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<document id="34440918339F09B065AEFAB0D935938E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386271" ID-ZooBank="5672CC43-ADA1-44F8-8E6A-08F1BD1E2F10" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1733918488437" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vaulin, Oleg V., Petrozhitskaya, Liudmila V. &amp; Novgorodova, Tatiana A." docDate="2024" docId="03CD521DFFED8178FF1B4B45FEAF83B3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5543.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5543 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5543.3.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Simulium reptans" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="336" masterDocId="FFF42A65FFE8817FFF8C4E08FFD0800D" masterDocTitle="Genetic diversity of populations of Simulium reptans s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the territory of Russia and Northern Kazakhstan" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="329" pageNumber="334" updateTime="1734445985436" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="FEE98FE5CCFD9E30504A1198DCD89144">Genetic diversity of populations of Simulium reptans s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the territory of Russia and Northern Kazakhstan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4295E63FA60D503647EF2FDF3371DBFD">Vaulin, Oleg V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5E71948EC043E386D7C76B8EAF28204E">Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. &amp; Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="653BD9EEA2102A79D29B21861997F4B0">Petrozhitskaya, Liudmila V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE2549D6CC85D0D08FFE902AC8D4B372">Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E0CD2C40F3FDFD91788EC0C3039044F2" type="email">lusiapetr@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0C566857ECFA7307673D47856EA5D284">Novgorodova, Tatiana A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9DA5FBE11D44E357D92392814EDCBEA7">Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D074E3D7EC6C482EB4FB306F0A2AB5C" type="email">tanovg@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="25F0F38E061BD6E981AAD4D0B0B840BF">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03CD521DFFED8178FF1B4B45FEAF83B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFED8178FF1B4B45FEAF83B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD521DFFED8178FF1B4B45FEAF83B3" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
<subSubSection id="C37EB080FFED817AFF1B4B45FEFB8581" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFED817AFF1B4B45FEFB8581" blockId="5.[151,1436,1357,1420]" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
<heading id="D0935467FFED817AFF1B4B45FEFB8581" bold="true" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFF1B4B45FEFB8581" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
Testing of the allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) method for identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFED817AFBD04B45FAEB8565" ID-CoL="8DYX9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1116,1339,1357,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFBD04B45FAEB8565" bold="true" box="[1116,1339,1357,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFED817AFA094B46FEFB8581" authority="Carlsson" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFA094B46FEFB8581" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37EB080FFED8178FF1B4BB2FEAF83B3" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFED817AFF1B4BB2FEA38685" blockId="5.[151,1437,1466,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
From examined
<specimenCount id="9D622882FFED817AFEC34BB2FE2985D9" box="[335,505,1466,1492]" count="122" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" type="generic">122 specimens</specimenCount>
, the vast majority (121) had a PCR product predicted for
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFED817AFBF34BB2FB3E85D9" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1151,1262,1466,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFBF34BB2FB3E85D9" box="[1151,1262,1466,1492]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<specimenCount id="9D622882FFED817AFB714BB2FA4D85D9" box="[1277,1437,1466,1492]" count="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" type="generic">One specimen</specimenCount>
had an additional band expected for
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFED817AFDA54BD6FD1F85F5" box="[553,719,1502,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFDA54BD6FD1F85F5" box="[553,719,1502,1528]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Subsequent sequencing of the COI region revealed a nucleotide substitution near the 3’ end of the corresponding primer annealing site (
