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<mods:title id="ABC4531011F0403AD653CD498BCF9F4A">A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
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3.
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<taxonomicName authority="Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." authorityName="Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">Solanum arundo Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908.</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="0066D82A0E67E11B78FBCF648657D92D" ID-CoL="4XZLD" authority="Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." authorityName="Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">Solanum arundo Mattei, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 7: 188. 1908.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Solanum arundo Mattei A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (Safni CNH- 2488) B detail view of flower (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya) C detail view of fruit (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya). Photograph credits: A © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata B, C M. S. Vorontsova." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="ECA15ECBF169918C32CDFE31833BBCBA" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Solanum arundo Mattei A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (Safni CNH- 2488) B detail view of flower (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya) C detail view of fruit (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya). Photograph credits: A © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata B, C M. S. Vorontsova." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum diplacanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diplacanthum">Solanum diplacanthum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="81E569F374C8610268A075469BAD5712" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum diplacanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diplacanthum">Solanum diplacanthum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Dammer, Bot. Jahbr. Syst. 48: 245. 1912. Type. Tanzania. Sin. loc.,
|
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dr. Fischer s.n.</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="4500B1894A10848BDF329ED8E40DF27A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dr. Fischer s.n.</emphasis>
|
||||
(type: B?, destroyed, no duplicates found).
|
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</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum helleri" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helleri">Solanum helleri</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="64ED649F13F789EAF0C882D6B765F1AB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum helleri" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helleri">Solanum helleri</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Standl., Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 68, no. 5: 15. 1917. Type. Kenya. Rift Valley: Northern Frontier: Ewaso Ngiro River,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Neumann’s">Neumann's</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="78BCCBCEBBC3E8CD822F61D99F57FB79" originalValue="Neumann’s">Neumann's</normalizedToken>
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Camp, 26 Sep 1911,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Heller s.n.</emphasis>
|
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<emphasis id="33C7AD51188B79EA0F758F20024C4FA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Heller s.n.</emphasis>
|
||||
(holotype: US [00027596, acc. # 634351]).
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</paragraph>
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.
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.
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:
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,
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,
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137
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</emphasis>
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(
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, designated by
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, pg. 74: FT [
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|
||||
<accessionNumber id="0B0D69AD454E50786B471BA058DA0223" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/FT003946">FT003946</accessionNumber>
|
||||
])
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect shrub to small tree, 2-6 m, densely prickly. Young stems erect, robust, densely stellate-pubescent and densely prickly, with porrect to multangulate, variously stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.15 mm long, the rays 7-8(-15), 0.05-0.2 mm long, the midpoints reduced or absent, the prickles 5-10 mm long, 2.5-8 mm wide at the base, strongly curved, flattened, pale yellow to orange, densely stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3; bark of older stems glabrescent to moderately stellate-pubescent, reddish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, lobed, the blades 2-4(-7) cm long, 1.5-2.5(-3.5) cm wide, 1.5-2 times longer than wide, elliptic, concolorous, armed with 2-5 acicular, straight prickles to 12 mm long on both surfaces; adaxial surface glabrescent, with trichomes only at the base or along the midvein; abaxial surface glabrescent to sparsely stellate-pubescent with porrect, sessile or stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 7-9, 0.1-0.2 mm long, the midpoints to 0.3 mm long; principal veins 3-5 pairs, further venation not visible or faint; base cuneate to rounded; margins lobed, the lobes 2-4 on each side, 0.2-0.7(-1.5) cm long, deltate to ovate, sometimes with secondary lobing, apically rounded, sometimes obtuse, the sinuses extending 1/4-2/3 of the distance to the midvein; apex broadly acute to rounded; petiole 0.05-0.5 cm long, less than 1/5 of the leaf blade length, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few prickles. Inflorescences apparently lateral, 2-3(-4) cm long, unbranched or forked, with 2-8 flowers; 1-3 flowers open at