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<document id="20955934EA6BDB610F5B7C354F5E4977" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.33597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c81249cc-265d-41cd-809d-74da9f8324d6" ID-PMC="PMC6656982" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-67" ID-PubMed="31363344" ID-ZooBank="128BC1830A6A423488931CBD2D2AF962" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia – Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae" checkinTime="1562310429444" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 67-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.33597" docTitle="Chromoplexaura marki Kuekenthal 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FC39FFCAFFF7185C9E0D0A1A2F0D8028" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1701315585746" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E16330EEC03F7CED2424CC2349D9FE70">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4295753011E5198EBD6F13ADFC15D19">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525354" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<subSubSection id="073183E3C16C34554CD7DBB969FEDDF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="24ACC5330B62D82D06E4EBB00B20FF60" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="FDAC3E65C35A5EF67053C89682A41981" ID-CoL="5YJ4R" authority="Kuekenthal, 1913" authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1913" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">
Chromoplexaura marki (
<normalizedToken id="29A028878FFBD31982A51DE6945371D8" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1913)
</taxonomicName>
Figures 28, 29A, B, 30A, B, 31
<normalizedToken id="14B94C89ECB0FD9ABEB6F1804B8B88CE" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 32A, B, 33A, B, 34
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, 35
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, 36, 37A1-37, 4, B1,, 3, 38
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8D4B2644F92B5B40D7331CD6BEBD586" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="702E24C1EE85D447B48A5D6C3E7294B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="18A96C923765AC2CD639B16B91DA6483" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="D3C3DC5014BBB9942A4D10C6F3C7CD49" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1913: 266-269; text figs G, H, J, K, pl 8 fig. 11; 1924: 93-94.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AD4E9DE1A0DCFB46AA0A5F42D72D3D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="0ACE6F91892AA0D1897CBBAEBDF758B4" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="B22CB32CF6E4E0C10AF7A13FE6316DE4" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1913):
<bibRefCitation id="C7648F0524504F2534B90CB38239E6CB" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
: 36-39; figs 12-17.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D89F3C004DAD4972E43162C705F7085E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="512D49A2136563FE0AA16A176C479493" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE6B344FF1F0BF9BE8062F3FFB5186C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">For the original specimen, USA, Southern California, 64-616 m. (Identification cannot be confirmed.) For proposed Neotype, collected in Northeastern Pacific, USA, California, Monterey County, Monterey, BLM Reference Station 360 (Burch #40128), ~22 m; coll. T Burch, 18 August 1940.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1478C1EE2FC17A56A07248496A4A57E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type specimens">
<paragraph id="A3EEC0AC166540C6B3C3F1958A72124C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3601C11015EE1A1978A1F7F1D60CB476" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Repository for the original type specimen unknown. Proposed Neotype (designated here), SBMNH 423060 [dry].</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6844C0F08CC351B3F330FCF14EA5FF96" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E0DEB3C02BB79D9180FAAA78334FD71E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="41134F22634F49EA2C69D7430B4F8FB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">~60 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9587A567EC8A3DE1ADA7C7DFE79D4F75" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph id="9A02A93B596ED7A1AB8AD94460C04E36" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B9BC2B6F265F40D9457B4615E9DAB679" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Colony (Figures 28, 29A, 30A, 31A, 32A, 33A) shape can be a wide, broad, moderate to sparsely branched fan, typically in one plane or simple, unbranched; initial branching lateral, progressing to branches that tend to project more up than out; sometimes projecting/winding more in a
<normalizedToken id="D6D81A88C4AA3FF99C3BCBFB8C46E589" originalValue="“front”">&quot;front&quot;</normalizedToken>
or
<normalizedToken id="E5E45EE76F146FB8DFD4F0178B50D8EC" originalValue="“back”">&quot;back&quot;</normalizedToken>
direction; with broader membranous base; main branches can divide repeatedly, all secondary branches off larger ones having same diameter; round in cross-section; distal ends often slightly swollen; see Figures 29B, 30B, 31B, C (See Remarks below for further discussion of overall colony shape). Axis proteinaceous, generally well calcified, not very flexible, with hollow core. Color of axis variable between white, yellowish, and light brown. Color of living colony base, stem and branches bright coral red (orange-red), bright red, or dark red; red color enhanced by color of the sclerites, which are a bright, pale, transparent red. Polyps are (pale) yellow-colored when living; (
<bibRefCitation id="F52823EA05321C9C2F67F77D5206286D" author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook (1927)</bibRefCitation>
stated the color of
<taxonomicName id="164756BA5B0AAFA8E8B492B98CF01FC5" lsidName="E. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">E. marki</taxonomicName>
to be coral-red, with the living polyps yellowish white). When polyps visible in preserved specimens, they appeared white/cream. Coenenchyme moderately thick, rising in wall of polyp as eight very short folds. Polyps sit ~2.0 mm distant; polyps ~2.0 mm high, 1.0 mm broad, when extended; polyps fully retractile into coenenchyme surface, forming very low, rounded bumps (
<normalizedToken id="713CA51EF15D60015123A53568D727F4" originalValue="“polyp-mound”">&quot;polyp-mound&quot;</normalizedToken>
); aperture suggestive of a goblet/chalice shape; fortification of polyps weak.
