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<document id="B8927D69C70D519E4E8778A24EFD6AFD" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.672.1.3" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14520563" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1734554737981" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Nevrova, Elena, Maltsev, Yevhen, Kezlya, Elena, Mironov, Andrei &amp; Kulikovskiy, Maxim" docDate="2024" docId="03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.672.1.049-063.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 672 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.672.1.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Amphitetras antediluviana Ehrenberg 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FFC1303EFF969D02FF97FFDAFF83FB08" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny, morphology and distribution of Amphitetras antediluviana Ehrenberg from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1741952421166" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="3DE8C546275BDED11FD9D0BBD9897563">Molecular phylogeny, morphology and distribution of Amphitetras antediluviana Ehrenberg from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A8ECB280AEDB15CD5AA698296EA735CF">Nevrova, Elena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E60E9F0A3F8EE83A11D9D65523C087A5">A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS, IBSS RAS, 2 Nakhimov Ave., Sevastopol, Crimea, 299011, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C26065F462D6C8C9899288A7C3F3BF34">Maltsev, Yevhen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DD641C04DF052521C99E7958D2D5C9CD" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4710-319X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="F8262771AA7E85808D2C9D8527434E83">К. А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D980028BCAB4BFE0B240A706331518EC" type="email">ye.maltsev@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="ACDDA415A009743DEFDF47844071F7C1">Kezlya, Elena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="377BDCC81447D0707580E2C3CBEAF9AE">К. А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ED36AF3A38340B671D50F292DD81A97E">Mironov, Andrei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="48D19341388F597D9F6BEB9D7FA60F9B">К. А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia &amp; Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 / 12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C7EF7939947F9D978C545DD9CABB28D4">Kulikovskiy, Maxim</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="97D0B4B21CDE7BD0CED3B779459DBC21">К. А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="5C2A4F3BAC19E13AD6C4E5BCB38B9B61">672</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15024469" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15024469" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="C34BAADBFF959D01FF1FF892FD2AFC6A" box="[136,681,1864,1890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF959D01FF1FF892FD2AFC6A" blockId="3.[136,1452,1864,1962]" box="[136,681,1864,1890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF959D01FF1FF892FD2AFC6A" authority="Ehrenberg (1840: 62)" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1840" box="[136,681,1864,1890]" class="Mediophyceae" family="Odontellaceae" genus="Amphitetras" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eupodiscales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FF1FF892FE31FC6A" box="[136,434,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF959D01FE2EF892FD2AFC6A" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[441,681,1864,1890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref6335" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1840) Uber noch zahlreich jetzt lebende Thierarten der Kreidebildung und den Organismus der Polythalamien. Abhandlung der Konglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Berlin, 94 pp." type="book" year="1840">Ehrenberg (1840: 62)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BAADBFF959D01FF1FF8B5FCFFFCA2" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF959D01FF1FF8B5FCFFFCA2" blockId="3.[136,1452,1864,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FF1FF8B5FEEFFC8D" bold="true" box="[136,364,1903,1925]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Homotypic synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF959D01FEE4F8AAFC38FC8D" authority="(Ehrenberg) Grunow (1867: 24)" authorityName="Grunow" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1867" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[371,955,1904,1926]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Triceratium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluvianum">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FEE4F8AAFDFCFC8D" box="[371,639,1904,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Triceratium antediluvianum</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF959D01FD68F8AAFC38FC8D" author="Grunow, A." box="[767,955,1904,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref6883" refString="Grunow, A. (1867) Algae. In: Fenzl, E. (Ed.) Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Botanischer Theil. Erster Band. Sporenpflanzen. Vienna: Aus der Kaiserlich Koniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckeri in Commission bei Karl Gerold's Sohn. pp. 1 - 104." type="book chapter" year="1867">Grunow (1867: 24)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF959D01FC52F8AAFEB2FCA1" authority="(Ehrenberg) Van Heurck (1885: 207)" authorityName="Van Heurck" authorityPageNumber="207" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Biddulphiaceae" genus="Biddulphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Biddulphiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FC52F8AAFB39FC8D" box="[965,1210,1904,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Biddulphia antediluviana</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF959D01FAAEF8AAFEB2FCA1" author="Van Heurck, H." pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref9279" refString="Van Heurck, H. (1885) Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique. Martin Brouwers &amp; Co., Anvers, 235 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1990" type="book" year="1885">Van Heurck (1885: 207)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF959D01FEACF84EFCFBFCA2" authority="(Ehrenberg) Peragallo (1903: 686)" authorityName="Peragallo" authorityPageNumber="686" authorityYear="1903" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[315,888,1940,1962]" class="Mediophyceae" family="Odontellaceae" genus="Odontella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eupodiscales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FEACF84EFDA6FCA1" box="[315,549,1940,1961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Odontella antediluviana</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF959D01FD33F84EFCFBFCA2" author="Peragallo, M." box="[676,888,1940,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref8727" refString="Peragallo, M. (1903) Le Catalogue General des Diatomees. Vol. 2. Clermont-Ferrand, pp. 472 - 973." type="book" year="1903">Peragallo (1903: 686)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BAADBFF959D08FF1FF802FA27FCC1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF959D06FF1FF802FE92FAD0" blockId="3.[136,1452,2008,2071]" lastBlockId="4.[136,1452,158,473]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FF1FF802FE51FCFA" bold="true" box="[136,466,2008,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Morphological description:</emphasis>
Living cells of
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF959D01FD04F802FCCEFCFA" authorityName="Peragallo" authorityYear="1903" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[659,845,2008,2034]" class="Collembola" family="Odontellidae" genus="Odontella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poduromorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF959D01FD04F802FCCEFCFA" box="[659,845,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">A. antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form chain-shaped, tangled colonies of dark brown color (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF959D01FF45F826FE9AF31E" box="[210,281,2044,2070]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–3" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1313,1335]" captionTargetBox="[189,1392,516,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-179@4.[189,1398,516,1286]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–3. Amphitetras antediluviana, LM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 2. Cell macrocolony. 3. Alive cell, girdle view. Scale bars = 100 μm (Fig. 2), 10 μm (Fig. 3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520567/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Each cell with numerous small chloroplasts of discoid shape (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF959D01FC79F826FBB7F31E" box="[1006,1076,2044,2070]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–3" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1313,1335]" captionTargetBox="[189,1392,516,1285]" captionTargetId="figure-179@4.[189,1398,516,1286]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–3. Amphitetras antediluviana, LM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 2. Cell macrocolony. 3. Alive cell, girdle view. Scale bars = 100 μm (Fig. 2), 10 μm (Fig. 3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520567/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The valve is quadrangular with broadly rounded apices and slightly concave margins (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FD7CFF44FCD1FBB0" box="[747,850,158,184]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–10" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1315,1337]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,207,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[189,1398,207,1291]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 4–10. Amphitetras antediluviana, LM.4–6, 8–9. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 7, 10. Strain АZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 4–7. Valve view. 8–10. Girdle view. Scale bars = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520569/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 4–7</figureCitation>
). The Black Sea specimens differs from
<typeStatus id="54EA47F2FF929D06FA8FFF45FACBFBB1" box="[1304,1352,159,185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
