diff --git a/data/19/98/3C/19983C4B90F5F35A21AA16A41131730D.xml b/data/19/98/3C/19983C4B90F5F35A21AA16A41131730D.xml index 91d3e6fe9b6..d4131e804ab 100644 --- a/data/19/98/3C/19983C4B90F5F35A21AA16A41131730D.xml +++ b/data/19/98/3C/19983C4B90F5F35A21AA16A41131730D.xml @@ -1,371 +1,371 @@ - - - -Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data + + + +Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data - - -Author + + +Author -Aguila, Rayner Nunez +Aguila, Rayner Nunez - - -Author + + +Author -Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva +Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva - - -Author + + +Author -Maravi, Pavel F. Matos +Maravi, Pavel F. Matos - - -Author + + +Author -Wahlberg, Niklas +Wahlberg, Niklas -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -165 + +2012 + +165 - -57 -105 + +57 +105 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -1313-2970-165-57 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 +1313-2970-165-57 - - - -Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 -stat. rev. + + + +Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 +stat. rev. Figs 4-62633414956, 576366-74 - - -Calisto smintheus -Bates 1935 + + +Calisto smintheus +Bates 1935 : 242 - -Calisto delos -Bates 1935 + +Calisto delos +Bates 1935 : 243, -Michener 1943 +Michener 1943 : 6, -Schwartz and Hedges 1991 +Schwartz and Hedges 1991 : 136 - -Calisto smintheus smintheus -Bates 1939 + +Calisto smintheus smintheus +Bates 1939 : 3, -Michener 1943 +Michener 1943 : 6, -Munroe 1950 +Munroe 1950 : 226, -Torre 1952 +Torre 1952 : 62, -Torre 1954 +Torre 1954 : 120, -Torre 1968 +Torre 1968 : 18, - -Nunez + +Nunez 2009 : 56 - -Calisto smintheus delos -Torre 1968 + +Calisto smintheus delos +Torre 1968 : 19 - -Calisto biocellatus -Torre 1968 + +Calisto biocellatus +Torre 1968 : 22 - -Calisto sibylla smintheus -Brown and Heineman 1972 + +Calisto sibylla smintheus +Brown and Heineman 1972 : 51, - + Fontenla and -Rodriguez +Rodriguez 1990 : 8, -Smith et al. 1994 +Smith et al. 1994 : 57, -Lamas 2004 +Lamas 2004 : 207 - -Calisto sibylla delos -Brown and Heineman 1972 + +Calisto sibylla delos +Brown and Heineman 1972 : 51, -Smith et al. 1994 +Smith et al. 1994 : 57, -Lamas 2004 +Lamas 2004 : 207 - -Diagnosis. - -Calisto smintheus + +Diagnosis. + +Calisto smintheus requires comparison with some of its cogeners. Within Cuba, the more similar species is -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei ,but -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus adults are larger on the average (19-25 mm of FWL versus 16-22 mm in -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei ), have a reddish suffusion around anal lobe at the UPHW, and are darker and more brightly colored at UN of wings. The androconial patch has a rounded outer margin in -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus , but it is sinuous, forming three rounded lobes in -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei .Almost all other Cuban relatives except -Calisto israeli +Calisto israeli , are paler and have fewer white dots at the post discal area on UNHW. -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile has also four white dots at UNHW, but is paler and smaller on the average, 14-21 mm versus 19-25 mm in -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus . Outside Cuba, the Bahamian -Calisto sibylla +Calisto sibylla lacks red at the UNFW cell and the reddish suffusion at anal lobe; and in general, is a paler species. The Hispaniolan -Calisto confusa +Calisto confusa Lathy, 1899, -Calisto hysius +Calisto hysius (Godart [1824]) and -Calisto obscura +Calisto obscura Michener, 1943, and -Calisto pauli +Calisto pauli Johnson & Hedges, 1998 are superficially similar but all are distinctly smaller (13-18 mm) than -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus . - -Description. - + +Description. + FWL: 19-25 mm ♂ & ♀. Male UPFW dark brown except darker, almost black, androconial patch and postdiscal area adjacent to androconial patch and tornus, pale brown (Fig. 4). Androconial patch distinct except at base anterior limit, approximately triangular with outer margin rounded, anterior margin not entering into cell, about one half the length of FW (Fig. 33). Female UPFW dark grayish brown at basal two thirds, outer third pale grayish brown (Fig. 5). UPHW dark grayish brown at anterior two thirds, pale grayish brown at posterior third; anal lobe ferruginous, occupying apical half of posterior margin in some specimens. UN of wings brown heavily mixed with reddish and, toward base, pale yellow scales; apex of both wings and basal to pdl of HW with a dark wine hue (Figs 6, 26). Outer edge of pdl with bright yellow scaling. Post discal area at UNHW with four white dots at -Rs-M +Rs-M 1, M1-M2, M2-M3, and M3-Cu1, the last one slightly displaced toward outer margin and smaller, sometimes absent in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, rounded at posterior half (Fig. 41); uncus gradually tapering toward apex, arched at apical third; digitiform projection of valvae slender and long, straight at both margins; aedeagus sinuated with a left curve both at basal and apical half. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 49); corpus bursae broad, about two thirds the length of ductus bursae. - - + + Figures 67-74. Immature stages of -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus . 67 First instar 68 Second instar 69 Fifth instar, lateral view 70 Fifth instar, dorsal view 71 Fifth instar head capsule, scale bar 1 mm. 72 Pupa, lateral view 73 Pupa, ventral view 74 Pupa, dorsal view. - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype♂: Sierra del Cobre, Loma del Gato 3000 ft, -20°00'33"N +20°00'33"N , -76°02'16"W +76°02'16"W , 25-30/IX/1935, S. C. Bruner. MCZ, examined. Paratypes 8 ♂, 4 ♀: -same +same data as for holotype except 2700-3300 ft, S. C. Bruner, genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin. MCZ, CZACC, examined. - -Calisto delos -Bates 1935 + +Calisto delos +Bates 1935 : holotype ♂, Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Pico Turquino, Loma Cordero (actually Cardero) 4000-6000 ft, 1 August 1935, J. -Acuna +Acuna ; paratype ♂, Pico Turquino, Julio 22 de 1922, S. C. Bruner & C. H. Ballou, EEA Cuba No. 1652. MCZ, examined. - -Calisto biocellatus + +Calisto biocellatus Torre 1968: holotype ♂, Turquino, Pico Cuba 1872 m, -19°59'8.4"N +19°59'8.4"N , -76°50'32.3"W +76°50'32.3"W , VI/1963, F. de Zayas, P. Alayo & I. -Garcia +Garcia ; allotype ♀: same data as for holotype. CZACC, examined. - -Additional material. - + +Additional material. + 88 ♂, 33 ♀. Granma: -Bartolome -Maso +Bartolome +Maso , La Platica 850 m, -20°00'54.1"N +20°00'54.1"N , -76°53'28.4"W +76°53'28.4"W , 26/XI/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez , slide RNA175(androconial sclaes), DNA voucher PM07-05 (3 ♂); same data as for anterior except V/2008 (2 ♂). Santiago de Cuba: Aguada de -Joaquin +Joaquin 1300 m, -20°00'50.4"N +20°00'50.4"N , -76°50'24.8"W +76°50'24.8"W , 20-27/I/2005, A. -Garcia +Garcia , A. Barro & R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♂ in glycerin, slides RNA238(wings)/243(legs & labial palpus) (2 ♂, 1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 30/XI/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♀ in glycerin, slide RNA190(wings) (2 ♂, 1 ♀); Sierra Maetra, Pico -Joaquin +Joaquin 5300 ft, -19°59'16"N +19°59'16"N , -76°53'31"W +76°53'31"W , 18/V/1948, J. -Ferras +Ferras (3 ♂); ladera sur Pico Regino 1500 m, -20°00'38"N +20°00'38"N , -76°50'9"W +76°50'9"W , 29/XI/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♀ in glycerin, DNA voucher PM07-09 (M010) (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Sierra Maestra, 29/X/1941, J. -Acuna +Acuna (1 ♂); Turquino, June 1963, P. Alayo, slide RNA208(wings) (5 ♂); same data as for anterior except F. de Zayas, P. Alayo & I. -Garcia +Garcia (1 ♀); Pico Turquino 1972 m, -19°59'23.7"N +19°59'23.7"N , -76°50'11.9"W +76°50'11.9"W , 18/X/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia , slide RNA275(legs & labial palpus) (10 ♂, 4 ♀); same data as for anterior except XII/1967, slides RNA225 (wings)/227(legs & labial palpus) (1 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, X/1985, M. G. Casanova, -genitalia +genitalia ♀ in glycerin (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Turquino, Pico Cuba 1872 m, -19°59'8.4"N +19°59'8.4"N , -76°50'32.3"W +76°50'32.3"W , VI/1963, F. de Zayas, P. Alayo & I. -Garcia +Garcia , genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA186(androconial scales)/189/204/212(wings)/203/230/266 (legs & labial palpus) (10 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 17/I/2002, A. Barro & R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♀); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Sierra del Cobre, Loma El Gato 2600 ft, -20°00'33"N +20°00'33"N , -76°02'16"W +76°02'16"W , 24-30 September 1935, J. -Acuna +Acuna , S. C. Bruner & L. C. Scaramuzza (1 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, VIII/1942, Hno Crisogono (2 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 6/IX/1951, S. L. de la Torre, slide RNA228(wings) (8 ♂, 3 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 17-20 June 1952, F. de Zayas & P. Alayo (3 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 19 June 1952 (3 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 20 June 1952, slide RNA273(legs & labial palpus) (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 11/VIII/2008, E. Oliva, genitalia in glycerin, DNA vouchers PM07-13 (M030) & PM07-14 (M031) (2 ♂); same locality and date as for anterior, E. Fonseca (1 ♂); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Caney, Gran Piedra 1100 m, -20°00'31"N +20°00'31"N , -75°37'3"W +75°37'3"W , Junio 1954, F. de Zayas & P. Alayo (1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 23/IV/1955, P. Alayo, genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin (2 ♂, 2 ♀); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Caney, Gran Piedra, El Olimpo 900 m, -20°00'41"N +20°00'41"N , -75°39'42"W +75°39'42"W , 22 Mayo 1955, F. de Zayas & P. Alayo, slide RNA234(wings) (1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 26 Abril 1956, genitalia ♂ in glycerin, slides RNA192/221(wings) (4 ♂, 2 ♀); same data as for anterior except VIII/1960, genitalia -♀ +♀ in glycerin, slides RNA185(androconial scales)/188/219/251(wings)/216/276(legs & labial palpus) (8 ♂, 3 ♀); same locality as for anterior, VI/1962, P. Alayo, F. de Zayas & I. -Garcia +Garcia (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 19/XII/1965 (4 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 6/X/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia , genitalia ♀ in glycerin, slide RNA274(legs & labial palpus) (3 ♂, 3 ♀); same locality as for anterior, VIII/1986 (1 ♀); Gran Piedra, base Gran Piedra 1200 m, 16/III/2008, R. -Nunez +Nunez (4 ♂); Gran Piedra, pinar -detras -Estacion +detras +Estacion BIOECO 1100 m, 24/II/2011, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♀); same data as anterior except ex ova, emerged 17/V/2011 (1 ♀). MFP, CZACC. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Species is restricted to the Sierra Maestra. It has been recorded from Pico Mogote ( -Fontenla 2006 +Fontenla 2006 ) in the east to 140 km west at La Platica (Figs 56, 57). Besides anterior literature data, species has been recorded from La Bayamesa, Granma province ( -Fontenla 2005 +Fontenla 2005 ). - -Immature stages. -Egg & oviposition - Eggs are glued to substrate, spherical in shape and ivory white in color becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after laid. Time to hatch 8 days (n=1). -First instar larva (Fig. 67) - Head capsule dark brown, almost black, with a bronze gloss and with two short horns on top. Body beige, greenish white on sides after fed on host leaves, with a dorsal line and four pairs of longitudinal pale orange brown lines: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal, and infrastigmatal. Suprastigmatal line more greenish and the thinnest one, remainder lines more brownish and broader but subdorsal thinner than stigmatal and infrastigmatal lines. Dimensions (n=1): head capsule width 0.61 mm, head capsule height 0.64 mm, initial total length 2.9 mm, final total length 4.2 mm. Duration (n=1): 15 days. -Second instar with beige brown head capsule with slightly darker marks, body pattern similar to first but with a pair of dots, one at each subdorsal line, at metathorax that is present in remainder instars (Fig. 68). Instars from third and fourth with the same pattern of fifth, described below, but paler, with lines less contrasting, subdorsal and suprastigmatal lines straighter and the stigmatal and infragstigmatal lines distinct. - + +Immature stages. +Egg & oviposition - Eggs are glued to substrate, spherical in shape and ivory white in color becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after laid. Time to hatch 8 days (n=1). +First instar larva (Fig. 67) - Head capsule dark brown, almost black, with a bronze gloss and with two short horns on top. Body beige, greenish white on sides after fed on host leaves, with a dorsal line and four pairs of longitudinal pale orange brown lines: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal, and infrastigmatal. Suprastigmatal line more greenish and the thinnest one, remainder lines more brownish and broader but subdorsal thinner than stigmatal and infrastigmatal lines. Dimensions (n=1): head capsule width 0.61 mm, head capsule height 0.64 mm, initial total length 2.9 mm, final total length 4.2 mm. Duration (n=1): 15 days. +Second instar with beige brown head capsule with slightly darker marks, body pattern similar to first but with a pair of dots, one at each subdorsal line, at metathorax that is present in remainder instars (Fig. 68). Instars from third and fourth with the same pattern of fifth, described below, but paler, with lines less contrasting, subdorsal and suprastigmatal lines straighter and the stigmatal and infragstigmatal lines distinct. + Fifth instar larva (Figs 69-71) - Head capsule beige regularly speckled with numerous dark brown dots; horns reduced; sides with two pairs of dark brown spots, each pair almost equidistant between them and to dorsal and ventral edges; mandibles black; -X- +X- mark of epicranium obsolete, represented only by a small rounded spot at apex of each arm, slightly darker than background. Body pale brown with brown striations; dorsum of each segment with darker -"butterfly" +"butterfly" like mark formed by small brown striations; lines slightly darker than background, except subdorsal which is pale yellow, lines becoming diffuse toward thorax; each abdominal segment with a transverse ashy gray band at beginning from dorsum to near suprastigmatal line and edged anteriorly by a brown dot at each end; dorsal line edged at beginning of each abdominal segment by two pale yellowish beige dots; a dark brown dot above subdorsal line on metathorax; subdorsal lines thinner than dorsal line, wavy, closer to dorsal line at middle of each segment, ending on caudal tails; suprastigmatal lines wavy following the wave pattern of subdorsal ones with dark brown dot above it near mid way to subdorsal, above it on each segment one pair of diffuse brown dots, one central, larger, -and +and other near posterior margin; stigmatal and infrastigmatal lines diffuse mixed; area behind and below whitish, the latter crossed the infrastigmatal line. Dimensions (n=1): head capsule width 2.55 mm, head capsule height 2.58 mm, initial total length 14 mm, final total length 22 mm. Duration (n=1): 19 days. - + Pupa (Figs 72-74) - Head and wing sheaths pale gray; antennae and leg sheaths with regular discontinuous pattern of dark brown dots; a pair of ventral black dots on eyes and another at sides of appendages near abdomen; wing sheaths edged at dorsum by an irregular dark brown large spot at middle; dorsum of thorax and abdomen pale gray with diffuse dark brown striations heavier at sides of dorsal ax forming a large spot on each side; abdomen with a dark brown line on sides, abdomen with a transverse ridge with a pair of more prominent crests on dorsum of segments 1 to 6; last abdominal segment long, stout, cremaster area enlarged, broad. Two days before emergence the dark brown extends covering almost entire thorax, extending gradually -until +until occupying entire surface before emergence. Dimensions (n=1): total length 11 mm, maximum width 4.5 mm. Duration (n=1): 12 days. - -Habitat and biology. - + +Habitat and biology. + Throughout its range, the species inhabits evergreen and rainforests at altitudes between 800 m and 1500 m (Fig. 63). It is also found in cloud forest above 1500 m, and at the cloud scrub around Pico Turquino, 1972 m and Cuba highest peak. Individuals can be found in interior of forests but also at its edges. The species seems to prefer relatively well preserved areas but occasionally can be found at places with secondary vegetation. At La Platica village, Turquino massif, Sierra Maestra, the species was observed in shady places of gardens nearby forest, whereas, at Gran Piedra, it was found inside 25 year old pine plantations. Adults were observed feeding on flowers of -Bourreria laevis +Bourreria laevis , -Palicourea alpina +Palicourea alpina , -Pavonia fruticosa +Pavonia fruticosa , -Mikania micrantha +Mikania micrantha , and -Stachyterpheta cayenensis +Stachyterpheta cayenensis in rainforest near La Platica. - + Two females were observed when laid eggs singly at underside of leaves near midday. The host, -Ichnanthus mayarensis +Ichnanthus mayarensis , is the first one recorded for the Cuban species of the genus.This small grass is common at forest understory, sometimes abundant along paths, of rainforests in the Turquino Massif. Larvae eat the entire corion after hatching and feed at night remaining inactive during the day in lower parts of the plant. Larvae accepted both substitute host plants. First instar was 15 days long and all other were 9 days long each. Prepupal period was one day long and pupal stage extended for 12 days. Immature development takes 80 days and five larval instars. - -Remarks. - -Calisto smintheus + +Remarks. + +Calisto smintheus and -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile are the only members of the genusinhabiting the Sierra Maestra. Their altitudinal ranges overlap between 800 and 1100 m, however, -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile is rare in places where -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus is present and vice versa. -Munroe (1950) +Munroe (1950) mentioned the possibility of hybridization between them but there is no evidence available from present work to confirm it. The phylogenetic inferences and genetic distances agree on the establishment of -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus as a single species with a minimum divergence of no lower than 5% from other Cuban -Calisto +Calisto taxa. The close phylogenetic relationship between -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus and -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei is discussed below. diff --git a/data/6F/7F/FB/6F7FFB5C6757C91FE07DDFBDC28A26F6.xml b/data/6F/7F/FB/6F7FFB5C6757C91FE07DDFBDC28A26F6.xml index 63a8165f7de..b90550e47ff 100644 --- a/data/6F/7F/FB/6F7FFB5C6757C91FE07DDFBDC28A26F6.xml +++ b/data/6F/7F/FB/6F7FFB5C6757C91FE07DDFBDC28A26F6.xml @@ -1,250 +1,250 @@ - - - -Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data + + + +Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data - - -Author + + +Author -Aguila, Rayner Nunez +Aguila, Rayner Nunez - - -Author + + +Author -Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva +Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva - - -Author + + +Author -Maravi, Pavel F. Matos +Maravi, Pavel F. Matos - - -Author + + +Author -Wahlberg, Niklas +Wahlberg, Niklas -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -165 + +2012 + +165 - -57 -105 + +57 +105 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -1313-2970-165-57 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 +1313-2970-165-57 - - - -Calisto bradleyi Munroe, 1950 -comb. n. + + + +Calisto bradleyi Munroe, 1950 +comb. n. Figs 19 --2130384654565964- +-2130384654565964- 66 - - -Calisto smintheus bradleyi -Munroe 1950 + + +Calisto smintheus bradleyi +Munroe 1950 : 227, -Torre 1952 +Torre 1952 : 63, -Torre 1954 +Torre 1954 : 121, -Torre 1968 +Torre 1968 : 7 - -Calisto sibylla bradleyi -Brown and Heineman 1972 + +Calisto sibylla bradleyi +Brown and Heineman 1972 : 51, - + Alayo and -Hernandez +Hernandez 1987 : 41, - + Fontenla and -Rodriguez +Rodriguez 1990 : 9, -Smith et al. 1994 +Smith et al. 1994 : 57, -Lamas 2004 +Lamas 2004 : 207 - -Diagnosis. - -Calisto bradleyi + +Diagnosis. + +Calisto bradleyi resembles -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens and -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta more than its other congeners. It can be separated from these species by the presence of an apical lobe at the androconial patch, and by having an iridescent blue band edging the black dot of the anal lobe at the UNHW. Other differences were treated in the Diagnosis section of those species. From other Cuban (except -Calisto bruneri +Calisto bruneri ), Hispaniolan and Bahamian species differs by the same characters and by have fewer white dots at UNHW. Its female genitalia is also diagnostic due to its proportionally smaller size and its thinner dorsal crown. The Hispaniolan -Calisto confusa +Calisto confusa , -Calisto hysius +Calisto hysius , -Calisto obscura +Calisto obscura , and -Calisto pauli +Calisto pauli are superficially similar but are smaller,and have four white dots at the UNHW. - -Description. -FWL: 17-20 mm ♂, 20-21 mm ♀. UPFW outer third and area anterior to apical half of androconial patch pale grayish brown, basal area anterior to patch darker (Figs 19, 20); costal two thirds and androconial patch dark brown, almost black. UPHW uniform dark brown, slightly paler than androconial. Androconial patch distinct from surrounding areas, approximately triangular with a rounded lobe at apex, not entering into cell, about one half the length of FW (Fig. 38). Lines at UN of wings with little if any pale shade of external side (Figs 21, 30). UNHW background pale brown heavily mixed with ochre scaling basal to pdl. Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M1- M2, M2-M3, M3-Cu1, with that on M2-M3 larger, smaller dots can gone in rubbed specimens. UNHW lobe with a black dot anteriorly edged by a small band of iridescent blue scales. Male genitalia with tegumen about half the length of uncus, tapering gradually toward apex and arched along its length (Fig. 46); uncus strongly arched; digitiform projection of valvae stout, slightly arched toward venter; aedeagus with two sinuations of left side at apical half, the basal one smaller. Female genitalia small (Fig. 54); dorsal crown of sterigmal ring very narrow; corpus bursae small and broad, about two fifths the length of ductus bursae; ductus bursae very thin. -T + +Description. +FWL: 17-20 mm ♂, 20-21 mm ♀. UPFW outer third and area anterior to apical half of androconial patch pale grayish brown, basal area anterior to patch darker (Figs 19, 20); costal two thirds and androconial patch dark brown, almost black. UPHW uniform dark brown, slightly paler than androconial. Androconial patch distinct from surrounding areas, approximately triangular with a rounded lobe at apex, not entering into cell, about one half the length of FW (Fig. 38). Lines at UN of wings with little if any pale shade of external side (Figs 21, 30). UNHW background pale brown heavily mixed with ochre scaling basal to pdl. Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M1- M2, M2-M3, M3-Cu1, with that on M2-M3 larger, smaller dots can gone in rubbed specimens. UNHW lobe with a black dot anteriorly edged by a small band of iridescent blue scales. Male genitalia with tegumen about half the length of uncus, tapering gradually toward apex and arched along its length (Fig. 46); uncus strongly arched; digitiform projection of valvae stout, slightly arched toward venter; aedeagus with two sinuations of left side at apical half, the basal one smaller. Female genitalia small (Fig. 54); dorsal crown of sterigmal ring very narrow; corpus bursae small and broad, about two fifths the length of ductus bursae; ductus bursae very thin. +T - -ype material. - + +ype material. + Holotype♂: Pinar del -Rio +Rio , Sierra de Rangel (currently Sierra del Rosario), -Rio +Rio Tacoluco (almost surely -Rio +Rio Taco Taco), 3 March 1939, J. C. Bradley. Location unknown, not examined. - -Additional material. - + +Additional material. + 14 ♂, 13 ♀. Pinar del -Rio +Rio : -Vinales +Vinales 150 m, X/1985, J. L. Fontenla, genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA202(legs & labial palpus)/260(wings) (1 ♂, 2 ♀); no collection data but probably the same same as for anterior, genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA181 (androconial scales) /244/245/262/263/270/271 (wings)/247/ 265/278(legs & labial palpus) (6 ♂, 7 ♀); cuabales ladera sur de -Cajalbana +Cajalbana 150 m, -22°46'33.1"N +22°46'33.1"N , -83°26'22.1"W +83°26'22.1"W , III/2002, R. -Nunez +Nunez , DNA voucher PM15-08 (M054), genitalia in glycerin (1 ♀); -Vinales +Vinales , base norte mogote Dos Hermanas 140 m, -22°37'16.4"N +22°37'16.4"N , -83°44'40.3"W +83°44'40.3"W , 17/IV/2009, R. -Nunez +Nunez & E. Oliva, DNA vouchers PM07-24 (M043), PM07-25 (M044) & PM07-26 (M045) (6 ♂, 3 ♀). Artemisa: Pinar del -Rio +Rio (currently Artemisa), Sierra del Rosario, El Taburete 300 m, -22°50'11"N +22°50'11"N , -82°55'24"W +82°55'24"W , 9/X/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez , DNA voucher PM07-06 (M006), genitalia in glycerin (1 ♂). - -Distribution. - -Calisto bradleyi + +Distribution. + +Calisto bradleyi occurs in the major mountain range of western Cuba, Guaniguanico, from El Taburete, at Sierra del Rosario, 90 km west to -Vinales +Vinales valley, always at low elevations (Figs 56, 59). The species was previously known only -from +from the type locality, Rangel, and -Vinales +Vinales ( -Munroe 1950 +Munroe 1950 ; -Fontenla 1987b +Fontenla 1987b ). Attempts to find it at the type locality were made by -Torre (1968) +Torre (1968) and ourselves without success. Here we recorded it for the first time from -Cajalbana +Cajalbana and El Taburete widening its distribution to the eastern most portion of Guaniguanico mountain range. - -Immature stages. -Unknown. + +Immature stages. +Unknown. - -Habitat and biology. - + +Habitat and biology. + The species inhabits various vegetation types throughout its distribution but can only be found in areas where original elements are still dominant. Habitats include the evergreen forest at El Taburete, the mogote vegetation complex at -Vinales +Vinales , and the dry scrub on serpentine soil at -Cajalbana +Cajalbana (Figs 64, 65). In -Vinales +Vinales valley, Pinar del -Rio +Rio , the species was flying in the shadow of the base of mogotes (limestone hills of almost vertivcal slopes) appearing occasionally in sunny places. There it was observed feeding on flowersof -Stachyterpheta cayenensis +Stachyterpheta cayenensis , -Hyptis verticilla +Hyptis verticilla , and -Urena lobata +Urena lobata , and a mating pair was observed at 3:30 pm in April 2009. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The type specimen of -Calisto smintheus bradleyi +Calisto smintheus bradleyi is apparently lost. Searching of the type specimen at the different collections mentioned by -Munroe (1950) +Munroe (1950) , CUIC, AMNH, MCZ, and CMNH, was fruitless. However, based on the examination of original description and since the other only species in its range of distribution, -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile , is rather different, it can be easily identified. - + DNA analyses are somewhat ambiguous about the relationships of -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi . The mitochondrial dataset suggests that -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi is paraphyletic with regard to -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile and one individual of -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens (Fig. 66), while the nuclear data place the monophyletic -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi in a clade with -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta and -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens . The COI distance between the sister species -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile and -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi is 1.91%. Nonetheless, the status of species in both cases is still valid as the molecular phylogenies consistently separate the lineages (Fig. 66). Therefore, we prefer to treat them as separate entities, proposing the species status for -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi , potentially phylogenetically close to -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile . diff --git a/data/9E/F1/7D/9EF17DB56CE45EA4A2EE8C8C35E00E51.xml b/data/9E/F1/7D/9EF17DB56CE45EA4A2EE8C8C35E00E51.xml index 0d6de22ee71..067509a3c87 100644 --- a/data/9E/F1/7D/9EF17DB56CE45EA4A2EE8C8C35E00E51.xml +++ b/data/9E/F1/7D/9EF17DB56CE45EA4A2EE8C8C35E00E51.xml @@ -1,404 +1,404 @@ - - - -Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) + + + +Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) - - -Author + + +Author -van Noort, Simon -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 -Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa -svannoort@iziko.org.za +van Noort, Simon +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 +Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa +svannoort@iziko.org.za - - -Author + + +Author -Lahey, Zachary -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570 -Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA +Lahey, Zachary +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570 +Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA - - -Author + + +Author -Talamas, Elijah J. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345 -Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA +Talamas, Elijah J. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345 +Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA - - -Author + + +Author -Austin, Andrew D. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia +Austin, Andrew D. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Masner, Lubomir -Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada +Masner, Lubomir +Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada - - -Author + + +Author -Polaszek, Andrew -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353 -Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK +Polaszek, Andrew +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353 +Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Johnson, Norman F. -Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA +Johnson, Norman F. +Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2021 - -2021-12-23 + +2021 + +2021-12-23 - -87 + +87 - -115 -222 + +115 +222 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 -1314-2607-87-115 -7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60 -DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B -5811667 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 +1314-2607-87-115 +7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60 +DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B +5811667 - - - -Fidiobia Ashmead, 1894 + + + +Fidiobia Ashmead, 1894 - - -Figs 13 -, 14 -, 15 -, 16 -, 17 -, 18 + + +Figs 13 +, 14 +, 15 +, 16 +, 17 +, 18 - - -Fidiobia + + +Fidiobia Ashmead, 1894: 170 (original description. Type: -Fidiobia flavipes +Fidiobia flavipes Ashmead, by monotypy); -Dalla Torre 1898 +Dalla Torre 1898 : 482 (catalogue of species); -Ashmead 1903 +Ashmead 1903 : 97 (keyed); -Crawford 1916 +Crawford 1916 : 141 (description); -Fouts 1924 +Fouts 1924 : 3, 6 (description, keyed); -Kieffer 1926 +Kieffer 1926 : 562, 563, 700 (description, keyed, key to species); -Jansson 1939 +Jansson 1939 : 175 (keyed); Muesebeck and Walkley 1951: 709 (catalogue of species of U.S. and Canada); Masner 1956: 114 (subfamily placement); -Jansson 1956 +Jansson 1956 : 87 (placement in -Inostemmatinae +Inostemmatinae ); - -Szabo + +Szabo 1958 : 457 (key to species of Palearctic region known to the author); -Muesebeck and Masner 1967 +Muesebeck and Masner 1967 : 300 (second supplement to Muesebeck and Walkley (1951)); -Nixon 1969 +Nixon 1969 : 447 (diagnosis, taxonomic status); -Kozlov 1971 +Kozlov 1971 : 57 (keyed); -Fabritius 1974 +Fabritius 1974 : 294 (description); -Kozlov 1978 +Kozlov 1978 : 656 (key to species of the European USSR); -Muesebeck 1979 +Muesebeck 1979 : 1174 (catalogue of species of U.S. and Canada); -Mani and Sharma 1982 +Mani and Sharma 1982 : 208 (description); -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 : 67 (description, species list); -Vlug 1995 +Vlug 1995 : 24 (catalogued, catalogue of world species); -Kozlov 1995 +Kozlov 1995 : 125 (keyed); -Austin and Field 1997 +Austin and Field 1997 : 51, 68 (structure of ovipositor system, discussion of phylogenetic relationships); -Buhl 1999 +Buhl 1999 : 18 (key to species of Fennoscandia and Denmark); - + Evans and -Pena +Pena 2005 : 61 (key to species of New World); -Popovici and Buhl 2010 +Popovici and Buhl 2010 : 1135, 1137 (description, key to species of Europe); -Buhl 2011 +Buhl 2011 : 31 (modification to key to species of New World from - + Evans and -Pena +Pena (2005) ); -Notton et al. 2014 +Notton et al. 2014 : 2 (new distribution record for Britain); -Talamas and Buffington 2015 +Talamas and Buffington 2015 : 8 (fossil in Dominican amber, Kishinehn formation); -Veenakumari et al. 2018 +Veenakumari et al. 2018 : 554, 555, 556 (description, diagnosis, key to Oriental species). - -Rosneta + +Rosneta Brues, 1909: 157 (original description. Type: -Rosneta tritici +Rosneta tritici Brues, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymized by -Fouts (1924) +Fouts (1924) ); -Kieffer 1914 +Kieffer 1914 : 361 (keyed); -Fouts 1924 +Fouts 1924 : 6 (junior synonym of -Fidiobia +Fidiobia Ashmead); -Kieffer 1926 +Kieffer 1926 : 563, 697 (description, keyed); -Debauche 1947 +Debauche 1947 : 279 (description); -Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 +Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 : 396 (citation of type species). - -Fidobia + +Fidobia