<bibRefCitation id="744C2ECEBFDD717CD14E3AB8DBDF6749" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
<normalizedToken id="A00DF92ADF974F890E7308ACD7A1193B" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
(1913
</bibRefCitation>
a) stated that there are no calyces in this species, or at least are so negligible as to be virtually nonexistent (in describing
<taxonomicName id="9759346CEADB4DB007A5D431FA5B5194" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, he indicated that there should be two transverse rings of large sclerites, one over folds in the polyp head and a second just below insertion of the tentacles). Sclerites of polyp body red, while sclerites of tentacles smaller, colorless, transparent, but of similar form. Occasionally, tentacle sclerites can be a bent spindle (Figures 34
<normalizedToken id="E45D316CF959A620D27B42DB878EB8A6" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 35
<normalizedToken id="51757F8FD332EE47786D237EF4C7E192" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
, 36, 37A1-4, B1-3, 38
<normalizedToken id="5A4FFAEB493B4A99622959EE74F801D2" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
). Found initially in a specimen identified as this species (USNM 51500) was a sclerite form that was not clearly featured in sclerite descriptions for the genus, or other known species (Figures 34
<normalizedToken id="05ED8F995DF2828A639E0E2995E6C217" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 35C, 36, 37A1, B1, 38B): in outer surface of branch coenenchyme lie sclerites whose basic form is a thick spindle, but on these sit two or more belts of very big, jagged warts. Through the development of these large warts, the spindle can have a contour that is nearly oval (these might be the tuberculate spheroids mentioned in original description; apparently a key sclerite form, for the genus
<taxonomicName id="1FE31B132C664E4D203A5E70C4324E38" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
, at least) to a distinct diamond shape. Occasionally, one can find on both ends of these spindles, dense triangular caps (Figure 34
<normalizedToken id="E835D03AB25562FC18BDBDF8FC1A8D83" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
, 35C, 36, 37A1, B1, 38B) separated by a smooth, usually thin, median waist, so that in this case, the term double spindle (double-head) could apply; these are characteristic and conspicuous of multiple specimens examined, and henceforth referred to as the double-dunce cap. Size of these outer spindles fluctuated considerably, with smallest only 0.05 mm in length, but often bigger (~0.2 mm). Those deeper into coenenchyme of branches had similar form, but warts were more rounded (Figures 35B, 37A3, B3, 38C). All of the more superficial sclerites are red, making the strong bright red color of the colony fairly pronounced.
</paragraph>
<caption id="73EA187DEDA42248CF71CF20E3A35654" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="231A232F611F5903110CA85487215249" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 28. In situ image of what appears to be
<taxonomicName id="84D397BFDB6C92342A140565EEA82A98" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, DSCN5297. Colony seen off Oregon coast. Without initial examination of sclerites, originally thought to be
<taxonomicName id="17B1BD9C5D4ED5429B69BFD66016516E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
; examination of sclerites aligned it with
<taxonomicName id="D08B2857838C6A471DE1D456025F71F0" lsidName="C. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">C. marki</taxonomicName>
. There can be remarkable similarity in external gross appearance between the two species. Image courtesy of Peter Etnoyer, NOAA, 2010.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E732103E355FC3B255B6D73D3AD9DE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="F4DB60FADDBEB902D9B85D6FE8B91B46" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 29.
<taxonomicName id="74DB6FDD460A3A6CB2BF7D507004A50A" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 423060 (Neotype). A This specimen, measuring 24-26 cm at greatest length, bears two different types of barnacle, a species that appears to be that of an acorn barnacle (forming the galls on this specimen), and clusters of a barnacle species that appears to be a
<normalizedToken id="32E831FC8144144B12A362A9DEE5A130" originalValue="“Lepas-type.”">&quot;Lepas-type.&quot;</normalizedToken>
The sclerites from this colony aligned with known specimens of
<taxonomicName id="A29E68ABC5E65615174FA50ECEF8D494" lsidName="C. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">C. marki</taxonomicName>
B Branch tips at greater magnification.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D24AEF454C898E1192CA4AD8DE096DEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="78E6115E82620E77A4FF92C91D05B52F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 30.
<taxonomicName id="235EADF9239D84C46FD7B85DD3CBDB39" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 423062. A Specimen (whole colony). Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms. Colony measures ~16 cm
<normalizedToken id="64675BBBB44BD5B402FD53F0A78685AD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10 cm B Close up, branches and branch tips, clearly showing bright red-orange color and distinctly white polyps of the species
<taxonomicName id="70AAF626057443E1EB4A04DAE37AE735" lsidName="C. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">C. marki</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="44FC3604AECE66B2A8D876BB93805DBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="FB056376AF8A190F93228063A5E21BCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 31.