material by a more smoother frustules shape; the outgrowths with ocelli protrudes less clearly. Frustules are heavily silicified and have significant wall thickness (2.3–2.5 µm on average). Numerous girdle bands of valve have small elevations on corners and slightly depressions on the sides of mantle. In girdle view, frustule length significantly (by 2–3 times) exceeds its width (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FEC1FEF4FE49FA40" box="[342,458,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–10" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1315,1337]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,207,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[189,1398,207,1291]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 4–10. Amphitetras antediluviana, LM.4–6, 8–9. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 7, 10. Strain АZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 4–7. Valve view. 8–10. Girdle view. Scale bars = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520569/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 8–10</figureCitation>
). Valve diameter in the Black Sea population on the Southern coast of
<collectingRegion id="499537B2FF929D06FB4FFEF4FAA9FA40" box="[1240,1322,302,328]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Crimea</collectingRegion>
(Laspi Bay and Cape Fiolent) varies from 23.4–43.6 μm, height 70.0–82.1 μm in girdle view. Parameters of specimens from the Eastern coast of
<collectingRegion id="499537B2FF929D06FED6FEACFE10FA98" box="[321,403,374,400]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Crimea</collectingRegion>
(Feodosiya Bay) vary from 20.3 to 35,1 μm in valve diameter, and from 62 to 65 μm in valve height. Off the coast of the Azov Sea, cell dimensions were 26,2–28,5 μm in valve diameter, 68–70 μm in valve height (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FF07FE64FE87FAD0" box="[144,260,446,473]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–10" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1315,1337]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,207,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[189,1398,207,1291]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 4–10. Amphitetras antediluviana, LM.4–6, 8–9. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 7, 10. Strain АZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 4–7. Valve view. 8–10. Girdle view. Scale bars = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520569/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 7, 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EA9D8FF929D06FF1FFAFBFDF1FE53" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520567" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14520567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520567/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" startId="4.[136,243,1313,1335]" targetBox="[189,1392,516,1285]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF929D06FF1FFAFBFDF1FE53" blockId="4.[136,1451,1313,1371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF929D06FF1FFAFBFEA1FE3E" bold="true" box="[136,290,1313,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">FIGURES 2–3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF929D06FEB0FAFBFD1AFE3F" authority=", LM. Strain" authorityName="LM. Strain" box="[295,665,1313,1335]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF929D06FEB0FAFBFDA5FE3E" box="[295,550,1313,1334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
, LM. Strain
</taxonomicName>
BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 2. Cell macrocolony. 3. Alive cell, girdle view. Scale bars = 100 μm (Fig. 2), 10 μm (Fig. 3).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF929D06FF2AFA59FA95FD25" blockId="4.[136,1452,1411,2085]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
Each valve is equipped with four ocelli located at the corners (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FC14FA59FB87FE95" box="[899,1028,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-127@6.[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 11–12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB87FA59FBADFE95" box="[1040,1070,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FBACFA59FB07FE95" box="[1083,1156,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">23, 26</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB06FA59FB2CFE95" box="[1169,1199,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">29</figureCitation>
, black arrows), with a diameter of 8–9.5 μm. Ocelli are riddled with small, densely arranged (
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10 μm) poroids (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB72FA7DFABDFEC9" box="[1253,1342,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 21</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FADCFA7DFAE8FEC9" box="[1355,1387,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">26</figureCitation>
). The diameter of poroids is around 0.17 μm. In SEM, it is visible that poroids are arranged in more or less distinguishable rows, divided by thin hyaline strips (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FD80FA35FDE4FD01" box="[535,615,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
, black arrowheads). The polar region of each valve is moderately depressed, surrounded by a circular elevation, which is resolvable in angled valve view (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FC7BF9C9FBBDFD25" box="[1004,1086,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
, white arrowhead).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF929D06FF2AF9EDFB35FCB2" blockId="4.[136,1452,1411,2085]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
The central part of valve is constructed by thick vimines separating the areolae of
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. Areolae of the first
<typeStatus id="54EA47F2FF929D06FF1FF986FF3BFD7E" box="[136,184,1628,1654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FF50F981FE9EFD7E" box="[199,285,1627,1654]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-127@6.[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FEBEF981FECBFD7D" box="[297,328,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FEC4F981FE18FD7D" box="[339,411,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">33–34</figureCitation>
, white arrows) are more common, round to angular, 1.2–2.9 μm in diameter, arranged by
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10 μm. They are covered by cribrate occlusions. The latter are formed by simple poroids (0.08–0.15 μm in diameter) separated by delicate crossbars. Externally, openings are round to hooked. In close view, areolae of the first
<typeStatus id="54EA47F2FF929D06FAECF97EFA28FDB6" box="[1403,1451,1700,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">type</typeStatus>
possess large spathulate formations with C-shaped slits at the perimeter (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FC25F91DFB87FDE9" box="[946,1028,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
, white arrowheads). In addition, there are numerous particles of silica situated at the crossbars separating the poroids (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB96F931FBD1FC0D" box="[1025,1106,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
, black arrowheads). Internally, cribrate occlusions are supported by several (5–12) relatively wide props (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FC55F8D5FB9AFC21" box="[962,1049,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-127@6.[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FBB3F8D5FBC0FC21" box="[1060,1091,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FBD9F8D5FBEFFC21" box="[1102,1132,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">34</figureCitation>
, white arrows). Second-type areolae are smaller (less than 1 μm in diameter) and less common, equipped with volate occlusions (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB41F8E9FAA8FC46" box="[1238,1323,1843,1870]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-127@6.[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FAA1F8E9FAD6FC45" box="[1334,1365,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FAC9F8E9FA24FC45" box="[1374,1447,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">33–34</figureCitation>
, black arrows). In this case, outgrowths of occlusions are spathulate, moderately branched, resulting in slits of irregular shape (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FF4EF8A1FEADFC9D" box="[217,302,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
, black arrows). Notably, vimines throughout the valve are equipped with angular, mostly tetrahedral particles of biosilica (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FEEDF845FE52FCB2" box="[378,465,1951,1978]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-127@6.[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FE4AF845FE7FFCB1" box="[477,508,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FD90F845FDA6FCB1" box="[519,549,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">26</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FDA6F845FDFAFCB1" box="[561,633,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">32, 33</figureCitation>
, white arrowheads) with a diameter of 0.5–0.8 μm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF929D06FF2AF819FF66F32D" blockId="4.[136,1452,1411,2085]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
The girdle is connected to the epitheca and hypotheca by one valvocopula on each side (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FBEBF819FB4EFCD6" box="[1148,1229,1987,2014]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
, white arrowheads). There are large, round-squarish areolae at the girdle, arranged in rows by
<quantity id="4CA954B5FF929D06FC40F83DFBA3F309" box="[983,1056,2023,2049]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 in</quantity>
10 μm (
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB14F83DFB58F309" box="[1155,1243,2023,2049]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-127@6.[189,1398,425,1820]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Figs 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FB7EF83DFA84F309" box="[1257,1287,2023,2049]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–22" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17–22. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FA82F83DFAB0F30A" box="[1301,1331,2023,2050]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–28" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-24@8.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 23–28. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF929D06FAD6F83DFADCF309" box="[1345,1375,2023,2049]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,190,1585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Amphitetras antediluviana, SEM. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">29</figureCitation>
, white arrows).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF939D07FF1FFAF9FCB4FE55" blockId="5.[136,1451,1315,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FF1FFAF9FEAEFE30" bold="true" box="[136,301,1315,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">FIGURES 4–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FEA5FAF9FDE6FE31" authority=", LM." authorityName="LM." box="[306,613,1315,1337]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FEA5FAF9FDACFE30" box="[306,559,1315,1336]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
, LM.