any one time, densely stellate-pubescent, with 0-2 prickles; peduncle 0-4 mm long; pedicels 0.45-1 cm long, erect, articulated at the base, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed; pedicel scars spaced 1-4 mm apart. Flowers 5-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost 1-2 flowers long-styled and hermaphrodite, the distal flowers short-styled and staminate. Calyx 5.5-9 mm long, the lobes 3-4 mm long, deltate, apically acute to acuminate, sparsely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few prickles. Corolla 2-3.2 cm in diameter, mauve to purple, stellate, lobed for ca. 4/5 of its length, the lobes 7-14 mm long, 3.5-4.5 mm wide, narrowly deltate, spreading, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.2 mm, the rays 6-9, 0.2-0.3 mm long, the midpoints reduced or to 0.5 mm long. Stamens equal; filament tube ca. 1.5 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.5-1.5 mm long; anthers ca. 5.5 mm long, yellow, connivent, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores not lengthening to slits with age. Ovary densely stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/3; style 13-17 mm long in long-styled flowers, stout, curved, weakly stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3, ca. 2 mm long in short-styled flowers; stigma clavate, minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 1-2 per infructescence, 1.8-3 cm in diameter, the pericarp smooth, dark green with pale green and cream markings when young, yellow at maturity; fruiting pedicels 0.8-1.5 cm long, 1.5-2 mm in diameter at the base, woody, pendulous, usually unarmed but occasionally with a few prickles; fruiting calyx not markedly accrescent, but elongating to 7-12 mm long, somewhat fleshy and covering ca. 1/4 of the mature fruit (reflexed in herbarium sheets and on old fruits), unarmed or with up to 10 prickles. Seeds ca. 20-40 per berry, 2.2-3.2 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, flattened-reniform, dull yellow to orangish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="868051918F5245820A79679ECEDAC6FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="34DC1E3C5327E533E4239B942A96EC82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="60117D5A367160DAB4C5965C5C661600" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect shrub to small tree, 2-6 m, densely prickly. Young stems erect, robust, densely stellate-pubescent and densely prickly, with porrect to multangulate, variously stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.15 mm long, the rays 7-8(-15), 0.05-0.2 mm long, the midpoints reduced or absent, the prickles 5-10 mm long, 2.5-8 mm wide at the base, strongly curved, flattened, pale yellow to orange, densely stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3; bark of older stems glabrescent to moderately stellate-pubescent, reddish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, lobed, the blades 2-4(-7) cm long, 1.5-2.5(-3.5) cm wide, 1.5-2 times longer than wide, elliptic, concolorous, armed with 2-5 acicular, straight prickles to 12 mm long on both surfaces; adaxial surface glabrescent, with trichomes only at the base or along the midvein; abaxial surface glabrescent to sparsely stellate-pubescent with porrect, sessile or stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 7-9, 0.1-0.2 mm long, the midpoints to 0.3 mm long; principal veins 3-5 pairs, further venation not visible or faint; base cuneate to rounded; margins lobed, the lobes 2-4 on each side, 0.2-0.7(-1.5) cm long, deltate to ovate, sometimes with secondary lobing, apically rounded, sometimes obtuse, the sinuses extending 1/4-2/3 of the distance to the midvein; apex broadly acute to rounded; petiole 0.05-0.5 cm long, less than 1/5 of the leaf blade length, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few prickles. Inflorescences apparently lateral, 2-3(-4) cm long, unbranched or forked, with 2-8 flowers; 1-3 flowers open at any one time, densely stellate-pubescent, with 0-2 prickles; peduncle 0-4 mm long; pedicels 0.45-1 cm long, erect, articulated at the base, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed; pedicel scars spaced 1-4 mm apart. Flowers 5-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost 1-2 flowers long-styled and hermaphrodite, the distal flowers short-styled and staminate. Calyx 5.5-9 mm long, the lobes 3-4 mm long, deltate, apically acute to acuminate, sparsely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with a few prickles. Corolla 2-3.2 cm in diameter, mauve to purple, stellate, lobed for ca. 4/5 of its length, the lobes 7-14 mm long, 3.5-4.5 mm wide, narrowly deltate, spreading, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.2 mm, the rays 6-9, 0.2-0.3 mm long, the midpoints reduced or to 0.5 mm long. Stamens equal; filament tube ca. 1.5 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.5-1.5 mm long; anthers ca. 5.5 mm long, yellow, connivent, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores not lengthening to slits with age. Ovary densely stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/3; style 13-17 mm long in long-styled flowers, stout, curved, weakly stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3, ca. 2 mm long in short-styled flowers; stigma clavate, minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 1-2 per infructescence, 1.8-3 cm in diameter, the pericarp smooth, dark green with pale green and cream markings when young, yellow at maturity; fruiting pedicels 0.8-1.5 cm long, 1.5-2 mm in diameter at the base, woody, pendulous, usually unarmed but occasionally with a few prickles; fruiting calyx not markedly accrescent, but elongating to 7-12 mm long, somewhat fleshy and covering ca. 1/4 of the mature fruit (reflexed in herbarium sheets and on old fruits), unarmed or with up to 10 prickles. Seeds ca. 20-40 per berry, 2.2-3.2 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, flattened-reniform, dull yellow to orangish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="B6BF8EB96B784977BC6B1A081B508FE5" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C6628A8DBFE1D5AEB83DF1003BA0B272" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="45DBD8CE01CC285167E36CB01E2F1461" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9E9914EC51E8A9BCC54EA6378EA9ECDD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="82CB9B37A9303BF017B3B52F42AB30C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Mattei