<taxonomicName id="1F388CDE8967C01EBC89861D29E8A8E7" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 423072. A Colony with coenenchyme of a bright orange-red color with conspicuous white polyps. Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms. Specimen measures ~15.5 cm
<normalizedToken id="D15029E5C8DF4B9240820033066DCA4C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
≤2 cm B Branch close-up, showing conspicuous white polyps C Close up of branch tip.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="5F767F5C5178DDFD6C2221AD64F63F6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="36E239AFA79EE5B7E9C7AB16BA382D12" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 32.
<taxonomicName id="78102F05835EE8505AA0CEB533ACB240" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 265948. A Very small colony, 4.0 cm in length, excluding mass at base, which appears to be a sponge. Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms B Close up of extended polyps on single branch, each measuring ≤ 1.0 mm in height.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFAC785B964F5975C270CB1108DFA4A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="0FE06082794E11821D1DA0C743738C44" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC3C3A78C982AA78A5DD8E0B896B1936" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Species named in honor of EL Mark of Harvard University.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FA104CC1BFBCA2DFD6ED9BE14B7F2771" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="common names">
<paragraph id="BF93A33FA6F59C7472818C56B13DEBFD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A7F9D75B536545539804AB99231BC33" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">MBARI (seen in a hall display, Summer 2008) referred to this species (and to any species from northern California appearing as a &quot;red whip&quot;) as &quot;Red licorice gorgonian&quot;.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C938CCEB2B42499E114E0C6A4A4B6BE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BF6D74B7F4047359618E9359C29AC373" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF433B263CC1A6E3B2ED43234735CE9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Southern California; littoral and coast-abyssal (
<normalizedToken id="F0FECE3979108E652F9458B9DE991E97" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
, 1924, as
<taxonomicName id="3004DE8FBF128FA7D7F9F9D0037F057D" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="B8639F8BDEDCE444BFE971EB71684B5F" author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook (1927)</bibRefCitation>
noted the species living in deep water, taken with a dredge; specimens were collected off the Oregon coast, and are either in the Oceanography Department of Oregon State University, or in the personal collection of FP Belcik.
<bibRefCitation id="3F0B034031628EB7EB810398BE4AE9FA" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
reported numerous collection points, at stations near San Nicolas Island, and for stations near Point
<normalizedToken id="CFAB9D75A660E9FBF7986365727DB840" originalValue="Piños">Pinos</normalizedToken>
Lighthouse, Monterey Bay. Likely, range extends from southern California to waters off Washington coast. There is the possibility that the species extends further north, to Alaska; further examinations of specimens from that area are in progress.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1F3566FDC89B1341AD95E35F1308BF5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="66584A94E5EDDA415388702ECEA6B43C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="83C806D78AAA6FAB8F23899B437718B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">An unidentified, anecdotal comment indicated that this form is seen in the assemblage of organisms found at the head of Carmel Submarine Canyon, located offshore at San Jose Creek Beach, near Carmel, California; considered part of a deep-water assemblage that begins to appear at depths between 21-30 m, where turbulence is minimal and fine sediments accumulate on surface irregularities of rock walls. Between 30-61 m, the fauna appears to change very little, suggesting that many of these deep-water forms extend to greater depths.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0AF159F71B70D56878233624970DBE2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The neotype designated here (SBMNH 423060, Figure 29) bears on several branches, enlargements that are in actuality gall-like growths, containing epizoic barnacles of the genus
<taxonomicName id="7AF288614B634EDC81DF938625083745" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Conopea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopea" order="Sessilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Conopea</taxonomicName>
(likely
<taxonomicName id="07BFB6A046038FFC4606E9D2D84568E2" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Conopea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopea galeata" order="Sessilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galeata">Conopea galeata</taxonomicName>
). This is a consistent, common obligate commensal barnacle of gorgonians (
<bibRefCitation id="649BFF8EA58A34B41BC48434AFA3E13B" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
). On SBMNH 423069 (previously SBMNH 40612), a large cluster of commensal acorn barnacles was seen, on bare-axis portions of the branches. Another specimen, SBMNH 423078, had attached to its bare axis something having, in general appearance, the wooly, cotton-like spittle-bug mass that insects are known to produce on plant stems. Conspicuous brittle stars are intertwined on branches on the specimen from off Newport, Oregon, SBMNH 423073.
</paragraph>
<caption id="66497BEBF17C7430EFF921292C32EE58" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="442CF3A3E95C6DDDC78C49EF95BDDE91" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 33.
<taxonomicName id="984A6E43306EF726FED56EA6A583ADD0" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 265935. A Two colonies, larger of the two (only 7.0 cm tall) with conspicuous brittle star attached. Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms B Close up of branch tip, showing placement of calyces, color of polyp body and tentacles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="505548AD27F710D2DFE1743204B3275C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="C01CB9A99645776DF19CC01F38FC879C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 34.
