? Trikentrion catalina + +? Trikentrion catalina ; - -Gomez + +Gomez et al. 2002 : 230, fig. 5 (Mexican Pacific). - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Holotype AHF-NMHLA L-35535 (D33), preserved in alcohol, Hancock Pacific Expeditions, Mexican Pacific, Cedros island, South Bay, approximately -28.07°N +28.07°N , -115.3°W +115.3°W , 18-27 m depth, Velero Station 287-34, 10 March 1934. - + Description. Undulating thin-bladed sheets together forming a bushy mass (Fig. 24A) of 7 -x +x 5 -x +x 5 cm. The surface bears a thick spicule brush of 3 mm thickness. Conistency firm, brittle. Colour reddish brown (alcohol). -Skeleton: built chiefly by polyactines (no oxeas), supporting the bases of long styles, which are surrounded by dense brushes of short thin styles. -Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, polyactines among which numerous diactinal forms, trichodragmas. - +Skeleton: built chiefly by polyactines (no oxeas), supporting the bases of long styles, which are surrounded by dense brushes of short thin styles. +Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, polyactines among which numerous diactinal forms, trichodragmas. + Long thin styles (Figs 24B, B1), variably thinner and thicker, but not divisible in two thickness categories, 952 --1808.1- +-1808.1- 3393 -x +x 18 --25.8- +-25.8- 42 -µm +µm . - + Short thin styles (Fig. 24C), usually curved, and often with a subterminal tyle, 372 --438.0- +-438.0- 510 -x +x 2.5 --3.1- +-3.1- 3.5 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Fig. 24D), predominantly wide-angled triactines (Fig. 24D), with basal cladi provided with course conical spines (Fig. 24D2), lateral cladi usually much longer than basal cladi, with smooth, rounded endings (Fig. 24D3); basal cladi 66 --105.4- +-105.4- 144 -x +x 8 --22.1- +-22.1- 30 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 96 --146.5- +-146.5- 192 -x +x 7 --23.6- +-23.6- 36 -µm +µm ; few, mostly smaller, tetractinal polyactines occur, with cladi 27-63 -x +x 9 -µm +µm ; more frequently diactinal reduced polyactines (Fig. 24D1) occur, asymmetrical, sometimes style-like, smooth, recognizable by an excentric swollen tyle, 192 --235.2- +-235.2- 306 -x +x 13 --19.8- +-19.8- 27 -µm +µm . - + Trichodragmas (Fig. 24E) abundant, occurring throughout the choanosomal and ectosomal regions, 84 --100.7- +-100.7- 123 -x +x 10 --12.1- +-12.1- 15 -µm +µm . Individual raphides less than 0.5 -µm +µm in thickness. - - + + Figure 24. -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945, holotype AHF-NMHLA L-35535 (D33), A shape of holotype (photo Phyllis Sun) B long thin style B1 detail of head of long thin style C details of short thin style D polyactines D1 reduced diactinal polyactine D2 detail of spination of basal clade of three-claded polyactine D3 detail of apex of lateral clade of three-claded polyactine E trichodragmas. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + The holotype was collected in the Southern Californian Bight (Mexican Pacific). -Luke (1998) +Luke (1998) records several specimens from La Jolla, California -( +( USA). If specimens of - -Gomez + +Gomez et al. (2002) belong to this species, it occurs in the Sea of Cortez and further south along the Mexican Pacific coast. - -Ecology. -Rocks and reefs at depths of 15-28 m. + +Ecology. +Rocks and reefs at depths of 15-28 m. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The trichodragmas were not cited in the original description. -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium shares the dominance of three-claded polyactines with relatively long lateral cladi -with -Trikentrion catalina +with +Trikentrion catalina (see below), to which it seems closely related. This species differs quite strongly from the other -Trikentrion +Trikentrion species by its possession of numerous diactinal or style-like reduced polyactines, which resemble, but clearly are not proper, oxeas like those of -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum and -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme . The spicules are recognizable as polyactines by the substantial difference between the smoothly rounded end, resembling the ends of the lateral cladi of the three-claded polyactines, and the dissimilar pointed end which shows an irregular surface and is connected to the other end by a swollen, often irregular middle part. Their lengths coincide with the added lengths of a lateral and a basal clade of the three-claded forms. Such reduced diactinal polyactines are also common in -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon . - + The specimens described by - -Gomez + +Gomez et al. (2002) under the name -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina were branching erect rather than bladed, but branches were typically flattened, 2-4 mm in thickness. We reassign these specimens to -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium , because they apparently possess oxea-like polyactines [described as oxeas but confirmed as reduced polyactines by one of us (JLC)], whereas in -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina there are neither oxeas forming the main skeleton as in -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme nor diactinal polyactines as in -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium . The difference in shape between the type of -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium and -Gomez +Gomez et al.'s specimens is here considered to be mere variation (comparable to variation in -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme , see above) but further studies might reveal there is more specific diversity along the Pacific coast of Mexico. diff --git a/data/7C/B6/AD/7CB6AD116FE6B38BFB3F37D108B144CA.xml b/data/7C/B6/AD/7CB6AD116FE6B38BFB3F37D108B144CA.xml index 3d084a7ec75..2365f00a8a7 100644 --- a/data/7C/B6/AD/7CB6AD116FE6B38BFB3F37D108B144CA.xml +++ b/data/7C/B6/AD/7CB6AD116FE6B38BFB3F37D108B144CA.xml @@ -1,204 +1,204 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - - -Cyamon + + + + +Cyamon neon De Laubenfels, 1930 Figs 11 -A-H +A-H - - -Cyamon neon + + +Cyamon neon De -Laubenfels 1930 +Laubenfels 1930 : 28 (California); -1932 +1932 : 109, fig. 65; -Sim and Bakus 1986 +Sim and Bakus 1986 : 17 (California, with erroneous size data of the polyactines); -Luke 1998 +Luke 1998 : 10 (La Jolla, S California); -Lee et al. 2007 +Lee et al. 2007 : 211. - -Material examined. -Holotype USNM 21412, preserved in alcohol, California, between Point Dunes and Newport, near San Pedro. -Paratype: BMNH 1929.9.30.5, two slides, Santa Catalina Island, California, 33.5°N. + +Material examined. +Holotype USNM 21412, preserved in alcohol, California, between Point Dunes and Newport, near San Pedro. +Paratype: BMNH 1929.9.30.5, two slides, Santa Catalina Island, California, 33.5°N. - -Description. - + +Description. + Shape massively encrusting (Fig. 11A) with irregular conulose-villose surface. Size of specimen 4 -x +x 3 cm in lateral expansion, 2 cm in thickness. Color (alcohol) red brown. -Skeleton: columnar, with thick short styles at the center of a mass of polyactines, with long thin styles protruding from this skeleton surrounded by shorter centrotylote styles. -Spicules: long thin styles, short thin centrotylote styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - +Skeleton: columnar, with thick short styles at the center of a mass of polyactines, with long thin styles protruding from this skeleton surrounded by shorter centrotylote styles. +Spicules: long thin styles, short thin centrotylote styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles (Figs 11B, B1), relative straight and robust, frequently with subterminal tyle 860 --1041- +-1041- 1290 -x +x 6 --7.8- +-7.8- 10 -µm +µm (De Laubenfels gives: up to 1560 -x +x 12 -µm +µm ). - + Short thin styles (Figs 11C, C1), curved, centrotylote, often with mucronate slightly rugose pointed end, 191 --242.8- +-242.8- 306 -x +x 1.5 --2.4- +-2.4- 3 -µm +µm . - + Short thick styles (Fig. 11D), smooth, curved evenly, occasionally oxeote, 270 --408.2- +-408.2- 468 -x +x 14 --16.8- +-16.8- 24 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Figs 11E, 11E1, 11F) robust, largely smooth with cladi spined only at the apices (Fig. 11E1), or all cladi smooth. The three- or four claded forms vary widely in size and are sometimes reminiscent of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion spicules. Three-claded forms tend to have longer and thicker lateral cladi than the rare four-claded forms. Basal cladi in three-claded spicules are 33 --48.8- +-48.8- 63 -x +x 8 --11.7- +-11.7- 14 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 72 --95.7- +-95.7- 132 -x +x 7-12 -µm +µm , while four-claded forms have basal cladi 40 --55.0- +-55.0- 69 -x +x 6 --7.7- +-7.7- 9 -µm +µm and lateral cladi 30 --45.1- +-45.1- 57 -x +x 5 --6.3- +-6.3- 7 -µm +µm . There are very common diactinal polyactines (Fig. 11F), mimicking oxeas, but recognizable as reduced polyactines by centrotylote swellings and finely spined apices, size 123 --158.3- +-158.3- 202 -x +x 7 --10.2- +-10.2- 14 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 11. -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon De Laubenfels, 1930, holotype USNM 21412, A massively encrusting shape with irregular surface (scale = 1 cm) B long thin style B1 detail of rounded end showing subterminal tyle C short thin centrotylote (strongylo-)style C1 detail of swollen roughened apex of short thin (strongylo-)style D short thick style E polyactines E1 detail of basal cladus of polyactine F diactinal polyactine. - -Distribution. -Southern Californian Bight (San Pedro, Santa Catalina island, La Jolla). + +Distribution. +Southern Californian Bight (San Pedro, Santa Catalina island, La Jolla). - -Ecology. -On hard substrate, at depths 0-36 m. + +Ecology. +On hard substrate, at depths 0-36 m. - -Discussion. - -Cyamon neon + +Discussion. + +Cyamon neon is unusual among -Cyamon +Cyamon species by it possession of polyactines with smooth or barely spined cladi, the shape of many of the polyactines mimicking those of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion , and the occurrence of diactinal polyactines. The latter spicules are shared with -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon , which in most respects is similar to -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon . For a comparison between the two species see below in the remarks to -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon . The only other -Cyamon +Cyamon species in the area is -Cyamon koltuni +Cyamon koltuni , which differs substantially in the bulbous endings of the cladi of the polyactines and absence of the short thin styles. diff --git a/data/8C/C7/F5/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72.xml b/data/8C/C7/F5/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72.xml index 1bad1d36e73..9cb4e75e572 100644 --- a/data/8C/C7/F5/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72.xml +++ b/data/8C/C7/F5/8CC7F517EF595AA36CBC0B59CAF2DE72.xml @@ -1,528 +1,528 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) -comb. n. + + + +Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) +comb. n. Figs 7 -A-D +A-D , 8 -A-F +A-F - - -Hymeraphia + + +Hymeraphia sp.; -Carter 1876 +Carter 1876 : 391; -Higgin 1877 +Higgin 1877 : 296, pl. 14 fig. 9 (Grenada) - -Microciona quadriradiata + +Microciona quadriradiata Carter, 1880: 42 (in part, only what was illustrated in -Higgin 1877 +Higgin 1877 ). - -Trikentrion wickersi + +Trikentrion