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="8E943394E98EE37E43464993B6E30F6A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Safni CNH-2488</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="68D4CE8EB5CBC53C5340C584AD379605" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Safni CNH-2488</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="320B580F48745D84981D3EDCFF00E8D1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||||
detail view of flower (
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vorontsova et al. 80</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="DD71CC1109040B4E7247C32A4DCA3941" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vorontsova et al. 80</emphasis>
|
||||
, Kenya)
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="1AE90B2FDAFBD4FAA025A7D98AEA7D4B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||||
detail view of fruit (
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vorontsova et al. 80</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="99802885BD3AF839F31DC987CAD68DA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vorontsova et al. 80</emphasis>
|
||||
, Kenya). Photograph credits:
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E86F08F683EC7156A6F51C6C176104E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||||
© The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="4692FD343E8D6DA4711B1C58211E0D9B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
|
||||
M.S. Vorontsova.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F5A1FC59C2D89314B6BD2B33CB3E6769" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="538E68DB64A4853399C634EBD0A10D55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="11D8D63B1A02160FB61C00492BFA1251" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5FB519BB2A151FD279B46C2380397A8B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
(Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of S. arundo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689700" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C1690CE30C8419FCFB5A78C879A112CD" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of S. arundo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689700" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="335EECFD29A4220A51E95C0C37405565" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9C2BCCBD4E7E1BA2154965BC032D8947" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is an African species, found primarily in eastern Africa from Somalia to Tanzania, in tropical Asia it occurs only in far western India on the Kathiawar peninsula in the state of Gujarat.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F378ABB6AB8D3B79373C79B6E57489D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CE04F4AAE62F246014157BB82F527ADD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="F83AECDD2980A42425A65CF0FAE51E75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D24A1BDA102F81A43415C39ED8BCFE11" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="78F0A7A4E3E70B0156CC22671CFE2F0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a plant of grasslands and savannahs in Africa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2A802A9220A0E14A447DC42205DDA99E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); in India it is found in seaside vegetation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sen Gupta, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forester" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="481 - 482" refId="B224" refString="Sen Gupta, G, 1963. Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India. Indian Forester 89: 481 - 482" title="Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India." volume="89" year="1963">Sen Gupta 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8CDD96FDB6A95D8EB7865189F984879E" author="Sen Gupta, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forester" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="481 - 482" refId="B224" refString="Sen Gupta, G, 1963. Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India. Indian Forester 89: 481 - 482" title="Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India." volume="89" year="1963">Sen Gupta 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C5384BB061B90DDC2E17FD773882E0B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4DC5BDB7692038340EE21696D6C19902" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="78BB9136C03FC03FB923589A84E7D4A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
There have been no common names or uses recorded for
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3B386E6DC75F4CD3DACB2ADE7D93EDEF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1A9320E1AE6DAFA02DD90439B96C3F1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but in Africa it is often used as a hedge plant, due to its ability to form thick impenetrable thickets (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="42AC6E6A7866D0C6C244B767B61F71E2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689700" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="D993F7F331648DD64AB7700A9D8C003B" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689700" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||||
<paragraph id="EC2E3EC3514C144961D2C2FD4EA67E10" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2BE85C14EAE5E25DB5795AFEC8318739" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1D632A53F109D4819CEA75908F8DC581" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AE018DD2904282EF9249FB194D3FD89F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="5DBC8FD562B94A8E960DDDF36D4EC6F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BCE95ABC2AC45E0991D7FD2CC5BC7575" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="7E95E0EA3A965906363EA0712710C078" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="70B3E5AA08B562AE5E9B072449E747C9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0715B1E930DCB11FBDB248882396D42D" author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Least Concern (LC); EOO (1,277,240 km2), AOO (216 km2).