<taxonomicName id="722F95B99672F6A794037F2457347BEB" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 423060, light microscopy arrays. A 4
<normalizedToken id="D289F74D4B31506A991F534F5CE45A91" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification. Note in particular the
<normalizedToken id="FDBD095D7CE2BF90F1AD238D7059E22A" originalValue="“triangular-capped”">&quot;triangular-capped&quot;</normalizedToken>
spindle designated with arrow. This sclerite form is never seen in specimens from the genus
<taxonomicName id="3DBAFE44C7D4A1367FA99DCB8EE03685" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
(some species in genus
<taxonomicName id="40281BC06A6798207F45697E9C599123" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
can look superficially like this species in overall colony form) B Additional image at 4
<normalizedToken id="E955D7FB4E218A4A1E768787950FF8EF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification of sclerites, illustrating further examples of
<normalizedToken id="6B8748458824466F93BC2963292D12E1" originalValue="“triangular-capped”">&quot;triangular-capped&quot;</normalizedToken>
spindles appearing commonly in
<taxonomicName id="0C52F212F6EA5632308E30964B8A0AC5" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
C 10
<normalizedToken id="07539484EAA2EADAB82BEED2B9DD24DA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification of sclerites, showing variety, with particularly clear example of the
<normalizedToken id="5EC9E25352EA660BA444862CE79E6F38" originalValue="“triangular-capped”">&quot;triangular-capped&quot;</normalizedToken>
spindle, indicated with arrow.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8D06E4E2743BA6009FB0A28B2013FCAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="4AE947A27A2F07433DFAC98462F63FD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 35.
<taxonomicName id="79783B091B2938E99D919AF1C5D197F7" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 423060, SEM image. A Anthocodial sclerites B Small coenenchymal forms C Larger, distinctive &quot;double dunce-cap&quot; spindles D Odd spindle E Still smaller coenenchymal sclerites. Images match variety shown in
<bibRefCitation id="CA96864DFF64D0BCA9F881F052FF6098" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
(figs 14-17).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="768EAB67570CA18F6D6CE08CFBAEC37C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="654F3FB2E6A32D4073C320075B0C3024" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 36.
<taxonomicName id="690775BBEDA9D694181FC1A7A00BE817" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 423062, light microscopy array of sclerites, 10
<normalizedToken id="57FB56631274099E331963741F9D2AFF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification. Two sclerites, marked with arrows, are those that define the species (compare with those shown in Figure 34). The large central sclerite, just to left of image center, is&gt; 100
<normalizedToken id="53AB8D3C1CB08E19BF2A3FC8C41756A9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in length, while non-capped spindles measure 100-130
<normalizedToken id="AEB83E9F86434E59E80E0F8A3CF8824D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D889CC36FF5A24479BB6F0F0A31B2D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="90B41597BC4B80F72EA53692F004B427" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6176D5EC6795E0F7D52021D1833837F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="10A18485827D2B224BF1B665EEEF6E85" author="Cordeiro, R" journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=724230" year="2018 f">Cordeiro et al. (2018f)</bibRefCitation>
lists
<taxonomicName id="13AD60FFBDE5B37C13764292DF917FB3" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
as the only species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="72C2D38FF056A70FE8AF0CD516A034EC" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chromoplexaura</taxonomicName>
in the WoRMS Database.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF96DEFE45F49209F5DCC0B5098959CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="20C49568A0E1BFF177110B45F617BF6B" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
<normalizedToken id="BEA8FCF68BA4CF7DFA56F2814A99A020" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
(1913
</bibRefCitation>
a) had initially suggested that this species may equal
<taxonomicName id="909A020D26B96D6D652D61E825749392" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Psammogorgia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
(Nutting, 1909) but later stated that characteristics of this species were completely different. The separation of these two species is reflected in
<bibRefCitation id="E48609AD83D45687D4A492ABC8396613" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter &amp; Company, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">
<normalizedToken id="147F586C70B6631DB7667A46BDE4B0BC" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
(1924)
</bibRefCitation>
, with separate descriptions for
<taxonomicName id="B97665F05E8F4BA315E4ED57C24C08E1" lsidName="E. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">E. marki</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0996D61C1E346DDF6A99CEB9F3822D19" lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="arbuscula">P. arbuscula</taxonomicName>
(syn.