Ashmead, 1894: -Kieffer 1914 +Kieffer 1914 : 360 (keyed, spelling error). - -Triclavus -Brethes + +Triclavus +Brethes , 1916: 411 (original description. Type: -Triclavus bonaeriensis -Brethes +Triclavus bonaeriensis +Brethes , by monotypy. Synonymized by Masner, in -Krombein and Burks (1967) +Krombein and Burks (1967) ); Ogloblin 1944: 156 (description, synonymy); Muesebeck and Walkley 1951: 708 (catalogue of species of U.S. and Canada); -Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 +Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 : 405 (citation of type species); -Muesebeck and Masner 1967 +Muesebeck and Masner 1967 : 300, 301 (junior synonym of -Fidiobia +Fidiobia Ashmead); -De Santis 1967 +De Santis 1967 : 227 (catalogue of species of Argentina); -Kozlov 1977 +Kozlov 1977 : 80 (keyed); -Kozlov 1978 +Kozlov 1978 : 656 (description); -Kozlov 1995 +Kozlov 1995 : 125 (keyed). - -Fahringeria + +Fahringeria Kieffer, 1921: 68 (original description. Type: -Fahringeria synergorum +Fahringeria synergorum Kieffer, by monotypy. Synonymized by -Masner and Huggert (1989) +Masner and Huggert (1989) ); -Kieffer 1926 +Kieffer 1926 : 563, 843 (description, keyed); -Maneval 1940 +Maneval 1940 : 117 (keyed); -Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 +Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 : 353 (citation of type species); -Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 +Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 : 386 (citation of type species); -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 : 67 (junior synonym of -Fidiobia +Fidiobia Ashmead). - -Platyllotropa -Szelenyi + +Platyllotropa +Szelenyi , 1938: 126 (original description. Type: -Platyllotropa gallicola -Szelenyi +Platyllotropa gallicola +Szelenyi , by monotypy and original designation. Synonymized with -Triclavus -Brethes +Triclavus +Brethes by Ogloblin (1944)); -Maneval 1940 +Maneval 1940 : 115 (keyed); Ogloblin 1944: 156 (junior synonym of -Triclavus -Brethes +Triclavus +Brethes ); -Kozlov 1971 +Kozlov 1971 : 56 (keyed). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Minute species (0.6-1.3 mm) with body slightly to considerably depressed dorsoventrally; mostly melanic, with brightly coloured appendages; vertex rounded without hyperoccipital carina. OOL variable, but in most species very short, equal to or shorter than diameter of posterior ocellus; antenna 9- or 10-merous, in females with abrupt, 3-merous clava; A8-A10 slightly less abrupt in males. Mesoscutum flattened; notauli (if present) abbreviated anteriorly, gradually dilated posteriorly. Fore wing in most species with short tubular submarginal vein. T2 the largest tergite, with two depressions anterolaterally ( -Popovici and Buhl 2010 +Popovici and Buhl 2010 ). - -Species richness. - - -Fidiobia benjamini + +Species richness. + + +Fidiobia benjamini (Nixon, 1969) (Kenya) (Fig. -13 +13 ). - - -Fidiobia celeritas + + +Fidiobia celeritas van Noort & Lahey, sp. nov. (South Africa) (Figs -14 +14 - -16 +16 ). - - -Fidiobia danielssoni + + +Fidiobia danielssoni Buhl, 2001 (South Africa) (Figs -17A, B +17A, B ). - - -Fidiobia filicornis + + +Fidiobia filicornis Buhl, 2014 (Togo). - - -Fidiobia semirufa + + +Fidiobia semirufa Buhl, 2014 (Togo). - - -Fidiobia tanzaniana + + +Fidiobia tanzaniana Buhl, 2010 (Tanzania). - - -Fidiobia tschirnhausi + + +Fidiobia tschirnhausi Buhl, 2014 (Togo). - - -Fidiobia zebra + + +Fidiobia zebra Buhl, 2010 (Tanzania). - - -Fidiobia + + +Fidiobia species (Tanzania) (Figs -17C-F +17C-F , -18 +18 ). - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Afrotropical: Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo. Cosmopolitan, excluding Antarctica ( -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 ; -Vlug 1995 +Vlug 1995 ). - -Biology. - + +Biology. + Solitary endoparasitoids of weevil ( -Coleoptera +Coleoptera , -Curculionidae +Curculionidae ) and leaf beetle ( -Coleoptera +Coleoptera , -Chrysomelidae +Chrysomelidae ) eggs ( -Vlug 1995 +Vlug 1995 ). One species reported to be hyperparasitic through an ichneumonid parasitoid of the pine bud moth - -Exoteleia dodecella + +Exoteleia dodecella (Linnaeus) ( -Lepidoptera +Lepidoptera , -Gelechiidae +Gelechiidae ) ( -Lemarie 1958 +Lemarie 1958 , 1959). Two species are possibly parasitoids of various gall wasps ( -Hymenoptera +Hymenoptera , -Cynipidae +Cynipidae ) on - -Quercus + +Quercus species ( -Popovici and Buhl 2010 +Popovici and Buhl 2010 ), but they are more likely to be attacking beetle eggs laid in the old, empty cynipid galls ( -Notton et al. 2014 +Notton et al. 2014 ). - -Comments. - + +Comments. + There are numerous further undescribed species of - -Fidiobia + +Fidiobia from the Afrotropical region present in the collections of SAMC, OSUC and CNCI. These will be treated in a separate revision in collaboration with Ovidiu Popovici (Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, -Iasi +Iasi ). diff --git a/data/B9/A7/CF/B9A7CFBAE028D678EF4029585625AAB1.xml b/data/B9/A7/CF/B9A7CFBAE028D678EF4029585625AAB1.xml index b297d891c30..afdd9985df3 100644 --- a/data/B9/A7/CF/B9A7CFBAE028D678EF4029585625AAB1.xml +++ b/data/B9/A7/CF/B9A7CFBAE028D678EF4029585625AAB1.xml @@ -1,645 +1,645 @@ - - - -Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data + + + +Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data - - -Author + + +Author -Aguila, Rayner Nunez +Aguila, Rayner Nunez - - -Author + + +Author -Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva +Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva - - -Author + + +Author -Maravi, Pavel F. Matos +Maravi, Pavel F. Matos - - -Author + + +Author -Wahlberg, Niklas +Wahlberg, Niklas -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -165 + +2012 + +165 - -57 -105 + +57 +105 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -1313-2970-165-57 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 +1313-2970-165-57 - - - - + + + + Calisto herophile -Huebner +Huebner , 1823 Figs 22 --243139475556-596690- +-243139475556-596690- 99 - - -Calisto herophile -Huebner + + +Calisto herophile +Huebner 1823: 16, Gundlach 1881: 111, Lathy 1899: 223, -Dethier 1940 +Dethier 1940 : 14 - -Satyrus herophile + +Satyrus herophile Poey, 1847: 179 - -Calisto herophile herophile -Bates 1935 + +Calisto herophile herophile +Bates 1935 : 242, -Michener 1943 +Michener 1943 : 6, -Michener 1949 +Michener 1949 : 1, -Munroe 1950 +Munroe 1950 : 225, -Torre 1952 +Torre 1952 : 62, -Torre 1954 +Torre 1954 : 120, -Torre 1968 +Torre 1968 : 12, -Brown and Heineman 1972 +Brown and Heineman 1972 : 51, - + Alayo and -Hernandez +Hernandez 1987 : 39, -Schwartz and Hedges 1991 +Schwartz and Hedges 1991 : 136, -Smith et al. 1994 +Smith et al. 1994 : 56, -Lamas 2004 +Lamas 2004 : 2007, - -Nunez + +Nunez 2009 : 56 - -Diagnosis. - -Calisto herophile + +Diagnosis. + +Calisto herophile can be separated by its similar congeners in several ways. From -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus and -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei ,it differs, among other features, by its paler background -color +color at both sides of wings, the inconspicuousness of its androconial patch and its less sclerotized male genitalia with a shorter uncus and less sinuous aedeagus. From -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens , -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta and -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi ,it differs by having four white dots and paler coloration. Differences with -Calisto bruneri +Calisto bruneri are detailed in the Diagnosis section of that species. It is also similar the Bahamian -Calisto sibylla +Calisto sibylla but smaller, 14-21 mm of FWL versus 23 mm in -Calisto sibylla +Calisto sibylla which also lacks the red in cell at the UNFW present in -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile . The Hispaniolan -Calisto confusa +Calisto confusa , -Calisto hysius +Calisto hysius and -Calisto obscura +Calisto obscura although similar in size are darker,and have straighter white edged lines at the UNHW. Other Hispaniolan species, -Calisto pauli +Calisto pauli , is similar in size and pattern but has different genitalia including a larger and flattened uncus in males and a terminal production in the dorsal crown of the female genitalia. - -Description. - + +Description. + FWL: 14-19 mm ♂, 17-21 mm ♀. Male UP of wings dark brown at basal area more or less defined by UN pdl, area outer to pdl distinctly paler (Fig. 22). Androconial patch indistinct in fresh specimens, approximately triangular with apex slightly angled, anterior margin not surpassing posterior margin of cell, about two fifths the length of FW (Fig. 39). Female UP of wings as in male but distinctly paler (Fig. 23). UNHW background pale brown heavily mixed with pale yellow scales (Figs 24, 31). Post discal area on UNHW with four two white dots at -Rs-M +Rs-M 1, M1-M2, M2-M3, M3-Cu1 interspaces, the last one, and occasionally the first one too, smaller and sometimes absent in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, nearly straight, posterior end rounded (Fig. 47); uncus broad at basal half, tapering gradually from the middle toward apex, arched at apical third; digitiform projection of valvae with ventral margin straight; aedeagus only slightly sinuated in dorsal view, with two small left curves at apical half. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 55); corpus bursae somewhat broad, about 0.6 the length of ductus bursae. - - + + Figures 90-97. Immature stages of -Calisto h. herophile +Calisto h. herophile . 90 First instar 91 Fourth instar 92 Fifth instar, pale morph 93 Fifth instar, dark morph 94 Fifth instar head capsule, scale bar 1 mm. 95 Pupa, lateral view 96 Pupa, ventral view 97 Pupa, dorsal view. - - + + Figures 98-99. Predation on -Calisto h. herophile +Calisto h. herophile 98 Predation by a crab spider, -Thomisidae +Thomisidae , November 2008 at La Chata, La Habana province 99 Predation by a mantis nymph, -Stagmomantis domingensis +Stagmomantis domingensis , July 2009 at Pan de Matanzas, Matanzas province. - -Type material. -Holotype♂: Cuba, Havannah. Location unknown, not examined. + +Type material. +Holotype♂: Cuba, Havannah. Location unknown, not examined. - -Additional material. - + +Additional material. + 148 ♂, 76 ♀. Pinar del -Rio +Rio : Pinares de -Vinales +Vinales 200 m, -22°35'N +22°35'N , -82°42'41"W +82°42'41"W , V/1963, P. Alayo & I. -Garcia +Garcia , genitalia in glycerin, slide RNA 223(legs & labial palpus) (1 ♂); Rangel 400 m, -22°45'N +22°45'N , -83°11'W +83°11'W , 2/XI/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia & S. L. de la Torre (4 ♂); same data as for anterior except I. -Garcia +Garcia , slide RNA196(wings) (1 ♀); same locality and collector as for anterior 21/VII/1967 (9 ♂, 6 ♀); same locality as for anterior, R. -Nunez +Nunez & E. Oliva, 19-20/IV/2009, ex ova, emerged 19/VI/2009 (2 ♂); same data as for anterior except emerged 20/VI/2009 (1 ♀); 22/VI/2009 (1 ♂); 23/VI/2009 (1 ♀); 26/VI/2009 (1 ♂); -Vinales +Vinales 150 m, -22°36'59"N +22°36'59"N , -82°42'28"W +82°42'28"W , 21/VII/1967 (6 ♂); same locality as for anterior, X/1985, J. L. Fontenla (2 ♂); Valle de -Vinales +Vinales , 9/I/1974, A. -Castineiras +Castineiras (1 ♂); carretera a -Vinales +Vinales km 22 200 m, -22°34'29"N +22°34'29"N , -82°42'11"W +82°42'11"W , 14/I/1974, A. -Castineiras +Castineiras (1 ♀). Mayabeque: Jaruco, Cueva Don Martin, -23°00'N +23°00'N , -82°01'W +82°01'W , 4/V/1966 (5 ♂); La Habana (currently Artemisa), -Guajaibon -proximo +Guajaibon +proximo a Mariel, -23°01'N +23°01'N , -82°40'52"W +82°40'52"W , 25/V/1967 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, X/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez , DNA voucher PM07-07 (M008) (1 ♀); Pinar del -Rio +Rio (currently Artemisa), Sierra del Rosario, III/1968, R. -Gonzalez +Gonzalez (1 ♂); Pinar del -Rio +Rio (currently Artemisa), Sierra del Rosario, alrededores -Estacion -Biologica +Estacion +Biologica 180 m, -22°51'N +22°51'N , -82°55'53"W +82°55'53"W , 1-10/X/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♂); -Sierra +Sierra del Rosario, El Mulo 200 m, -22°51'29"N +22°51'29"N , -82°56'54"W +82°56'54"W , 10/X/2007, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♂). Isla de La Juventud: Isla de Pinos (currently Isla de La Juventud), Cerro San Pedro 150 m, -21°42'47"N +21°42'47"N , -82°51'50"W +82°51'50"W , 20/X/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia (2 ♂); Habana (currently Isla de La Juventud), Isla de Pinos (currently Isla de La Juventud), 30/X/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia (7 ♂, 7 ♀). Habana: Cerro, -23°06'27"N +23°06'27"N , -82°23'20"W +82°23'20"W , 9/I/1934 (1 ♂); Arroyo Naranjo, -23°01'N +23°01'N , -82°22'W +82°22'W , 5 August 1935, L. C. Scaramuzza (1 ♀); Santiago de Las Vegas, -22°58'N +22°58'N , -82°23'W +82°23'W , 15/VIII/1935, S. C. Bruner, genitalia in glycerin (1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 5 Marzo 1946, J. -Ferras +Ferras (1 ♂); same data as for anterior except 19 March 1948 (2 ♂); Cotorro, -23°02'N +23°02'N , -82°16'W +82°16'W , 1/XII/1947, J. T. Sierra (1 ♂). Mayabeque: Matanzas (currently Mayabeque), 5 km W Ceiba Mocha 150 m, -22°58'50"N +22°58'50"N , -81°46'24"W +81°46'24"W , 8/IX/1940, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂); La Habana (currently Mayabeque), Madruga, La Jiquima 125 m, -22°53'58"N +22°53'58"N , -81°50'34"W +81°50'34"W , 5/X/1948, S. L. de la Torre & J. Ortiz (1 ♀). Matanzas: Los -Practicos +Practicos , -23°02'37"N +23°02'37"N , -81°34'32"W +81°34'32"W , 23/VII/1940, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂); Playa, -23°02'37"N +23°02'37"N , -81°34'32"W +81°34'32"W , 11/V/1942, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 16/VI/1942, slide RNA242(wings) (1 ♂); same data as for anterior except 29/VIII/1947 (1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 6/X/1947 (1 ♂); same data as for anterior except 26/VIII/1948 (1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 27/VIII/1948 (1 ♂); same data as for anterior except 6/XI/1948 (2 ♂); km 6 -Via +Via Blanca, Playa Mamey, -23°03'06"N +23°03'06"N , -81°29'41"W +81°29'41"W , 6/VII/1953, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♀); Varadero, Varahicacos, -23°11'40"N +23°11'40"N , -81°09'16"W +81°09'16"W , 17/VI/2008, R. -Nunez +Nunez , slide RNA218(wings), DNA voucher PM15-04 (2 ♂). Cienfuegos: Las Villas (currently Cienfuegos), Escambray, Mina Carlota 450 m, -22°03'55"N +22°03'55"N , -80°09'38"W +80°09'38"W , 15/VI/1967, genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA207(legs & labial palpus)/206(wings) (3 ♂, 2 ♀); Las Villas (currently Cienfuegos), Escambray, Buenos Aires 700 m, -21°59'13"N +21°59'13"N , -80°11'20"W +80°11'20"W , 16/VI/1967, genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA182(androconial scales)/203(legs & labial palpus)/226/232(wings) (9 ♂, 4 ♀); Escambray, Charco Hediondo a 10 km de Aguacate, VIII/1978, L. R. -Hernandez +Hernandez (1 ♂). Villa Clara: Mordazo, -22°38'29"N +22°38'29"N , -80°26'58"W +80°26'58"W , V/1934 (1 ♀). Sancti Spiritus: Trinidad, La -Vigia +Vigia 200 m, -21°48'48"N +21°48'48"N , -79°58'34"W +79°58'34"W , 15/VI/1967 (1 ♂). -Camagueey +Camagueey : -Camagueey +Camagueey , -21°22'51"N +21°22'51"N , -77°55'01"W +77°55'01"W , 23/IX/1967, S. L. de la Torre (6 ♂). -Holguin +Holguin : Ote (currently -Holguin +Holguin ), Pinares de -Mayari +Mayari 800 m, -20°28'8"N +20°28'8"N , -75°48'52"W +75°48'52"W , 16/X/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia (10 ♂, 5 ♀); same locality as for anterior, VI/1967, P. Alayo (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Moa, El Johnson 300 m, -20°35'36.4"N +20°35'36.4"N , -74°59'9.9"W +74°59'9.9"W , 5/I/1968, S. L. de la Torre, slide RNA 167(wings) (1 ♂); same data as for anterior except 6/I/1968 (1 ♂); Moa, Quemado del Negro, -22°36'40"N +22°36'40"N , -74°49'22"W +74°49'22"W , 6/I/1968, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂, 1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 7/I/1968, slide RNA281(legs & labial palpus) (3 ♂, 3 ♀); -Mayari +Mayari , camino de La Zoilita 250 m, -20°38'N +20°38'N , -75°29'W +75°29'W , IX/1986, R. -Rodriguez +Rodriguez , genitalia in glycerin (2 ♂); -Mayari +Mayari , El Purio, -20°39'45"N +20°39'45"N , -75°30'55"W +75°30'55"W , IX/1986, R. -Rodriguez +Rodriguez , genitalia ♀ in glicerin, slide RNA220(wings) (2 ♂, 2 ♀); -Jaguani +Jaguani , Arroyo Bueno o La Melba 200 m, -20°26'24"N +20°26'24"N , -74°48'46"W +74°48'46"W , VIII/2001, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♂, 1 ♀); antiguo campamento minero Meseta de El Toldo 815 m, -20°27'35"N +20°27'35"N , -74°53'53"W +74°53'53"W , V/2008, E. -Perez +Perez (3 ♂); Moa, km 1 camino de La Melba, -20°36'12"N +20°36'12"N , -74°50'20"W +74°50'20"W , 19/I/2009, R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♀ in glycerin, slide RNA259(legs & labial palpus), DNA voucher PM15-06 -( +( M052) (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Moa, -Yamanigueey +Yamanigueey 75 m, -20°34'45.9"N +20°34'45.9"N , -74°44'10.2"W +74°44'10.2"W , 24/I/2009, R. -Nunez +Nunez , slide RNA264(wings), DNA voucher PM157-05 (2 ♂, 1 ♀); ♀), Sierra de Cristal, cerca de la -Estacion +Estacion La Zoilita 400 m ( -20°37'41.7"N +20°37'41.7"N , -75°29'08.1"W +75°29'08.1"W ), 15-20/II/2010, R. -Nunez +Nunez , DNA voucher PM07-22 (M040). Santiago de Cuba: Las Lagunas, -19°59'37"N +19°59'37"N , -75°47'50"W +75°47'50"W , 29/VI/1930 (1 ♂); Santa -Maria +Maria , -20°05'N +20°05'N , -75°49'W +75°49'W , Julio 1940, slides RNA 177/178(androconial sclaes) (2 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 18 May 1941, slide RNA180 (androconial scales) (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 20 Junio 1943 (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 29 Junio 1943 (1 ♂); -Marimon +Marimon , 27 Junio 1942, slide RNA179(androconial scales) (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior 28 Junio 1942, slide RNA205(wings) (1 ♀); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Ciudamar, -19°58'41"N +19°58'41"N , -75°51'51"W +75°51'51"W , 22/IX/1950, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♀); Cuabitas ( -20°03'48"N +20°03'48"N , -75°48'05"W +75°48'05"W , 28/IV/1953, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior XII/1956, P. Alayo (1 ♀); Las Manuelas camino a Baire 420 m, -20°13'09"N +20°13'09"N , -76°21'52"W +76°21'52"W , 23/XI/1952, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂); Pico Turquino 1972 m, -19°59'23.7"N +19°59'23.7"N , -76°50'11.9"W +76°50'11.9"W , 18/X/1966, I. -Garcia +Garcia (1 ♀); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Loma El Gato 1000 m, -20°00'33"N +20°00'33"N , -76°02'16"W +76°02'16"W , VIII/1942, Hno Crisogono (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 6/IX/1951, S. L. de la Torre, genitalia ♂ in glycerin (5 ♂, 5 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 17-20 June 1952, F. de Zayas & P. Alayo (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 20 June 1952, slide RNA187(wings)/222(legs & labial palpus) (2 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 25-26 Junio 1952, F. Zayas & P. Alayo (1 ♂); same locality as for anterior, 11/VIII/2008, E. Oliva, DNA voucher PM07-12 (M029) (1 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality and date as for anterior, E. Fonseca (1 ♀); Puerto Boniato, 28/XI/1950, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂); same data as for anterior except 16/V/1953 (1 ♂); zona del Caney, Loma del -Ermitano +Ermitano 430 m, -20°02'38"N +20°02'38"N , -75°37'3"W +75°37'3"W , 13/III/1953 (1 ♂); Ote (currently Santiago de Cuba), Caney, Gran Piedra, -20°00'31"N +20°00'31"N , -75°42'31"W +75°42'31"W , Junio 1954, F. de Zayas & P. Alayo, slide RNA229(wings) (2 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 23/IV/1955, genitalia in glycerin (1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, VI/1962, P. Alayo, genitalia in glycerin (1 ♀); -Juragua -proximo +Juragua +proximo a Santiago de Cuba, -19°55'31"N +19°55'31"N , -75°38'28"W +75°38'28"W , 9/I/1968, S. L. de la Torre (1 ♂); alrededores -Estacion +Estacion BIOECO Gran Piedra 1000 m, -20°00'31"N +20°00'31"N , -75°37'3"W +75°37'3"W , 16-18/XI/2005, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♀); same data as for anterior except 8/III/2008, genitalia ♀ in glycerin (1 ♂, 1 ♀); same locality as for anterior, 14/VIII/2008, E. Oliva (1 ♂); km 19 carretera Gran Piedra, 12/III/2008, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♂); Gran Piedra, El Olimpo, campamento forestal "Las Marianas", 13/III/2008, R. -Nunez +Nunez , DNA voucher PM15-07 (M053) (2 ♂). -Guantanamo +Guantanamo : Ote (currently -Guantanamo +Guantanamo ), -Guantanamo +Guantanamo , -20°01'N +20°01'N , -75°12'W +75°12'W , 26/XI/1950, S. L. de la Torre & P. Alayo (1 ♀); Ote (currently -Guantanamo +Guantanamo ), Baracoa, Loma La Farola, 1/V/1968, S. L. de la Torre (2 ♂, 1 ♀); Ote (currently -Guantanamo +Guantanamo ), Cupeyal 730 m, -20°26'57"N +20°26'57"N , -75°03'38"W +75°03'38"W , VI/1971, I. -Garcia +Garcia (2 ♂); Piedra La Vela 650 m, -20°24'45"N +20°24'45"N , -74°56'51"W +74°56'51"W , VII/2001, R. -Nunez +Nunez (2 ♂); Piedra La Vela, Loma El Mulo 615 m, -20°25'27"N +20°25'27"N , -74°54'32"W +74°54'32"W , VII/2001, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♂); -rio -Jaguani +rio +Jaguani , -Vazquez +Vazquez Abajo 560 m, -20°25'15"N +20°25'15"N , -74°54'33"W +74°54'33"W , Cuchillas del Toa, Boca de -Jaguani +Jaguani 130 m, -20°22'46"N +20°22'46"N , -74°41'36"W +74°41'36"W , VIII/2001, R. -Nunez +Nunez (1 ♂); -Yumuri +Yumuri del Sur 450 m, -20°11'21"N +20°11'21"N , 74°29 31"W, 20/I/2009, R. -Nunez +Nunez & E. Oliva (2 ♂, 2 ♀). CZACC, MFP. - - -Distribution + + +Distribution . -The species is present across the Cuban archipelago from coastal areas to mountains up 1100 m (Figs 56-59). +The species is present across the Cuban archipelago from coastal areas to mountains up 1100 m (Figs 56-59). - -Immature stages. - + +Immature stages. + Egg & oviposition - Eggs are laid loose, near spherical in shape and ivory white in color becoming beige with irregular orange brown spots a day after laid. -Torre (1968) +Torre (1968) also mentioned that eggs are laid loose. Surface is covered by a fine raised reticulation forming minute polygonal areas ( -Dethier 1940 +Dethier 1940 , -Torre 1968 +Torre 1968 ). Time to hatch 7 to 9 days (n=16), according -Dethier (1940) +Dethier (1940) 6 to 11 and -Torre (1968) +Torre (1968) gave 5 to 8 days. - + First instar larva (Fig. 90) - Head capsule dark brown, almost black, with a bronze gloss and with two short horns on top. Body beige, greenish white after fed on host leaves, with a dorsal line and four pairs of longitudinal pale brownish green thin lines all of same width and more or less equally spaced: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal and infrastigmatal. Dimensions (n=16): head capsule width 0.52-0.57 mm, head capsule height 0.56-0.59 mm, initial total length 2.2-2.5 mm, final total length 3.4-3.7 mm. Duration (n=16): 7-10 days. This description agrees with that by -Dethier (1940) +Dethier (1940) , who reported an instar duration of 7 days. -Second to fourth instars (Fig. 91) with the same pattern of fifth, described below, but paler and less contrasting. - +Second to fourth instars (Fig. 91) with the same pattern of fifth, described below, but paler and less contrasting. + Fifth instar larva (Figs 92, 94) - Pale morph. Head capsule pale brownish gray with numerous slightly darker dots, base of setae dark brown, a vertical brown line from each side reaching horns and almost joining at epicranial suture, horns reduced; stemmatal area, clypeus and area around mandibles brown or dark brown; mandibles amber brown, black at edge; -X-mark +X-mark of epicranium slightly darker than background with lower arms longer and rounded at tip, broken as four spots in some specimens. Body pale brownish yellow minutely striated in brownish gray thin lines on dorsum between subdorsal lines, with a dorsal line and five pairs of longitudinal pale brownish gray lines: subdorsal, suprastigmatal, stigmatal and infrastigmatal; dorsal line brownish gray edged at beginning of each segment by two black dots; subdorsal lines somewhat diffuse toward segments margins, with a black dot on its lower edge at posterior margin of each segment, dots on thorax enlarged, lines ending at caudal tails; suprastigmatal lines dark brown, thin, above it on each segment a central white dot encircled in black and another, black near posterior margin; stigmatal lines dark brown, thin, space between it and suprastigmatal pale beige, contrasting, edged on its lower edge by spiracles which are dark and encircled in grayish white; infrastigmatal lines thin, somewhat diffuse; subventral lines thick, wavy, and darkest; ventral side, including prolegs pale brownish yellow. Dimensions (n=4): head capsule width 1.41-1.57 mm, head capsule height 1.55-1.62 mm, initial total length 12-15 mm, final total length 20-23 mm. Duration (n=9): 11-18 days. Larvae reared by the senior author match -Dethier (1940) +Dethier (1940) descriptions of instars two to fourth, in general, color pattern is about the same, including the fifth instar, with minor variations. - + Dark morph (Fig. 93). Head with all tones darkened. Body background pale brown with lines dark brown, somewhat diffuse; dots at edges of mid dorsal and subdorsal and encirclement of spiracles ashy white, contrasting; a thin pale yellowish beige line -between +between subdorsal and suprastigmatal line, contrasting; dots above suprastigmatal line and encirclement of white dots above it indistinct; space between infrastigmatal and subventral offline pale yellowish beige, contrasting; subventral line thicker than in pale morph, dark brown extending over dorsum of prolegs. -Torre (1968) +Torre (1968) apparently also reared larvae of this morph but only mentioned the general darkening of coloration. -Pupa (Figs 95-97) - Entirely more or less uniform stramineous; one pair of black dots at first third of legs sheaths; abdomen with a transverse ridge with a pair of more prominent crests on dorsum of segments 1 to 6; last abdominal segment short and stout, cremaster area enlarged, broad. Three days before emergence color turns brown on dorsum extending gradually to occupying entire surface. Dimensions (n=9): total length 10-11 mm, maximum width 3.5-4.5 mm. Duration (n=9): 8-10 days. +Pupa (Figs 95-97) - Entirely more or less uniform stramineous; one pair of black dots at first third of legs sheaths; abdomen with a transverse ridge with a pair of more prominent crests on dorsum of segments 1 to 6; last abdominal segment short and stout, cremaster area enlarged, broad. Three days before emergence color turns brown on dorsum extending gradually to occupying entire surface. Dimensions (n=9): total length 10-11 mm, maximum width 3.5-4.5 mm. Duration (n=9): 8-10 days. - -Habitat and biology. - -Calisto herophile + +Habitat and biology. + +Calisto herophile inhabits many habitats, from suburban areas at major cities to the edges of evergreen and rainforests up to 1100 m of altitude, always disturbed in some degree. Individuals can be found any month of the year throughout the island. The species is one of the commonest butterflies in Cuba, especially in altered land with predominantly herbaceous vegetation but shaded to some degree ( -Fontenla 1987a +Fontenla 1987a ; -Nunez +Nunez and Barro 2003; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 2007 ). - -Fernandez + +Fernandez (2007) recorded it in -Camagueey +Camagueey province from groves, hedges and open scrub land and recorded 26 plant species as nectar sources. We recorded two predation events on this -species +species , one in November 2008 at La Chata, La Habana province, by a crab spider, -Thomisidae +Thomisidae (Fig. 98); the other in July 2009 at Pan de Matanzas, Matanzas province, by a nymph of the mantid -Stagmomantis domingensis +Stagmomantis domingensis Palisot de Beauvois (Fig. 99). - + Larvae eat the entire corion after hatching and feed at night, remaining in the lower parts of grasses during the day. They accepted well the substitute grasses supplied. Duration of first three instars was about one to one and half weeks each whereas the last two were around two weeks each. The prepupal stage duration was one day long and the pupal stage extended for eight to ten days. Immature development takes 60 to 70 days and goes through five larval instars. Adult emergence occurred after mid day. -Dethier (1940) +Dethier (1940) apparently did not complete the life cycle, describing it only to the fourth instar without mentioning the pupa or adult emergence. Dethier used several grass species as food and said that the larvae preferred lawn grass; however, he did not give scientific names of any grass species. -Torre (1968) +Torre (1968) , although successful in rearing the species, only described the cycle superficially and mentioning the duration, 70 to 73 days, and number of larval instars, four. He used as substitute food -Saccharum officinarum +Saccharum officinarum , -Zea mays +Zea mays , and -Stenotaphrum secundatum +Stenotaphrum secundatum , and noted that larvae grew slower with the first. - -Remarks. - -Calisto herophile + +Remarks. + +Calisto herophile is one of the easiest to recognize among all Cuban -Calisto +Calisto species. Its smaller size on average, as well as its pale wing pattern allow their unequivocal identification, although some specimens from altitudes above 800 m can be distinctly larger. The genitalia and immature stages can be also diagnostic. The species has a wide ecological range and tolerance to anthropogenic habitat alteration. - + The status of -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile subspecies, -Calisto herophile parsonsi +Calisto herophile parsonsi Clench, 1943and -Calisto herophile apollinis +Calisto herophile apollinis , is yet pending further investigation. In the present study, only old material of parsonsi was available. The unique morphological difference with the nominal subspecies is the more homogeneous pattern at UN of wings, as pointed out by -Clench (1943) +Clench (1943) . Genitalic comparisons revealed an identical morphology. We were able to sequence a small fragment (337 bp) of COI for two specimens of the Bahamian subspecies -Calisto herophile apollinis +Calisto herophile apollinis Bates. These specimens were clearly quite different to Cuban -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile (Fig. 66) and might warrant species status. Future studies involving fresh specimens, immature stages and DNA data could clarify the status of both of these taxa. diff --git a/data/CA/B1/E6/CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D.xml b/data/CA/B1/E6/CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D.xml index b905036adbd..a2a39b4c829 100644 --- a/data/CA/B1/E6/CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D.xml +++ b/data/CA/B1/E6/CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D.xml @@ -1,429 +1,429 @@ - - - -Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) + + + +Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) - - -Author + + +Author -van Noort, Simon -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 -Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa -svannoort@iziko.org.za +van Noort, Simon +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 +Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa +svannoort@iziko.org.za - - -Author + + +Author -Lahey, Zachary -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570 -Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA +Lahey, Zachary +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570 +Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA - - -Author + + +Author -Talamas, Elijah J. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345 -Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA +Talamas, Elijah J. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345 +Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA - - -Author + + +Author -Austin, Andrew D. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia +Austin, Andrew D. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Masner, Lubomir -Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada +Masner, Lubomir +Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada - - -Author + + +Author -Polaszek, Andrew -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353 -Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK +Polaszek, Andrew +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353 +Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Johnson, Norman F. -Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA +Johnson, Norman F. +Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2021 - -2021-12-23 + +2021 + +2021-12-23 - -87 + +87 - -115 -222 + +115 +222 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 -1314-2607-87-115 -7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60 -DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B -5811667 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 +1314-2607-87-115 +7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60 +DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B +5811667 - - - -Parabaeus Kieffer, 1910 + + + +Parabaeus Kieffer, 1910 - - -Figs 20 -, 21 -, 22 -, 23 -, 24 -, 25 -, 26 -, 27 + + +Figs 20 +, 21 +, 22 +, 23 +, 24 +, 25 +, 26 +, 27 - - -Parabaeus + + +Parabaeus Kieffer, 1910: 294 (original description). Type: -Parabaeus ruficornis +Parabaeus ruficornis Kieffer, by monotypy and original designation); -Kieffer 1910 +Kieffer 1910 : 100, 104 (description, list of species, keyed); -Kieffer 1912 +Kieffer 1912 : 86 (description); -Kieffer 1912 +Kieffer 1912 : 53 (redescribed as new); Dodd 1914: 59 (keyed); -Kieffer 1926 +Kieffer 1926 : 132, 133 (description, keyed); -Brues 1940 +Brues 1940 : 72 (description, comparison of recent and amber species); -Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 +Muesebeck and Walkley 1956 : 379 (citation of type species); -De Santis 1971 +De Santis 1971 : 47 (emendation of diagnosis, key to species); -Masner 1976 +Masner 1976 : 67 (transfer to -Inostemmatinae +Inostemmatinae ); -De Santis 1980 +De Santis 1980 : 311 (catalogue of species of Brazil); -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 : 96 (description, species list); -Austin 1990 +Austin 1990 : 647 (key to species of Old World, structure of mesosoma); -Carpenter 1992 +Carpenter 1992 : 471 (fossil references); -Vlug 1995 +Vlug 1995 : 44 (catalogued, catalogue of world species); -Austin and Field 1997 +Austin and Field 1997 : 53, 68 (structure of ovipositor system, discussion of phylogenetic relationships); - -Loiacono + +Loiacono and -Margaria +Margaria 2002 : 555 (catalogue of Brazilian species); -Talamas and Buffington 2015 +Talamas and Buffington 2015 : 9 (fossil in Dominican amber); -Lahey, et al. 2019c +Lahey, et al. 2019c : 76 (keyed). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body shape variable, from stocky and highly convex to elongate, spindle-like. All Old World species are apterous, as are the described Neotropical species with some undescribed New World species being micropterous or full-winged. Mostly yellow or light brown. Posterior ocellus contiguous with inner orbit; ocellar triangle high. Cheek and postgena with deep longitudinal excavation for housing of scape. Antennal clava of both sexes ovoid, 4-merous. Mesosoma of flightless species subrectangular, with most sclerites fused. Fore wing (when present) with short rudiment of submarginal vein without apical knob. Metasoma highly convex both dorsally and ventrally. T1 fused with T2, and S1 with S2, into solid sclerite; felt fields absent from S2 ( -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 ). - -Species richness in the Old World. - - -Parabaeus abyssus + +Species richness in the Old World. + + +Parabaeus abyssus Austin, 1990 (Australia) (Fig. -20 +20 ) - - -Parabaeus africanus + + +Parabaeus africanus Austin, 1990 (Malawi) - - -Parabaeus armadillus + + +Parabaeus armadillus Austin, 1990 (South Africa) (Figs -21 +21 - -24 +24 ) - - -Parabaeus austini + + +Parabaeus austini Buhl, 2011 (Tanzania) - - -Parabaeus brevicornis + + +Parabaeus brevicornis Buhl, 2011 (Tanzania) - - -Parabaeus nasutus + + +Parabaeus nasutus van Noort, sp. nov. (South Africa) (Figs -25 +25 , -26 +26 ) - - -Parabaeus papei + + +Parabaeus papei Buhl, 2011 (Tanzania) - - -Parabaeus peckorum + + +Parabaeus peckorum Austin, 1990 (South Africa) - - -Parabaeus quasimodus + + +Parabaeus quasimodus Austin, 1990 (Kenya) - - -Parabaeus ruficornis + + +Parabaeus ruficornis Kieffer, 1910 (Seychelles) (Fig. -27 +27 ) - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania ( -Kieffer 1910 +Kieffer 1910 ; -Austin 1990 +Austin 1990 ; -Buhl 2011 +Buhl 2011 ). Australasia: Australia. Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Mexico, Panama, USA (Florida), Venezuela ( -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 ; -Vlug 1995 +Vlug 1995 ). - -Biology. - + +Biology. + Unknown. Predicted to be living near the ground, possibly as leaf-litter inhabitants ( -Austin 1990 +Austin 1990 ). A number of specimens have subsequently been collected from canopy fogging sampling in Tanzania ( -Buhl 2011 +Buhl 2011 ), suggesting that they are far more mobile than previously assumed. Species from these fogging samples are likely to be associated with the rich epiphyte, micro-habitat present in the canopy of Afromontane forest. - -Comments. - + +Comments. + The Old World species are all apterous, as are the described Neotropical species: - -P. lenkoi + +P. lenkoi de Santis, 1970 (Brazil) and - -P. kiefferi + +P. kiefferi de Santis, 1970 (Argentina), but a number of New World species are known that are also micropterous or fully winged ( -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 ). The Angolan species, - -P. machadoi + +P. machadoi Risbec, 1957 is in fact a species of - -Baeus + +Baeus Haliday (= - -Angolobaeus + +Angolobaeus Kozlov) ( -Kozlov 1970 +Kozlov 1970 ; -Masner 1976 +Masner 1976 ). There is a described fossil species, - -P. pusillus + +P. pusillus Brues, 1940, from Eocene-Oligocene Baltic amber ( -Brues 1940 +Brues 1940 ) and an undescribed species known from Oligocene-Miocene Dominican amber ( -Talamas and Buffington 2015 +Talamas and Buffington 2015 ). - + Sexual dimorphism is slight in some species with morphological differences only apparent in the shape of the antennal club ( -Austin 1990 +Austin 1990 ), whereas other species have a metasomal horn developed on T1 in females, presumably to accommodate the ovipositor ( -Austin 1990 +Austin 1990 ). - -Parabaeus ruficornis + +Parabaeus ruficornis and - -P. peckorum + +P. peckorum are only known from males, and it is thus unclear as to whether the respective females will have a metasomal horn or not. - -Parabaeus peckorum + +Parabaeus peckorum belongs to the - -P. armadillus + +P. armadillus species-group, which does not have a metasomal horn in the females, whereas - -P. ruficornis + +P. ruficornis belongs to the - -P. quasimodus + +P. quasimodus species-group and hence is predicted to have a horn in females. - -Parabaeus nasutus + +Parabaeus nasutus sp. nov. belongs to the - -P. armadillus + +P. armadillus species-group. -There are two apparent species-groups in the Afrotropical region defined by the presence or absence of a hyperoccipital carina. We predict that these two groups will be further supported by the presence or absence of a metasomal horn in females, once both sexes of the known species are discovered. - - -Parabaeus armadillus +There are two apparent species-groups in the Afrotropical region defined by the presence or absence of a hyperoccipital carina. We predict that these two groups will be further supported by the presence or absence of a metasomal horn in females, once both sexes of the known species are discovered. + + +Parabaeus armadillus species-group ( - -P. armadillus + +P. armadillus , - -P. nasutus + +P. nasutus , - -P. peckorum + +P. peckorum ) -Hyperoccipital carina present. -Sexual dimorphism slight, females without metasomal horn on T1. -Absence of a sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron. - - -Parabaeus quasimodus +Hyperoccipital carina present. +Sexual dimorphism slight, females without metasomal horn on T1. +Absence of a sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron. + + +Parabaeus quasimodus species-group ( - -P. africanus + +P. africanus , - -P. austini + +P. austini , - -P. brevicornis + +P. brevicornis , - -P. papei + +P. papei , - -P. quasimodus + +P. quasimodus , - -P. ruficornis + +P. ruficornis ) -Hyperoccipital carina absent. -Sexual dimorphism strong, females with metasomal horn on T1 that is developed to varying degrees in size. -Sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron present. - +Hyperoccipital carina absent. +Sexual dimorphism strong, females with metasomal horn on T1 that is developed to varying degrees in size. +Sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron present. + The only other described Old World species, the Australian - -P. abyssus + +P. abyssus falls into its own species-group, sharing characters across the two Afrotropical species-groups (hyperoccipital carina absent, but no metasomal horn on T1 in females) and the Neotropical species-group, which has armature (points, spikes or truncate projections) on the posterior or posterolateral margin of the propodeum, and these are also present in - -P. abyssus + +P. abyssus ( -Austin 1990 +Austin 1990 ). - + The following key includes diagnostic characters enabling both sexes to be keyed out where known. Males of four species ( - -P. austini + +P. austini , - -P. brevicornis + +P. brevicornis , - -P. quasimodes + +P. quasimodes , - -P. papei + +P. papei ) with metasomal horns in females are as yet unknown, and hence will not be identifiable using the current key configuration. diff --git a/data/E4/D9/69/E4D96994F3AB5313B03C5C2434997E46.xml b/data/E4/D9/69/E4D96994F3AB5313B03C5C2434997E46.xml index bc1796a2200..d33ce7dfa7e 100644 --- a/data/E4/D9/69/E4D96994F3AB5313B03C5C2434997E46.xml +++ b/data/E4/D9/69/E4D96994F3AB5313B03C5C2434997E46.xml @@ -1,210 +1,210 @@ - - - -Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) + + + +Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) - - -Author + + +Author -van Noort, Simon -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 -Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa -svannoort@iziko.org.za +van Noort, Simon +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 +Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa +svannoort@iziko.org.za - - -Author + + +Author -Lahey, Zachary -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570 -Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA +Lahey, Zachary +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570 +Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA - - -Author + + +Author -Talamas, Elijah J. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345 -Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA +Talamas, Elijah J. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345 +Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA - - -Author + + +Author -Austin, Andrew D. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia +Austin, Andrew D. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Masner, Lubomir -Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada +Masner, Lubomir +Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada - - -Author + + +Author -Polaszek, Andrew -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353 -Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK +Polaszek, Andrew +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353 +Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK - - -Author + + +Author -Johnson, Norman F. -Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA +Johnson, Norman F. +Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA -text - - -Journal of Hymenoptera Research +text + + +Journal of Hymenoptera Research - -2021 - -2021-12-23 + +2021 + +2021-12-23 - -87 + +87 - -115 -222 + +115 +222 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 -1314-2607-87-115 -7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60 -DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B -5811667 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770 +1314-2607-87-115 +7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60 +DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B +5811667 - - - -Sceliotrachelinae Brues + + + +Sceliotrachelinae Brues - - -Sceliotrachelinae + + +Sceliotrachelinae Brues, 1908: 3, 12 (original description, keyed); -Kozlov 1970 +Kozlov 1970 : 222 (description); -Fabritius 1974 +Fabritius 1974 : 293 (description); -Muesebeck 1979 +Muesebeck 1979 : 1174 (catalogue of species of U.S. and Canada); -Sarazin 1986 +Sarazin 1986 : 967 (primary type material in Canadian National Collection of Insects); -Masner and Huggert 1989 +Masner and Huggert 1989 : 11 (ground plan characters); -Buhl 1999 +Buhl 1999 : 10 (checklist of species of Denmark); - -Loiacono + +Loiacono and -Margaria +Margaria 2002 : 555 (catalogue of Brazilian species); -Rajmohana 2006 +Rajmohana 2006 : 133 (description, keyed); -Ghahari and Buhl 2011 +Ghahari and Buhl 2011 : 331 (species of Iran); -Rajmohana 2014 +Rajmohana 2014 : 6 (keyed); -Asadi-Farfar et al. 2020 +Asadi-Farfar et al. 2020 : 125 (new species records of Iran). - -Amitini -Szabo + +Amitini +Szabo , 1959: 390 (original description. Synonymized by -Masner 1964 +Masner 1964 ). - -Sceliotrachelini + +Sceliotrachelini Brues, 1908: -Masner 1964 +Masner 1964 : 9 (change to tribal status, systematic position, diagnosis). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + The subfamily is poorly defined with no confirmed synapomorphic characters uniting the currently included taxa. Many, but not all, sceliotracheline genera possess foamy structures, which, among platygastroids, are limited to -Platygastridae +Platygastridae ( -Lahey et al. 2019b +Lahey et al. 2019b ; -Chen et al. 2021 +Chen et al. 2021 ). The following characters can be loosely used for a broad definition: the form of the female antennal clava, which is often abrupt, massive and usually obviously 3- or 4-merous; a very stout habitus, similar to the form present in the subfamily -Telenominae +Telenominae , with the metasoma not laterally carinated (there is no impressed submarginal ridge as found in -Scelioninae +Scelioninae and -Teleasinae +Teleasinae ), at most a sharp lateral edge. There is a very short (sometimes almost absent) to a long, well developed (especially in species with 10 antennomeres) apically knobbed submarginal vein in - -Fidiobia + +Fidiobia (Ovidiu Popovici pers. comm.), except in the brachypterous - -F. pronotata + +F. pronotata -Szabo +Szabo , and a longer submarginal vein in - -Allotropa + +Allotropa that has a spectral knob. In - -Platygastoides + +Platygastoides Dodd, at least in the type of the genus, - -P. mirabilis + +P. mirabilis , the submarginal vein is knobbed apically, but far more spectral. Sometimes there is a spectral submarginal vein present in - -Amitus + +Amitus , but this is never knobbed apically. Fore wing venation is absent in - -Isolia + +Isolia and - -Sceliotrachelus + +Sceliotrachelus , except for - -S. karooensis + +S. karooensis sp. nov., which has a spectral submarginal vein. The Australian - -Platygastoides + +Platygastoides combines some characters of - -Fidiobia + +Fidiobia , - -Plutomerus + +Plutomerus and - -Isolia + +Isolia . diff --git a/data/F3/41/ED/F341ED44293BB23543D8B803479E1D55.xml b/data/F3/41/ED/F341ED44293BB23543D8B803479E1D55.xml index b638fae7bac..fff600c2618 100644 --- a/data/F3/41/ED/F341ED44293BB23543D8B803479E1D55.xml +++ b/data/F3/41/ED/F341ED44293BB23543D8B803479E1D55.xml @@ -1,229 +1,229 @@ - - - -Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data + + + +Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data - - -Author + + +Author -Aguila, Rayner Nunez +Aguila, Rayner Nunez - - -Author + + +Author -Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva +Plasencia, Edelquis Oliva - - -Author + + +Author -Maravi, Pavel F. Matos +Maravi, Pavel F. Matos - - -Author + + +Author -Wahlberg, Niklas +Wahlberg, Niklas -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2012 - -165 + +2012 + +165 - -57 -105 + +57 +105 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 -1313-2970-165-57 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2206 +1313-2970-165-57 - - - -Calisto muripetens Bates, 1939 -stat. n. + + + +Calisto muripetens Bates, 1939 +stat. n. Figs 13-1536445256, 5866 - - -Calisto smintheus muripetens -Bates 1939 + + +Calisto smintheus muripetens +Bates 1939 : 3, -Michener 1943 +Michener 1943 : 6, -Munroe 1950 +Munroe 1950 : 226, -Torre 1952 +Torre 1952 : 62, -Torre 1954 +Torre 1954 : 120, -Torre 1968 +Torre 1968 : 20 - -Calisto sibylla muripetens - + +Calisto sibylla muripetens + Fontenla and -Rodriguez +Rodriguez 1990 : 8, -Smith et al. 1994 +Smith et al. 1994 : 57, -Lamas 2004 +Lamas 2004 : 207 - -Diagnosis. - -Calisto muripentens + +Diagnosis. + +Calisto muripentens is similar to several Cuban congeners. From the more similar -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi and -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta , both with three white dots at the UNHW with the middle one distinctly larger, -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens differs by its androconial patch, without the apical lobe present in the first and occupying a larger area of wing than in the second. Their female genitalia are also different, being the corpus bursae smaller in -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens than in -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta , and the dorsal crown taller in the first than in -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi .It differs from -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus , -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei ,and -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile , which have four white dots at the UNHW, by having only three white dots at that part of wings with the one at M2-M3 interspace distinctly larger. Other differences with -Calisto smintheus +Calisto smintheus and -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei are detailed in their respective Diagnosis sections. From -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile , it also differs by the larger area occupied by its androconial patch and its size, larger on the average, 18-22 mm of FWL versus 14-19 mm in males, and 20-23 mm versus 17-21 mm in females. The Hispaniolan -Calisto confusa +Calisto confusa , -Calisto hysius +Calisto hysius , -Calisto obscura +Calisto obscura ,and -Calisto pauli +Calisto pauli are superficially similar but are smaller,and have four white dots at the UNHW. - -Description. -FWL: 18-22 mm ♂, 20-23 mm ♀. Male UPFW uniform grayish brown except androconial patch, dark brown almost black (Fig. 13). Androconial patch distinct from surrounding areas, about one half the length of FW, approximately triangular in shape with apex and outer margin rounded, anterior margin entering into cell (Fig. 36). Male UPHW dark grayish brown, paler at outer third. Female UP of wings uniform grayish brown, paler than male (Fig. 14). UNFW cell red patch variable in size, occupying from apical third to entire cell. Pdl edged by scarce pale yellow scaling. HW background brown mixed with pale yellow and, in less extent, ochre scales (Fig. 15). Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M1-M2, M2-M3, M3-Cu1, with that on M2-M3 larger, smaller dots can gone in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, dorsally flat and posteriorly rounded (Fig. 44); uncus gradually tapering and curved from base to apex, base rounded; valvae base broad; digitiform projection of valvae short and stout with ventral margin slightly concave; aedeagus straight at basal two thirds with a left curve at apical third in dorsal view. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 52); corpus bursae somewhat broad, near equal in length to ductus bursae. + +Description. +FWL: 18-22 mm ♂, 20-23 mm ♀. Male UPFW uniform grayish brown except androconial patch, dark brown almost black (Fig. 13). Androconial patch distinct from surrounding areas, about one half the length of FW, approximately triangular in shape with apex and outer margin rounded, anterior margin entering into cell (Fig. 36). Male UPHW dark grayish brown, paler at outer third. Female UP of wings uniform grayish brown, paler than male (Fig. 14). UNFW cell red patch variable in size, occupying from apical third to entire cell. Pdl edged by scarce pale yellow scaling. HW background brown mixed with pale yellow and, in less extent, ochre scales (Fig. 15). Post discal area on UNHW with three white dots at M1-M2, M2-M3, M3-Cu1, with that on M2-M3 larger, smaller dots can gone in rubbed specimens. Male genitalia with tegumen about two thirds the length of uncus, dorsally flat and posteriorly rounded (Fig. 44); uncus gradually tapering and curved from base to apex, base rounded; valvae base broad; digitiform projection of valvae short and stout with ventral margin slightly concave; aedeagus straight at basal two thirds with a left curve at apical third in dorsal view. Female genitalia with dorsal crown tall (Fig. 52); corpus bursae somewhat broad, near equal in length to ductus bursae. - -Type material. - + +Type material. + Holotype♂: Trinidad Mountains, Buenos Aires 2500-3500 ft, -21°59'13"N +21°59'13"N , -80°11'20"W +80°11'20"W , 8-14 May 1936, P. J. Darlington. MCZ, not examined. Paratypes 1 ♂, 2 ♀: same locality as for holotype, 4 May 1932, S. C. Bruner & A. Otero. MCZ, not examined. - -Additional material. - + +Additional material. + 11 ♂, 4 ♀. Cienfuegos: same locality as for holotype, 16/VI/1967, slide RNA272(wings) (1 ♀); carretera a Pico San Juan, V/1986, J. L. Fontenla, slide RNA268(wings)/284 (legs & labial palpus) (3 ♂); Pico San Juan 1140 m, -21°59'25"N +21°59'25"N , -80°08'50"W +80°08'50"W , V/2006, R. -Nunez +Nunez , DNA voucher PM15-02 (M048) (3 ♂); Carso de Buenos Aires 725 m, -21°59'13"N +21°59'13"N , -80°11'20"W +80°11'20"W , V/2006, R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA197/236(wings), DNA vouchers PM07-08 (M009), PM07-11 (M018) (1 ♂, 1 ♀); ladera norte de Pico Cuevita 900 m, -21°59'13"N +21°59'13"N , -80°10'18"W +80°10'18"W , V/2006, R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♂ in glycerin, slides RNA193(androconial scales)/200(legs & labial palpus)/235 (wings) (1 ♂). Sancti Spiritus: Topes de Collantes, Mi Retiro 800 m, -21°53'41"N +21°53'41"N , -80°01'02"W +80°01'02"W , V/2002, R. -Nunez +Nunez , genitalia ♂ & ♀ in glycerin, slides RNA166/199/241(wings) /209/210(legs & labial palpus), DNA voucher PM15-01 (M047) (3♂, 2♀). CZACC. - -Distribution. - -Calisto muripetens + +Distribution. + +Calisto muripetens is restricted to a few localities in the central Cuban mountains: the Guamuhaya massif, above 750 m and up to 1140 m on Pico San Juan, the highest peak (Figs 56, 58). - -Immature stages. -Unknown. + +Immature stages. +Unknown. - -Habitat and biology. -The species inhabits evergreen forests of the mogotes vegetation complex, limestone hills of vertical slopes, and rainforests, flying mostly in shady places. + +Habitat and biology. +The species inhabits evergreen forests of the mogotes vegetation complex, limestone hills of vertical slopes, and rainforests, flying mostly in shady places. - -Remarks. - -Calisto smintheus muripetens + +Remarks. + +Calisto smintheus muripetens type series was not available for study. Online pictures of MCZ insect type material, last accessed in 9th October 2011, do not include them. However, examination of original description leaves no doubt of its identity. -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens differs from -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile , the only other species in its range, by its larger size, darker color pattern and structure of the genitalia of both sexes. - - -Calisto + + +Calisto muripetens is closest to -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta , a new species described below from NSB, the northeastern Cuban mountain range. Besides differences noted at the Diagnosis section, -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens has other differences with -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta . These include the proportionally larger genitalia of the latter with the aedeagus with an enlarged base, swollen both in dorsal and lateral view. - + As with -Calisto brochei +Calisto brochei , two individuals of -Calisto muripetens +Calisto muripetens (PM07-08 and PM07-11) did not group together in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial data analyses (Fig. 66). A third individual, PM15-02, groups together with PM07-08 in the COI tree in a clade sister to -Calisto occulta +Calisto occulta . The relationships of PM07-11 are unresolved in the mitochondrial data set being located in an unresolved clade containing -Calisto herophile +Calisto herophile s.l. and -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi ; however, this individual is sister to -Calisto bradleyi +Calisto bradleyi based on the nuclear markers (Fig. 66B). This pattern suggests either hybridization or retained ancestral polymorphisms (see Discussion for further discussion on the potential causes of polyphyletic multiple haplotypes in -Calisto +Calisto ).