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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="161777031" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5BBD39BF-7F33-4566-BB02-8B77832D3971" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C41354215C89968219AF584AC27558E6" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/5BBD39BF-7F33-4566-BB02-8B77832D3971" authority="Salata &amp; Fisher, 2020" authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala" status="sp. nov.">Pheidole rugocephala</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 36A-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 85. Hypostomal teeth. Pheidole madinika sp. nov. (A). P. mahaboensis sp. nov. (B). P. maizina sp. nov. (C). P. makaensis sp. nov. (D). P. makirovana sp. nov. (E). P. manantenensis sp. nov. (F). P. mantadia sp. nov. (G). P. marieannae sp. nov. (H). P. masoala sp. nov. (I). P. mavesatra sp. nov. (J). P. miramila sp. nov. (K). P. moramanaensis sp. nov. (L). P. navoatrensis sp. nov. (M). P. nemoralis Forel (N). P. ocypodea sp. nov. (O). P. parviocula sp. nov. (P). P. petax Forel (Q). P. podargea sp. nov. (R). P. praegrandis sp. nov. (S). P. ranohirensis sp. nov. (T). P. rugocephala sp. nov. (U). P. rugofitarata sp. nov. (V). P. scabrata Forel (W). P. typhlos sp. nov. (X). P. vatovavensis sp. nov. (Y). P. voasara sp. nov. (Z). P. vohemarensis sp. nov. (AA). P. zavamanira sp. nov. (AB)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373132" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 85U</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 88" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 88. Distribution. Pheidole petax Forel (A). P. podargea sp. nov. (B). P. praegrandis sp. nov. (C). P. ranohirensis sp. nov. (D). P. rugocephala sp. nov. (E). P. rugofitarata sp. nov. (F). P. scabrata Forel (G). P. typhlos sp. nov. (H). P. vatovavensis sp. nov. (I). P. voasara sp. nov. (J). P. vohemarensis sp. nov. (K). P. zavamanira sp. nov. (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure88" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373135" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 88E</figureCitation>
<treatment id="C41354215C89968219AF584AC27558E6" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161777031" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5BBD39BF-7F33-4566-BB02-8B77832D3971" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C41354215C89968219AF584AC27558E6" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
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<paragraph id="6BDA78DA9F3F63DB9B96670092CFEAC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CFC935C9C78456B94CDA40EE4006E379" ID-CoL="CMLV4" LSID="http://zoobank.org/5BBD39BF-7F33-4566-BB02-8B77832D3971" authority="Salata &amp; Fisher, 2020" authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala" status="sp. nov.">Pheidole rugocephala</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1D29946F37D4946BFE3B12DA870D613C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="C33D1BAB45B3C2E1B4B8EC44E45A9BA9" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 36A-F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="11FC4F27AD0827D2A4A10520D8873CB2" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 85. Hypostomal teeth. Pheidole madinika sp. nov. (A). P. mahaboensis sp. nov. (B). P. maizina sp. nov. (C). P. makaensis sp. nov. (D). P. makirovana sp. nov. (E). P. manantenensis sp. nov. (F). P. mantadia sp. nov. (G). P. marieannae sp. nov. (H). P. masoala sp. nov. (I). P. mavesatra sp. nov. (J). P. miramila sp. nov. (K). P. moramanaensis sp. nov. (L). P. navoatrensis sp. nov. (M). P. nemoralis Forel (N). P. ocypodea sp. nov. (O). P. parviocula sp. nov. (P). P. petax Forel (Q). P. podargea sp. nov. (R). P. praegrandis sp. nov. (S). P. ranohirensis sp. nov. (T). P. rugocephala sp. nov. (U). P. rugofitarata sp. nov. (V). P. scabrata Forel (W). P. typhlos sp. nov. (X). P. vatovavensis sp. nov. (Y). P. voasara sp. nov. (Z). P. vohemarensis sp. nov. (AA). P. zavamanira sp. nov. (AB)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373132" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 85U</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="3852B7A063482DECEBA623F3CE0F06C2" captionStart="Figure 88" captionStartId="F88" captionText="Figure 88. Distribution. Pheidole petax Forel (A). P. podargea sp. nov. (B). P. praegrandis sp. nov. (C). P. ranohirensis sp. nov. (D). P. rugocephala sp. nov. (E). P. rugofitarata sp. nov. (F). P. scabrata Forel (G). P. typhlos sp. nov. (H). P. vatovavensis sp. nov. (I). P. voasara sp. nov. (J). P. vohemarensis sp. nov. (K). P. zavamanira sp. nov. (L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure88" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373135" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 88E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="992286C98DF7B25D38327A6B906BA89E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph id="AD2033051D180B3870F87ADA2772B179" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F40E78A0DC825B39BBB5096FB07D6C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="860EA1C8ECC5D84C88C138DC6EC42D53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="948C4858C2A549FA44AE60FA9BADD098" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Madagascar. •1 major worker; Toamasina; 6.9 km NE Ambanizana, Ambohitsitondroina;
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.58506" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.58506">-15.58506</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="2FBBE81C9EFD06F23047A759A6E5DBBF" degrees="15.58506" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.58506">-15.58506</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="50.00952" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.00952">50.00952</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D2D5999AB53B69E470182270AFEFE3F4" degrees="50.00952" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.00952">50.00952</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 825 m; 2 Dec 1993; B.L. Fisher leg.; BLF00976, CASENT0923224 (CASC).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
<emphasis id="AB68DCDF1192A0CADCF807C1E4E4056B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="82EC2B9FE7F4CCA7EECC662EF2EC11F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Madagascar. •1w., 1q.; same data as for holotype; CASENT0198470, CASENT0872239 (CASC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Other material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="77403C887E292836455D5B61AECC2612" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="A05C542D93CC566593E7B2C8E11D30E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Other material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D4B163699F372AE2215289583C9A4ABF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Madagascar. -
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antsiranana</emphasis>
<emphasis id="7B72E62FBFAC5049AB2487BB6F31685C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antsiranana</emphasis>
: •1q.; 9.2 km WSW Befingotra,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="07D841F5DDB2334696B2AD1F742583EF" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
. Anjanaharibe-Sud; -14.75, 49.46667; alt. 1200 m; 9 Nov 1994; B.L. Fisher leg. CASENT0196913 (CASC). •1s.; Masoala National Park;
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.3014" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-15.3014">-15.3014</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="02557882A4F862EFE2D3E33621C9D636" degrees="15.3014" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-15.3014">-15.3014</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="50.22776" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.22776">50.22776</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="14EBA54FAFE5CB1FC46907711226CC55" degrees="50.22776" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.22776">50.22776</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 280 m; 7 Mar 2014; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0377718 (CASC). •1s.; Masoala National Park;
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.32331" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.32331">-15.32331</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="7B18B60F8F6B7CE241C605F22E20B00D" degrees="15.32331" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.32331">-15.32331</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="50.30751" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.30751">50.30751</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="C4052C353B3DA43FC787F9FC2CBCD488" degrees="50.30751" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="50.30751">50.30751</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 60 m; 10 Mar 2014; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0376820 (CASC). -
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Toamasina</emphasis>
<emphasis id="D11320E6BF4391AABD2CB239232BE2CF" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Toamasina</emphasis>
: •1w., 1s.; Montagne
<normalizedToken originalValue="dAnjanaharibe">d'Anjanaharibe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A8BC115BFE71A7E7B96E8BB12DC3E7DE" originalValue="dAnjanaharibe">d'Anjanaharibe</normalizedToken>
, 18.0 km 21°NNE Ambinanitelo;
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.18833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.18833">-15.18833</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="00D6DBF9E58FFF94F2EA51C57E259549" degrees="15.18833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.18833">-15.18833</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.615" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="49.615">49.615</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="06E9944202A092EF1856F3A48558620C" degrees="49.615" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="49.615">49.615</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 470 m; 8 Mar 2003; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0037624, CASENT0037758 (CASC). •1s.; Montagne
<normalizedToken originalValue="dAnjanaharibe">d'Anjanaharibe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="D2D423E2D2869DBC59B800D6119C9F59" originalValue="dAnjanaharibe">d'Anjanaharibe</normalizedToken>
, 19.5 km 27°NNE Ambinanitelo;
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.17833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.17833">-15.17833</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="0979892C836FD51D8F3314B6E0463895" degrees="15.17833" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.17833">-15.17833</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.635" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="49.635">49.635</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="C3875EB2C5B94B077708CB0C00B10E60" degrees="49.635" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="49.635">49.635</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 1100 m; 12 Mar 2003; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0038365 (CASC). •4s.; Parc National Mananara-Nord, 7.1 km 261° Antanambe;
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.455" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-16.455">-16.455</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F31534061DB5DB047609DC959E4615AF" degrees="16.455" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-16.455">-16.455</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.7875" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="49.7875">49.7875</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="3706BB9A4816DF1B058A6B6958A81A7C" degrees="49.7875" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="49.7875">49.7875</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 225 m; 14 Nov 2005; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0068924, CASENT0069459, CASENT0069581, CASENT0069598 (CASC). •1s.; Reserve Betampona, Camp Vohitsivalana, 37.1 km 338° Toamasina;
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.88667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-17.88667">-17.88667</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="79353EFE854F227A3D10E72D368C6D2B" degrees="17.88667" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-17.88667">-17.88667</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.2025" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="49.2025">49.2025</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE9668EE99278395B0E81AA58D03F220" degrees="49.2025" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="49.2025">49.2025</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 520 m; 1 Dec 2005; B.L. Fisher et al. leg.; CASENT0069316 (CASC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="D41D9293DC16C67CCB7EEE3C1E7993A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="2A25FDAA126404C2F5253A91F5228725" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34AE2FBC91FD2D1877A719CDB66FCD39" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Head in full-face view cordate, widened posteriorly; sides of the head with moderately dense, long, suberect to erect pilosity; antennal scrobes present, strongly developed, well delimited and forming distinct dorsal concavity beneath frontal carina; scrobe surface foveolate; delimited ventrally and posteriorly by carinulae; propodeal spines long (PSL: 0.13-0.2 (0.15)); first gastral tergite shagreened on its basal part.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers</emphasis>
<emphasis id="C114708AF696B157AE5FC36A73924049" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1168BAE4B698C888C0202B01EB6BA2AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Head foveolate; propodeal spines long (PSL: 0.09); promesonotum box-like; mesosoma foveolate; katepisternum with smooth notch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers.</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="EE1BBDC7DE0C28AEB694149687FDE9E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="47E049EBC3765A015FAA601EDD19535F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA84812450BDD03E850B8E4582807D18" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="C9E4A03BDC8A4B9BD1BCF7BC69FB251B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers.</emphasis>
Measurements (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0242E735FAB1C086D2694F9DA03C84CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
= 10): HL: 0.86-1.18 (0.97); HW: 0.87-1.12 (0.93); SL: 0.42-0.52 (0.45); EL: 0.12-0.14 (0.13); WL: 0.72-0.99 (0.82); PSL: 0.13-0.2 (0.15); MTL: 0.43-0.51 (0.45); PNW: 0.47-0.62 (0.53); PTW: 0.13-0.19 (0.14); PPW: 0.35-0.53 (0.41); CI: 95.3-101.3 (97.5); SI: 46.0-50.9 (48.2); PSLI: 14.3-17.0 (15.7); PPI: 30.9-36.9 (33.6); PNI: 53.7-59.9 (56.4); MTI: 45.5-52.3 (48.5).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3D90F72E1C9A2A42D90BD0B4BD6F75A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="AF87F82454BC39F030D5E4A428D5AE9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In full-face view cordate, widened posteriorly (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="029AFC76128FC8C2FB9B2B4BB8E17286" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36B</figureCitation>