<taxonomicName id="87472E837B9814B5512CD825326ACD6D" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Echinogorgia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="BC5208953F4363F59D19C11CA12D2F06" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Bayer (1956</bibRefCitation>
a), in his description of the two genera in question,
<taxonomicName id="370AA7752D8B3BBAD779685572E9EBD1" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1869 (colony in one plane) and
<taxonomicName id="01BB6E5E2CBAEEF36CEFB6FC2E2AFF10" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Psammogorgia</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868 (colony bushy), indicated some slight overlap.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DDB7C5E82430AB111E0D5BFF9BFB88A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="B5B156ADC9BABA796C7E9DE425D5EEC3" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
<normalizedToken id="DE4380697E1303D3AFAEE02B635D254C" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
(1913
</bibRefCitation>
a; 1924) noted that prior to the discovery of this species, other species in the genus (
<taxonomicName id="1C349E53645E427205774ACBA045FFC1" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
) had only been found in the area of East Asia, from Japan to Singapore and West Australia. It appeared that this was the first red-colored member seen in
<taxonomicName id="C46308CF42979A836277259FE23BDFA9" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
and was the first of the genus from the west coast of North America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E84CA5E33E608FE94EEE830DAED208CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
In overall colony shape, some branching occurs; however, more often colony is a single, or rarely branched, stem; any branching from base results in a single or very scarcely branched
<normalizedToken id="280E1CA9F6148234EDEF308961DAC69F" originalValue="“whip.”">&quot;whip.&quot;</normalizedToken>
This would have been unique to this eastern Pacific species, along with its obvious, predominantly red sclerites, if it were truly in the genus
<taxonomicName id="C6B8E2C3DEBD16B2AC668D906B2F2B37" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
(in most species of the genus, the sclerites are colorless); hence the need for the establishment of the new genus by
<bibRefCitation id="A10E5A26577A2EB868CF06CA81D48655" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
. In general colony color and shape, it would be quite easy to simply assume that this organism is
<taxonomicName id="39EA3CF4B859408C8C1432A11A10D09A" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
, but an examination of sclerites reveals the distinct differences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="93046679AA252682694D423D943D93D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Cairns et al. (2003) had this species listed as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="2F97234AB88FBD11E29979CA5FAF231C" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia caryi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caryi">Leptogorgia caryi</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1868; as noted previously, this is not the case. According to unpublished notes by Bayer,
<taxonomicName id="85363A9C16DFCE5BA772EF236DE20962" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
might have been synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="5E18B371AAFB39153A95D5CDFB20E8E6" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Psammogorgia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
(now referred to as
<taxonomicName id="5E3D4F3947631397F5EFAEF707D2A91E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Swiftia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
). A possible synonymy was considered, with both
<taxonomicName id="F806E5776F765BA6C7446469745FEB00" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Swiftia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
(Nutting, 1909), and/or
<taxonomicName id="A414B20241F670FB90542A97F427271A" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
(Nutting, 1909). After examinations of multiple samples of what has been labeled as this species and those labeled as
<taxonomicName id="5C4A74D68B0D9049EC744E57F80E73C2" lsidName="S. spauldingi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spauldingi">S. spauldingi</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="FE190B509A313E7247ABAF4EFF88EEE8" lsidName="S. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="simplex">S. simplex</taxonomicName>
, if any synonymy were to exist, it would be that between
<taxonomicName id="62BF8BDFC8215A82042D095CFA3A6326" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="47337F99B0CDABF1D8CB5B16641FEF74" lsidName="S. spauldingi." pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spauldingi.">S. spauldingi.</taxonomicName>
With the very obvious large, broad spindles, the double-dunce sclerite, I consider this a separate species, but it does exhibit a strong superficial similarity to
<taxonomicName id="0D5A09F768EFA623AC8A2FE315F13CAC" lsidName="S. spauldingi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spauldingi">S. spauldingi</taxonomicName>
and there are some shared sclerite forms. An initial conclusion arrived at some years ago (regarding synonymy with
<taxonomicName id="185E52F91E5130A3BEB999ADBC4725F1" lsidName="S. spaulding" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spaulding">S. spaulding</taxonomicName>
), seemed to have support with the discovery of a comment made by
<bibRefCitation id="879CE18AC7BE67D0F853B78EF00E7F6D" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1026 - 1036" title="Adelogorgiatelones, a New Species of Gorgonacean Coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the Galapagos Islands." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/890" volume="91" year="1979">Bayer (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. While the statement was an unexpected one to find in this particular article, finding it was noteworthy. It read &quot;The colonies of A(delogorgia)
<taxonomicName id="EAECA87A2B1D8445DFA698C81F50F82B" genus="Holaxonia" lsidName="Holaxonia telones" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="telones">telones</taxonomicName>
are similar in general aspect to those of
<taxonomicName id="43C31CDAE2690B73CE288128619E9A51" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="A9D63BBAAA3E1C59917000B56B17C208" originalValue="Kükenkthal">Kuekenkthal</normalizedToken>
(=
<taxonomicName id="5CAE605973CD49403C814CDECECDAEF1" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia abuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abuscula">Psammogorgia abuscula</taxonomicName>
sensu Nutting, not Verrill) and the closely related (if not identical)
<taxonomicName id="7328D83671BDD413E7252B027F98E811" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Psammogorgia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
Nutting, both of which have longer and less sinuous branches.&quot; However, no anthocodial rods in the form of a fingerbiscuit, a key characteristic sclerite of species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="318B6164C39032FCC0C3B111DC7E5A8C" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, have been found in
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specimens, and the initial conclusion was dismissed. A further discussion of California &quot;red whip&quot; diversity follows below and correlations are discussed in Part III of this collection review, on
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, but also in the description for
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30A1622FF0127F8F90ADBF85675BFA68" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
An examination of several specimens (collected by P Etnoyer on a West Coast Survey for NOAA, in the Fall of 2010) was done at