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="46C5B135D2291C974CD1FDBEC2C1B7B5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BA96340657DC328220F5D2D5B97316C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a broad distribution in Africa, and although it is relatively poorly represented in India, it is not of particular conservation concern based on its worldwide distribution. The distribution and occurrence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="60B1BDDF7613802381978961B6639096" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="65FCF41AF66C5E5C08D9128BF3E87DE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
on the Kathiawar peninsula need to be confirmed with modern collections.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="5164F33085D25B9EBEE710E09A71D7A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="EACC1652AEEF88C153E6AEDC9069AA2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="08F9359C30A0C483209427393313996D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="39C70541703C7DA39CEC218A26AECF25" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0FF270070E133968297DEB426EB5A4B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a distinctive small extremely prickly tree, in Africa it is often associated with human habitation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="674BF42CD767EEEC3D1CC585298EE3F6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). It is easy to distinguish from other spiny solanums in western India by the combination of thick, curved, and flattened prickles on the densely stellate- or multangulate-pubescent stems, and long, straight prickles on the leaves.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F5EF38595AD7BBF7E2CE926159296266" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="73C97C7D813365DDE3BC0EF07BB54CCA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is sympatric with
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7C1A0DEFDE63592C9AF6DCE47AC02A2B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5DB54CB86920019912C6C2C2D8384DFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and has similar white-pubescent stems, but it is a smaller, scandent plant, with truncate to cordate rather than cuneate leaf bases, smaller corollas (1.3-2.4 versus 2-3.2 cm in diameter) and much smaller fruits (0.6-0.9 versus 1.8-3 cm in diameter). In 2018, one of us (SK) erroneously identified the specimens of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9031C7B59A7311B23E797CD5804AA232" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5673CFDFCDDA90C114B29F8825B25623" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in CAL as
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="forskalii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forskalii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="533FE36F9EA8061A4DAC7B14D5AEEC55" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B982AB6A682F359CC0FC0B342492F876" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forskalii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Solanum arundo Mattei A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (Safni CNH- 2488) B detail view of flower (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya) C detail view of fruit (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya). Photograph credits: A © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata B, C M. S. Vorontsova." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="5FF856CCAE6E8D8F3289AAB5F55FFAEE" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Solanum arundo Mattei A herbarium specimen collected in India in 1963 (Safni CNH- 2488) B detail view of flower (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya) C detail view of fruit (Vorontsova et al. 80, Kenya). Photograph credits: A © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata B, C M. S. Vorontsova." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689699" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="176 - 193" refId="B260" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Stern, S, Bohs, L, Knapp, S, 2013. African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): A thorny phylogenetic tangle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2): 176 - 193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" title="African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): A thorny phylogenetic tangle." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" volume="173" year="2013">Vorontsova et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<paragraph id="EBEB729DC3CCF8B0FE3FE90D52C084CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="44B4B0242D668B3C930EA290F07E6A5D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="176 - 193" refId="B260" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Stern, S, Bohs, L, Knapp, S, 2013. African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): A thorny phylogenetic tangle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2): 176 - 193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" title="African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): A thorny phylogenetic tangle." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12053" volume="173" year="2013">Vorontsova et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
resolved
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2675C2E68BF1D2E47347CE887EEA921D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B748784477F0A11D8106B6840FD992E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as sister to the more narrowly distributed African endemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dennekense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dennekense">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dennekense</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F81FA27CA5A70787FCC1904C31733612" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dennekense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dennekense">