). In lateral view oval; ventral face convex; dorsal face relatively flat; inner hypostomal teeth visible. Sides of the head with moderately dense, long, suberect to erect pilosity; whole head with moderately dense, long, suberect to erect pilosity. Antennal scrobes strongly developed, well delimited and forming distinct dorsal concavity beneath frontal carina, scrobe surface foveolate, delimited ventrally and posteriorly by carinulae. Occipital lobes shiny, with sparse and thick rugae, sculpture weakening posteriorly; frons and malar area with thick, sparse, longitudinal or irregular rugae, interspaces smooth; genae with dense and fine rugulae. Centre of clypeus smooth and shiny, lateral sides with longitudinal rugae; median notch present, narrow, and shallow; median longitudinal carina absent; lateral longitudinal carinae present. Scape, when laid back, reaching slightly beyond the midlength of head; pilosity decumbent to erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36B, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="401562EA36A15140462E87DF2793F8E1" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36B, D</figureCitation>
). Inner hypostomal teeth distinct, closely spaced, triangular, with rounded apex pointed inward; outer hypostomal teeth distinct, slightly higher than inner hypostomal teeth, lobe-like, with base wide and acute tops directed outward; inner and outer teeth closely spaced and connected by concavity (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 85. Hypostomal teeth. Pheidole madinika sp. nov. (A). P. mahaboensis sp. nov. (B). P. maizina sp. nov. (C). P. makaensis sp. nov. (D). P. makirovana sp. nov. (E). P. manantenensis sp. nov. (F). P. mantadia sp. nov. (G). P. marieannae sp. nov. (H). P. masoala sp. nov. (I). P. mavesatra sp. nov. (J). P. miramila sp. nov. (K). P. moramanaensis sp. nov. (L). P. navoatrensis sp. nov. (M). P. nemoralis Forel (N). P. ocypodea sp. nov. (O). P. parviocula sp. nov. (P). P. petax Forel (Q). P. podargea sp. nov. (R). P. praegrandis sp. nov. (S). P. ranohirensis sp. nov. (T). P. rugocephala sp. nov. (U). P. rugofitarata sp. nov. (V). P. scabrata Forel (W). P. typhlos sp. nov. (X). P. vatovavensis sp. nov. (Y). P. voasara sp. nov. (Z). P. vohemarensis sp. nov. (AA). P. zavamanira sp. nov. (AB)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373132" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">85U</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75F66B7070A278E85D4F408B4922B448" captionStart="Figure 85" captionStartId="F85" captionText="Figure 85. Hypostomal teeth. Pheidole madinika sp. nov. (A). P. mahaboensis sp. nov. (B). P. maizina sp. nov. (C). P. makaensis sp. nov. (D). P. makirovana sp. nov. (E). P. manantenensis sp. nov. (F). P. mantadia sp. nov. (G). P. marieannae sp. nov. (H). P. masoala sp. nov. (I). P. mavesatra sp. nov. (J). P. miramila sp. nov. (K). P. moramanaensis sp. nov. (L). P. navoatrensis sp. nov. (M). P. nemoralis Forel (N). P. ocypodea sp. nov. (O). P. parviocula sp. nov. (P). P. petax Forel (Q). P. podargea sp. nov. (R). P. praegrandis sp. nov. (S). P. ranohirensis sp. nov. (T). P. rugocephala sp. nov. (U). P. rugofitarata sp. nov. (V). P. scabrata Forel (W). P. typhlos sp. nov. (X). P. vatovavensis sp. nov. (Y). P. voasara sp. nov. (Z). P. vohemarensis sp. nov. (AA). P. zavamanira sp. nov. (AB)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373132" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">85U</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
<emphasis id="CD5FCE057395E09F313C4CA9F1275A3B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8CA7E66C2E7C07ACA1FCA4CEF8DB39E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In lateral view, promesonotum short, angular, and moderately high, posterior mesonotum with tubercle-like projection, dropping steeply to propodeum; promesonotal groove absent; metanotal groove absent; propodeal spines long, with narrow base and acute apex; humeral area laterally weakly produced (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1062F294E22C0A37E2E6C73CE7170036" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D</figureCitation>
). Surface shiny, with sparse rugoreticulation, dorsum with weaker sculpture and sometimes smooth patches. Pilosity moderately sparse, long, and erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1EE9F4EB9F286981C008AA85512C8193" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1A4A06F3709FD9607471076829C981A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="7C904BD33BF743A3EC813A2BD96EBC10" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Finely foveolate; peduncle relatively long, with horizontal, triangular lobes on its basal part; node high, triangular, with rounded apex, in rear view node dorsoventrally depressed; pilosity moderately sparse and erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="BADA3DC52684CF67C3BCFB092A3AA1B8" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Postpetiole</emphasis>
<emphasis id="23B2C4902545BF9109C5D471C71056EF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8D935E7334DF68E6DE868D294C4F8133" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Postpetiole</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Finely foveolate; short; in dorsal view sides with acute, very wide, and long triangular projections; pilosity long, moderately dense and erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B295A8309A1B558441A3B39CAEA95B85" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E6A7BC1E759FE8AB05B516D90AD35A15" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6DDC336FE7BC7B0EB4044116C71B5F00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
First gastral tergite shagreened on its basal part; pilosity moderately dense, very long and erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="18A6100BFB74F53D51A1F6BB4E12235E" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
<emphasis id="F40178BA921662BD632054388FE800DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CBF9FC789319D5EF40646445E61DB98E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Head and mesosoma reddish brown to brown; gaster brown; legs yellow to brown (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="F7070524B61339DCC625EF3EEBA634BD" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36D, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 36" startId="F36">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole rugocephala</emphasis>
<caption id="157DED4CE6D09144AB746F7CFF94D476" doi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 36" startId="F36">
<paragraph id="611D3CF156F15C84B72DD3B559AF68F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="969EC90FB617C8703F997FB87AB8F6D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EBDA6EB18FC430A48A0DEDC8718B8681" authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala">
<emphasis id="2BBA273F06BADE42535965BD695A3790" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole rugocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., full-face view (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1F356DAF6C2AFA67D99A8C7F7471F469" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
), profile (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3911B6D8DB94581061CF79047B5496AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
), and dorsal view (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0D0FCF813F7E47996DDD923658A89341" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
) of paratype minor worker (CASENT0198470) and full-face view (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="F37A3CC4A5225308E141D83504734A02" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
), profile (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1044CC2D430B80CE0195D28E6EF823DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
), and dorsal view (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
<emphasis id="515FEB9FEDA69378FEDA312334848189" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
) of holotype major worker (CASENT0923224).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers.</emphasis>
<paragraph id="4430A82ED489B7CA8F8C8A84C1FB3A63" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="C471FCBFB0130D3035D34546A9E69D24" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers.</emphasis>
Measurements (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="BF0F8CA1195339CC3FA321206010BD3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
= 1): HL: 0.48; HW: 0.43; SL: 0.42; EL: 0.09; WL: 0.6; PSL: 0.09; MTL: 0.35; PNW: 0.3; PTW: 0.08; PPW: 0.14; CI: 89.4; SI: 99.1; PSLI: 18.6; PPI: 58.6; PNI: 69.2; MTI: 82.2.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
<emphasis id="43DA81926041688757A6E3D48FE298FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E91B07CAD6C3A4FF892B6540C8124DD7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Occipital margin straight or indistinctly concave; occipital carina absent (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1459CE003113862CED8A950244572155" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36A</figureCitation>
). Pilosity sparse, long, suberect to erect. Whole head foveolate. Clypeus with median longitudinal carina absent; two lateral longitudinal carinae absent. Scape, when laid back, surpassing posterior head margin by one-fifth of its length; pilosity suberect to erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36A, C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13EC02944E687E04D5B81B9D34329EB2" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36A, C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
<emphasis id="152482407708F19E26E9E806FC056A12" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="EB1E5002DF277282CD87520093FAB3CA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In lateral view, promesonotum box-like; promesonotal groove present; metanotal groove present; propodeal spines moderately long, triangular, with acute apex (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="4A91F925082B0F2A9DE278C156836741" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C</figureCitation>
). Whole surface foveolate, only katepisternum with smooth notch. Pilosity sparse, long and erect (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="97353B946C41B5E1B6562CAC466F4A54" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9F7D1FDEBA65128A7ACB022D12D4434E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="ABD0BB9FCB3525008DD122FEE559E4C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Shiny; peduncle foveolate, short and thin; node finely foveolate, globular; with few long, erect setae (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="167EFC28613B0B07BFBC1269559D3022" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Postpetiole</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3A152C9EB98E1E11C87BE03DB2B33849" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E3D465F6EBE79242C5183592320AF011" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Postpetiole</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Finely foveolate with smooth centre; short, low and convex; with few long, erect setae at the anterior edge (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A066BA701B913983DE163DA17933F856" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
<emphasis id="291EB98B84D9EA83301BAC38664AB397" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F05BDC8D84D250FC0C9A0A8FF1073DDA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Petiole</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
With few long, erect setae (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="4BD8870DD3A199A0EC71029A7CB828F1" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
<emphasis id="04008A324BA88170FAA89806F9A70688" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1F988483C232CD7DF1CC1D8BC2A6DA82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Unicolourous, yellow (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="9B500B7DA88A154122873C4039D48990" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Pheidole rugocephala sp. nov., full-face view (A), profile (C), and dorsal view (E) of paratype minor worker (CASENT 0198470) and full-face view (B), profile (D), and dorsal view (F) of holotype major worker (CASENT 0923224)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.905.39592.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/373083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36C, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Latin for strong and distinct head sculpture on major workers.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="5D0E475166931717DE7F9210C5C73912" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1B008C7EA24E837F2E9A438CF6B55EA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1ED08A21F1ED492EB0205CAE4946EEDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Latin for strong and distinct head sculpture on major workers.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The species was collected between 15-1200 m in elevation, in rainforest, montane rainforest, and littoral rainforest. Nesting preferences unknown.</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C583D73CC84DF12FB06C03533321B44C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="5CDF0443C605877523264D70E377587C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="875AD9B0FB66E1B3DB2B045B680012AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The species was collected between 15-1200 m in elevation, in rainforest, montane rainforest, and littoral rainforest. Nesting preferences unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="9FF9177D120ED3638299BDA0B5384098" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph id="AFA1DCAFC6EF033D2ABA793966DC6764" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="65ACD95A97EEA394F0B56430EBE63B7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species is most similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EE283CDE7AD852B671A05DE0FF083F71" lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="2DE590D00A7F4458203A75F3378E5809" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers</emphasis>
<emphasis id="2CB06481967749FAA5BA3CB155893D22" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D4E14DE52CAB53C83C323D3766BF89CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Major workers</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole rugocephala</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B9FF96C943AE4433680CDA4A1EC759CE" authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala">
<emphasis id="D8BAB73E7C1D324A1469FFB75D4155D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole rugocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4EBF4BF7FA450847AA4F1C0F934E5B2B" lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="08F5445A79B2E755C99230BFCD843301" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by foveolate surface of antennal scrobes; lack of longitudinal rugae on frons, inner hypostomal teeth pointed inward, presence of smooth surface on promesonotum, and presence of horizontal lobes on the basal part of petiolar peduncle.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers</emphasis>
<emphasis id="2C3E28FF5F7C968C2D9A888C3EE83B63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="C011C74BFC9995B655D2039C5EC03DE4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minor workers</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole rugocephala</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="443AECECF5A003F13D8A8A7B50431DCE" authorityName="Salata &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugocephala">
<emphasis id="D1F666562E44078E63B9FCD3DEEC22E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pheidole rugocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1F4311A80FD7E1C96F564D5F9C1E0B3D" lsidName="P. ferruginea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferruginea">
<emphasis id="3BB3CA6C93CCEED7DE70D315BED37651" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. ferruginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by short and triangular propodeal spines, never foveolate clypeus, and presence of promesonotal and metanotal grooves.
</paragraph>