<normalizedToken id="57704C4C9901809083BF9B9F0589138F" originalValue="Etnoyer’s">Etnoyer's</normalizedToken>
request. Made available were actual specimens, along with several in situ shots. In digital images, the little-branched colonies were a dirty brick-red or pink (Figure 28); coloring was seen in both extended polyps and throughout branch coenenchyme. An initial diagnosis of the specimens via still images was
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. However, upon physical examination, the polyps themselves were actually white (indicating that only the tentacles were the pinkish color of the coenenchyme) and an examination of the sclerites revealed the large, broad double-dunce spindles so characteristic of
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. If one were to see a colony with little branching, having an overall dirty brick-red to pink color, and did not dissect out a polyp to reveal their white color, or examine the sclerites, an erroneous identification could be made. These specimens presented something of a quandary. Superficially, they looked very much like confirmed
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, yet the sclerites revealed something different. There is a possibility that
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has color variants, with one looking very much like
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. Thus, specimens previously identified in various museum collections as
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may not belong to the genus
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at all if double-dunce sclerites are not found, but finger-biscuit rods are.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F179B01514C566D0F13D772D7647E00F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
MBARI has encountered many single or few-branched whips in their investigations. Many of these specimens have been recorded in video and in still photography; a few have actually been collected. A number of principal investigators identify many of these distinct whips as being this species (in genus
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, now
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). However, some of those identified as this species may actually be
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; in overall shape very comparable, but in
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, the color leans to a dull brick red rather than the usual bright red hue, and polyps of
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are always the same color as the coenenchyme, not the &quot;....white, cream or yellow&quot; polyps described for this species by
<bibRefCitation id="293644846953643EB5915571AAD7927B" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
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(1913
</bibRefCitation>
a, 1924),
<bibRefCitation id="822158B4AE84C56E921FD9F8AE797CD9" author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook (1927)</bibRefCitation>
or Williams (2013). Collection of an array of these
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when encountered, along with examination of their sclerites and molecular testing of tissue could help to clear up any confusion surrounding these red whip species; in collaboration with E Berntson, M Everett and their colleagues at Northwest Fisheries Science Center (Port Orchard and Seattle, Washington), those needed examinations are currently being conducted.
</paragraph>
<caption id="85DDC749D0E380557997925BC5182D22" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<paragraph id="4113AD6DFCB9F4ADA08BA685767178A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 37.
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, SEM images. A SBMNH 423061 A1 Double dunce-cap forms A2 Slightly smaller double dunce-cap forms A3 Coenenchymal sclerites A4 Anthocodial form B SBMNH 423072 B1 Double dunce-cap sclerites B2 Elongated spindles from coenenchyme B3 Coenenchymal sclerites. Images match variety shown in
<bibRefCitation id="895630C9D311CAF7B17343D590ABEB2D" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
(figs 14-17).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="13AEC93007B5586F7697F6139AA2A23D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Figure 38.
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, SEM images, representative forms. SBMNH 265937. A Anthocodial form B Typical double-dunce-cap C Smaller (developing?) double dunce-cap
<normalizedToken id="7FBBAF8A494CC056962484E066BCBEFC" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
Coenenchymal sclerites. Images match variety shown in
<bibRefCitation id="69A51F4CA93A04CD88EFE2DEE1AF2734" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
(figs 14-17).
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Saint-Joseph, 1888 |
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(Saint-Joseph, 1888) |
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Saint-Joseph, 1888
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Fall, 1922c: 171. Type locality: &quot;Humboldt Co[unty], California&quot; (original citation). Holotype in MCZ [# 23867].
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<paragraph pageId="371" pageNumber="372">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hatch" authorityYear="1950" class="Hexapoda" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="371" pageNumber="372" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenderi">Bembidion fenderi</taxonomicName>
Hatch, 1950: 102. Type locality: &quot;Seaview [Pacific County], Washington&quot; (original citation). Holotype (♂) in USNM. Synonymy established by Lindroth (1954b: 130).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="371" pageNumber="372">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="371" pageNumber="372">This subspecies is confined to the west coast ranging from the Queen Charlotte Islands (Kavanaugh 1992: 66) south at least to northern California (Fall 1922c: 171; Hatch 1953: 91) [see Lindroth 1963a: Fig. 66].</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="371" pageNumber="372">Records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="371" pageNumber="372">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="371" pageNumber="372">CAN</emphasis>
: BC (QCI, VCI)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="371" pageNumber="372">USA</emphasis>
: CA, OR, WA
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168
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;
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2mal so lang sind swie die Krone und deshalb weit aus der Krone herausragen.
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20
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(im Gebiet nur bei dieser Gattung so!).
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Die Gattung
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<emphasis id="EB2AB4386B246712EEB1A01DBF34E828" italics="true" pageId="null" pageNumber="58">Echium</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="EB2CD5DC6332121B50ECD0ACF7143F4C" italics="true" pageId="null" pageNumber="58">etwa 50 Arten, die im Mediterrangebiet und Westasien verbreitet sind;</emphasis>
Zentrum sind die Kanarischen Inseln und Madeira (Makronesien). Die Systematik und Verbreitung zahlreicher
<taxonomicName id="56D15F4F392C10A774EC993F4E533E81" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="null" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BD7CF7F2A60FC8BE744E2418F65461D8" italics="true" pageId="null" pageNumber="58">Echium</emphasis>
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arten (unsere nicht inbegriffen) hat Klotz (1962) dargestellt. Die Chromosomenzahlen von 21 Arten (meist von mehreren Fundstellen)
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(1943); er fand 2n = 16, 24, 32; Polyploidie innerhalb der Arten kommt vor.