|
||||
<emphasis id="54B1A8E3493E7C13B9243084DB5A29BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dennekense</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Dammer, a similar treelet with curved stem spines, white stems, and large, leathery berries.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Sen Gupta, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forester" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="481 - 482" refId="B224" refString="Sen Gupta, G, 1963. Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India. Indian Forester 89: 481 - 482" title="Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India." volume="89" year="1963">Sen Gupta (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<paragraph id="870F31E0C1DF086CDD8ADF18CFB8D2C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DEA1D3A2AB9DA8CA8DBF2151A6D4903E" author="Sen Gupta, G" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forester" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="481 - 482" refId="B224" refString="Sen Gupta, G, 1963. Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India. Indian Forester 89: 481 - 482" title="Solanum arundo Mattei, a new record for India." volume="89" year="1963">Sen Gupta (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
suggested that
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="076D1F7EC10F8E046AE8ACA4495FA51B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7CD220E7BBDA2D696A4663C04212A952" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
had arrived in India with Arab traders in the nineteenth century, as part of the extensive Gujarati trade routes established across the Arabian Sea. Its restricted distribution on the Kathiawar peninsula certainly supports this idea.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FDC03A59618F93BE47F109380FC7C8C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arundo" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundo">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F053AE68BAA9B752E7162F376D5717E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum arundo</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has not been collected, to our knowledge, since the 1960s, re-evaluation of its presence and distribution in western India is necessary.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="E697338D7C8527F21AD2F53B52EF5ED5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BDF8A0C0F90084A3CC8D8747A46D6E78" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5BBA1993781C47D4FD01CC44C3B991B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,117 +1,117 @@
|
|||
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">christer.hansson@biol.lu.se</mods:nameIdentifier>
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|
||||
<mods:affiliation id="27D1588363A2B22580C8D294DB4F00E4">Scientific Associate Biological Museum (Entomology), Lund University, Soelvegatan 37, SE- 22362 Lund, Sweden & Natural History Museum, Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
|
||||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F84F830A9DA8447593471E532A9807FF" type="email">christer.hansson@biol.lu.se</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="B745B5C397FC90FF504651BD1B73F249">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem id="3A31A1D7F757A718C425559212A10832" type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="E1D4B8CF8F918FCCD6B9BD50320D6E7F">
|
||||
<mods:title id="D4AE0278B4797AD3BCEB06665B24B797">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part>
|
||||
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number>2021-02-22</mods:number>
|
||||
<mods:part id="548813B532A821E645F5D5CFA84CE890">
|
||||
<mods:date id="048BA748435CB9B47758922797193B4C">2021</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="6A92C5AD65ADADF973EEA891E839F15D" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="D3C21D864697D47C1BAF82F92D379D7C">2021-02-22</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number>1019</mods:number>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="098B2A4BC8AEB8F22AFCB685178163C6" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="F1AA0B27CB85220AE192394DDF5ED319">1019</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start>35</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end>91</mods:end>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="48C478388A09F620627E7EA984BA2432" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="24B318AF466A34630FA631A03EF3DD75">35</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="D0AB9869814BCD671CCAE5542C181479">91</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364</mods:url>
|
||||
<mods:location id="E2B5400F294FC46277107B7D3334C8C1">
|
||||