wickersi (sic); -Topsent 1889 +Topsent 1889 : 4, fig. 2A (Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico); -Topsent 1894 +Topsent 1894 : 35 (corrected to -Trikentrion vickersi +Trikentrion vickersi ). - -Cyamon vickersi + +Cyamon vickersi ; De -Laubenfels 1936 +Laubenfels 1936 : 80 ( -Florida +Florida ); -Little 1963 +Little 1963 : 48 (Gulf of Mexico); -Mothes et al. 2004 +Mothes et al. 2004 : 6 (Brazil). - -Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera -Arndt 1927 + +Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera +Arndt 1927 : 149, pl. 2 fig. 9, text figure 10 ( -Curacao +Curacao ) = mixture of -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani and -Clathria (Microciona) ferrea +Clathria (Microciona) ferrea (de Laubenfels, 1936 as -Fisherispongia +Fisherispongia ). - -Cyamon toxifera + +Cyamon toxifera ; de -Laubenfels 1936 +Laubenfels 1936 : 80. - -Timea agnani -Boury-Esnault 1973 + +Timea agnani +Boury-Esnault 1973 : 276, fig. 24 (N.E. Brazil). - -Not: Dictyocylindrus vickersii -Bowerbank 1864 + +Not: Dictyocylindrus vickersii +Bowerbank 1864 ; -Carter 1879 +Carter 1879 = -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii - -Nec: Microciona quadriradiata -Carter 1880 + +Nec: Microciona quadriradiata +Carter 1880 : 42 (in part: Gulf of Manaar specimen). - -Nec: Cyamon vickersi + +Nec: Cyamon vickersi ; De -Laubenfels 1950 +Laubenfels 1950 (Bermuda) = -Timea +Timea sp. - -Remark. - + +Remark. + In view of the proposed major change in the status of -Cyamon +Cyamon specimens reported from the Western Atlantic, description of the available material is presented in two sections, first the holotype of -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani , subsequently other specimens known from the area and proposed to be assigned to -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani . - -Description of MNHN holotype. - + +Description of MNHN holotype. + Figs 7 -A-D +A-D - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + HolotypeMNHN NBE 947, preserved in alcohol, Brazil, NE coast, Calypso stat. 97, -21.1667°S +21.1667°S , -40.7°W +40.7°W , 12 m depth. - -Description. -Small hispid crust, color ochre. Detachable skin. The material borrowed from MNHN measured a few mm2 encrusting a small piece of coral. -Skeleton: basal layer of polyactines, upon which megascleres are erected individually. -Spicules: long thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - + +Description. +Small hispid crust, color ochre. Detachable skin. The material borrowed from MNHN measured a few mm2 encrusting a small piece of coral. +Skeleton: basal layer of polyactines, upon which megascleres are erected individually. +Spicules: long thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles, curved, variable in length, possibly in two size categories, but difficult to establish due to broken condition of most spicules, longest complete spicule 960 -x +x 7 -µm +µm (Fig 7A). - + Short thin styles were not mentioned in -Boury-Esnault (1973) +Boury-Esnault (1973) , but there were a few small broken styles and one complete spicule measuring 210 -x +x 4 -µm +µm (Fig. 7C). - + Short thick styles (Fig. 7B), curved in the upper half, ending in a slight tyle, smooth, slightly variable in length and thickness, 183 --236.7- +-236.7- 315 -x +x 7 --9.3- +-9.3- 12 -µm +µm . - -Polyactines + +Polyactines (Fig. 7D), with three to five cladi (usually four), cladi lightly spined along the shaft but with heavily spined endings, with a blunt ending in the basal cladus, and slightly inflated rounded endings in the lateral cladi. Basal cladi 32 --38.5- +-38.5- 48 -x +x 3 --4.8- +-4.8- 7 -µm +µm , similar sized lateral cladi, 30-40 -x +x 5 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 7. -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973), holotype MNHN NBE 947, A long thin style A1 detail of head of long thin style B short thick style B1 detail of head of short thick style C short thin style D polyactines. - - + + Figure 8. -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973), ZMA Por 10539 from NE Colombia A1 shape (scale 1 cm) A2 cross section of skeleton B long thin style B1 detail of head of long thin style C upper part of short thin style D short thick style D1 detail of head of short thick style E polyactines F incipient polyactine showing smooth cladi. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The -Cyamon +Cyamon nature of this material was previously detected by -Mothes et al. (2004) +Mothes et al. (2004) , who examined the present type material. Their conclusion was corroborated by -Van Soest (2009) +Van Soest (2009) in his discussion of -Timea +Timea species of the West Atlantic region. -Mothes et al. (2004) +Mothes et al. (2004) proposed to assign -Timea agnani +Timea agnani to the synonymy of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii , but as explained above, that species differs in spiculation and geographic distribution. Despite the scanty available type material and the poor representation of short thin styles, it looks as if the categories, sizes and shapes of the spicules are broadly similar between the type of -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani and Caribbean and Carolinian specimens recorded as -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii (see for details below). It is proposed here to consider all these Western Atlantic specimens as members of a widespread -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani . - - -Description + + +Description of ZMA material and discussion of further Western Atlantic records. - + Figs 8 -A-F +A-F - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + ZMA Por. 00828, holotype of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii var. toxifera, preserved in alcohol, from -Curacao +Curacao , Spaanse Water, on dead -Porites +Porites coral, -12.076N +12.076N , -68.858W +68.858W , coll. C.J. van der Horst, field number 65a, 19 --05- +-05- 1920. - + ZMA Por. 10539, preserved in alcohol, Colombia, Santa Marta region, El Morro, 15 m, -11.25N +11.25N , -74.2167W +74.2167W , coll. B. de Jongh, 26 --10- +-10- 1989 (Fig. 1A2). -USNM 22456, preserved in alcohol, Florida, SE of Loggerhead Key, on a block of limestone dredged from 70 m, coll. M.W. de Laubenfels, 26 June 1932. - +USNM 22456, preserved in alcohol, Florida, SE of Loggerhead Key, on a block of limestone dredged from 70 m, coll. M.W. de Laubenfels, 26 June 1932. + USNM 221078 (23563), preserved in alcohol, Florida, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Apalachee Bay, rock and sand, 29.785 - -29.8°N +29.8°N , -84.325°W +84.325°W , 11 m, coll. F. Little, 1956-57; - + USNM 33518, preserved in alcohol, off South Carolina, RV Oregon (S.C. Mar. Res. BLM), stat. 0SO6, -32.4883°N +32.4883°N , -78.8217°W +78.8217°W , 48 m, collected by grab, 4 May 1981. - -Description. - + +Description. + (Based on ZMA Por. 10539). Irregular encrustation (Fig. 8A1), with hispid, bumpy surface (preserved condition). Size 3 -x +x 2.5 cm in lateral expansion, 3-5 mm in thickness. Colour (alive) red, (alcohol) red-brown. Consistency soft. - + Skeleton (Fig. 8A2): basal mass of polyactine spicules penetrated by single short thick styles erect with heads embedded in the substrate. Long thin styles also erect on the substrate with rare short thin styles arranged around the peripheral protruding apices. This -'raspailid' +'raspailid' feature was only observed in a few places. -Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - +Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles (Figs 8B, B1), complete ones with a wavy outline (Fig. 8B), but mostly broken in the slides, largest complete style 2065 -x +x 9 -µm +µm , with smaller pieces varying down to 1170 -x +x 7 -µm +µm . - + Short thin styles, straight (Fig. 8C), 423 --486.6- +-486.6- 658 -x +x 2 --2.2- +-2.2- 2.5 -µm +µm . We were unable to find a complete spicule on the SEM stub, so we only show a broken spicule in Fig. 8C. - + Short thick styles, (Figs. 8D, D1) curved in the upper half, with a faint tyle, smooth, in a large size range, 174 --358.2- +-358.2- 489 -x +x 9 --14.4- +-14.4- 21 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Figs 8 -E-F +E-F ), with three to five cladi (usually four), typically with all cladi mostly smooth but ending in a spined apex, the basal cladus usually bluntly pointed, the lateral cladi with inflated endings (Fig. 8E), early growth stages smooth and with all cladi pointed (Fig. 8F), cladi often of unequal length but without clear pattern of variation, basal cladi 39 --56.4- +-56.4- 66 -x +x 6.5 --8.3- +-8.3- 10 -µm +µm , either longer or shorter than the lateral cladi, 36 --61.6- +-61.6- 87 -x +x 4.5 --7.6- +-7.6- 10 -µm +µm . - -Distribution. -Greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, N.E. Brazil. + +Distribution. +Greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, N.E. Brazil. - -Ecology. -Encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates, 0-70 m. + +Ecology. +Encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates, 0-70 m. - -Discussion. - -Topsent (1889) + +Discussion. + +Topsent (1889) records thinly encrusting specimens of the species under the name -Trikentrion wickersi +Trikentrion wickersi . This was apparently a common species on the Campeche Bank in the Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico. His specimens were violet or blackish brown in color (preserved) and he observed that next to four-claded spicules also five-claded and three-claded occurred, though rarely. His drawings of the polyactines conform closely to those of our material, but no spicule sizes were given. -Topsent +Topsent (l.c.) believed that the similarities between -Cyamon +Cyamon and -Trikentrion +Trikentrion were too great to keep them as separate genera, but his choice of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion as the valid name for the group is incorrect as -Cyamon +Cyamon is the older name. - -De Laubenfels (1936 + +De Laubenfels (1936 : 80) recorded the species from Florida from a depth of 70 m as a bright orange crust with lateral expansion of 7 cm2 and thickness of 1 mm. This specimen, USNM 22456, which was received on loan from the Smithsonian Insitution, showed long thin styles up to 2 mm (one complete spicule measured 1939 -x +x 9 -µm +µm ); short, straight, thin styles 270-590 -x +x 1.5-3 -µm +µm (not mentioned by De Laubenfels); short thick styles 420-602 -x +x 27-32 -µm +µm (also not mentioned by De Laubenfels); -polyactine +polyactine spicules (three-, four- and five-claded) with basal cladi 51-63 -x +x 9-14 -µm +µm and lateral cladi 39-51 -µm +µm . - -De Laubenfels (1950 + +De Laubenfels (1950 : 68, fig. 30) also reported the species from Bermuda (as -Cyamon vickersi +Cyamon vickersi ), depth not given. The specimen was probably not a -Cyamon +Cyamon , because the drawings of the polyactine spicules appear to be rather those of a -Timea +Timea aster with proliferated rays. The Bermuda occurrence must thus be considered suspect. - -Little (1963) + +Little (1963) recorded -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii as an orange encrustation from the Gulf of Mexico, depth 11 m. His description is obviously copied from De -Laubenfels (1936) +Laubenfels (1936) , as he gives exactly the same measurements of the spicules and also omitted to mention the short thick styles. We were able to examine this specimen, USNM 221078, thanks to a loan from the Smithsonian Institution. It has long thin styles 1050-1563 -x +x 9 -µm +µm , short thin styles 330-345 -x +x 2-3 -µm +µm , short thick styles 270-332 -x +x 13-20 -µm +µm , polyactines (three-, four-, and five-claded) with basal cladi 36-60 -x +x 7-12 -µm +µm and lateral cladi 33-61 -x +x 7-10 -µm +µm . - + The loan from the Smithsonian also included an undescribed specimen from South Carolina, USNM 33518. This had long thin styles of up to 2 mm, short thin styles 360-426 -x +x 2-2.5 -µm +µm , short thick styles 410-500 -x +x 22-23 -µm +µm , and polyactines (three- and four-claded) with basal cladi 48-93 -x +x 12-15 -µm +µm and lateral cladi 45-49 -x +x 12-14 -µm +µm . - -Alcolado (1994) + +Alcolado (1994) in an unpublished list of Cuban sponges lists -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii from Cuban waters, which presumably concerns also the species we here propose to call -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani . - + We investigated the type material of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii var. toxifera Arndt, 1927 (the name should be corrected to toxiferum to match the gender of the genus), ZMA Por. 00828, from Spaanse Water, -Curacao +Curacao , and discovered that the toxas forming the basis of -Arndt's +Arndt's variety are clearly foreign. They form part of the spiculation of a microcionid sponge, readily identified as -Clathria (Microciona) ferrea +Clathria (Microciona) ferrea (De Laubenfels, 1936 as -Fisherispongia +Fisherispongia ) by its characteristic polytylote subtylostyles (see also description of -Curacao +Curacao material of that species in -Van Soest 1984 +Van Soest 1984 ). This discovery means that the name -Cyamon (Microciona) ferrea +Cyamon (Microciona) ferrea is threatened by -Arndt's +Arndt's variety. The material is so scanty, that any trace of -Cyamon +Cyamon polyactines has now (2012) disappeared from the sample. -De Laubenfels (1936 +De Laubenfels (1936 : 80) elevated -Arndt's +Arndt's variety to specific rank; needless to say that this is unwarranted. - + The spicule complement and the shape of the polyactines is broadly similar in the Brazilian type of -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani and specimens recorded from Caribbean and Carolinean waters as -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii , but the latter may have long thin styles up to twice as long. The short thick styles and the polyactines also are on average clearly longer and more robust in Caribbean specimens. The geographic separation caused by the Amazonian outflow could be a barrier to gene flow between these shallow-water sponges, and the differences may thus have a genetic background. On the other hand, the Brazilian type material is only a single small specimen and variation in Brazilian waters may turn out to be as large as that in the Caribbean. Thus distribution and ecology for this species may be summarized as: tropical waters of Brazil, the Greater Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, South Carolina, known from 0-70 m depth, usually encrusting dead corals and other limestone substrates. diff --git a/data/92/C1/03/92C1030599FD99F342E61B5FB8064AEA.xml b/data/92/C1/03/92C1030599FD99F342E61B5FB8064AEA.xml index 1f4ad5c3473..cec02f71897 100644 --- a/data/92/C1/03/92C1030599FD99F342E61B5FB8064AEA.xml +++ b/data/92/C1/03/92C1030599FD99F342E61B5FB8064AEA.xml @@ -1,159 +1,158 @@ - - - -Review and redescription of species in the Oecetis avara group, with the description of 15 new species (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) + + + +Review and redescription of species in the Oecetis avara group, with the description of 15 new species (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) - - -Author + + +Author -Blahnik, Roger J. +Blahnik, Roger J. - - -Author + + +Author -Holzenthal, Ralph W. +Holzenthal, Ralph W. -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -376 + +2014 + +376 - -1 -83 + +1 +83 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 -1313-2970-376-1 -2B58574A5FCF40D19A3AFB4D13D33A92 -2B58574A5FCF40D19A3AFB4D13D33A92 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.376.6047 +1313-2970-376-1 +2B58574A5FCF40D19A3AFB4D13D33A92 - - - -Oecetis disjuncta (Banks) + + + +Oecetis disjuncta (Banks) Figs 8, 31, 39, Map 2 - - -Oecetina disjuncta + + +Oecetina disjuncta Banks, 1920: 351 (pl. 7, fig. 100) [holotype male, California, Arroyo Seco Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., -Switzer's +Switzer's Camp, June 17, MCZ type 10915]. - -Oecetodes disjuncta + +Oecetodes disjuncta (Banks): Milne 1934: 17, 19. - -Oecetis disjuncta + +Oecetis disjuncta (Banks): Ross 1938: 24; -Denning 1956 +Denning 1956 : 265 [as possible synonym of -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara ]; -Smith and Lehmkuhl 1980 +Smith and Lehmkuhl 1980 : 638 (Figs 1-2, 5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25-26, 29-34, 37-38, 40-41, 43, 45, 46-48, 50) [adult, larva, pupa, case, distribution - Figs are of -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida sp. n. and not -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta ]; -Floyd 1995 +Floyd 1995 : 29 (fig. 22A-H, map 25) [larva, case, distribution - figure and all, or most, records undoubtedly of -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida , and not -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta ]. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + This species differs from the form that has most often been attributed to it, here described as a new species, - -Oecetis + +Oecetis sordida . The 2 are very similar and it is not surprising that -Smith and Lehmkuhl (1980) +Smith and Lehmkuhl (1980) came to the conclusion that the specimens they had examined from Saskatchewan represented this species after examining the holotype. They did note, however, the variation in the length of the preanal appendages, one useful diagnostic character for distinguishing the species. We have examined only a few specimens from California and Oregon that correspond to the holotype of -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta , probably primarily due to the paucity of material from this region in the collections surveyed. Nevertheless, the character differences from -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida seem to be consistent. It is true that the genitalia in these 2 forms are very similar, with the dorsal and ventral lobes of the inferior appendage merely -"notched" +"notched" , rather than with the ventral lobe distinctly projecting, and with the ventral margin of the phallobase strongly deflexed, and also with an asymmetrical phallic sclerite absent. However, the holotype of -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta , which was described from California, is much lighter in color (a uniform pale yellowish-brown) than any specimens of -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida (dark brown with a distinctly pigmented chord), is somewhat smaller in size, and has the preanal appendages distinctly more elongate. Additionally, -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta lacks the distinctive rugose ventral apex of the phallobase that seems to consistently occur in -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida . -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida is nearly invariant in coloration and morphology throughout its very extensive range (southern Mexico and throughout the western United States, apparently as far east as Michigan). Despite the very limited material examined for -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta , its separate species status is suggested by the distinct COI barcode difference of a specimen from Oregon identified as -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta , as compared to -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida and -Oecetis avara +Oecetis avara (Fig. 58). Our decision to restrict the definition of -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta to only those forms exactly resembling the holotype was made to stabilize the nomenclature of the taxon and to prevent its confusion with the form described here as -Oecetis sordida +Oecetis sordida . It should be pointed out that -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta also closely resembles -Oecetis apache +Oecetis apache sp. n., in the general structure of the genitalia, coloration, and lack of forewing pigmentation. The latter species differs in having the apex of phallobase distinctly V-shaped in caudal view (i.e., its ventral apex is strongly -"keeled," +"keeled," rather than U-shaped), and is also larger and has slightly broader forewings. - -Adult. -Forewing length: male (9.7-10.2 mm). Color (holotype and California specimen) yellowish-brown, (Oregon specimens) light brown. Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots absent or nearly so; chord nearly unpigmented in holotype, lightly pigmented in specimens from Oregon. Forewing chord with crossveins moderately spaced, diagonal or perpendicular, either nearly evenly spaced or with s and r-m veins slightly closer. Forewings moderately setose, nearly uniformly along length, setae along veins in apical part of forewing not denser than on wing membrane, not conspicuously laterally diverging. Fringe of setae along costal margin of forewing dense, short, not strongly projecting. + +Adult. +Forewing length: male (9.7-10.2 mm). Color (holotype and California specimen) yellowish-brown, (Oregon specimens) light brown. Antennae whitish with indistinct, narrow annulations at intersection of antennomeres. Forewing spots absent or nearly so; chord nearly unpigmented in holotype, lightly pigmented in specimens from Oregon. Forewing chord with crossveins moderately spaced, diagonal or perpendicular, either nearly evenly spaced or with s and r-m veins slightly closer. Forewings moderately setose, nearly uniformly along length, setae along veins in apical part of forewing not denser than on wing membrane, not conspicuously laterally diverging. Fringe of setae along costal margin of forewing dense, short, not strongly projecting. - -Male genitalia. - + +Male genitalia. + Segment IX very short, with elongate setae along posterolateral margin. Tergum X with narrow, deflexed mesal lobe, lobe short, tapering apically, -apex +apex with small sensilla; lobe continuous basoventrally with paired lateral membranous projections. Preanal appendage elongate, length about 5 times maximum width, simple in structure, apical setae elongate. Inferior appendage with prominent rounded dorsal lobe and scarcely projecting ventral lobe, separated from dorsal lobe by shallow, rounded notch; posterior margin of ventral lobe, as viewed ventrally (Fig. 8E), with rounded bend near base, lobes very weakly diverging; basomesal projection of appendage forming weakly to moderately developed projection with short, stiff setae; dorsal lobe with stout, mesally-curved setae on dorsal margin and ventrally-curved setae on mesal surface (entire surface nearly denuded in holotype). Phallobase relatively short, ventral apex strongly, angularly deflexed, bend close to apex, apex distinctly sclerotized, but not rugose; ventral apex, as viewed caudally, U-shaped (Fig. 8C). Phallotremal sclerite prominent, basally forming relatively large tubular collar, ventral margin projecting; asymmetrical lateral sclerite absent. - - + + Figure 8. -Oecetis disjuncta +Oecetis disjuncta (Banks), Holotype, male genitalia: A lateral B phallic apparatus, lateral C phallic apparatus, caudal D inferior appendage, caudal E inferior appendage, ventral. - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + USA: California: Arroyo Seco Canon, San Gabriel Mts. -Switzer's +Switzer's camp, 17.vi--, male (holotype 10915) (MCZ); Turner, East Lake (locality not found), Rec. 21.vi.1883, 1 male (pinned) (NMNH); Oregon: Douglas Co., Umpqua National Forest, Steamboat Creek @ Forest Road 38, 5.4 mi NE Hwy 138, -43°22.583'N +43°22.583'N , -122°39.203'W +122°39.203'W , 485 m, 15.viii.2006, Holzenthal et al., 2 males (UMSP). diff --git a/data/93/22/EE/9322EEF7E6689BD2200F1B7926D55EF6.xml b/data/93/22/EE/9322EEF7E6689BD2200F1B7926D55EF6.xml index 05251184b1e..e4c1981d94d 100644 --- a/data/93/22/EE/9322EEF7E6689BD2200F1B7926D55EF6.xml +++ b/data/93/22/EE/9322EEF7E6689BD2200F1B7926D55EF6.xml @@ -1,426 +1,426 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - + + + Genus -Cyamon Gray, 1867 +Cyamon Gray, 1867 - -Type species: - -Dictyocylindrus vickersii + +Type species: + +Dictyocylindrus vickersii Bowerbank, 1864 (original designation). - -Definition - + +Definition + (emended): -Cyamoninae +Cyamoninae with skeleton consisting of a basal mass of polyactine spicules of which one or more cladi are spined or rugose in mature condition, supporting a plumose choanosomal skeletal arrangement of single or columnar -groups +groups of styles or subtylostyles with pointed ends outwards. Additional longer and shorter thin styles may be present in peripheral regions. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The styles are usually smooth, but in -Cyamon spinispinosum +Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent, 1904) both shorter and longer styles are spined (see below). In the type species, and several other species, thin short styles take the form of angulated and/or centrotylote strongylostyles, some of which have one end faintly or more heavily spined (see below). Polyactine spicules are genuinely polyaxone, with axial canals visible in all cladi. They are predominantly calthrops-like and have four cladi, but this may vary between two and eight cladi in some species. Usually, one of the cladi differs from the others by having a pointed spined apex, whereas the other cladi frequently have rounded ends, with prominent spined bulbs in several species, or they are occasionally entirely smooth, differing frequently also in length (either longer or shorter) from the other cladi. The spined pointed cladus is termed -'basal' +'basal' , under the assumption that it is homologous to the shaft of an ancestral echinating acanthostyle. The remaining cladi are here termed -'lateral' +'lateral' , based on the assumption they are lateral proliferations of the acanthostyle head. One of the new species described below, has the polyactine spicules in two distinct categories, the smaller one of which is -'amphipolyactine' +'amphipolyactine' (see below). - - -Trikentrion + + +Trikentrion Ehlers, 1870 shares the polyactines with -Cyamon +Cyamon . According to the latest treatment of both genera (Hooper, 2002) the polyactines of -Cyamo +Cyamo n would have all the cladi spined, whereas those of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion would have only the basal cladus spined. If this distinction between -Cyamon +Cyamon and its close relative -Trikentrion +Trikentrion in the cladus spination would be maintained, then four species originally described as members of -Cyamon +Cyamon would need to be transferred to -Trikentrion +Trikentrion , -Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Cyamon quinqueradiatum , -Cyamon neon +Cyamon neon de Laubenfels, 1930, -Cyamon argon +Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945 and -Cyamon catalina +Cyamon catalina , as well as one of the new species described below. We will demonstrate below and in the Discussion that cladus spination does not coincide with other more compelling differences with -Trikentrion +Trikentrion and consequently we will not transfer (all) the mentioned taxa. - + The species considered valid members of -Cyamon +Cyamon are listed in Table 1 and their properties in Table 2. - - + + Table 1. Summary of taxonomic decisions on -Cyamon +Cyamon and -Trikentrion +Trikentrion species - - - - - -
-Cyamon agnani + + + + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - - +
+Cyamon agnani
-Cyamon amphipolyactinum +
+Cyamon amphipolyactinum
-Cyamon argon +
+Cyamon argon
-Cyamon arguinense +
+Cyamon arguinense
-Cyamon aruense +
+Cyamon aruense
-Cyamon catalina -Trikentrion +
+Cyamon catalina +Trikentrion
-Cyamon dendyi -Cyamon vickersii +
+Cyamon dendyi +Cyamon vickersii
-Cyamon hamatum -Cyamon vickersii +
+Cyamon hamatum +Cyamon vickersii
-Cyamon incipiens -Cyamon spinispinosum +
+Cyamon incipiens +Cyamon spinispinosum
-Cyamon koltuni +
+Cyamon koltuni
-Cyamon neon +
+Cyamon neon
-Cyamon quadriradiatum -Microciona +
+Cyamon quadriradiatum +Microciona
-Cyamon quinqueradiatum -Microciona +
+Cyamon quinqueradiatum +Microciona
-Cyamon spinispinosum -Hymeraphia -Cyamon +
+Cyamon spinispinosum +Hymeraphia +Cyamon
-Cyamon toxifera -Cyamon agnani -Clathria (Microciona) ferrea +
+Cyamon toxifera +Cyamon agnani +Clathria (Microciona) ferrea
-Cyamon vickersii -Dictyocylindrus -Cyamon agnani +
+Cyamon vickersii +Dictyocylindrus +Cyamon agnani
-Trikentrion africanum -Trikentrion laeve +
+Trikentrion africanum +Trikentrion laeve
-Trikentrion catalina -Cyamon +
+Trikentrion catalina +Cyamon
-Trikentrion flabelliforme +
+Trikentrion flabelliforme
-Trikentrion helium +
+Trikentrion helium
-Trikentrion laeve +
+Trikentrion laeve
-Trikentrion muricatum -Spongia +
+Trikentrion muricatum +Spongia
-Trikentrion papillosa -Plectronella -Trikentrion muricatum +
+Trikentrion papillosa +Plectronella +Trikentrion muricatum
-
 - + + Table 2. Summary of characters and spicule data of the species of -Cyamon +Cyamon and -Trikentrion +Trikentrion considered valid in this study.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +
GenusSpeciesShapeheightLong thin styleShort thin styleshort thin style centrotyloteShort thick styleOxeaPolyactine cladiBasal cladusLateral cladusTricho-dragmas
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - + -
GenusSpeciesShapeheightLong thin styleShort thin styleshort thin style centrotyloteShort thick styleOxeaPolyactine cladiBasal cladusLateral cladusTricho-dragmas
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon vickersii + +Cyamon vickersii
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon amphipolyactinum + +Cyamon amphipolyactinum
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon arguinense + +Cyamon arguinense
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon agnani + +Cyamon agnani
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon aruense + +Cyamon aruense
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon koltuni + +Cyamon koltuni
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon neon + +Cyamon neon
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon quadriradiatum + +Cyamon quadriradiatum
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon quinqueradiatum + +Cyamon quinqueradiatum
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon hamatum + +Cyamon hamatum
-Cyamon +
+Cyamon -Cyamon spinispinosum + +Cyamon spinispinosum
-Trikentrion +
+Trikentrion -Trikentrion muricatum + +Trikentrion muricatum
-Trikentrion +
+Trikentrion -Trikentrion laeve + +Trikentrion laeve
-Trikentrion +
+Trikentrion -Trikentrion flabelliforme + +Trikentrion flabelliforme
-Trikentrion +
+Trikentrion -Trikentrion helium + +Trikentrion helium
-Trikentrion +
+Trikentrion -Trikentrion catalina + +Trikentrion catalina
-Trikentrion +
+Trikentrion -Trikentrion africanum + +Trikentrion africanum
diff --git a/data/BC/56/74/BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D.xml b/data/BC/56/74/BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D.xml index 00969be344b..39f62b9c5f9 100644 --- a/data/BC/56/74/BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D.xml +++ b/data/BC/56/74/BC567478DDCF8D89901FFABF61D0491D.xml @@ -1,526 +1,526 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864) + + + +Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864) Figs 1 -A-D +A-D , 2 -A-D +A-D - - + + Unnamed spicule; -Bowerbank 1862 +Bowerbank 1862 : 831, pl. 36 fig. 15 (West Indies?). - -Dictyocylindrus vickersii -Bowerbank 1864 + +Dictyocylindrus vickersii +Bowerbank 1864 : 267, figure 234 (West Indies?); -Carter 1879 +Carter 1879 : 292, pl. 27 figs 5-8 (West Indies); -Carter 1880 +Carter 1880 b: 42. - -Cyamon vickersii + +Cyamon vickersii ; -Gray 1867 +Gray 1867 : 546 (West Indies); -Dendy 1922 +Dendy 1922 : 108, pl. 4 fig. 4, pl. 16 fig. 5 (Seychelles). - -Cyamon vickersi + +Cyamon vickersi ; -Thomas 1973 +Thomas 1973 : 26, pl. 1 fig. 14 (Seychelles); -Van Soest 1994a +Van Soest 1994a : 71 (Seychelles); -Hooper 2002 +Hooper 2002 : 498, Fig. 17. - -Cyamon dendyi + +Cyamon dendyi de -Laubenfels 1936 +Laubenfels 1936 : 80. - -Not: Trikentrion wickersi + +Not: Trikentrion wickersi (sic); -Topsent 1889 +Topsent 1889 : 4, figure 2A (Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico); -Topsent 1894 +Topsent 1894 : 35 (corrected to -Trikentrion vickersi +Trikentrion vickersi ) = -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani . - -Nec: Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera -Arndt 1927 + +Nec: Cyamon vickersi var. toxifera +Arndt 1927 : 149, pl. 2 fig. 9, text figure 10 ( -Curacao +Curacao ) = mixture of -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani and -Clathria (Microciona) ferrea +Clathria (Microciona) ferrea . - -Nec: Cyamon vickersii + +Nec: Cyamon vickersii ; -Burton and Rao 1932 +Burton and Rao 1932 : 355 (S India) = -Cyamon hamatum +Cyamon hamatum sp. n. - -Nec: Cyamon toxifera + +Nec: Cyamon toxifera ; de -Laubenfels 1936 +Laubenfels 1936 : 80 = -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani . - -Nec: Cyamon vickersi + +Nec: Cyamon vickersi ; De -Laubenfels 1936 +Laubenfels 1936 : 80 (Florida); -Little 1963 +Little 1963 : 48 (Gulf of Mexico); -Hooper 2002 +Hooper 2002 : 498, Fig. 17 = -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani . - -Nec: Cyamon vickersi + +Nec: Cyamon vickersi ; De -Laubenfels 1950 +Laubenfels 1950 (Bermuda) = -Timea +Timea sp. - -Material examined. -HolotypeBMNH 1877.5.21.1887, dry condition, labeled from Mr Vickers, Dublin, West Indies? - + +Material examined. +HolotypeBMNH 1877.5.21.1887, dry condition, labeled from Mr Vickers, Dublin, West Indies? + The holotype was extensively described by -Carter (1879) +Carter (1879) (his illustrations are reproduced in Fig. 1B), and redescribed by -Hooper (2002) +Hooper (2002) . The specimen is now (2012, -see +see Fig. 1A) a dry, macerated, wedge-shaped sponge, glued to a label containing the text Bk. 1887, Dictyocylindrus vickersii, lodged in a round box. There are five microscopic slides: three thick sections (one is reproduced in Fig. 1C), and two spicule mounts. A photo was made (Fig. 1D) of the contents of one of the spicule slides -showing +showing characteristic polyactines and one centrotylote strongylostyle. All microscopic slides are labeled with texts in -Bowerbank's +Bowerbank's and -Carter's +Carter's handwritings. - -Description. - + +Description. + The specimen consists of a barely coherent mass of columns, fragile, crumbly. Size approx. 3 -x +x 2.5 -x +x 0.6 cm. Colour now dark red-brown. - + Skeleton: a branched columnar structure built by bundles of short thick styles supported at the base and along the column by masses of polyactines. The remaining spicules are not readily visible in the sections, so their positions are derived from -Carter's +Carter's drawings (Fig. 1B): the columns are echinated by long and short styles and wavy strongylostyles. -Spicules (Fig. 2): long thin styles, short thin (strongylo-)styles, short thick styles, polyactines. - +Spicules (Fig. 2): long thin styles, short thin (strongylo-)styles, short thick styles, polyactines. + Long thin styles (Fig. 2A, A1) curved, usually broken, rounded end faintly constricted subterminally, 1785-2200 -x +x 14-22 -µm +µm . - + Short, thin, crooked or wavy, centrotylote styles (Fig. 2B, B1), sometimes strongylote, with the pointed end often swollen or mucronate, and faintly to markedly spined, 355 --408.8- +-408.8- 490 -x +x 3.5 --4.4- +-4.4- 6 -µm +µm . - + Short thick styles (Fig. 2C, C1), smooth, curved subterminally at the rounded end, 470 --537.7- +-537.7- 662 -x +x 15 --22.3- +-22.3- 32 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (2D), robust, mostly equiangular, predominantly four-claded, three-claded forms also rather common, five-claded spicules rare and much smaller than the other; juvenile spicules almost entirely smooth, mature spicules with all cladi spined at the ends, which are also lightly swollen; only sparingly spined near the centre; all cladi approximately equal in length, basal cladi barely distinct from lateral cladi: basal cladi 55 --62.5- +-62.5- 69 -x +x 10 --12.6- +-12.6- 16 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 50 --65.6- +-65.6- 78 -x +x 9 --12.4- +-12.4- 15 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 1. -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864), holotype material, A holotype specimen BMNH 1877.5.21.188 (scale 1 cm) B illustrations from redescription of holotype by -Carter (1879 +Carter (1879 : plate 27 figs 5-6, 8) C photo of one of the original Bowerbank type slides containing thick sections D microphoto of spicules from one of the original Bowerbank type slides containing dissociated spicules. - - + + Figure 2. -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864), SEM images of spicules of the holotype BMNH 1877.5.21.188, A long thin style A1 details of apices of long thin style B short thin (strongylo-)style B1details of apices of short thin (strongylo-)style C short thick style C1 details of apices of short thick style D four-claded (left) and three-claded (right) polyactines. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Contrary to most other authors referring to -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii , we have become convinced that this species does not occur in the Western Atlantic. The evidence for this is two-fold. - + (1) There is considerable uncertainty about the origin of the type specimen. -Bowerbank (1862 +Bowerbank (1862 : 831), when he first drew attention to the polyactine spicule, described it as follows: -Spiculated inequi-angulated triradiate, with cylindrical entirely spined radii (Plate XXXVI. fig. 15). - From a fragment of a sponge presented to me by Mr. Vickers of Dublin, who thinks it probably came from the West Indies. This spiculum is an external defensive one. The triradiate rays are imbedded immediately beneath the dermal membrane, and the spicular ray is projected through it at right angles to its plane; they are very numerous. - +Spiculated inequi-angulated triradiate, with cylindrical entirely spined radii (Plate XXXVI. fig. 15). - From a fragment of a sponge presented to me by Mr. Vickers of Dublin, who thinks it probably came from the West Indies. This spiculum is an external defensive one. The triradiate rays are imbedded immediately beneath the dermal membrane, and the spicular ray is projected through it at right angles to its plane; they are very numerous. + The part of the sentence we placed in roman lettering contains the only factual information on the origin of the specimen, which was subsequently named -Dictyocylindrus vickersii +Dictyocylindrus vickersii by -Bowerbank (1864 +Bowerbank (1864 : 267) with the same sentence and figure repeated. -Bowerbank's +Bowerbank's slides of the type material in BMNH marked as Bk 1887 were labeled prudently "West Indies?" (see Fig. 1C), but first -Gray (1867 +Gray (1867 : 546) and later -Carter (1879 +Carter (1879 : 292) omitted the question mark. Carter did an extensive redescription of the Bowerbank material (see Fig. 1B), which properly established the characters of the species. Shortly before that ( -Carter 1876 +Carter 1876 : 391) he alluded to a -specimen +specimen with quadriradiate spicules obtained from Thomas Higgin from Grenada (Caribbean Sea), which he thought to belong to the same species. -Higgin (1877 +Higgin (1877 : Pl. 14 Fig. 9) figured the spicule. However, both authors mentioned only long styles in addition to the polyactines, which is, as we know now, insufficient to characterize -Cyamon +Cyamon species. As we described above, and was also clearly pictured by -Carter himself (1879 +Carter himself (1879 : Pl. 27 Fig. 6c, see also our Fig. 1B), -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii should possess undulated -or +or crooked centrotylote thin styles or strongylostyles. We will demonstrate below that none of the Western Atlantic specimens of -Cyamon +Cyamon we examined possess such spicules, in stead of which they have straight thin styles without centrotylote swelling or undulations. Nevertheless, from the time of Carter onwards it was assumed, that -Bowerbank's +Bowerbank's type came from the West Indies. Subsequent reports of -Cyamon +Cyamon from Western Atlantic localities all employed the name -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii , and ignored the peculiar shape of the short thin styles. - + (2) -Dendy (1922) +Dendy (1922) and -Thomas (1973) +Thomas (1973) reported -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii from the Seychelles. Their descriptions exactly match the properties of -Bowerbank's +Bowerbank's type specimen, including the undulating short thin centrotylote styles. They especially mention the spination on the pointed ends of many of the undulating styles, precisely as we found in the type (see Fig. 2B, B1). -De Laubenfels (1936 +De Laubenfels (1936 : 80) also was of the opinion that the Seychelles material differed specifically from the Western Atlantic material. Because he believed that -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii was West Indian, he proposed the name -Cyamon dendyi +Cyamon dendyi for the Seychelles material. Below, we describe and illustrate (Fig. 3) material obtained from the Seychelles, in which we demonstrate beyond doubt that it belongs to -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii . - + To conclude: specimens identical or similar to the type of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii are reported from the Seychelles. Specimens recorded from the Western Atlantic are dissimilar to the type of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii , a.o. by lacking the characteristic undulating spicules. For the Atlantic representatives, the name -Cyamon agnani +Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) is available (see below). - - + + Figure 3. -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864), ZMA material (Por. 10660) from the Seychelles A -'strawberry' +'strawberry' shape (scale 1 cm) B long thin style C short thick styles D short thin (strongylo-)styles D1 details of apices of short thin (strongylo-)style E polyactines F overview of spicules. - - + + Description of ZMA material of -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii . - + Figs 3 -A-F +A-F - -Material examined. - + +Material examined. + Three samples, ZMA Por. 11729, preserved in alcohol, Seychelles, Amirante Islands, N of Poivre Island, -5.7333°S +5.7333°S , -53.3333°E +53.3333°E , Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, Leg E, stat. 776/05, rectangular dredge, depth 43-48 m, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, 29 --12- +-12- 1992. - + ZMA Por. 10660, preserved in alcohol, Seychelles, Amirante Islands, NE of -D'Arros +D'Arros Island, -5.4S +5.4S , -53.3167E +53.3167E , Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, Leg E, stat. 750/09, rectangular dredge, depth 48-53 m, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, 26 --12- +-12- 1992. - + ZMA Por. 12558, preserved in alcohol, Seychelles, N of Aride Island, -4.1833S +4.1833S , -55.6667E +55.6667E , Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, Leg E, stat. 716/09, rectangular dredge, depth 40 m, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, 19 --12- +-12- 1992. - + N.B.: -Dendy's +Dendy's (1922) specimen labeled and described as Cyamon vickersii, BMNH 1931.1.1.19, Amirante, Sea Lark Expedition, 60 m, was examined and photographed by J.H. (Hooper, 2002: Fig. 17) but could not be found in the collection of the Natural History Museum in 2011 (Ms Emma Sherlock, in litteris). - -Description. - + +Description. + Strawberry-shaped sponge (Fig. 3A), forming a single semiglobular mass with microlobate surface. Color red or orange-red (alive), dark brown-red in alcohol. Consistency firm, barely compressible. Specimens now looking clathrate due to loss of thin surface membrane, still present in places. Size of largest specimen 3 -x +x 2 -x +x 2 cm. - + Skeleton: condition described as columnar, consisting of hillock-like masses of polyactines, variable in thickness up to 2 mm, supporting thick plumose bundles of -thick +thick styles, which in turn are peripherally surrounded by short thin strongylostyles. Rare long thin styles are not present in all slides. - + Spicules (Figs 3 -B-F +B-F ): long thin styles, short thick styles, strongylostyles, polyactines, overview presented in Fig. 3F. - + Long thin styles (Fig. 3B), very rare, invariably broken in small pieces, largest piece found in our slides 300 -x +x 12 -µm +µm ; according to Dendy they can reach 1700 -x +x 14 -µm +µm . We reconstructed a long style from several pieces found on the SEM stub (Fig. 3B). - + Strongylostyles (Figs 3D, D1), angulated, often faintly centrotylote, with unequal endings, smoothly rounded at one end, spined-mucronate at the other, 294 --347.1- +-347.1- 402 -x +x 4 --5.6- +-5.6- 7 -µm +µm . - -Short + +Short thick styles (Fig. 3C), characteristically curved in the upper half and provided with a faint tyle, shape of spicule fusiform, smooth, occasionally strongylote, 361 --538.9- +-538.9- 678 -x +x 16 --24.1- +-24.1- 31 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Fig. 3E), three- or four-claded in approximately equal proportions, a single five-claded form was observed in the slides (Dendy shows a reduced two-claded form). Basal cladi bluntly pointed, heavily spined apically, lightly spined along the shaft, lateral cladi ending rounded, equally heavily spined apically, less so along the shaft. In the center of the spicule there are usually no spines. Young growth stages are frequently entirely smooth. Basal cladi usually longer, 54 --77.5- +-77.5- 102 -x +x 9 --14.4- +-14.4- 18 -µm +µm , than the lateral cladi, 39 --58.9- +-58.9- 78 -x +x 7 --13.1- +-13.1- 16 -µm +µm , regardless of the number of cladi. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + So far known with certainty from several localities throughout the Seychelles ( -Mahe +Mahe and the Amirante Islands). - -Ecology. -Sandy bottoms at 30-50 m surrounding reefs and atolls. + +Ecology. +Sandy bottoms at 30-50 m surrounding reefs and atolls. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The ectosomal strongylostyles in -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii are reminiscent of those found in the type species of the -Axinellidae +Axinellidae genus -Reniochalina +Reniochalina ( -Reniochalina stalagmitis +Reniochalina stalagmitis Lendenfeld, 1888), which -Alvarez and Hooper (2009) +Alvarez and Hooper (2009) suggested were indicative of a possible close relationship between -Reniochalina +Reniochalina and the -Raspailiidae +Raspailiidae . This close relationship was further confirmed from molecular evidence ( -Erpenbeck et al. 2007b +Erpenbeck et al. 2007b ) showing affinities of -Reniochalina stalagmitis +Reniochalina stalagmitis with the raspaillid species -Axechina raspailioides -Hentschel (1912) +Axechina raspailioides +Hentschel (1912) , indicating the strong morphological apomorphy of these ectosomal spicules for the Raspailiidae. - -Burton and Rao (1932) + +Burton and Rao (1932) reported -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii from South India (21 miles WSW from Mangalore), stating their specimen answered to - -Dendy's + +Dendy's (1922) material. We were able to examine a slide made by Burton (BMNH 1931.1.1.19a, the specimen is presumably in the collections of the Indian Museum), and found it to be close but nevertheless distinct from -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii proper. See below for a description and illustration, as -Cyamon hamatum +Cyamon hamatum sp. n. - - -Gray's + + +Gray's (1867 : 546) suggestion that the unnamed spicule without locality pictured in Bowerbank, 1864: figure 88 also belongs to -Cyamon vickersii +Cyamon vickersii is debatable as the spicule with its single cladus spined conforms more likely to -Trikentrion +Trikentrion . diff --git a/data/C0/85/41/C0854133FC925C6C8C7B4FA428762C5B.xml b/data/C0/85/41/C0854133FC925C6C8C7B4FA428762C5B.xml index 4c77184f726..22a0a10fd57 100644 --- a/data/C0/85/41/C0854133FC925C6C8C7B4FA428762C5B.xml +++ b/data/C0/85/41/C0854133FC925C6C8C7B4FA428762C5B.xml @@ -1,68 +1,68 @@ - - - -Five new species of the genus Hermonassa Walker, 1865 from Xizang Autonomous Region, China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae) + + + +Five new species of the genus Hermonassa Walker, 1865 from Xizang Autonomous Region, China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae) - - -Author + + +Author -Gao, Biao -Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin 150040, China +Gao, Biao +Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin 150040, China - - -Author + + +Author -Han, Hui-Lin -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2045-6182 -Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin 150040, China +Han, Hui-Lin +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2045-6182 +Northeast Forestry University, School of Forestry, Harbin 150040, China - - -Author + + +Author -Kononenko, Vladimir S. -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-4800 -Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China -vsk528217@gmail.com +Kononenko, Vladimir S. +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-4800 +Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 15004, China +vsk528217@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Pan, Zhao-Hui -Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Harbin 150040, China +Pan, Zhao-Hui +Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Harbin 150040, China -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2023 - -2023-09-08 + +2023 + +2023-09-08 - -1179 + +1179 - -35 -61 + +35 +61 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.107587 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.107587 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.107587 -1313-2970-1179-35 -D9BD50CBB127487981E99421E4F059BA -07CEAFC9849852A1AC00767783926142 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1179.107587 +1313-2970-1179-35 +D9BD50CBB127487981E99421E4F059BA +07CEAFC9849852A1AC00767783926142 - + Hermonassa cuprina Moore, 1882 @@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ Hermonassa cuprina Moore, 1882, Descriptions of new Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the Collection of the Late Mr. W.S. Atkinson. -Heterocera +Heterocera (continued) ( -Cymatophoridae +Cymatophoridae - -Herminiidae +Herminiidae ). Part II: 120; Hampson 1903 : 357; @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ has not yet been found in China. The syntypes of this species are deposited in N ; Poole 1989 ). The lectotype is not designated. For the illustration of - + H. cuprina (Figs @@ -153,19 +153,19 @@ spp. The male genitalia of these species are rather uniform and characterized by Hermonassa dictyota species group comprises the following four species: - + H. dictyota , - + H. legraini , - + H. yixincheni , and - + H. albimacula sp. nov. diff --git a/data/C6/70/EF/C670EF95BF146AB082395EFF9BB9CDEE.xml b/data/C6/70/EF/C670EF95BF146AB082395EFF9BB9CDEE.xml index 0a8e5030390..1014d6dc095 100644 --- a/data/C6/70/EF/C670EF95BF146AB082395EFF9BB9CDEE.xml +++ b/data/C6/70/EF/C670EF95BF146AB082395EFF9BB9CDEE.xml @@ -1,98 +1,98 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Cyamon quadriradiatum (Carter, 1880) + + + +Cyamon quadriradiatum (Carter, 1880) Fig. 14E (left) - - -Microciona quadriradiata -Carter 1880 + + +Microciona quadriradiata +Carter 1880 : 42, pl. 4 fig. 4 (Gulf of Manaar, India). - -Material examined. -None. Type material apparently lost from the collections of the National Museums Liverpool (Dr Ian Wallace, in litteris), no slides have been found in the Natural History Museum (Ms Emma Sherlock, in litteris). + +Material examined. +None. Type material apparently lost from the collections of the National Museums Liverpool (Dr Ian Wallace, in litteris), no slides have been found in the Natural History Museum (Ms Emma Sherlock, in litteris). - -Description. - + +Description. + (From Carter, 1880). Thinly encrusting, hispid, color when dry dark brown. Spicules (Fig. 14E, left) of three kinds, long thick styles with a globular tyle -, +, size given as 1042 -x +x 41 -µm +µm , short thin -'crooked' +'crooked' styles, length 347 -µm +µm , and robust four-claded polyactines with all cladi entirely spined, length of cladus given as 76 -µm +µm . - -Distribution. -Gulf of Manaar, Southeastern India. + +Distribution. +Gulf of Manaar, Southeastern India. - -Ecology. -No data. + +Ecology. +No data. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + This species needs redescription, but the long thick styles in combination with the densely spinous polyactines appear sufficiently distinct. Nevertheless there is a resemblance to the polyactines of -Cyamon aruense +Cyamon aruense , see above. diff --git a/data/E9/64/DE/E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC.xml b/data/E9/64/DE/E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC.xml index c06edcd3ebe..cf9d9d27b6c 100644 --- a/data/E9/64/DE/E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC.xml +++ b/data/E9/64/DE/E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC.xml @@ -1,573 +1,573 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766) + + + +Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766) Figs 17 -A-D +A-D , 18 -A-E +A-E , 19 -A-D +A-D , 20 -A-D +A-D - - -Spongia muricata -Pallas 1766 + + +Spongia muricata +Pallas 1766 : 389 (referring to -Seba 1734-65 +Seba 1734-65 , volume III pl. 99 fig. 7, Ghana); -Esper 1794 +Esper 1794 : 185, pl. 3 (Ghana). - + (not: -Linnaeus 1759 +Linnaeus 1759 : 1348; -1767 +1767 : 1298 = unrecognizable; nec: -Lamarck 1814 +Lamarck 1814 : 448 = -Raspailia hispida +Raspailia hispida , cf. -Topsent 1932 +Topsent 1932 : 107). -Unnamed branched tuberculated sponge; Ellis, 1766: pl. 11 fig. F (West Africa). - -? Spongia echidnea +Unnamed branched tuberculated sponge; Ellis, 1766: pl. 11 fig. F (West Africa). + +? Spongia echidnea Lamarck, 1814: 448 (West Africa). - -Trikentrion muricatum + +Trikentrion muricatum ; -Ehlers 1870 +Ehlers 1870 : 6; -Carter 1879 +Carter 1879 : 293, pl. 27 fig. 13 (Ghana); -Burton 1956 +Burton 1956 : 133, 142 (Ghana); -Hooper 2002 +Hooper 2002 : 499, figs 18A-G. - -Plectronella papillosa -Sollas 1879 + +Plectronella papillosa +Sollas 1879 : 17, pls 4-5. - -? Ptilocaulis echidnaeus + +? Ptilocaulis echidnaeus ; -Topsent 1932 +Topsent 1932 : 108, pl. III fig. 3. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The identity of the sponge named -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata by Pallas, which is assumed to be the type species of -Trikentrion +Trikentrion , is not straightforward. The first use of the name combination stems from -Linnaeus (1759 +Linnaeus (1759 : 1348), who described it as: - + S. ramosissima, poris cylindricis subulatis prominentibus aequalibus multifidis hispidis, without further indication of where it had been collected or by whom. The Latin name muricata is generally considered to mean spined (after the name of a mollusk ( -Murex +Murex ) yielding a purple dye, cf. -Brown 1985 +Brown 1985 ), for sponges a hardly distinguishing feature. The description speaks of cylindrical pores, which is quite vague, and this character does not occur in any specimen discussed in this paragraph and below. -Pallas (1766 +Pallas (1766 : 389), employed the name combination also, but indicated and described the sponge figured in - -Seba's + +Seba's (1734-1765) volume 3 pl. 99 fig. 7 as representing his -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata . Pallas did not refer to -Linnaeus' +Linnaeus' name, nor did his description remind in any aspect of -Linnaeus' +Linnaeus' description. -Seba's +Seba's figure is here reproduced in Fig. 17A, -and -Pallas's +and +Pallas's description in Fig. 17C. Pallas also quoted Elmina on the coast of Guinea (now Ghana) as the locality of the specimen based on -Seba's +Seba's information. In the same year (or perhaps one year before), -Ellis (1765-1766) +Ellis (1765-1766) , pictured a similar sponge (a branched tuberculated sponge here reproduced in Fig. 17B), stating that it originated from the Cape Coast Castle in Africa (which could very well be the same locality Elmina), but not naming it. In his 1767 edition, Linnaeus again described - -Spongia + +Spongia muricata , replacing the first word of the 1759 edition, -Spongia ramosissima +Spongia ramosissima by the text S. foraminulata ramosissima angulata tenax, followed by the same words as previously (reaffirming the unrecognizable shape of the sponge). He also added that it originated from O. Aethiopico (Indian Ocean). He now gave three sources for his record of this species, viz. Mus. Tessin 118, plate II figure 1, -Seba's +Seba's volume 3 plate 99 fig. 7, and -Pallas' +Pallas' record. Finally, Gmelin in -Linnaeus 1788 +Linnaeus 1788 : 3821, admits that the species is from -Guineae littorea +Guineae littorea , quoting a.o. -Pallas (1766) +Pallas (1766) and -Linnaeus (1767) +Linnaeus (1767) , but remarkably omitted any reference to -Linnaeus (1759) +Linnaeus (1759) . -Linnaeus' +Linnaeus' and -Pallas' +Pallas' ( -Seba's +Seba's ) specimens of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata have never been identified in later collections (but see below), and their identity remains a matter of speculation. In 1794, Esper extensively described -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata and his figure is here reproduced in Fig. 17D. This time, the specimen, stated to be from -Guinea +Guinea , from cliffs near Elmina (= Ghana), was still extant in the collections of the University of Erlangen (Germany) in 1870, when Ehlers revised some of -Esper's +Esper's specimens (Ehlers, 1870). He detected the triactine spicules and erected the genus -Trikentrion +Trikentrion for it. His description included some measurements of the spicules: oxeas 354-414 -x +x 16 -µm +µm , and polyactines, with basal cladi 95 -µm +µm and lateral cladi 72 -µm +µm , which data conform closely with those presented below for the species. However, since -Ehlers' +Ehlers' redescription, the whereabouts of the Esper material is unknown and it must be assumed lost. -Lamarck (1814 +Lamarck (1814 : 448) misinterpreted -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata and his material was assigned to -Raspailia hispida +Raspailia hispida (Montagu, 1818) by -Topsent (1932 +Topsent (1932 : 107). Possibly, -Spongia echidnea +Spongia echidnea Lamarck, 1814 is a junior synonym of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata Pallas, because the redescription and figured specimen of -Topsent (1932 +Topsent (1932 : 108, as -Ptilocaulis echidnaeus +Ptilocaulis echidnaeus ) reminds rather strongly of it. However, Topsent fails to mention the presence of polyactine spicules. - + To conclude: the identity of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata is not unequivocal, primarily due to the unrecognizable description of -Linnaeus (1759) +Linnaeus (1759) and the likelihood that he used the name for an unknown species from the Indian Ocean. -Pallas' +Pallas' description in combination with -Seba's +Seba's figure make it likely that his -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata indeed is what we now know as -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum , but uncertainty reigns due to the fact that only -Esper's +Esper's , not -Pallas' +Pallas' , material was shown to possess the synapomorphy of the polyactine spicules. It appears highly necessary to fix -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata as a -Trikentrion +Trikentrion , by assigning a neotype. In the absence of any topotypical fresh material of the species we are forced to choose dry old collection material. - + A likely candidate is the assumed type of -Trikentrion muricata +Trikentrion muricata housed in the Natural History Museum, London, BMNH 1872.10.19.1 (see Fig. 18A), with schizotype ZMB 7160, on the basis of which -Carter (1879) +Carter (1879) redescribed and illustrated the species -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum , and which subsequently formed the basis of the Systema Porifera entry of the genus and its type species. This is not likely to be -Seba's +Seba's specimen, nor -Esper's +Esper's because the locality data (though from Ghana as well) do not indicate Elmina. In addition to this specimen, the Natural History Museum collections incorporate a schizotype of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata , Coast of Guinea, BMNH 1954.2.20.93, which appears unimportant for the present choice of neotype because it is not a -Trikentrion +Trikentrion , but an unidentified species of -Axinella +Axinella Schmidt, 1862. - -The + +The choice of a neotype again is complicated due to a recent discovery in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center at Leiden (NBC) of four old collection specimens, RMNH Por. 306 and 309, and ZMA Por. 02545 and 02546, which are sufficiently similar to -Seba's +Seba's and -Esper's +Esper's plates to raise the suspicion that they could belong to one of the original specimens of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata . - + RMNH Por. 309 (see Fig. 18B) is labeled Raspailia xerampelina (Lmk)? type (Spongia --- Lmk) without further information, and this specimen bears an overall strong likeness to -Seba's +Seba's plate. RMNH Por. 306 (see Fig. 18C) is labeled Raspailia hispida (Mont.) type van Spongia muricata Lmk, Mus. Parijs, Kust van -Guinee +Guinee (translation: type of Spongia muricata Lamarck, from the Paris Museum, Coast of Guinea). If the specimen is compared to the plate of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata of Esper one is compelled by the overall likeness of the two (though it is not an exact likeness). ZMA Por. 02545 (see Fig. 18D) is labeled Halichondria echidnaea Lmk no. 55 Kust van Guinea, ZMA Por. 02546 (see Fig. 18E) is labeled Halichondria echidnaea Lam / muricata Esper fide Lamouroux no. 62 Kust van Guinea. Both ZMA specimens bear some resemblance to -Seba's +Seba's and -Esper's +Esper's plates. - + The skeleton and spicules of all five specimens conform with the descriptions of -Ehlers (1870) +Ehlers (1870) and -Carter (1879) +Carter (1879) . - + The reason for the names on the labels of the specimens of the NBC and the referral to the Paris Museum is explained in -Holthuis (1995) +Holthuis (1995) : during the French occupation in 1795 of the Republic of Holland in the Napoleontic period, Dutch collections were confiscated and relocated to the Paris Museum. Some time after the end of the emperorship of Napoleon in 1815, negotiations between The Netherlands and France resulted in a donation of specimens, notably duplicates from -Lamarck's +Lamarck's collection, to the then founded Rijksmuseum of Natural History at Leiden. Dozens of sponge specimens labeled with -Lamarck's +Lamarck's names are incorporated in the RMNH collections, but because the redescription of -Lamarck's +Lamarck's sponges by -Topsent (1931 +Topsent (1931 , -1932 +1932 , -1933 +1933 ) was initiated after the transfer of specimens to Leiden, there is often little correspondence between the identities of the MNHN and RMNH specimens bearing labels with the same original Lamarck names. -Topsent (1932) +Topsent (1932) identified -Lamarck's -Spongia muricata +Lamarck's +Spongia muricata as -Raspailia hispida +Raspailia hispida , and this was duly taken over by past curators of the Leiden specimens, who apparently were unaware of the discrepancies between the Paris and Leiden specimens. It is possible, that the Lamarck specimen redescribed in -Topsent (1932 +Topsent (1932 as -Raspailia hispida +Raspailia hispida ), is not -Lamarck's +Lamarck's original specimen, because this may have ended up in the Leiden or Amsterdam collections. - + In view of the uncertain history of the NCB specimens and the more precise data available for the Natural History Museum, London specimen, we here designate BMNH 1872.10.19.1 as the neotype of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata , the type species of the genus -Trikentrion +Trikentrion . - + It is a pleasure to be able to announce that material of -Plectronella papillosa +Plectronella papillosa Sollas, 1879, since long known to be a junior synonym of -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum through its excellent description by Sollas, but otherwise never redescribed, has been discovered in the collection of the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, in the form of 2 slides labeled No. 30 Ah.200.1, 200.3 (see Fig. 19B), containing cross sections of the skeleton and dissoluted spicules. We can confirm that -Plectronella papillosa +Plectronella papillosa is a junior synonym and that details in the slides conform closely to those of -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum (see Fig. 19 -C-D +C-D ) -. +. - -Material examined. -Neotype (designation herein): BMNH 1872.10.19.1 from Volta River, Fantee, Ghana, presented by Gov. Ussher. Schizotype ZMB 7160 of the same; - + +Material examined. +Neotype (designation herein): BMNH 1872.10.19.1 from Volta River, Fantee, Ghana, presented by Gov. Ussher. Schizotype ZMB 7160 of the same; + RMNH Por. 306, -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata Lamarck, Coast of Guinea; - + RMNH Por. 309, -Spongia xerampelina +Spongia xerampelina Lamarck, no further data; - + ZMA Por. 02545, 02546, -Halichondria echidnaea +Halichondria echidnaea / muricata Lamarck, coast of Guinea; -BMAG Ah 200.1, 200.3, 2 slides labeled Plectronella papillosa no. 30, no further data. +BMAG Ah 200.1, 200.3, 2 slides labeled Plectronella papillosa no. 30, no further data. - -Description. - + +Description. + Wide basal holdfast upon which are erected groups of cylindrical branches, more or less in one plane, each branch usually with one or two dichotomous secondary branches, often also with anastomosing branches. Size of neotype (Fig. 18A) -13.5 -x +13.5 +x 12 -x +x 5 cm of the whole group of branches, diameter of individual branches 1-1.5 cm. -Sollas' +Sollas' specimens (Fig. 19A as -Plectronella papillosa +Plectronella papillosa ) were described as being 20 -x +x 20 cm, with branch diameter 2-3 cm. The other specimens are similar in size, but slightly smaller. Surface densely covered with broad, laterally flattened papillae, 1-4 mm in size (reminding of the surface projections of -Ptilocaulis +Ptilocaulis Carter, 1883). In some specimens the papillae are partially abraded (e.g. RMNH Por. 306, see Fig. 18C) giving the sponge a less striking aspect. Consistency (dry) hard, incompressible, crumbly. No live color has been reported in the literature, but color plates of Seba (Fig. 17A) and Esper (Fig. 17D) show a light orange brown color. - -Skeleton + +Skeleton (Fig. 20A): predominantly a wide-meshed reticulation of tracts of robust smooth oxeas, with little axial and extra-axial specialization. The polyactines are common in peripheral regions. No longer or smaller peripheral styles have been found in any of the examined specimens. -Spicules: Oxeas, polyactines, trichodragmas. - +Spicules: Oxeas, polyactines, trichodragmas. + Choanosomal -'true' +'true' oxeas (Figs 19C, 20B, B1, not to be confused with diactinal polyactines), fat, fusiform, tapering gradually to sharp points, overall size (of all specimens examined) 222 --376.2- +-376.2- 528 -x +x 13 --19.9- +-19.9- 31 -µm +µm , in the neotype: 287 --351.5- +-351.5- 432 -x +x 13 --17.2- +-17.2- 26 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Figs 19D, 20C), predominantly three-claded Y-shaped, rarely T-shaped, occasionally diactinal, with prominent hook-like spines on the basal clade (undeveloped spicules with smooth basal clade), and mucronate or nipple-like endings on many of the lateral cladi; overall size of basal clade (of all specimens examined) 78 --111.7- +-111.7- 156 -x +x 12 --19.2- +-19.2- 27 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 42 --67.2- +-67.2- 84 -x +x 12 --16.7- +-16.7- 27 -µm +µm , of neotype: basal clade 78 --100.2- +-100.2- 118 -x +x 12 --19.4- +-19.4- 25 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 58 --69.2- +-69.2- 84 -x +x 13 --16.3- +-16.3- 21 -µm +µm . - + Trichodragmas (Fig. 20D), straight or sinuous, overall size (of all specimens examined) 57 --82.0- +-82.0- 102 -x +x 4 --9.7- +-9.7- 18 -µm +µm , of neotype: 63 --87.8- +-87.8- 102 -x +x 9 --12.8- +-12.8- 18. - - + + Figure 17. -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766), early illustrations and original descriptions A - -Seba's + +Seba's drawing (1734-1765 , volume 3 pl. 99 fig. 7) of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata as indicated by -Pallas (1766) +Pallas (1766) B - -Ellis's + +Ellis's (1766) drawing of a branched tuberculated sponge from W coast of Africa C original description of -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata by -Pallas (1766) +Pallas (1766) D - -Esper's + +Esper's (1794) drawing of -Spongia +Spongia muricata from W coast of Africa. See text for further explanation. - - + + Figure 18. -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766), early museum specimens A BMNH 1872.10.19.1 redescribed by -Carter (1879) +Carter (1879) designated neotype herein B RMNH Por. 309 labeled -Spongia xerampelina +Spongia xerampelina Lamarck, showing strong resemblance to - -Seba's + +Seba's (1734-1765) drawing but lacking sufficient data C RMNH Por. 306 labeled -Spongia muricata +Spongia muricata Lamarck showing strong resemblance to -Esper's +Esper's (1794) drawing but lacking sufficient data D ZMA Por 02545 labeled -Spongia echidnea +Spongia echidnea resembling - -Esper's + +Esper's (1794) drawing but lacking sufficient data E ZMA Por 02546 labeled -Spongia echidnea +Spongia echidnea resembling - -Seba's + +Seba's (1734-1765) drawing but lacking sufficient data. See text for further explanation. - - + + Figure 19. -Plectronella papillosum -Sollas (1879) +Plectronella papillosum +Sollas (1879) , assumed to be a junior synonym of -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766), A shape, repinted from -Sollas (1879 +Sollas (1879 : pl. 4) B remaining type material in the form of two microscopic slides BMAG Ah 200.1, 200.3 C overview of spicules present in one of the microscopic slides D polyactine spicules present in one of the microscopic slides. - - + + Figure 20. -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766), neotype BMNH 1872.10.19.1 A microphoto of cross section of peripheral skeleton B oxea B1 detail of one of the apices of an oxea C polyactine C1 detail of apex of lateral clade D trichodragma. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Tropical West Africa. Type from 'Elmina, -Guinea' +Guinea' (Pallas, 1766; Esper, 1794), now situated in Ghana. Further specimens were reported mostly from Ghana (neotype (Carter, 1879): Volta; Burton, 1956: Gold Coast), or locality was unknown (Sollas, 1879), or more general (coast of Guinea). - -Ecology. -Depth range: no definite data, but probably shallow water, growing on rocks. + +Ecology. +Depth range: no definite data, but probably shallow water, growing on rocks. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The species must have been of common occurrence off the coast of Ghana in 18th century as there are a fair lot of specimens available from that age and region in several natural history museums. Curiously, no fresh material is known to exist, so the species remains ill-known. -Trikentrion muricatum +Trikentrion muricatum differs substantially from all other -Trikentrion +Trikentrion species described below in the lack of peripheral styles. Further differences are robust oxeas, up to twice as long and thick as those of the two other oxea-bearing species ( -Trikentrion laeve +Trikentrion laeve Carter, 1879 and -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme ), while the three remaining species ( -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium , -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina and -Trikentrion africanum +Trikentrion africanum sp. n.) lack the oxeas entirely. diff --git a/data/EE/11/F4/EE11F4364D6F2C4D4B8FA236633B8630.xml b/data/EE/11/F4/EE11F4364D6F2C4D4B8FA236633B8630.xml index 724501eb51f..e658029fa3f 100644 --- a/data/EE/11/F4/EE11F4364D6F2C4D4B8FA236633B8630.xml +++ b/data/EE/11/F4/EE11F4364D6F2C4D4B8FA236633B8630.xml @@ -1,277 +1,277 @@ - - - -Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) + + + +Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion) - - -Author + + +Author -Soest, Rob van +Soest, Rob van - - -Author + + +Author -Carballo, Jose Luis +Carballo, Jose Luis - - -Author + + +Author -Hooper, John +Hooper, John -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -239 + +2012 + +239 - -1 -70 + +1 +70 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 -1313-2970-239-1 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 +1313-2970-239-1 - - - -Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912 + + + +Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912 Figs 22 -A-D +A-D , 23 -A-E +A-E - - -Trikentrion laeve + + +Trikentrion laeve sensu -Carter 1882 +Carter 1882 : 294 (West Australia) (not: -Carter 1879 +Carter 1879 ) - -Trikentrion flabelliforme -Hentschel 1912 + +Trikentrion flabelliforme +Hentschel 1912 : 373, pl. 13 fig. 9, pl. 20 fig. 32 (Aru Islands, Indonesia); -Capon et al. 1986 +Capon et al. 1986 : 6545; -Hooper 1991 +Hooper 1991 : 1298, Figs 61-62, 109h-I (North and West Australia); -Hooper 2002 +Hooper 2002 : Figs 18 -H-J +H-J . - -Material examined. -Holotype missing from SMF, but a paralectotype fragment is present in the Natural History Museum, BMNH 1931.8.4.57, which was examined by JH in 2000, type locality: Indonesia, Aru Islands, 4-15 m depth. - + +Material examined. +Holotype missing from SMF, but a paralectotype fragment is present in the Natural History Museum, BMNH 1931.8.4.57, which was examined by JH in 2000, type locality: Indonesia, Aru Islands, 4-15 m depth. + ZMA Por. 02426, preserved in alcohol, Siboga Exped. Stat. 273, Aru Islands, Indonesia, pearl banks off Pulau Jedan, -5.4134°S +5.4134°S , -134.6677°E +134.6677°E , depth 13 m, 23 --12- +-12- 1899. -RMNH Por. 978, preserved in alcohol, Siboga Exped. Stat. 273, same data; - +RMNH Por. 978, preserved in alcohol, Siboga Exped. Stat. 273, same data; + ZMA Por. 14022 and 14023, preserved in alcohol, East Point, Darwin, Northern Territories, Australia, 10 m, 29 --11- +-11- 1987, coll. J.N.A. Hooper nrs 8 and 9; -ZMA Por. 16049, dry old collection material without data. +ZMA Por. 16049, dry old collection material without data. - -Description. - + +Description. + Two distinct shapes, flabelliform (Fig. 22A), 6-26 -x +x 4-19 cm high and wide, 0.2-1.4 cm thick) and digitate (Fig. 22B), up to 15 cm high, with -flattened +flattened branches of up to 1.5 cm thickness (summary of many specimens described in Hooper, 1991). Flabelliform specimens may have blades at right angles (see Fig 22A). Frequently, the digitate specimens are infested with zoanthids (Fig. 22B). Surface optically smooth, microhispid, with characteristic pattern of fine meandering grooves. Texture firm. Colour orange-red, blood-red (shallow water) to beige (deep water). - -Skeleton + +Skeleton (Figs 22 -C-D +C-D ): reticulated, square meshed or polyangular (Fig. 22D), with loose extra-axial and spongin-rich axial spicule tracts cored by oxeas, echinated by triactine polyactines; at the surface protruding long thin styles are surrounded by bouquets of short thin styles (Fig. 22C). -Spicules (Figs 23): Long thin styles, short thin styles, oxeas, polyactines, trichodragmas. - +Spicules (Figs 23): Long thin styles, short thin styles, oxeas, polyactines, trichodragmas. + Long thin styles (Fig. 23A), curved, slim, 405 --870.3- +-870.3- 1034 -x +x 3 --7.3- +-7.3- 9µm. - + Short thin styles (Fig. 23B), thinly fusiform, 182 --334.7- +-334.7- 392 -x +x 0.5 --1.8- +-1.8- 4 -µm +µm . - + Choanosomal genuine oxeas (Figs 23C, C1), not to be confused with diactinal polyactines, evenly or more angularly curved, apices mucronate and many have minute spines visible under SEM (Fig. 23C1), sizes 135 --287.7- +-287.7- 340 -x +x 5 --16.8- +-16.8- 22 -µm +µm . - + Polyactines (Figs 23D, D1), rare in some specimens, predominantly three-claded, with prominent spines on the basal ray, and minute apical spines on the lateral rays (Fig. 23D1) visible only under SEM, occasionally strongly curved diactines or - often smaller - tetractines, basal cladi 96 --109.5- +-109.5- 123 -x +x 10 --13.1- +-13.1- 17 -µm +µm , lateral cladi 51 --70.0- +-70.0- 84 -x +x 9 --12.6- +-12.6- 17 -µm +µm . - + Trichodragmas (Figs 23E, E1) with individual raphides showing rugose surface (Fig. 23E1), sizes 35 --59.6- +-59.6- 88 -x +x 6 --8.6- +-8.6- 12 -µm +µm . - - + + Figure 22. -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912, A flabellate specimen ZMA Por. 14023 from Darwin, North Australia (scale bar = 1 cm) B branching-digitate specimen RMNH Por. 978 infested with zoanthids from Aru Islands Indonesia (scale bar = 1 cm) C peripheral skeleton of ZMA Por. 14023 showing raspailiid character of long thin style sheathed in a bouquet of short thin styles D thick section of choanosomal skeleton of ZMA Por. 14023. - - + + Figure 23. -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912, spicules of ZMA Por. 14023, A detail of rounded end of long thin style B details of short thin style C oxea C1 details of apices of oxeas showing minute spines D three- and four claded polyactines D1 detail of apex of lateral clade of polyactine showing minute spines E microphoto of trichodragmas E1 individual raphide dissociated trichodragma showing rugosities. - -Distribution. -Arafura Sea, N and W Australia. + +Distribution. +Arafura Sea, N and W Australia. - -Ecology. -Shallow subtidal to offshore deeper water. + +Ecology. +Shallow subtidal to offshore deeper water. - -Discussion. - + +Discussion. + The species was erroneously attributed to -Carter 1882 +Carter 1882 : 294, allegedly as -Trikentrion laeve +Trikentrion laeve var. flabelliforme, by -Hooper (1991) +Hooper (1991) . This is a manuscript name because Carter did not name his Australian flabellate specimen, merely referring it to -Trikentrion laeve +Trikentrion laeve . That species is West African and described above as a distinct new species. - + The two 'growth -forms' +forms' are rather distinct, but distribution, skeleton, and spicules are similar and overlapping enitirely, making it impossible to separate the forms further. The digitate form is often overgrown with a zoanthid species, both in Australian (Hooper, 1991) and Indonesian (RMNH Por. 978) specimens. The shape of -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme reminds of Californian -Trikentrion catalina +Trikentrion catalina and -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium , but spiculation in these species differs substantially by their lack of proper choanosomal oxeas. Comparative variation in shape is also recorded for -Trikentrion helium +Trikentrion helium (see below). - + The apices of the oxeas and the polyactines show minute spines, which is here interpreted as a unique feature. It violates the rule that in -Trikentrion +Trikentrion only the basal, not the lateral cladi of the polyactines have spines, but there is little correspondence with the lateral cladus spination in -Cyamon +Cyamon . - + This is the only -Trikentrion +Trikentrion species that appears to be widespread and common. Chemistry of -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme includes unique indoles ( -Capon et al. 1986 +Capon et al. 1986 ). - + We studied an Indonesian specimen from the ZMA collection labeled -Trikentrion elegans +Trikentrion elegans Lendenfeld identified by Burton (ZMA Por. 02402, Siboga Exped. Stat. 303, Timor, Samau Island, Haingsisi, -10.2050S +10.2050S , -123.4591E +123.4591E , 23 m), which has the shape and skeletal structure of a small digitate -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme , including ectosomal long thin styles (up to 1350 -x +x 12 -µm +µm ), short thin styles (300-400 -x +x 1-3 -µm +µm ), a choanosomal reticulation of robust oxeas (300-400 -x +x 15-20 -µm +µm ) and large amounts of trichodragmas -( +( 60-110 -x +x 5-15 -µm +µm ), but lacking polyactine spicules entirely. In view of the occasional rarity of these spicules observed in some specimens of -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme , it is likely that it is a -'deficient' +'deficient' specimen of this species. Anecdotal records of -Trikentrion flabelliforme +Trikentrion flabelliforme from northern Australia have also occasionally encountered similarly deficient specimens (B. Alvarez, pers.comm.). The locality of the Siboga specimen is neatly inbetween the type locality and the North and West Australian localities.