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1. Krone meist blau (selten
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oder
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<taxonomicName id="015EAF2509CCA1724BC9655E4B1A475A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="null" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">
<italic id="DCC1136A784F3533B41E3C3212CA2202" pageId="null" pageNumber="58">E. vulgare</italic>
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(Nr. 1)
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1*. Krone meist
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bis rosa, 8-12 mm lang; am Kelch die langen Borstenhaare sehr dicht stehend und die kurzen Haare fast verdeckend
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<taxonomicName id="7E194CD05F659E2A4EEA717EB9898155" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Echium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="null" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="italicum">
<italic id="7AB54C641E8A4E3C1CED5388735C2185" pageId="null" pageNumber="58">E. italicum</italic>
</taxonomicName>
(Nr. 2)
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<paragraph id="8ACBB5B2B79803B021E2374116068D3F" pageId="null" pageNumber="58">
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zur Gattung
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classification Animalia Phyllodocida Nereididae
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<paragraph id="704AF59FE555FFE88C59BFA84C701D9C" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="3C4569A84F15DDD16B0B609509C87254" ID-CoL="4F2G8" authority="McIntosh, 1885" authorityName="McIntosh" authorityYear="1885" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Perinereis atlantica (McIntosh, 1885)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C3AB257824456C050A94B4116BAC1F8E" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figure 6
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F962778BC5F396669FA989FB9AF6DD9B" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="256504430539E2C0001098F9E17DCE2C" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="10C76F5B55A7564C4ED01B961CE324F5" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Nereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
McIntosh, 1885: 219-221, Pl. XXXV, figs 1-3, Pl. XVIa, figs 10-11. -
<bibRefCitation id="01002310FA25CCF48FCFF47FED719B57" author="Pratt, EM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs and Transactions of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 26" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the marine fauna of the Falkland Islands." volume="13" year="1898">Pratt 1898</bibRefCitation>
: 16.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A92C9CF62BA8C52BC649CC2C63A00FA0" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="22FEEBB08EDA15DBDD7925D5671ABCE2" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Nereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
?. -
<bibRefCitation id="445C3A719DAD3B675077E8C91C2A5862" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 131" title="Polychaeta Errantia of Antarctica." url="10.1029/AR003" volume="3" year="1964">Hartman 1964</bibRefCitation>
: 99, Pl. XXX, figs 7-8.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6C18753E9ED28C0C64C1B09CCA9A195" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="F542E1885DC1C9921737CA42195431B6" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5652CC5BDF1DA27C7027601B789E97EC" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">St Vincent, Cape Verde Islands (NHMUK.1885.12.1.161), holotype, July 1873.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0636A400FB303C67896DDECE47F40F07" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" type="description">
<paragraph id="F72D213F7EBE47EA2599C31EF47259CF" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C4958F52072A5C54D92889F000E92E9" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
Examination of the holotype (Fig. 6
<normalizedToken id="B874A4EC9C4C9DCBEA5E652FF76ABB32" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
), shows the description and illustrations by McIntosh to be quite accurate. The only refinements are as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C405D45EA222C16AFEE20D4CE83CFD4C" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">Body dorso-ventrally depressed, mostly of uniform width, gradually tapering in last 20-30 chaetigers to pygidium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67889F3F0E0DEAA54134517D32FB2251" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
Paragnaths arranged as follows, all conical except for Area VI (Fig. 6
<normalizedToken id="0172F14E2AA991BCD26E70F9CA3EA417" originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
): Area I = 1 large, Area II = 6-8, Area III = 8, Area IV = 15-16 arranged in 3-4 rows, Area V = 1 small, Area VI = 1 shield-shaped bar with rounded apex, Area
<normalizedToken id="7822B14FD1B71CF2FC23F00067C23E03" originalValue="VII–VIII">VII-VIII</normalizedToken>
= 3 rows with 6 (distal row), 9 (middle row) &amp; 4 (proximal row) evenly-spaced cones, middle and proximal cones more flattened and blunt than those of the distal row. Jaws robust, dark brown with 4 teeth (Fig. 6B).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D39868DCF5049B50D80551232760CA51" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
<paragraph id="304D14C6D28BD61A058BF362F6939CD6" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
Figure 6.