<figureCitation id="135FFF8EFFED817AFC62480AFB858610" box="[1006,1109,1538,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1238,1262]" captionTargetBox="[291,1294,241,1213]" captionTargetId="figure-52@6.[288,1299,237,1215]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Primer annealing sites and multiplex AS-PCR results for samples of Simulium reptans s.l. from the Si16 sample (Novosibirsk). A–Annealing site of a primer specific for S. reptantoides; consensus sequences of molecular forms are given, as well as the sequence of a unique individual that we studied. B–Annealing site of a primer specific for S. reptans. C–results of electrophoresis of AS-PCR products from the Si16 sample, lane No. 4 corresponds to the unique sample Si16-4, which gives two PCR products, for the remaining specimens only the PCR product with the size predicted for S. reptans is visible (579 bp). Lane on the right (No. 11)–molecular weight marker 100bp+1.5+3. For A and B, vertical lines indicate complementary pairs, and the arrow indicates the order of nucleotides in the primer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386283/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">Figure 5</figureCitation>
). Despite the absence of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFED817AFA0B480AFEF2864D" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFA0B480AFEF2864D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among the studied specimens, the spectrum of PCR products of the individual with an additional substitution characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFED817AFE664842FD468669" box="[490,662,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFE664842FD468669" box="[490,662,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicates the possibility of differentiating these species using the proposed approach.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFED817AFF1B48C7FD9986E4" blockId="5.[151,585,1743,1769]" box="[151,585,1743,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
<heading id="D0935467FFED817AFF1B48C7FD9986E4" bold="true" box="[151,585,1743,1769]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFED817AFF1B48C7FD9986E4" bold="true" box="[151,585,1743,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">Sequencing of nuclear rRNA genes</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFED817AFF1B491FFC268790" blockId="5.[151,1437,1815,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
Sequencing of a fragment of the COI gene and two regions of rRNA genes–ITS2 and the D
<geoCoordinate id="EE5085CCFFED817AFB25491FFB3A873C" box="[1193,1258,1815,1841]" degrees="2" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="334" precision="925" value="-2.4666667">2 28S</geoCoordinate>
variable region –was performed for several individuals of each sample. Minimal polymorphism was detected for both rDNA sequences. In a number of specimens, polymorphism in ITS2 is expressed in the presence of several variants that differ in insertion/deletion, which makes it difficult to obtain complete reads.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFED8179FF4B49A0FE4980D8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1815,2022]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="335" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">
In addition to insertions/deletions, polymorphism was noted for the A/T substitution near the 3’ end of the sequence, as well as the overlap of these nucleotides (
<figureCitation id="135FFF8EFFED817AFCAE49C3FC5987E8" box="[802,905,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1884,1908]" captionTargetBox="[293,1293,1541,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-194@6.[290,1297,1539,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Typical results of ITS2 sequencing of Simulium reptans s.l. A–with nucleotide A in the position in question, B –with A/T (W) superposition, C–with nucleotide T." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386285/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="334">Figure 6</figureCitation>
). All three sequence variants occur in Asian populations; the variant with A/T overlap was noted in all 4 studied ITS2 sequences from the samples collected in the
<collectingRegion id="49A02DE9FFEE8179FF4C4EB3FE4680D8" box="[192,406,187,213]" country="Russia" name="Murmansk" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Murmansk Region</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1BB383FFEE8179FF144ADEFCD885CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386283/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" startId="6.[152,255,1238,1262]" targetBox="[291,1294,241,1213]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFEE8179FF144ADEFCD885CB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1238,1478]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FF144ADEFEC984E3" bold="true" box="[152,281,1238,1262]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Primer annealing sites and multiplex AS-PCR results for samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEE8179FC6E4ADEFB4484E3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[994,1172,1238,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FC6E4ADEFB4484E3" box="[994,1172,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2238262FFEE8179FB174ADEFB6884E3" box="[1179,1208,1238,1262]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from the Si16 sample (Novosibirsk).
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FEBC4AF2FE92851F" bold="true" box="[304,322,1274,1298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">A</emphasis>
–Annealing site of a primer specific for
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEE8179FD5B4AF3FCBF851F" box="[727,879,1274,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FD5B4AF3FCBF851F" box="[727,879,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; consensus sequences of molecular forms are given, as well as the sequence of a unique individual that we studied.