<mods:url id="1F467EDB074928A7E7773137189E1D3C">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1019-35</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EE1BAF875BD74E189DF929E2C9CC7DAC</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8D799427736453288CA3E1DB9933AAC6</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="DCD4C9802A95250807CC3AC9F6798874">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="1EC16DD9406D993B3AF79729A6B86D92" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="8BF87F6890386F705AC74C4F2F71F28B" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1019-35</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="BB10CCBDCE2D26A536828DB7ED4E5226" type="ZooBank">EE1BAF875BD74E189DF929E2C9CC7DAC</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="0AD9E24614C4D8714EE4668F0B505AB9" type="Pensoft-UUID">8D799427736453288CA3E1DB9933AAC6</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="179904984" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C4B7F59-E6A9-4F47-AC10-BA87174C2738" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7ACBE18C13095FF4A1FD15BE9222C54B" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/0C4B7F59-E6A9-4F47-AC10-BA87174C2738" authority="Hansson, 2021" authorityName="Hansson" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Eriastichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriastichus cluridis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cluridis" status="sp. nov.">Eriastichus cluridis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="35">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 11–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 11 - 17. Eriastichus spp. head and antenna in lateral view, male holotypes 11 E. acribis 12 E. cluridis 13 E. aphritis 14 E. colenis 15 E. copalensis 16 E. coelotis 17 E. daptilis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364.figures11-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512580" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
<treatment id="7ACBE18C13095FF4A1FD15BE9222C54B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179904984" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C4B7F59-E6A9-4F47-AC10-BA87174C2738" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7ACBE18C13095FF4A1FD15BE9222C54B" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" scope_family="Eulophidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="24E9EF998A9F1345D17300C440E9371D" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="B9C6116EB3817D61B35EA24C7B6DA182" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="14663A9001FA9BF775A94B1887D86C67" ID-CoL="C9NFV" LSID="http://zoobank.org/0C4B7F59-E6A9-4F47-AC10-BA87174C2738" authority="Hansson, 2021" authorityName="Hansson" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Eriastichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriastichus cluridis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cluridis" status="sp. nov.">Eriastichus cluridis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B24FEE5B8E081AC38C585416E57C1381" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="60CB16C08F4146E9AD7A2D1A644C83E3" captionStart="Figures 11–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 11 - 17. Eriastichus spp. head and antenna in lateral view, male holotypes 11 E. acribis 12 E. cluridis 13 E. aphritis 14 E. colenis 15 E. copalensis 16 E. coelotis 17 E. daptilis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364.figures11-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512580" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type locality">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="8DBBCC2A619019C6861078AE81018C49" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type locality">
|
||||
<paragraph id="6D444F43FA340773E34BBD4BE367EFE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5B22DC60FC64061C09F9575CEB31F641" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
Costa Rica, Alajuela, Parque Nacional Volcan Arenal,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.433333">10°26'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="E7EB87CB13DE4A7B95AD1D61203F0ACA" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.433333">10°26'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="84" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-84.71667">84°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="9D73533817654A904B43B80B21EC9CFD" degrees="84" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-84.71667">84°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, 600 m, 26.ii.2013, J.S. Noyes leg.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type specimen">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type specimen.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="EAA88DE033049D4328170D483F637536" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type specimen">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C604078493431C8FFBEE0FD3A42DCF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type specimen.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="3A6F39930DD41AB95DF86700C3D8C814" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CA3BDFB3EA39250EEEFED8CCCBF69698" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||||
male dried and glued to a paper card. Original labels: "Costa Rica, Alajuela, P.N. Volcan Arenal,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.433333">10°26'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="5626B18821E54B29E93E2EB86F7A41CC" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.433333">10°26'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate degrees="84" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-84.71667">84°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="7115FDC503B8A4067E5CFEFCD6743C0D" degrees="84" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-84.71667">84°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, 600 m, 26.ii.2013, J.S. Noyes, NHM (Ent) 2013-145AQ", "HOLOTYPE