</taxonomicName>
4–6, 8–9. Strain BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 7, 10. Strain АZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 4–7. Valve view. 8–10. Girdle view. Scale bars = 10 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF939D07FF2AFA56FF60FC5E" blockId="5.[136,1452,1419,2058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
In this study, the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships was carried out using the ML and BI methods. Consistently, with previous study on
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FDA2FA75FD3DFEC1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1840" box="[565,702,1455,1481]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FDA2FA75FD3DFEC1" box="[565,702,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phylogeny (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FCD8FA75FBC9FEC2" author="Ashworth, M. P. &amp; Nakov, T. &amp; Theriot, E. C." box="[847,1098,1455,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="1207 - 1222" refId="ref5960" refString="Ashworth, M. P., Nakov, T. &amp; Theriot, E. C. (2013) Revisiting Ross and Sims 1971: toward a molecular phylogeny of the Biddulphiaceae and Eupodiscaceae Bacillariophyceae. Journal of Phycology 49: 1207 - 1222. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jpy. 12131" type="journal article" year="2013">
Ashworth
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FC5EFA6AFB86FEC1" box="[969,1029,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
), the analysis identified united clade for
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FF63FA09FCBDFEE6" authority="(Hustedt) Simonsen (1987: 250)" authorityName="Simonsen" authorityPageNumber="250" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="Hustedt" box="[244,830,1491,1518]" class="Collembola" family="Odontellidae" genus="Odontella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poduromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rostrata">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FF63FA09FE45FEE5" box="[244,454,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Odontella rostrata</emphasis>
(Hustedt)
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FDD7FA09FCBDFEE6" author="Simonsen, R." box="[576,830,1491,1518]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refId="ref9037" refString="Simonsen, R. (1987) Atlas and catalogue of the diatom types of Friedrich Hustedt. J. Cramer in der Gebruder BorntraegerVelagsbuchhandlung, Berlin &amp; Stutgart, 525 pp." type="book" year="1987">Simonsen (1987: 250)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FCDCFA09FAF5FEE6" authority="Ehrenberg (1841: 205)" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityPageNumber="205" authorityYear="1841" box="[843,1398,1491,1518]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphipentas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pentacrinus">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FCDCFA09FBE9FEE5" box="[843,1130,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphipentas pentacrinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FBE5FA09FAF5FEE6" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[1138,1398,1491,1518]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="197 - 219" refId="ref6372" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1841) Characteristik von 274 neuenArten von Infusorien. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1840: 197 - 219." type="journal article" year="1841">Ehrenberg (1841: 205)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FF1FFA2DFE31FD19" box="[136,434,1527,1553]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FF1FFA2DFE31FD19" box="[136,434,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF939D07FE56FA2DFD81FD1A" box="[449,514,1527,1554]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,200,1329]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[151,1436,187,1342]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic position of the novel Amphitetras antediluviana strains (indicated in bold) based on Bayesian inference for the partial rbcL and 18S rRNA genes. The total length of the alignment is 1,309 characters. Bootstrap supports (BS) from ML (constructed by RAxML) and posterior probabilities (PP) from BI (constructed by Beast) are presented on the nodes in order. Only BS and PP above 50 and 0.9 are shown. Strain numbers (if available) and GenBank numbers are indicated for all sequences." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520565/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The ML and BI phylogenetic analysis of V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene and the plastid
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FF4BF9C1FE82FD3D" box="[220,257,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">rbc</emphasis>
L gene associates novel
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FD8DF9C1FCC5FD3D" box="[538,838,1563,1589]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FD8DF9C1FCC5FD3D" box="[538,838,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strains (BL-5_
<date id="FFEFDF90FF939D07FC65F9C1FBE6FD3E" box="[1010,1125,1563,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" value="2019-12-09">12092019</date>
and AZ-12_
<date id="FFEFDF90FF939D07FB62F9C6FAEBFD3E" box="[1269,1384,1564,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" value="2019-12-24">24122019</date>
) with strain
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FF47F9E5FDBFFD51" authority="ETC" authorityName="ETC" box="[208,572,1599,1625]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FF47F9E5FE7EFD51" box="[208,509,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
ETC
</taxonomicName>
3627 with maximum statistical support (BS 100, PP 1.0;
<figureCitation id="136AE5D5FF939D07FB43F9E5FA94FD52" box="[1236,1303,1599,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,200,1329]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[151,1436,187,1342]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic position of the novel Amphitetras antediluviana strains (indicated in bold) based on Bayesian inference for the partial rbcL and 18S rRNA genes. The total length of the alignment is 1,309 characters. Bootstrap supports (BS) from ML (constructed by RAxML) and posterior probabilities (PP) from BI (constructed by Beast) are presented on the nodes in order. Only BS and PP above 50 and 0.9 are shown. Strain numbers (if available) and GenBank numbers are indicated for all sequences." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520565/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). It is worth mentioning that during the construction of the phylogram, we analyzed two strains from GenBank library with the same index as the strain from the Sea of Azov investigated herein: “Azo-12 Amphi-A11 OP297425 OP304753” and “Azo-12 Amphi-B4 OP297426 OP304754”. Strain “Azo-12 Amphi-A11…” was originally identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FA8EF971FE8FFDE1" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1841" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphipentas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pentacrinus">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FA8EF971FE8FFDE1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphipentas pentacrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while strain “Azo-12 Amphi-B4…” belongs to
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FCD7F915FBEEFDE1" box="[832,1133,1743,1769]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FCD7F915FBEEFDE1" box="[832,1133,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to the GenBank. This discrepancy can indicate that the mentioned strains were misidentified. However, taking into account the detached position of “Azo-12 Amphi-B4…” at the presented tree,
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FC9FF8C2FC41FC39" box="[776,962,1815,1842]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FC9FF8C2FC41FC39" box="[776,962,1815,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">A. antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be understood as a cryptic taxon from now on.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF939D04FF2AF8BAFB96FA64" blockId="5.[136,1452,1419,2058]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,158,365]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<typeStatus id="54EA47F2FF939D07FF2AF8BAFF76FC72" box="[189,245,1888,1914]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Type</typeStatus>
locality of the studied species is
<location id="8E8EAF8BFF939D07FDE6F885FD61FC71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1:8E8EAF8BFF939D07FDE6F885FD61FC71" box="[625,738,1887,1913]" country="Sweden" county="Europe" municipality="World Ocean" name="Isle Tjorn" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Isle Tjörn</location>
, situated at the
<location id="8E8EAF8BFF939D07FC02F885FBAEFC71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1:8E8EAF8BFF939D07FC02F885FBAEFC71" box="[917,1069,1887,1913]" country="Sweden" county="Europe" municipality="World Ocean" name="Southwestern" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Southwestern</location>
coast of
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF939D07FB00F885FB73FC71" box="[1175,1264,1887,1913]" name="Sweden" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Sweden</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FB68F885FF46FC95" author="Jahn, R. &amp; Kusber, W. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="527 - 535" refId="ref7331" refString="Jahn, R. &amp; Kusber, W. H. (2006) Algae of the Ehrenberg collection - 3. Typification of seven diatom taxa described by C. G. Ehrenberg predominantly from Greece. Willdenowia 36: 527 - 535. https: // doi. org / 10.3372 / wi. 36.36150" type="journal article" year="2006">Jahn &amp; Kusber 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<location id="8E8EAF8BFF939D07FF41F859FEAFFC95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1:8E8EAF8BFF939D07FF41F859FEAFFC95" box="[214,300,1923,1949]" country="Sweden" county="Europe" municipality="World Ocean" name="Around" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Around</location>
the
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8A632AFF939D07FECAF859FE77FC96" box="[349,500,1923,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">World Ocean</collectingMunicipality>
, this species has been noted by different authors: as
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FBD4F859FAEEFC95" box="[1091,1389,1923,1949]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FBD4F859FAEEFC95" box="[1091,1389,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCounty id="628F81DCFF939D07FF1FF872FF5EFCCA" box="[136,221,1960,1986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Europe</collectingCounty>
:
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF939D07FF7DF872FEBAFCCA" box="[234,313,1960,1986]" name="Greece" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Greece</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FEDEF87DFDBFFCC9" author="Jahn, R. &amp; Kusber, W. H." box="[329,572,1959,1986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="527 - 535" refId="ref7331" refString="Jahn, R. &amp; Kusber, W. H. (2006) Algae of the Ehrenberg collection - 3. Typification of seven diatom taxa described by C. G. Ehrenberg predominantly from Greece. Willdenowia 36: 527 - 535. https: // doi. org / 10.3372 / wi. 36.36150" type="journal article" year="2006">Jahn &amp; Kusber 2006</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF939D07FDC7F87DFD2AFCC9" box="[592,681,1959,1985]" name="Albania" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Albania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FD2EF87DFC5DFCCA" author="Miho, A. &amp; Witkowski, A." box="[697,990,1959,1986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="129 - 145" refId="ref7910" refString="Miho, A. &amp; Witkowski, A. (2005) Diatom (Bacillariophyta) flora of Albanian coastal wetlands taxonomy and ecology: a review. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 56 (12): 129 - 145." type="journal article" year="2005">Miho &amp; Witkowski 2005</bibRefCitation>
);
<location id="8E8EAF8BFF939D07FC63F87DFB1CFCC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1:8E8EAF8BFF939D07FC63F87DFB1CFCC9" box="[1012,1183,1959,1985]" country="Mexico" name="North America" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">North America</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF939D07FB3AF87DFA80FCC9" box="[1197,1283,1959,1985]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FA85F872FE4EFCED" author="Lopez-Fuerte, F. O. &amp; Siqueiros-Beltrones, D. A." pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="201 - 258" refId="ref7663" refString="Lopez-Fuerte, F. O. &amp; Siqueiros-Beltrones, D. A. (2016) A Checklist of Marine Benthic Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Mexico. Phytotaxa 283: 201 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 283.3.1" type="journal article" year="2016">López-Fuerte &amp; Siqueiros-Beltrones 2016</bibRefCitation>
);
<location id="8E8EAF8BFF939D07FE74F811FD0CFCED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F84846FF959D08FF1FF892FA27FCC1:8E8EAF8BFF939D07FE74F811FD0CFCED" box="[483,655,1995,2021]" country="Argentina" county="North Carolina" municipality="Canary Islands" name="South America" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">South America</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF939D07FD0BF811FC88FCED" box="[668,779,1995,2021]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FC8BF811FB88FCEE" author="Garibotti, I. A. &amp; Ferrario, M. E. &amp; Almandoz, G. O. &amp; Castanos, C." box="[796,1035,1995,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="227 - 241" refId="ref6623" refString="Garibotti, I. A., Ferrario, M. E., Almandoz, G. O. &amp; Castanos, C. (2011) Seasonal diatom cycle in Anegada Bay, El Rincon estuarine system, Argentina. Diatom Research 26 (2): 227 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2011.604158" type="journal article" year="2011">
Garibotti
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FC1AF816FC4BFCED" box="[909,968,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF939D07FBD9F816FB33FCEE" box="[1102,1200,1996,2022]" name="Uruguay" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D07FB56F811FEC2F302" author="Metzeltin, D. &amp; Garcia-Rodriguez, F." pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refId="ref7879" refString="Metzeltin, D. &amp; Garcia-Rodriguez, F. (2003) Las diatomeas Uruguayas. DIRAC Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay, 210 pp." type="book" year="2003">Metzeltin &amp; García-Rodríguez 2003</bibRefCitation>
). As
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF939D07FEEFF82AFD32F301" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1867" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[376,689,2031,2057]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Triceratium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluvianum">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FEEFF82AFD32F301" box="[376,689,2031,2057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Triceratium antediluvianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the species was recorded from
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8A632AFF939D07FB84F82AFB39F301" box="[1043,1210,2031,2058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Canary Islands</collectingMunicipality>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF939D04FB5EF835FF40FBB0" author="Gil-Rodriguez, M. C. &amp; Haroun, R. &amp; Ojeda Rodriguez, A. &amp; Berecibar Zugasti, E. &amp; Dominguez Santana, P. &amp; Herrera Moran, B." lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="5 - 30" refId="ref6689" refString="Gil-Rodriguez, M. C., Haroun, R., Ojeda Rodriguez, A., Berecibar Zugasti, E., Dominguez Santana, P. &amp; Herrera Moran, B. (2003) Proctoctista. In: Moro, L., Martin, J. L., Garrido, M. J. &amp; Izquierdo, I. (Eds.) Lista de especies marinas de Canarias (algas, hongos, plantas y animales). Las Plamas: Consejeria de Politica Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias. pp. 5 - 30." type="book chapter" year="2003">
Gil-Rodríguez
<emphasis id="B9252542FF939D07FAE4F82AFA2FF301" box="[1395,1452,2031,2057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FF58FF45FE13FBB0" author="Moro, L. &amp; Martin, J. L. &amp; Garrido, M. J. &amp; Izquierdo, I." box="[207,400,158,185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refId="ref7996" refString="Moro, L., Martin, J. L., Garrido, M. J. &amp; Izquierdo, I. (2011) Listado preliminar de especies marinas de Canarias. Observatorio Ambiental Granadilla, Tenerife, 174 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Moro
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FE82FF45FECDFBB0" box="[277,334,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), Adriatic Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FDAAFF44FC8EFBB0" author="Vilicic, D. &amp; Marasovic, I. &amp; Miokovic, D." box="[573,781,158,184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="57 - 91" refId="ref9318" refString="Vilicic, D., Marasovic, I. &amp; Miokovic, D. (2002) Checklist of phytoplankton in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Acta Botanica Croatica 61 (1): 57 - 91." type="journal article" year="2002">
Viličić
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FD06FF45FD4AFBB0" box="[657,713,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
), Britain (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FCEAFF44FBD6FBB0" author="Hartley, B. &amp; Ross, R. &amp; Williams, D. M." box="[893,1109,158,184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="531 - 610" refId="ref7145" refString="Hartley, B., Ross, R. &amp; Williams, D. M. (1986) A check-list of the freshwater, brackish and marine diatoms of the British Isles and adjoining coastal waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66 (3): 531 - 610. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400042235" type="journal article" year="1986">
Hartley
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FC4CFF45FB90FBB0" box="[987,1043,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FBF5FF44FB5EFBB0" author="Sims, P. A." box="[1122,1245,158,184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refId="ref9070" refString="Sims, P. A. (1996) An atlas of British diatoms arranged by B. Hartley based on illustrations by H. G. Barber and J. R. Carter. Biopress Ltd., Bristol, 601 pp." type="book" year="1996">Sims 1996</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FB66FF45FABEFBB1" box="[1265,1341,159,185]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">France</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FADBFF44FE8AFBD4" author="Meleder, V. &amp; Rince, Y. &amp; Laurent, B. &amp; Rosa, P." pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="1177 - 1190" refId="ref7812" refString="Meleder, V., Rince, Y., Laurent, B. &amp; Rosa, P., (2007) Spatiotemporal changes in microphytobenthos assemblages in a macrotidal flat (Bourgneuf Bay, France). Journal of Phycology 43 (6): 1177 - 1190. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1529 - 8817.2007.00423. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
Méléder
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FF1FFF19FF40FBD4" box="[136,195,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCounty id="628F81DCFF909D04FE88FF18FE49FBD4" box="[287,458,194,220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">North Carolina</collectingCounty>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FE4BFF18FDFAFBD5" author="Hustedt, F." box="[476,633,194,221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref7306" refString="Hustedt, F. (1955) Marine littoral diatoms of Beaufort, North Carolina. Marine Station Bulletin 6: 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1955">Hustedt 1955</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FD06FF18FD7CFBD4" box="[657,767,194,220]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FC87FF18FBC6FBD4" author="Lozano-Duque, Y. &amp; Vidal, L. A. &amp; Navas, G. R." box="[784,1093,194,221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 457" refId="ref7710" refString="Lozano-Duque, Y., Vidal, L. A. &amp; Navas, G. R. (2010) La comunidad fitoplanctonica en el mar Caribe Colombiano. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales del Invemar 20: 1 - 457." type="journal article" year="2010">
Lozano-Duque
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FC53FF19FC7BFBD4" box="[964,1016,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FBCCFF18FB37FBD4" box="[1115,1204,194,220]" name="Gambia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Gambia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FB52FF18FAD1FBD4" author="Foged, N." box="[1221,1362,194,220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 152" refId="ref6520" refString="Foged, N. (1986) Diatoms in Gambia. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 12: 1 - 152." type="journal article" year="1986">Foged 1986</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FAFFFF19FA28FBD5" box="[1384,1451,195,221]" name="Egypt" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FF07FF3CFE93FA08" author="Zalat, A." box="[144,272,230,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="243 - 266" refId="ref9534" refString="Zalat, A. (2002) Distribution and origin of diatoms in the bottom sediments of the Suez Canal Lakes and adjacent areas, Egypt. Diatom Research 17 (1): 243 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2002.9705542" type="journal article" year="2002">Zalat 2002</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FEB1FF3CFEEAFA08" box="[294,361,230,256]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FEEDFF3CFE6AFA08" author="Liu, R. Y." box="[378,489,230,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refId="ref7632" refString="Liu, R. Y. (2008) Checklist of biota of Chinese seas. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Beijing, 1267 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2008">Liu 2008</bibRefCitation>
). At last, it was mentioned as
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF909D04FCD1FF3CFBE5FA08" authorityName="Van Heurck" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[838,1126,230,256]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Biddulphiaceae" genus="Biddulphia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Biddulphiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FCD1FF3CFBE5FA08" box="[838,1126,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Biddulphia antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the samples from Britain (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FF07FED0FEADFA2D" author="Hendey, N. I." box="[144,302,266,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="537 - 560" refId="ref7213" refString="Hendey, N. I. (1954) A preliminary check-list of British marine diatoms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33 (2): 537 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400008523" type="journal article" year="1954">Hendey 1954</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FEABFED0FEFBFA2C" author="Hendey, N. I." box="[316,376,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="277 - 300" refId="ref7260" refString="Hendey, N. I. (1974). A revised check-list of the British marine diatoms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54: 277 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400058549" type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FE18FED0FE5DFA2C" box="[399,478,266,292]" name="Ireland" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Ireland</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FE67FED0FD04FA2C" author="Adams, J." box="[496,647,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="11 - 60" refId="ref5928" refString="Adams, J. (1908) A synopsis of Irish algae, freshwater and marine. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 27 (2): 11 - 60." type="journal article" year="1908">Adams 1908</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FD09FED0FD7EFA2C" box="[670,765,266,292]" name="Portugal" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FC99FED0FBAEFA2C" author="Moita, M. T. &amp; Vilarinho, M. G." box="[782,1069,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="5 - 50" refId="ref7954" refString="Moita, M. T. &amp; Vilarinho, M. G. (1999) Checklist of phytoplankton species off Portugal: 70 years of studies. Portugaliae Acta Biologica. Serie B. Sistematica 18: 5 - 50." type="journal article" year="1999">Moita &amp; Vilarinho 1999</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FBD3FED0FB2AFA2C" box="[1092,1193,266,292]" name="Romania" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Romania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FB2DFED0FAD3FA2C" author="Caraus, I." box="[1210,1360,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refId="ref6059" refString="Caraus, I. (2012) The algae of Romania: A distributional checklist of actual algae [third version]. Studii si Cercetari. Biologie, Bacau, 809 pp." type="book" year="2012">Cărăus 2012</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FAF0FED0FA28FA2C" box="[1383,1451,266,292]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FF18FEF4FE30FA40" author="Eskinazi-Leca, E. &amp; Goncalves da Silva Cunha, M. da &amp; Santiago, M. F. &amp; Palmeira Borges, G. C. &amp; Cabral de Lima, J. M. &amp; Da Silva, M. H. &amp; De Paula Lima, J. &amp; Menezes, M." box="[143,435,302,328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refId="ref6408" refString="Eskinazi-Leca, E., Goncalves da Silva Cunha, M. da G., Santiago, M. F., Palmeira Borges, G. C., Cabral de Lima, J. M., Da Silva, M. H., De Paula Lima, J. &amp; Menezes, M. (2010) Bacillariophyceae. In: Forzza, R. C. (Ed.) Catalogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil. Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Andrea Jakobsson Estudio; Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. pp. 262 - 309." type="book" year="2010">
Eskinazi-Leça
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FEAFFEF5FEF3FA40" box="[312,368,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FE51FEF4FD8CFA40" box="[454,527,302,328]" name="Ghana" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Ghana</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FD8AFEF4FD62FA41" author="Smith, T. E. &amp; Smith, C. J. &amp; Nii Yemoh Annang, T." box="[541,737,302,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refId="ref9187" refString="Smith, T. E., Smith, C. J. &amp; Nii Yemoh Annang, T. (2015) Taxonomic catalogue of algae from Ghana (Africa) and new additions. Algae Press, Ave Maria, 101 pp." type="book" year="2015">
Smith
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FDFFFEF5FD23FA40" box="[616,672,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF909D04FC89FEF5FC30FA40" box="[798,947,302,329]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FC56FEF4FB10FA40" author="Harper, M. A. &amp; Cassie Cooper, V. &amp; Chang, F. H. &amp; Nelson, W. A. &amp; Broady, P. A." box="[961,1171,302,328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="114 - 163" refId="ref7050" refString="Harper, M. A., Cassie Cooper, V., Chang, F. H., Nelson, W. A. &amp; Broady, P. A. (2012) Phylum Ochrophyta: brown and golden-brown algae, diatoms, silicioflagellates, and kin. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume Three. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, pp. 114 - 163." type="book chapter" year="2012">
Harper
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FB8FFEF5FBD3FA40" box="[1048,1104,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). However, the species is not mentioned in the sinopsis of marine benthic diatoms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF909D04FC9CFE88FB8AFA64" author="Witkowski, A. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D." box="[779,1033,338,364]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 925" refId="ref9356" refString="Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom flora of Marine coasts I. Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1 - 925." type="journal article" year="2000">
Witkowski
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FC1AFE89FC45FA64" box="[909,966,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EA9D8FF909D04FF1FF8EFFF50FCD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14520571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520571/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" startId="6.[136,243,1845,1867]" targetBox="[189,1398,425,1820]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF909D04FF1FF8EFFF50FCD3" blockId="6.[136,1452,1845,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FF1FF8EFFEB9FC42" bold="true" box="[136,314,1845,1867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">FIGURES 11–16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF909D04FED5F8EFFD4BFC43" authority=", SEM. Strain" authorityName="SEM. Strain" box="[322,712,1845,1867]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF909D04FED5F8EFFDC0FC42" box="[322,579,1845,1866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
, SEM. Strain
</taxonomicName>
BF-36_18122019 (Feodosiya Bay, Black Sea). 11–12. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 13. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 14. Internal valve view. 15. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion. 16. Details of areolae structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 11–12, 14), 15 μm (Fig. 13), 1 μm (Figs 15–16).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2EA9D8FF919D05FF1FF993FC7AFDE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14520573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520573/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" startId="7.[136,243,1609,1631]" targetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF919D05FF1FF993FC7AFDE7" blockId="7.[136,1452,1609,1776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF919D05FF1FF993FEBFFD56" bold="true" box="[136,316,1609,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">FIGURES 17–22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF919D05FED3F990FD4AFD68" authority=", SEM. Strain" authorityName="SEM. Strain" box="[324,713,1610,1632]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF919D05FED3F990FDC7FD57" box="[324,580,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
, SEM. Strain
</taxonomicName>
CF-4_23072020 (Cape Fiolent, Black Sea). 17. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 18. Internal valve view. 19. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle. 20. Details of areolae structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate occlusion, white arrow points to cribrate occlusion, white arrowhead points to siliceous particle. 21. Details of ocellus structure, externally. 22. Details of ocellus structure, internally. White arrows point to supporting props. Scale bars = 5 μm (Figs 17–18), 10 μm (Fig. 19), 1 μm (Fig. 20), 2 μm (Figs 21–22).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2EA9D8FF9E9D0AFF1FF993FDF0FC1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14520575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520575/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" startId="8.[136,243,1609,1631]" targetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF9E9D0AFF1FF993FDF0FC1B" blockId="8.[136,1452,1609,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9E9D0AFF1FF993FEB9FD56" bold="true" box="[136,314,1609,1631]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">FIGURES 23–28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9E9D0AFED7F990FD42FD68" authority=", SEM. Strain" authorityName="SEM. Strain" box="[320,705,1610,1632]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9E9D0AFED7F990FDBCFD57" box="[320,575,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
, SEM. Strain
</taxonomicName>
AZ-12_24122019 (Sea of Azov). 23. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli. 24. Internal valve view. 25. External girdle view. White arrows point to rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowheads point to valvocopulae. 26. Details of ocellus structure, externally. White arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 27. Details of cribrate areolae structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to siliceous particles at the crossbars of occlusions, white arrowheads point to C-shaped slits. 28. Details of volate areolae structure, externally. Black arrows point to spathulate formations of volae. Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 23), 10 μm (Figs 24–25), 2 μm (Fig. 26), 0.5 μm (Figs 27–28).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2EA9D8FF9F9D0BFF1FF993FCF7FC1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14520577" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14520577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14520577/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" startId="9.[136,243,1609,1631]" targetBox="[189,1398,190,1585]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF9F9D0BFF1FF993FCF7FC1B" blockId="9.[136,1452,1609,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9F9D0BFF1FF993FEBDFD56" bold="true" box="[136,318,1609,1631]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">FIGURES 29–34.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9F9D0BFED0F990FD51FD68" authority=", SEM. Strain" authorityName="SEM. Strain" box="[327,722,1610,1632]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9F9D0BFED0F990FDCAFD57" box="[327,585,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
, SEM. Strain
</taxonomicName>
BL-5_12092019 (Laspi Bay, Black Sea). 29. External valve view. Black arrows point to ocelli, white arrows point to the rows of poroids at the girdle, white arrowhead points to polar depression. 30–32. Internal valve view. 32. Details of ocellus structure, externally. Black arrowheads point to pores of ocelli. 33. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrow points to volate areolae, white arrow points to cribrate areolae, white arrowheads point to siliceous particles. 34. Details of polar area structure, externally. Black arrows point to volate areolae, white arrows point to cribrate areolae. Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 29), 10 μm (Fig. 30), 5 μm (Fig. 31), 2 μm (Fig. 32), 4 μm (Figs 33–34).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF9C9D08FF2AFF45FD78FAF4" blockId="10.[136,1452,158,509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
In the Black Sea,
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9C9D08FE1DFF45FDC0FBB0" box="[394,579,158,185]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FE1DFF45FDC0FBB0" box="[394,579,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">A. antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was rarely recorded, found as single specimens: in the Northwestern part of the Black Sea on silty-sandy soil off the coast of
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF9C9D08FD57FF18FCA6FBD4" box="[704,805,194,220]" name="Romania" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Romania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FCA2FF18FC63FBD4" author="Bodeanu, N." box="[821,992,194,220]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="19 - 251" refId="ref6019" refString="Bodeanu, N. (1987) Structure et dynamique de l'algoflore unicellulaire dans les eaux du littoral roumain de la mer Noire. Cercetari Marine &quot; Recherches Marines &quot;, Constanta 20 / 21: 19 - 251." type="journal article" year="1987">Bodeanu 1987</bibRefCitation>
); in
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF9C9D08FB83FF18FBF2FBD4" box="[1044,1137,194,220]" name="Ukraine" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, particularly in macrophyte algae fouling and on silty-sandy soil in the Tendrovsky and Jarylgach Bays, in Tuzlov and Shabolatsky estuaries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FF07FED0FE0CFA2C" author="Guslyakov, N. &amp; Zakordonez, O. &amp; Gerasimuk, V." box="[144,399,266,292]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" refId="ref7004" refString="Guslyakov, N., Zakordonez, O. &amp; Gerasimuk, V. (1992) Atlas of diatom algae of benthos of the north-western part of Black Sea and adjacent waters. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 115 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1992">
Guslyakov
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FE84FED1FECFFA2C" box="[275,332,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
); in
<collectingCountry id="F346B9C0FF9C9D08FE55FED0FD92FA2C" box="[450,529,266,292]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Russia</collectingCountry>
: in the area of the Zernov’s Phyllophora field (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FBB5FED0FB56FA2C" author="Nevrova, E. L." box="[1058,1237,266,292]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="47 - 58" refId="ref8227" refString="Nevrova, E. L. (2014 a) Benthic diatoms (Bacillariophyta) at Zernov's Phyllophora Field (Northern-Western part of the Black Sea): taxonomic diversity and structure of taxocenes. Marine Ecological Journal 13 (3): 47 - 58. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="2014">Nevrova 2014a</bibRefCitation>
), in the Sevastopol Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FF50FEF4FE0BFA40" author="Kucherova, Z. S." box="[199,392,302,328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" refId="ref7495" refString="Kucherova, Z. S. (1973) Diatom algae and its role as fouling cenosis of the Black Sea. PhD Thesis. Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, Sevastopol, 21 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1973">Kucherova 1973</bibRefCitation>
), in the bays of the southern coast of Crimea and the Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FBECFEF4FA24FA40" author="Proshkina-Lavrenko, A. I." box="[1147,1447,302,328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" refId="ref8919" refString="Proshkina-Lavrenko, A. I. (1963) Benthic diatom algae of the Black Sea. AS USSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 243 pp." type="book" year="1963">Proshkina-Lavrenko 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FF1FFE89FEBBFA64" author="Nevrova, E. L." box="[136,312,338,365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="47 - 66" refId="ref8278" refString="Nevrova, E. L. (2014 b) Taxonomic diversity and environmental assessment of benthic diatoms at Balaklava Bay (South-Western Crimea, the Black Sea, Ukraine). Algologia 24 (1): 47 - 66. [In Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / alg 24.01.047" type="journal article" year="2014">Nevrova 2014b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FED3FE88FEFCFA65" author="Nevrova, E. L." box="[324,383,338,365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="478 - 508" refId="ref8335" refString="Nevrova, E. L. (2015) Evaluation of benthic diatoms diversity (Bacillariophyta) near Karadag shore. In: Gayevskaya, A. V. &amp; Morozova, A. L. (Eds.) 100 years of the T. I. Vyazemsky's Karadag Scientific Station: issue of scientific papers. Simferopol: N. Orianda. pp. 478 - 508. [In Russian]" type="book chapter" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FE1DFE88FE45FA64" author="Nevrova, E. L." box="[394,454,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="392 - 401" refId="ref8409" refString="Nevrova, E. L. (2016) The composition and structure of the benthic diatom taxocene (Bacillariophyta) near Cape Fiolent (the Crimea, the Black Sea). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 42 (5): 392 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 1063074016050072" type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FE46FE89FD62FA64" author="Nevrova, E. &amp; Petrov, A." box="[465,737,338,365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="506 - 520" refId="ref8039" refString="Nevrova, E. &amp; Petrov, A. (2019) Benthic diatoms species richness at Dvuyakornaya Bay and other coastal sites of Crimea (the Black Sea) under various environments. Mediterranean Marine Science 20 (3): 506 - 520. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12681 / mms. 20319" type="journal article" year="2019">Nevrova &amp; Petrov 2019</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FD7AFE89FB8EFA64" author="Nevrova, E. L. &amp; Revkov, N. K." box="[749,1037,338,365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="269 - 282" refId="ref8177" refString="Nevrova, E. L. &amp; Revkov, N. K. (2003) Species composition of benthic diatoms taxocene (Bacillariophyta) of Laspi bay (the Black Sea, Ukraine). Algologia 13 (3): 269 - 282. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="2003">Nevrova &amp; Revkov 2003</bibRefCitation>
). In all the listed sources, the species is mentioned as
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9C9D08FED5FEADFDFEFA98" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1867" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" box="[322,637,374,400]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Triceratium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluvianum">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FED5FEADFDFEFA98" box="[322,637,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Triceratium antediluvianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to the results of our recent research (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC084A1FF9C9D08FB38FEACFAD5FA98" author="Nevrova, E. L." box="[1199,1366,374,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 329" refId="ref8467" refString="Nevrova, E. L. (2022) Diversity and Structure of Benthic Diatom Taxocenes (Bacillariophyta) of the Black Sea. In: Gaevskaya, A. V. (Ed.) Sevastopol: A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas RAS - IBSS. pp. 1 - 329. [In Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.21072 / 978 - 5 - 6048081 - 0 - 8" type="book chapter" year="2022">Nevrova 2022</bibRefCitation>
), in the last decade, the finds of
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9C9D08FE32FE40FD52FABC" box="[421,721,410,436]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FE32FE40FD52FABC" box="[421,721,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have become frequent, its macrocolonies in the form of chains have been found in many habitats off the Western, Southern and Eastern Black Sea coasts of Crimea, off the Caucasian coast, as well as off the Sea of Azov coast (see
<tableCitation id="C6D3CCEBFF9C9D08FD0FFE38FD6DFAF4" box="[664,750,482,508]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[136,229,554,580]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Records of Amphitetras antediluviana in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EA9D8FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FBDCF94C" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="DF2EA9D8FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FBDCF94C">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EA9D8FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FBDCF94C" ID-Table-UUID="DF2EA9D8FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FBDCF94C" box="[136,1119,554,580]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EA9D8FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FBDCF94C" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" startId="10.[136,229,554,580]" targetBox="[147,1431,596,1775]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FBDCF94C" blockId="10.[136,1119,554,580]" box="[136,1119,554,580]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FF1FFDF0FE82F94C" bold="true" box="[136,257,554,580]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Records of
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9C9D08FE1EFDF0FD30F94C" box="[393,691,554,580]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FE1EFDF0FD30F94C" box="[393,691,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF9C9D08FF04FD8EFAE9FDD5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<table id="F9510BF0FF9C62FDFF04FD8EFA14FDE7" box="[147,1431,596,1775]" gridcols="5" gridrows="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FD8EFA14F964" box="[147,1431,596,620]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FD8EFDA9F964" box="[147,554,596,620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FF04FD8EFED5F964" bold="true" box="[147,342,596,620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Sampling Location</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFD8EFCABF964" box="[635,808,596,620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FDECFD8EFCABF964" bold="true" box="[635,808,596,620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Date of sampling</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FD8EFBBAF964" box="[834,1081,596,620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FCD5FD8EFC70F964" bold="true" box="[834,1011,596,620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Type of substrate</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFD8EFB3AF964" box="[1114,1209,596,620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FBCDFD8EFB3AF964" bold="true" box="[1114,1209,596,620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Depth, m</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FD8EFA14F964" box="[1246,1431,596,620]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FB49FD8EFAEEF964" bold="true" box="[1246,1389,596,620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cell condition</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FDA1FA14F99C" box="[147,1431,635,660]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FDA1FA14F99C" box="[147,1431,635,660]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FF04FDA6FF7AF99B" bold="true" box="[147,249,635,660]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Black Sea</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FD7EFA14F9E8" box="[147,1431,676,736]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FD7EFDA9F9E8" box="[147,554,676,736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Zernov’s Phyllophorae field 45°50’38”N, 30°44’32”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFD7EFCABF9E8" box="[635,808,676,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2010</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FD7EFBBAF9E8" box="[834,1081,676,736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFD7EFB3AF9E8" box="[1114,1209,676,736]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">36, 48</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FD7EFA14F9E8" box="[1246,1431,676,736]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FD2AFA14F824" box="[147,1431,752,812]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FD2AFDA9F824" box="[147,554,752,812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Coast near Marjino village 45°22’67”N, 33°12’40”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFD2AFCABF824" box="[635,808,752,812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2010</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FD2AFBBAF824" box="[834,1081,752,812]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFD2AFB3AF824" box="[1114,1209,752,812]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">6</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FD2AFA14F824" box="[1246,1431,752,812]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FCE7FA14F870" box="[147,1431,829,888]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FCE7FDA9F870" box="[147,554,829,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Omega Bay 44°35’55”N, 33°26’56”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFCE7FCABF870" box="[635,808,829,888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2004</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FCE7FBBAF870" box="[834,1081,829,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFCE7FB3AF870" box="[1114,1209,829,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">3, 14</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FCE7FA14F870" box="[1246,1431,829,888]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FC53FA14F8CC" box="[147,1431,905,964]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FC53FDA9F8CC" box="[147,554,905,964]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Golubaya Bay 44°33’54”N, 33°23’57”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFC53FCABF8CC" box="[635,808,905,964]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2010</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FC53FBBAF8CC" box="[834,1081,905,964]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFC53FB3AF8CC" box="[1114,1209,905,964]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">6</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FC53FA14F8CC" box="[1246,1431,905,964]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FC0FFA14F8E7" box="[147,1431,981,1007]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FC0FFDA9F8E7" box="[147,554,981,1007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cape Fiolent</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFC0FFCABF8E7" box="[635,808,981,1007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2009</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FC0FFBBAF8E7" box="[834,1081,981,1007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFC0FFB3AF8E7" box="[1114,1209,981,1007]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">3</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FC0FFA14F8E7" box="[1246,1431,981,1007]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FC21FA14FF1D" box="[147,1431,1019,1045]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FC21FDA9FF1D" box="[147,554,1019,1045]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">44°30’53”N, 33°28’18”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFC21FCABFF1D" box="[635,808,1019,1045]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2020</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FC21FBBAFF1D" box="[834,1081,1019,1045]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFC21FB3AFF1D" box="[1114,1209,1019,1045]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">4</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FC21FA14FF1D" box="[1246,1431,1019,1045]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">alive colonies</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FBFFFA14FF69" box="[147,1431,1061,1121]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FBFFFDA9FF69" box="[147,554,1061,1121]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cape Ajya 44°28’25”N, 33°37’58”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFBFFFCABFF69" box="[635,808,1061,1121]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2006</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FBFFFBBAFF69" box="[834,1081,1061,1121]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFBFFFB3AFF69" box="[1114,1209,1061,1121]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">12</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FBFFFA14FF69" box="[1246,1431,1061,1121]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FBABFA14FF84" box="[147,1431,1137,1164]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FBABFDA9FF84" box="[147,554,1137,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Laspi Bay</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFBABFCABFF84" box="[635,808,1137,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">1996</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FBABFBBAFF84" box="[834,1081,1137,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty-sandy</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFBABFB3AFF84" box="[1114,1209,1137,1164]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">5, 31, 52</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FBABFA14FF84" box="[1246,1431,1137,1164]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FB42FA14FFBA" box="[147,1431,1176,1202]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FB42FDA9FFBA" box="[147,554,1176,1202]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">44°25’10”N, 33°42’27”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFB42FCABFFBA" box="[635,808,1176,1202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2019</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FB42FBBAFFBA" box="[834,1081,1176,1202]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">sand</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFB42FB3AFFBA" box="[1114,1209,1176,1202]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">5</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FB42FA14FFBA" box="[1246,1431,1176,1202]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">alive colonies</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FB18FA14FFF6" box="[147,1431,1218,1278]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FB18FDA9FFF6" box="[147,554,1218,1278]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Karadag Natural Reserve 44°54’53”N,35°13’51”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFB18FCABFFF6" box="[635,808,1218,1278]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2010</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FB18FBBAFFF6" box="[834,1081,1218,1278]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty-sandy</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFB18FB3AFFF6" box="[1114,1209,1218,1278]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">8</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FB18FA14FFF6" box="[1246,1431,1218,1278]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FAD4FA14FE42" box="[147,1431,1294,1354]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FAD4FDA9FE42" box="[147,554,1294,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Lisya Bay 44°53’45”N, 35°09’30”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFAD4FCABFE42" box="[635,808,1294,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2008</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FAD4FBBAFE42" box="[834,1081,1294,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty-sandy</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFAD4FB3AFE42" box="[1114,1209,1294,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">5</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FAD4FA14FE42" box="[1246,1431,1294,1354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FA81FA14FE9E" box="[147,1431,1371,1430]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FA81FDA9FE9E" box="[147,554,1371,1430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Dvuyakornaya Bay 44°59’42”N, E 35°22’34”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFA81FCABFE9E" box="[635,808,1371,1430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2022</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FA81FBBAFE9E" box="[834,1081,1371,1430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty-sandy</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFA81FB3AFE9E" box="[1114,1209,1371,1430]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">5</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FA81FA14FE9E" box="[1246,1431,1371,1430]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">alive colonies</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FA7DFA14FEEB" box="[147,1431,1447,1507]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FA7DFDA9FEEB" box="[147,554,1447,1507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Feodosiya Bay 45°04’49”N, 35°34’11”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFA7DFCABFEEB" box="[635,808,1447,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2019</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FA7DFBBAFEEB" box="[834,1081,1447,1507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFA7DFB3AFEEB" box="[1114,1209,1447,1507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">36</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FA7DFA14FEEB" box="[1246,1431,1447,1507]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">alive colonies</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04FA29FA14FD27" box="[147,1431,1523,1583]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04FA29FDA9FD27" box="[147,554,1523,1583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Caucasian coast, Sukhaya Shchel’ 44°40’45”N, 37°31’44”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECFA29FCABFD27" box="[635,808,1523,1583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">1999</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5FA29FBBAFD27" box="[834,1081,1523,1583]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">coarse sand, shell debris</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDFA29FB3AFD27" box="[1114,1209,1523,1583]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">50</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49FA29FA14FD27" box="[1246,1431,1523,1583]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04F9E5FA14FD73" box="[147,1431,1599,1659]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04F9E5FDA9FD73" box="[147,554,1599,1659]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Caucasian coast, Cape Bol’shoj Utrish 44°45’33”N, 37°22’2”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECF9E5FCABFD73" box="[635,808,1599,1659]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">1999</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5F9E5FBBAFD73" box="[834,1081,1599,1659]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty-sandy</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDF9E5FB3AFD73" box="[1114,1209,1599,1659]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">75</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49F9E5FA14FD73" box="[1246,1431,1599,1659]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">scarce empty cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04F951FA14FDAB" box="[147,1431,1675,1699]" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04F951FA14FDAB" box="[147,1431,1675,1699]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FF04F951FE92FDAB" bold="true" box="[147,273,1675,1699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Sea of Azov</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3561FB12FF9C62FDFF04F969FA14FDE7" box="[147,1431,1715,1775]" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
<th id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFF04F969FDA9FDE7" box="[147,554,1715,1775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Semisotskoye village, Leninskiy district 45°41’8”N, 35°00’22”E</th>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFDECF969FCABFDE7" box="[635,808,1715,1775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">2019</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFCD5F969FBBAFDE7" box="[834,1081,1715,1775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">silty-sandy</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFBCDF969FB3AFDE7" box="[1114,1209,1715,1775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">12</td>
<td id="76B0926EFF9C62FDFB49F969FA14FDE7" box="[1246,1431,1715,1775]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">alive colonies</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEF950FF9C9D08FF2AF8C5FA27FCC1" blockId="10.[136,1452,1823,1993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
It can be concluded that despite significant morphometric (see
<tableCitation id="C6D3CCEBFF9C9D08FCE9F8C5FC52FC31" box="[894,977,1823,1849]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="11.[136,229,157,183]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 3. Morphological features of Amphitetras antediluviana strains from different locations." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EA9D8FF9D9D09FF1FFF47FB46FBB0" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="DF2EA9D8FF9D9D09FF1FFF47FB46FBB0">Table 3</tableCitation>
) and morphological differences, clones of
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9C9D08FF1FF899FE2CFC55" box="[136,431,1859,1885]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FF1FF899FE2CFC55" box="[136,431,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Black and Azov Seas belong to the same species. Multiple detections of
<taxonomicName id="4C5182D3FF9C9D08FAB5F899FEA1FC89" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Triceratiaceae" genus="Amphitetras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Triceratiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="antediluviana">
<emphasis id="B9252542FF9C9D08FAB5F899FEA1FC89" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Amphitetras antediluviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies at various depths in the coastal habitats of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the last decade indicate a change in environmental factors.As we suggest, the reason for that can be the recent climatic fluctuation and confounding of optimal factors for the survival and development of this species in the marine sublittoral ecosystems.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>