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FC8C4B16FCC1853B" bold="true" box="[768,785,1310,1334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B</emphasis>
–Annealing site of a primer specific for
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEE8179FB204B17FAC1853B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1196,1297,1311,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FB204B17FAC1853B" box="[1196,1297,1311,1334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FA934B16FAE1853B" bold="true" box="[1311,1329,1310,1334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
–results of electrophoresis of AS-PCR products from the Si16 sample, lane No. 4 corresponds to the unique sample Si16-4, which gives two PCR products, for the remaining specimens only the PCR product with the size predicted for
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEE8179FBF84B6FFB088573" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1140,1240,1383,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FBF84B6FFB088573" box="[1140,1240,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is visible (579 bp). Lane on the right (No. 11)–molecular weight marker 100bp+1.5+3. For
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FCF64B82FC5C85AF" bold="true" box="[890,908,1418,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">A</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FC334B82FC0085AF" bold="true" box="[959,976,1418,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B</emphasis>
, vertical lines indicate complementary pairs, and the arrow indicates the order of nucleotides in the primer.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1BB383FFEE8179FF144954FD4F8795" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386285/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" startId="6.[152,255,1884,1908]" targetBox="[293,1293,1541,1856]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFEE8179FF144954FD4F8795" blockId="6.[151,1436,1884,1944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FF144954FECA8779" bold="true" box="[152,282,1884,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Typical results of ITS2 sequencing of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEE8179FD3C4954FCB38779" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[688,867,1884,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FD3C4954FCB38779" box="[688,867,1884,1908]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2238262FFEE8179FCE74954FC588779" box="[875,904,1884,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FC1D4954FC738779" bold="true" box="[913,931,1884,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">A</emphasis>
–with nucleotide A in the position in question,
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FA074954FA4C8779" bold="true" box="[1419,1436,1884,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B</emphasis>
–with A/T (W) superposition,
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEE8179FE454988FE0B8795" bold="true" box="[457,475,1920,1944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">C</emphasis>
–with nucleotide T.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFEF8178FF4B4E9FFE25814C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
Most of the studied specimens were identical for the D
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region; two sequences originating from Ust`-Kut (
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) and the
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had a superposition of two nucleotides at the same position.
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region sequences also differ in three positions from the sequence EF417075, presented in the DNA database and referred to
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. This result may be associated either with the peculiarities of species identification or with the presence of cryptic species.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FF1B4F80FD4D81AF" bold="true" box="[151,669,392,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Phylogenetic analysis by COI gene region</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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Despite the contradiction of data on restriction analysis and the results of species diagnostic PCR, all the studied sequences belonged to
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FE2E4FFCFDC38203" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[418,531,500,526]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FE2E4FFCFDC38203" box="[418,531,500,526]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="135FFF8EFFEF8178FDA84FFCFD598203" box="[548,649,500,526]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[152,255,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,346,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[151,1435,345,1761]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree constructed from the DNA fragment of the COI gene of S. reptans. A branch of S. reptantoides was used for rooting. The geographical origin of the individuals is indicated. Sequences taken from the NCBI database are designated by corresponding numbers. Bayesian posterior probabilities (above the branches) and bootstrap values (below the branches) are given." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386289/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Figure 7</figureCitation>
). Several groups of COI sequences uniting samples by geographical origin can be distinguished. Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FDE04C10FD09823F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[620,729,536,562]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FDE04C10FD09823F" box="[620,729,536,562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A include a basal group of British specimens, as well as a group including specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FE314C34FDC6825B" box="[445,534,572,598]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Sweden</collectingCountry>
and from the
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of
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FC134C34FC3D825B" box="[927,1005,572,598]" name="Russia" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Russia</collectingCountry>
. Form B of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FBE24C34FB0C825B" box="[1134,1244,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
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includes the East European branch (
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,
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,
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,
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); the Eurasian branch, with a very wide distribution from Northern Europe to Eastern Siberia (
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FDB54C8CFD038293" box="[569,723,644,670]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FD534C8CFCEA8293" box="[735,826,644,670]" name="Sweden" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Sweden</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FCCB4C8DFC728292" box="[839,930,645,671]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Norway</collectingCountry>
, part of the Siberian samples) and the Asian branch (Novosibirsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Region, Northern
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FC544CA0FBB082CF" box="[984,1120,680,706]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFEF8178FF4B4CC4FCCB8307" blockId="7.[151,1437,464,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
The Eurasian branch corresponds to the
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FD004CC4FD1F82EB" box="[652,719,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">BstF5</emphasis>
I restriction spectrum of 100+250+350 bp. and
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FB604CC4FAC382EB" box="[1260,1299,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Alu</emphasis>