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansson" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Eriastichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriastichus cluridis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cluridis">Eriastichus cluridis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5CCEB6D1A77C63420320E883C6EDDA83" authorityName="Hansson" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Eriastichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriastichus cluridis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cluridis">Eriastichus cluridis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Hansson" [red printed label],(NHMUK014431023).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">(male).</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="1D72121BBCD0D392EC9823F006CD0100" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="F6A0E70B36521664DA42DE7B12A4370F" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="F4618A1979F40DB639F8EB2B6AEDD879" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="698B4E12CD5A98D4D0AC63F1489D5449" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">(male).</emphasis>
|
||||
Head dark brown with part below antennal toruli yellowish brown; antenna (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 11–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 11 - 17. Eriastichus spp. head and antenna in lateral view, male holotypes 11 E. acribis 12 E. cluridis 13 E. aphritis 14 E. colenis 15 E. copalensis 16 E. coelotis 17 E. daptilis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364.figures11-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512580" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="89A829C6D793F20606933DB385EC09F7" captionStart="Figures 11–17" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 11 - 17. Eriastichus spp. head and antenna in lateral view, male holotypes 11 E. acribis 12 E. cluridis 13 E. aphritis 14 E. colenis 15 E. copalensis 16 E. coelotis 17 E. daptilis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1019.60364.figures11-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512580" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12</figureCitation>
|
||||
): scape yellowish brown, ventral plaque on scape ca. 0.2
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="7D1BFCD37C1DF842112B42F84D7C95ED" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
as long as scape, antenna with dorsobasal setae on F1 1.5
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="626F2BC84C0876D269D8864F40A9D16C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
as long as F1; gaster with lateral tufts of pale and flattened setae on Gt6.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Description</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">(male holotype NHMUK014431023).</emphasis>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="BA63DFA29E098C6D4C37FC053F720CF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="A562D686C84B59D1559E8B700EB8F1CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Description</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CB28017F2DB68D431BC2A6E9AA04E5F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="10DD94252B8AE9B4A1CC5178A472B172" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">(male holotype NHMUK014431023).</emphasis>
|
||||
Length of body 1.2 mm. Head dark brown with part below antennal toruli yellowish brown. Antenna with scape yellowish brown, ventral plaque dark brown, pedicel and flagellum brown. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and propodeum dark brown; dorsellum pale brown. Legs yellowish brown, fore and mid coxae brown at base, hind coxa and hind femur brown. Gaster dark brown.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
<paragraph id="641069ADE4F9ADF2F0D55936A09D27E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="18D2F5155A2A39919A238D1D876AFCAC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="17C348E5365C98BB55194B593BAFE448" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Length/width in frontal view 0.8; width/length in dorsal view 2.1; POL/OOL 2.7; WM/MS 1.5; MS/HE 0.5; HE/head length in frontal view 0.6; widths head/mesoscutum 1.1.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="4AEB4565507F3EFBFB605203D2D96B0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F97444561D085B703AED488C91BFEFDA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Pedicel + flagellum length/mesoscutum width 1.6; pedicel + flagellum length/head width 1.4; lengths scape/ventral plaque 5.3; ventral plaque located in the middle of scape; scape length/width 3.0; lengths scape/head (dorsal view) 0.5; scape length/HE 0.9; length/width F1, F2, F3, F4, clava: 1.7, 1.7, 2.0, 2.0, 5.2; length dorsobasal setae on F1/length F1 1.5.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Mesosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="EBA7A97EBAD95AFCD2F94C34CC46BF59" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="41C497A1D8625F5A160BE64F4D886313" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Mesosoma</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Length/width 1.4; mesoscutum length/width 0.6; mesoscutellum length/width 0.7; widths SMG/SLG 1.2; enclosed space between SMG length/width 1.7; lengths mesoscutum/mesoscutellum 1.4; lengths mesoscutellum/dorsellum 2.7; lengths mesosoma/gaster 0.8.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Wings</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E189A9A9697FAC41B8A737401DA2D560" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="3F87F82309994DEDA941CD64515371C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Wings</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
CC length/width 25.0; lengths CC/MV 1.3; lengths MV/ST 2.0; lengths MV/PM 3.0; lengths PM/ST 0.7; submarginal vein with five setae on dorsal surface.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Gaster</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="12A2E353F11886B0CB8D93580F1B27A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="314D127A982FE376F6417D511C7FAAE3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Gaster</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
With lateral tufts of pale and flattened setae on Gt6.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue