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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.566.6982" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10b12195-9822-4913-9f53-f2fd4f3feab3" ID-PMC="PMC4797204" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-566-31" ID-PubMed="27047245" ID-ZBK="C8B00FFDDAB3487BADC6F383D6A1E581" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-566-31" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 566" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the genus Menevia Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of 11 new species" checkinTime="1455888496402" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="St. Laurent, Ryan A. &amp; Dombroskie, Jason J." docDate="2016" docId="D72E68A2F73A57B371432EB14B66A60A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 566: 31-116" docOrigin="ZooKeys 566" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.566.6982" docTitle="Menevia parostia Schaus 1928, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FF98FF812F66A11EDA797075FFCEB711" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Menevia Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of 11 new species" masterLastPageNumber="116" masterPageNumber="31" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1668162713139" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision of the genus Menevia Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae) with the description of 11 new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>St. Laurent, Ryan A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Dombroskie, Jason J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>566</mods:number>
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<mods:start>31</mods:start>
<mods:end>116</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.566.6982</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.566.6982</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127862328" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D72E68A2F73A57B371432EB14B66A60A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D72E68A2F73A57B371432EB14B66A60A" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Mimallonidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName authority="Schaus, 1928" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia (Schaus, 1928)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="32" pageNumber="63">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 38, 96
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Pamea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pamea parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Pamea parostia</taxonomicName>
Schaus, 1928: 667
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Pamea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pamea perostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perostia">Pamea perostia</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Becker, VO" editor="Heppner, JB" journalOrPublisher="Association for Tropical Lepidoptera &amp; Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida" pageId="71" pageNumber="102" pagination="17 - 19" title="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, Checklist. Part 4 B. Drepanoidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea" year="1996">Becker 1996</bibRefCitation>
, misspelling
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
Holotype, ♀: UNKNOWN: Type No. 33592 U.S.N.M./
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Pamea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pamea parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Pamea parostia</taxonomicName>
type Schaus/ USNM-Mimal: 1107/ St. Laurent diss.: 4-20-15:7/ (USNM) [examined]. Type locality: Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
by the placement of the postmedial line of the hindwing, which is roughly midway along the length of the hindwing in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
and closer to the wing margin in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the sclerotized bands on the venter of the VIII abdominal segment are very thin in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
. Lack of material and variability of this structure, however, belies its diagnostic capability. Additionally, most (93%, n = 15) female specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
are much larger than those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
. This holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
does not differ remarkably from the single definitive female of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
(see remarks).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Male. Unknown. Female.Head: Straw colored, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown collar of scales reaching labial palpi, labial palpi moderately long, reaching beyond frons, segments somewhat well defined ventrally, dorsally with darker scales contrasting with overall lighter coloration. Scape and pedicel weakly tufted. Thorax: As for genus. Straw colored. Legs: As for genus. Tibial spurs relatively thick, long, almost completely scaled except ventrally. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 18 mm, n = 1. Subtriangular, rounded, apical quarter of outer margins weakly concave, apex slightly falcate. Ground color pale tan-yellow, moderately speckled by dark petiolate scales. Discal spot faintly marked by gray. Apex marked by black scales near tip of apical dash. Postmedial line brown, mostly straight. Submarginal area pale gray, postmedial lunule originating from near where apical dash meets postmedial line, lunule follows postmedial line from apex to one quarter length of postmedial line where lunule smoothly curves outward toward wing margin becoming somewhat diffuse, forming acute angle with postmedial line. Faint white accessory mark present near tornus. Antemedial line very faint, brown, undulating. Forewing venter: As in forewing dorsum but more heavily speckled, postmedial line bent outwards near tornus, antemedial line absent, discal spot present, small, black. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, similar coloration and patterning as forewings, postmedial lunule very vague, wavy, not zigzagged, originating near anterior wing margin, following curvature of wing margin, not steeply swept to margin, antemedial area lighter, postmedial line weakly curved, closer to wing margin than midway along wing length. Hindwing venter: Following similar pattern as forewing venter but discal mark absent, marginal area color as surrounding area. Abdomen: As for genus but stouter. Coloration a continuation of thoracic color. Midventral stripe absent. Sternite of VIII as pair of thin sclerotized bands not touching near anterior margin, bowed out slightly mesally. Genitalia: (Fig. 96) n = 1. VIII prominently sclerotized laterally, appendicular apophyses present. Tergite of VIII arch-like, converging mesally to form posteriorly directed point. Apophyses anteriores slightly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Lamella antevaginalis as semicircular, sclerotized band. Ductus bursae short. Papillae anales rectangular when viewed ventrally, covered in short setae.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
Unfortunately the holotype is without locality information, furthermore,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schaus’s">Schaus's</normalizedToken>
original (
<bibRefCitation author="Schaus, W" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="A. Kernen, Stuttgart" pageId="72" pageNumber="103" pagination="635 - 672" title="Familie Mimallonidae." volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. 6. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwaermer" year="1928">1928</bibRefCitation>
) description listed the
<normalizedToken originalValue="“habitat”">&quot;habitat&quot;</normalizedToken>
as
<normalizedToken originalValue="“unknown.”">&quot;unknown.&quot;</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="32" pageNumber="63">
<bibRefCitation author="Schaus, W" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="A. Kernen, Stuttgart" pageId="72" pageNumber="103" pagination="635 - 672" title="Familie Mimallonidae." volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. 6. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwaermer" year="1928">Schaus (1928)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Pamea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pamea parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Pamea parostia</taxonomicName>
, known only from the female holotype, based on its resemblance to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
, differing only by its smaller size,
<normalizedToken originalValue="“reduced”">&quot;reduced&quot;</normalizedToken>
markings, and the &quot;more developed&quot; frenulum. Upon examining the holotype and comparing it with the much larger female holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
and a series of mostly larger females from Costa Rica, we found that Schaus was incorrect in his assertion that the frenulum of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
is more developed, when in fact the frenulum appears to be of the same size and arrangement in examined
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
females. Schaus
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="64" start="start">frequently</pageBreakToken>
failed to locate the frenulum despite its presence, as shown by previous authors (
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, HR" journalOrPublisher="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="71" pageNumber="102" pagination="315 - 332" title="Contribuicao ao conhecimento do genero &quot; Mimallo &quot; Huebner, 1920 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae)." volumeTitle="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" year="1951">Pearson 1951</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Pearson, HR" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="71" pageNumber="102" pagination="459 - 464" title="Sobre o genero Tolypida Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae) com descricao de nova especie." volume="28" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="St Laurent, RA" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="72" pageNumber="103" pagination="51 - 68" title="Revision of the genus Eadmuna Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae) with a description of a new species from French Guiana." url="10.3897/zookeys.494.9208" volume="494" year="2015">St Laurent and Dombroskie 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, the size difference between
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
is certainly not enough evidence to maintain
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
as a valid species. Among the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
specimens from Costa Rica that were examined in this work, one female specimen from Tomatera was actually smaller than the holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
, along with a similarly very small male. Public barcode data shows this smaller pair of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
display no differences whatsoever from regularly sized
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
from nearby locations (BOLD). Many species of
<taxonomicName family="Mimallonidae" lsidName="" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" rank="family">Mimallonidae</taxonomicName>
frequently display dwarfed specimens (R. A. St. Laurent pers. obs.), perhaps due to poor host plant assimilation or other environmental factors, potentially explaining the small size of the single pair of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="64">
The presence of such small specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
originally lead us to believe that
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
must be just another small example of this species, well within the natural size range and we were prepared to synonymize
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
. However, additional examination of the holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
revealed characters of the hindwing maculation and genitalia that were not seen in any examined
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
. The paired sternites of VIII in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
are slightly thinner overall in comparison to those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
, but this character is rather variable in general. A more dramatic difference is found in the arrangement of the hindwing postmedial line between the two species (see Figs 36, 37 compared with 38). The holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
is strikingly similar to a female specimen of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
in relative size, coloration, and arrangement of the hindwing postmedial line. Unfortunately, the abdomen of the female
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
is missing and thus a genitalia comparison cannot be performed. It is quite possible that
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
, but without locality data, the abdomen of the female
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
, or true males of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
, we cannot render this conclusion definitive. Pending further data, we therefore retain both
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
as valid species.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="33" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="64">
Figures 30-41.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
species-group adults, a recto, b verso. 30
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
♂, Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Tajo Angeles, 540 m, 10-SRNP-4309 (USNM) 31
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
♂, Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sendero Puertas, 400 m, 03-SRNP-18623 (USNM) 32
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
♂, French Guiana, Sinnamary, Piste a St. Elie, km. 24, 50 m (AMNH) 33
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
♂, Brazil,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo, Linhares, 40 m (USNM) 34
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂, Brazil,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
, Feira Nova do
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
, 480 m (DZUP) 35
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
paratype ♂, Brazil,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
, Feira Nova do
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
, 480 m (CGCM) 36
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
holotype ♀, Panama,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
(MNHU) 37
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia ostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ostia">Menevia ostia</taxonomicName>
♀, Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Sendero Rotulo, 510 m, 04-SRNP-34126 (USNM) 38
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia parostia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parostia">Menevia parostia</taxonomicName>
holotype ♀, unknown locality (USNM) 39
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
♀ [questionable], Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lassance (CUIC) 40
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
♀, Brazil,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
, Caixas, Reserva Ecol. Inhamum (CPAC) 41
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Menevia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Menevia pallida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Menevia pallida</taxonomicName>
♀ [questionable], Paraguay, Villarrica [photo couresty NHMUK] (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Towards the conservation of parasitoid wasp species in Canada: Preliminary assessment of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fernandez-Triana, Jose L</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName authority="Viereck, 1912" authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Pseudapanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudapanteles sesiae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sesiae">Pseudapanteles sesiae (Viereck, 1912)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1964-06-22" collectionCode="CNC" collectorName="Jose Fernandez-Triana" country="Canada" location="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Jose Fernandez-Triana</collectorName>
; individualCount:
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; stateProvince: Ontario; verbatimLocality: Niagara Falls; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" value="1964-06-22">22.vi.1964</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">CNC</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1964-07-15" collectionCode="CNC" collectorName="Jose Fernandez-Triana" country="Canada" location="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Jose Fernandez-Triana</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">1</specimenCount>
; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Canada</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Ontario; verbatimLocality: Niagara Falls; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" value="1964-07-15">15.vii.1964</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">CNC</collectionCode>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Figs 25, 26</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">
This species is distributed in southern and eastern United States (
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Yu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Fernandez-Triana, Jose" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" pagination="1 - 53" title="Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska" volume="63" year="2010">Fernandez-Triana 2010</bibRefCitation>
mentioned the species from Canada (Ontario, Niagara Falls), without giving more details. Here complete information of those records is provided for the first time (two specimens deposited in the CNC). The Canadian specimens comprise less than 20% of the global range for the species and the northernmost limit. It has been reported as a parasitoid of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Synanthedon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synanthedon scitula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scitula">Synanthedon scitula</taxonomicName>
(
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:
<taxonomicName family="Sesiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1067" rank="family">Sesiidae</taxonomicName>
) (information summarized in
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Yu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Conservation</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1067">Assessment using the prioritization criteria developed by COSEWIC. Existing global conservation status: None (species is not listed on Natureserve nor has it been assigned a Canadian national conservation status rank). Canadian population size and trends: No information on population size is available. Threats: Residential and commercial development - high (the areas where the species occur are already heavily populated); Agriculture and aquaculture - medium; Human intrusions and disturbance - high; Natural system modifications - high (alteration of the areas would likely extirpate the species from Canada); Invasive and other problematic species and genes - unknown but likely low, unless another wasp species parasitizing the same host would be introduced (and then competing for the same host, an scenario not likely to occur); Climate change and severe weather - unknown but likely low (climate change increasing the temperatures would not affect much the presence of this species in Canada, because it is already distributed in warmer areas). Small extent of occurrence or area of occupancy: Recorded from one locality in Canada. Limiting biological factors: Host distribution (limited to southeastern Canada) may affect the distribution of the wasp in the country.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="91">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Staphylinidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/B1B397E3-9706-4BD1-992E-B2210EE12B30" authority="Klimaszewski &amp; Larson" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Brachyusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyusa saskatchewanae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saskatchewanae">Brachyusa saskatchewanae Klimaszewski &amp; Larson</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="46" pageNumber="91">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 99-105
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">
<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="92" start="start">Holotype</pageBreakToken>
(male).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Canada, Saskatchewan, Bear Creek at Crane Lake, near Piapot, 18-VIII-2011, D. Larson (LFC). Paratypes. Canada, Saskatchewan, Grasslands National Park, Frenchman River at Ecotour Rd., 26-VII-2004, sandy-clay river bank, D. Larson (DLC) 1 male; Bigstick Lake, 16 km E Golden Prairie, 21-IX-2011, D. Larson (DLC, LFC) 4 females.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="92" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">
The name of this species,
<taxonomicName lsidName="saskatchewanae" pageId="47" pageNumber="92" rank="species" species="saskatchewanae">saskatchewanae</taxonomicName>
-, is a feminine adjective derived from the name of the province of Saskatchewan, where the type series was found.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="92" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Body narrowly oval, length 2.3-2.5 mm, slightly flattened; uniformly black with light brown tarsi (Fig. 99); integument moderately glossy with short and silky pubescence (Fig. 99); antenna with articles I-VII elongate, VIII-IX subquadrate to slightly transverse (Fig. 99); head distinctly narrower than elytra and with large eyes, postocular region very short and abruptly narrowed basally (Fig. 99); pronotum wider than head but narrower than elytra, sinuate baso-laterally and strongly converging apically in apical third, pubescence directed straight and obliquely posteriad (Fig. 99); elytra at suture about as long as pronotum, pubescence directed straight posteriad, basal margin concave (Fig. 99); abdomen strongly narrowed posteriad, three basal tergites with deep transverse impressions (Fig. 99); metatarsus with basal article less than twice as long as second (Fig. 99). MALE. Tergite VIII transverse with broad apical emargination (Fig. 101); sternite VIII strongly elongate, with wide space between base of disc and antecostal suture, apical margin rounded (Fig. 102); median lobe of aedeagus with very long and narrow tubus in lateral view, bulbus large with large crista apicalis (Fig. 100). FEMALE. Tergite VIII slightly triangularly produced at apex (Fig. 103); sternite VIII with shallow apical emargination (Fig. 104); spermatheca L-shaped, with sac-shaped capsule angularly connected to club-shaped stem (Fig. 105).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Brachyusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyusa saskatchewanae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saskatchewanae">Brachyusa saskatchewanae</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from other
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Brachyusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyusa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brachyusa</taxonomicName>
species by its uniformly black and narrow body, sinuate lateral margins of pronotum, and the genitalic features described above (Figs 99, 100, 105).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Known only from SK.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="92" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="92">All SK specimens were captured near water with some on sandy-clay river bank. They were mainly collected by splashing water onto the bank, which caused the beetles to run up the bank.</paragraph>
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<mods:namePart>Liu, Cong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Garcia, Francisco Hita</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yamane, Seiki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Blanchard, Benjamin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yang, Da-Rong</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>477</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>17</mods:start>
<mods:end>78</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.477.8775</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.477.8775</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-477-17</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">DFE4A6FC77284576A1F4BD1D38173811</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DFE4A6FC77284576A1F4BD1D38173811</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127878007" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D72E8A3AF68D9A492C68BF2FCD6F7EBD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D72E8A3AF68D9A492C68BF2FCD6F7EBD" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="22">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName authority="Terayama &amp; Kubota, 1993" authorityName="Terayama &amp; Kubota" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus thailandianus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandianus">Aenictus thailandianus Terayama &amp; Kubota, 1993</taxonomicName>
Figure 5
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="23" start="start">Material</pageBreakToken>
examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1450581722" country="China" stateProvince="Yunnan">
<collectingCountry name="China" value="China">CHINA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion>Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, Xishuangbanna:
<collectionCode collectionName="XTBG">XTBG</collectionCode>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="21.919">
21.919°
<collectionCode>N</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.274">
101.274°
<collectionCode>E</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
), Secondary forest,
<date value="2013-06-11">11.vi.2013</date>
,
<specimenCount type="worker">19 workers</specimenCount>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" unit="m" value="590.0">590m</quantity>
, Hand collection, B.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guénard">Guenard</normalizedToken>
, B.
<collectingRegion>Blanchard and</collectingRegion>
C. Liu
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1450581744" country="China" stateProvince="Blanchard And">
<collectingCountry name="Isle of Man" value="Isle of Man">Man</collectingCountry>
Sai village (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="21.857">
21.857°
<collectionCode>N</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.277">
101.277°
<collectionCode>E</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
), Rubber plantation,
<date value="2013-06-12">12.vi.2013</date>
,
<specimenCount type="worker">19 workers</specimenCount>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" unit="m" value="680.0">680m</quantity>
, Hand collection, B.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guénard">Guenard</normalizedToken>
, B.
<collectingRegion>Blanchard and</collectingRegion>
C. Liu
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1450581747" country="China" stateProvince="Blanchard And">
<collectingCountry name="Isle of Man" value="Isle of Man">Man</collectingCountry>
Sai village (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="21.857">
21.857°
<collectionCode>N</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.277">
101.277°
<collectionCode>E</collectionCode>
</geoCoordinate>
), Rubber plantation,
<date value="2013-06-12">12.vi.2013</date>
,
<specimenCount type="worker">254 workers</specimenCount>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" unit="m" value="680.0">680m</quantity>
, Winkler sifting, B.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guénard">Guenard</normalizedToken>
, B.
<collectingRegion>Blanchard and</collectingRegion>
C. Liu
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Yunnan (new record), Hunan, Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 5
<collectionCode>C</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
Figure 5.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus thailandianus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandianus">Aenictus thailandianus</taxonomicName>
worker, CASENT0717202. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="taxonomic note">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Taxonomic note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus thailandianus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandianus">Aenictus thailandianus</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus ceylonicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">Aenictus ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
species group and can be easily identified with the identification key presented by
<bibRefCitation author="Jaitrong, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="51" pageNumber="68" pagination="165 - 233" title="The Aenictusceylonicus species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia." url="10.3897/jhr.31.4274" volume="31" year="2013">Jaitrong and Yamane (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="23" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictus thailandianus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandianus">Aenictus thailandianus</taxonomicName>
has only been found at higher elevations (
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000-1500m</quantity>
) in primary and secondary forest (
<bibRefCitation author="Jaitrong, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="51" pageNumber="68" pagination="165 - 233" title="The Aenictusceylonicus species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia." url="10.3897/jhr.31.4274" volume="31" year="2013">Jaitrong and Yamane 2013</bibRefCitation>
). We collected it from leaf litter and foraging columns on the ground in secondary forest and rubber plantations at lower elevations (under
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="10.0" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>