I restriction spectrum–with one detectable fragment of 230 bp in size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFEF8178FF4B4D1CFD93835F" blockId="7.[151,1437,464,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
The Asian branch corresponds to the
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FDE84D1CFD778323" box="[612,679,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">BstF5</emphasis>
I restriction spectrum of 600+100 bp. and
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FB0D4D1CFB788323" box="[1153,1192,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Alu</emphasis>
I restriction spectrum with fragments of 180+230 bp in size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFEF8178FF4B4D54FEAF83B3" blockId="7.[151,1437,464,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
Thus, the Asian branch predominates in the Ob-Irtysh basin (Novosibirsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Krai and Northern
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FF1B4D88FECE8397" box="[151,286,896,922]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
), while in the Irkutsk Region the proportions of the Asian and Eurasian branches were comparable (Table S3,
<figureCitation id="135FFF8EFFEF8178FE9D4DACFEA183B3" box="[273,369,932,958]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1843,1867]" captionTargetBox="[333,1246,1291,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-155@4.[313,1274,1246,1819]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Proportions of two restriction spectra of Simulium reptans s.l. among the studied material collected in different localities in the territory of Ob-Irtysh basin. Si16, Si19, Si28–sample numbers; ns–non-significant differences (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, with Bonferroni correction, p&gt; 0.017)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386277/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Figure 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

380
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The features of the genetic structure of population of black flies of the
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FB894A5FFB0E847F" bold="true" box="[1029,1246,1111,1138]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
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results, information from other researchers (
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Kúdela
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2014
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;
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) and the DNA database indicate significant spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of
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</taxonomicName>
A form is distributed relatively locally in
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE834AE0FDD7850F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE834AE0FDD7850F" box="[271,519,1256,1283]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="northern Europe. The" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">northern Europe. The</location>
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FD9D4AE0FD54850F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[529,644,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FD9D4AE0FD54850F" box="[529,644,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B form is widespread throughout
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB904AE0FBA4850F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB904AE0FBA4850F" box="[1052,1140,1256,1282]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eurasia" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eurasia</location>
: from the
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB7D4AE0FAAB850F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB7D4AE0FAAB850F" box="[1265,1403,1256,1282]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="British Isles" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">British Isles</location>
to
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4B05FE94852B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4B05FE94852B" box="[151,324,1292,1319]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eastern Siberia" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eastern Siberia</location>
and
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE0C4B04FE35852B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE0C4B04FE35852B" box="[384,485,1292,1318]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Northern" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Northern</location>
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FE634B04FDA5852B" box="[495,629,1292,1318]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD0E4B04FD16852B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD0E4B04FD16852B" box="[642,710,1292,1318]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Based" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Based</location>
on the sequence of the standard fragment of the COI gene for
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FF1B4B38FEDB8547" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,267,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FF1B4B38FEDB8547" box="[151,267,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B, three branches can be distinguished—
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD774B38FC168546" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD774B38FC168546" box="[763,966,1328,1355]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eastern European" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eastern European</location>
(
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FC564B38FAC08547" box="[986,1296,1328,1354]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FAAD4B38FA418547" box="[1313,1425,1328,1354]" name="Lithuania" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
),
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4B5CFF298563" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4B5CFF298563" box="[151,249,1364,1390]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eurasian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eurasian</location>
(general for
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE1F4B5CFDBD8562" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE1F4B5CFDBD8562" box="[403,621,1364,1391]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Northern European" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Northern European</location>
and
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD244B5CFD398563" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD244B5CFD398563" box="[680,745,1364,1390]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Asian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Asian</location>
habitats) and
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC024B5CFC1F8563" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC024B5CFC1F8563" box="[910,975,1364,1390]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Asian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Asian</location>
(
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC6C4B5CFBED8563" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC6C4B5CFBED8563" box="[992,1085,1364,1390]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Western" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Western</location>
and
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FBF54B5DFAF98563" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FBF54B5DFAF98563" box="[1145,1321,1364,1391]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eastern Siberia" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eastern Siberia</location>
,
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FABB4B5CFA4C8563" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FABB4B5CFA4C8563" box="[1335,1436,1364,1390]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Northern" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Northern</location>
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FF1B4B70FECF859F" box="[151,287,1400,1426]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
).
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FEB84B70FEB0859F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FEB84B70FEB0859F" box="[308,352,1400,1426]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="The" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">The</location>
expected restriction spectra of the COI gene fragment by the
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FBB94B70FBA8859F" box="[1077,1144,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">BstF5</emphasis>
I enzyme differ between the
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF484B94FEF685BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF484B94FEF685BB" box="[196,294,1436,1462]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eurasian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eurasian</location>
(100+250+350 bp) and
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FDC94B94FD5685BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FDC94B94FD5685BB" box="[581,646,1436,1462]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Asian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Asian</location>
(600+100 bp) branches of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FC474B94FB2985BB" authority="B. Accordingly" authorityName="B. Accordingly" box="[971,1273,1436,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FC474B94FBEE85BB" box="[971,1086,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
B. Accordingly
</taxonomicName>
, based on the frequencies of these variants (
<figureCitation id="135FFF8EFFEF8178FE6B4BC8FD9A85D7" box="[487,586,1472,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1154,1178]" captionTargetBox="[313,1274,604,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-197@5.[313,1274,558,1131]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Proportions of two restriction spectra among the studied material of Simulium reptans s.l. collected in different localities. North Europe (MR)–Murmansk Region (Russia); Western Siberia (NR+PR)—Novosibirsk Region (Russia) and Pavlodar Region (North Kazakhstan); Eastern Siberia (IR)–Irkutsk Region (Russia). The data marked with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s exact test with Bonferroni correction, p &lt;0.017)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386281/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Figure 4</figureCitation>
), it is possible to estimate the predominant mtDNA variants in populations.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4BEDFE8F85F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4BEDFE8F85F3" box="[151,351,1508,1535]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="In Eastern Siberia" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
In
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF394BEDFE8F85F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF394BEDFE8F85F3" box="[181,351,1508,1535]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eastern Siberia" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eastern Siberia</location>
</location>
(Ust`-
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE254BECFE0785F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE254BECFE0785F3" box="[425,471,1508,1534]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Kut" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Kut</location>
), both variants occur with similar frequencies (55 and 45%, respectively), while in the
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4800FED4862F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FF1B4800FED4862F" box="[151,260,1544,1570]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Ob-Irtysh" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Ob-Irtysh</location>
basin (
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FED64800FDE8862F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FED64800FDE8862F" box="[346,568,1544,1570]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Novosibirsk region" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Novosibirsk region</location>
,
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FDCA4800FCF5862F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FDCA4800FCF5862F" box="[582,805,1544,1570]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Krasnoyarsk region" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Krasnoyarsk region</location>
and
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FCEC4800FBC5862F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FCEC4800FBC5862F" box="[864,1045,1544,1570]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Pavlodar region" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Pavlodar region</location>
of
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFEF8178FBB34800FB16862F" box="[1087,1222,1544,1570]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
), the
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FA894800FA96862F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FA894800FA96862F" box="[1285,1350,1544,1570]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Asian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Asian</location>
branch of mtDNA predominates (88%).
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD9C4824FD7B864B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD9C4824FD7B864B" box="[528,683,1580,1606]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Consequently" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Consequently</location>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FD344824FCF9864B" box="[696,809,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FD344824FCF9864B" box="[696,809,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B populations show heterogeneity.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB494824FAFD864B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB494824FAFD864B" box="[1221,1325,1580,1606]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Branches" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Branches</location>
within
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FA0B4824FF3A8667" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FA0B4824FF3A8667" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B differ in this DNA region by few nucleotide substitutions.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC204858FBF08667" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC204858FBF08667" box="[940,1056,1616,1642]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="The Asian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">The Asian</location>
branch differs from the
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FAB64858FA4C8667" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FAB64858FA4C8667" box="[1338,1436,1616,1642]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Eurasian" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Eurasian</location>
branch by two substitutions, and each of them differs from the
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FCFA487DFBCB8682" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FCFA487DFBCB8682" box="[886,1051,1653,1679]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="East European" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">East European</location>
branch by three.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB65487CFAFC8683" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB65487CFAFC8683" box="[1257,1324,1652,1678]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="These" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">These</location>
distances are comparable to the degree of divergence between the A and B forms of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FC744890FBB986BF" box="[1016,1129,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FC744890FBB986BF" box="[1016,1129,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FBF54890FB7586BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FBF54890FB7586BF" box="[1145,1189,1688,1714]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="The" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">The</location>
distance between the nearest tree nodes belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FD8A48B4FDA586DB" box="[518,629,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FD8A48B4FDA586DB" box="[518,629,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A and B is only three substitutions.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB9748B4FBE986DB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FB9748B4FBE986DB" box="[1051,1081,1724,1750]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Of" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Of</location>
particular interest is the actual relationship between forms A and B of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FDD948E8FD1586F7" box="[597,709,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FDD948E8FD1586F7" box="[597,709,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD5E48E8FD2C86F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FD5E48E8FD2C86F7" box="[722,764,1760,1786]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Are" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Are</location>
these forms reproductively isolated, having their own gene pools and ecological niches, i.e., are they cryptic species?
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC92490CFCEC8713" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FC92490CFCEC8713" box="[798,828,1796,1822]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="Or" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Or</location>
is mtDNA divergence just a peculiar variant of neutral intraspecific genetic diversity?
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE744920FDCA874F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFEF8178FE744920FDCA874F" box="[504,538,1832,1858]" country="Kazakhstan" county="Thus" latitude="-2.4666667" municipality="Sequences" name="An" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">An</location>
indication of genomic divergence between forms A and B could be divergence of nuclear DNA markers.
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBF7971FFEF8178FE454944FDEF876B" box="[457,575,1868,1894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Sequences</collectingMunicipality>
of fragments of nuclear rRNA genes with minimal polymorphism do not demonstrate subdivision between A and B forms.
<collectingCounty id="62BA9B87FFEF8178FD324978FD298787" box="[702,761,1904,1930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Thus</collectingCounty>
, according to ITS2, the samples of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FB0C4978FB3E8787" box="[1152,1262,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FB0C4978FB3E8787" box="[1152,1262,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A had the same nucleotide sequence as some of the individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFEF8178FD5F499CFC3187A3" authority="B. According" authorityName="B. According" box="[723,993,1940,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FD5F499CFC9387A3" box="[723,835,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
B. According
</taxonomicName>
to D
<geoCoordinate id="EE5085CCFFEF8178FB90499CFB8F87A3" box="[1052,1119,1940,1966]" degrees="2" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" precision="925" value="-2.4666667">2 28S</geoCoordinate>
, only two Asian individuals had variability in the form of superposition in a single position of sequence. The absence of differences in rRNA gene fragments between the studied branches A and B of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFEF8178FCB549D4FC7B87FB" box="[825,939,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not confirm the hypothesis about the divergence of the genomes of A and B forms. It is most likely that these forms are only neutral genetic variants of mtDNA that do not mark separate, reproductively isolated groups of varying degrees. However, in order to clarify the relationships between these forms, it is necessary to conduct additional detailed studies, including an extensive multilocus analysis covering many regions of the genome and carried out for localities where the A and B forms of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE08177FF1B4F2FFED6814D" box="[151,262,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">S. reptans</emphasis>
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exist sympatrically.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1BB383FFE08177FF1448F0FE078770" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14386289" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14386289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14386289/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="337" startId="8.[152,255,1784,1808]" targetBox="[152,1434,346,1760]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFE08177FF1448F0FE078770" blockId="8.[151,1437,1784,1917]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE08177FF1448F0FECB871C" bold="true" box="[152,283,1784,1809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree constructed from the DNA fragment of the COI gene of
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE08177FB0148F1FB2C871D" box="[1165,1276,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFE08177FB0148F1FB27871D" box="[1165,1271,1785,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">S. reptans</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A branch of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFE08177FA0548F1FEC58738" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="337" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE08177FA0548F1FEC58738" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was used for rooting. The geographical origin of the individuals is indicated. Sequences taken from the NCBI database are designated by corresponding numbers. Bayesian posterior probabilities (above the branches) and bootstrap values (below the branches) are given.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFE18176FF4B4E9FFBC881F8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFE18176FF4B4E9FFF2380BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFE18176FF4B4E9FFF2380BC" box="[199,243,151,177]" country="Russia" county="European" latitude="69.0" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="30.0" municipality="northern Europe" name="The" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">The</location>
habitats of forms A and B of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FDB74E9FFD7980BD" box="[571,681,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are well defined.
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features of their distribution can be explained by the difficulties of expansion/mixing of conspecific individuals with different mtDNA variants.
<location id="8EBBB5D0FFE18176FA824EB3FAFA80D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CD521DFFEF8176FF1B4A50FBF08438:8EBBB5D0FFE18176FA824EB3FAFA80D8" box="[1294,1322,187,213]" country="Russia" county="European" latitude="69.0" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="30.0" municipality="northern Europe" name="At" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">At</location>
the same time, another possible explanation could be the actual genetic isolation of forms A and B and their adaptation to different environmental conditions.
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,
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FDE64F0BFD098111" box="[618,729,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A is found in small and medium-sized rivers in
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–from Great Britain to the northeast of the
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part of
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, which is within the boundaries of 54–
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and 2–
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, in conditions from subarctic to temperate continental climate of wet
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, with an average annual precipitation of
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, mainly on hilly plains and low mountains (
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above sea level
</elevation>
) with forest vegetation.
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FE954F9BFE0C81A1" box="[281,476,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
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B is distributed much more widely, mainly on flat, less often low-mountain, forest and steppe landscapes, with a temperate to sharply continental climate, with an annual precipitation of
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. The development of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FE0C4FD3FE3F81F9" box="[384,495,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B occurs in both large, medium and small rivers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFE18176FF4B4FF7FF368318" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
Unfortunately, we were not able to study material from mid-mountain forest landscapes of Siberia, which somewhat limits the possibilities of comparative analysis with European data on
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FBC24C2BFAC68231" box="[1102,1302,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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Due to the lack of information from the mountainous regions of Southwestern Europe, Siberia and Northern
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FAB44C4FFAAE826C" box="[1336,1406,583,609]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">China</collectingCountry>
, it is currently impossible to evaluate borders of distribution of forms of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FC414C63FB908289" box="[973,1088,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
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A and B, taking into account elevational zonation. Provided that the mitochondrial DNA variants corresponding to the A and B forms of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFE18176FA0B4C87FF3A82C1" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FA0B4C87FF3A82C1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
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mark reproductively isolated and ecologically isolated groups, one would expect that limited populations of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FF1B4CDFFE8B82FD" box="[151,347,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Simulium reptans</emphasis>
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A could be found on the upper border of the middle mountains, by analogy with the zonal foresttundra.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFE18176FF4B4D17FAC383C4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
At this stage of the study, the black fly
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FD1B4D17FC458334" box="[663,917,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Simulium reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not found in the territory of
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FA934D17FABA8334" box="[1311,1386,799,825]" name="Russia" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Russia</collectingCountry>
and Northern
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. However, it is too early to make conclusions about the pattern of distribution of this species. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF59EFAFFE18176FEBD4D6FFDC5838C" author="Kudela, M. &amp; Bruderova, T. &amp; Jedlicka, L. &amp; Bernotiene, R. &amp; Celec, P. &amp; Szemes, T." box="[305,533,871,897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" pagination="301 - 17" refId="ref8654" refString="Kudela, M., Bruderova, T., Jedlicka, L., Bernotiene, R., Celec, P. &amp; Szemes, T. (2014) The identity and genetic characterization of Simulium reptans (Diptera: Simuliidae) from central and northern Europe. Zootaxa, 3802 (3), 301 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3802.3.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Kúdela
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FE054D6FFE11838C" box="[393,449,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, the range of
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<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FD214D6FFC84838C" box="[685,852,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not limited to Europe. To obtain a more complete understanding of the distribution of this species and answer the question of whether
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFE18176FBCC4D83FB3783A8" box="[1088,1255,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptantoides">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FBCC4D83FB3783A8" box="[1088,1255,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in the Asian part of Eurasia, additional studies, including areas with mountain taiga landscapes, are required.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDBE30BFFE18176FF4B4DDBFBF08438" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF59EFAFFE18176FEEE4DDBFE2883E0" author="Adler, P. H." box="[354,504,979,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" refId="ref7316" refString="Adler, P. H. (2022) World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 145 pp." type="book" year="2022">Adler (2022)</bibRefCitation>
, the southern part of the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFE18176FCF14DDBFC3E83E1" box="[893,1006,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FCF14DDBFC3E83E1" box="[893,1006,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
covers
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,
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,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FB6B4DDBFA9983E0" box="[1255,1353,979,1005]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FAD94DDBFA4883E0" box="[1365,1432,979,1005]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FF1B4DFFFF3D841C" box="[151,237,1015,1041]" name="Tunisia" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FF774DFFFE9C841C" box="[251,332,1015,1041]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FED64DFFFE0B841C" box="[346,475,1015,1041]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
, North West and north East of
<collectingCountry id="F373A39BFFE18176FCC64DFFFC41841C" box="[842,913,1015,1041]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">China</collectingCountry>
. More detailed study in the territory of these countries may expand our understanding of the phylogeography of
<taxonomicName id="4C649888FFE18176FC054A13FC288439" box="[905,1016,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reptans">
<emphasis id="B9103F19FFE18176FC054A13FC288439" box="[905,1016,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">S. reptans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>