<taxonomicName id="2C6F587DFBF10B6913CF4D7C5A387567" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Perinereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
(McIntosh, 1885) (NHMUK.1885.12.1.161): A anterior end, dorsal view B anterior end, ventral view C enlarged view of partial Area
<normalizedToken id="92B06ECCCC7273614741B3B268A32E07" originalValue="VII–VIII">VII-VIII</normalizedToken>
of proboscis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="918842DFBF58314798FBB610ED59B9E2" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
Dorsal ligule expanded posteriorly to a greater extent than figured by McIntosh but not as much as
<taxonomicName id="45AFCA7B97B4FB6CABDF65ABC4BB3F6B" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis falklandica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="falklandica">Perinereis falklandica</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9004BFA39AB760577DA2A1AF0BA68AF2" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">Notochaetae all homogomph spinigers, neurochaetae homogomph and heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers (from observations of a limited number of chaetae, most broken so distribution between inferior and superior fascicles unknown). Falciger tips become shorter posteriorly but otherwise do not change in form along the body.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B4E0BF6485BED87B0DB3AE91AA2A7A49" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
Pygidium terminal; 3 long, thin anal cirri of equivalent length to last 11 chaetigers (1 cirrus apparently lost as
<normalizedToken id="5A3CFA6D57C3BBC6B6D40674F494472E" originalValue="McIntosh’s">McIntosh's</normalizedToken>
original description states 4 anal cirri, 2 each side of anus). Pygidium and last 3 chaetigers with appearance of regeneration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3EB7044A0EA3047EECE2066339CFA2CF" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="18" pageNumber="93" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="88B631F45D91A79644B390BCCDBBF2B4" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="60097887D4BE22ED97E7D8EA535161C7" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="18" pageNumber="93">
This species was described from a single specimen collected at Cape Verde Islands in the southeast Atlantic.
<bibRefCitation id="D0DFACEB8B29DF1EF1357F7F903EBEE2" author="McIntosh, WC" journalOrPublisher="Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 76" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 554" title="Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 76." volume="12" year="1885">McIntosh (1885)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the species appeared most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="741D32E11F3A50CC7536643202FDE6E6" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="D2C8D5ECC66785448C8D450D2ACDF247" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" start="start">Perinereis</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
, however, the large, bar-shaped paragnaths characteristic of that genus were present in Area V not VI, Area VI being empty. He related the species most closely to
<taxonomicName id="B41EEE0CBEC164391B36CFF7FC1F2633" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis floridana" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="floridana">Nereis floridana</taxonomicName>
Ehlers, 1868, now
<taxonomicName id="6B6B6D52877B138E7A16638F8672B64A" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis floridana" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="floridana">Perinereis floridana</taxonomicName>
(Ehlers, 1868) and would most likely have also placed
<taxonomicName id="7A87B34285632A3D27B7FC5A10A9A3E8" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Nereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
into
<taxonomicName id="1E16430EF84F9F48653A0B4530D24805" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Perinereis</taxonomicName>
if
<taxonomicName id="986EB9A1667DA1C8347E327DA45F54AB" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis floridana" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="floridana">Perinereis floridana</taxonomicName>
had already been placed there. The lack of notopodial falcigers would also now place it outside of
<taxonomicName id="5039A080E2EDC7046C7C259AEDD75AFB" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Nereis</taxonomicName>
. It is believed that the specimen is aberrant, with the large bars of Area VI here situated much closer together than would normally be expected and appearing to be in Area V instead (the aberration appears to be more than just an artifact of contraction). The additional cone behind one of the bars could be skewed out of position from Area V or may be an aberrant additional cone in Area VI (it is here assumed to be out of position from Area V due to an aberration). An additional sign of possible aberration is that of the 4 (currently 3) anal cirri on a regenerating pygidium. More material will be required from the type locality to determine the true form and validity of the species. Until then,
<taxonomicName id="17CCFA81D3A33BABD8D02A1BFCFC22CB" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Nereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
is transferred to
<taxonomicName id="322BA7511CECE5129984F53F665C60D4" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Perinereis</taxonomicName>
based on the large, bar-shaped paragnaths and the lack of notopodial falcigers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EACAFAD1D68B9F9337FBE424EF639877" pageId="19" pageNumber="94">
Since its description, the only other record of the species has been by
<bibRefCitation id="D4F8254AEFDD06F82627CB4873D43616" author="Pratt, EM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs and Transactions of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society" pageId="30" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 26" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the marine fauna of the Falkland Islands." volume="13" year="1898">Pratt (1898)</bibRefCitation>
from Hill Cove on West Falkland (southwest Atlantic) although
<bibRefCitation id="0808496D67F775FF9CDFDA5569C22EFB" author="Hartman, O" journalOrPublisher="Antarctic Research Series" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 131" title="Polychaeta Errantia of Antarctica." url="10.1029/AR003" volume="3" year="1964">Hartman (1964)</bibRefCitation>
cast doubt on the validity of this record due to the distance from its original locality. Unfortunately, both McIntosh and Pratt gave only general locality details for their specimens and no details of habitat or depth. However, as
<normalizedToken id="728EACFCEB8A4C3AF13F77D31049D646" originalValue="Pratt’s">Pratt's</normalizedToken>
specimens generally came from shore or shallow water samples it is assumed that her
<taxonomicName id="ED275D32FEAE29EF0E75514488F4B3DF" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Nereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
were either intertidal or nearshore. Attempts to locate the specimens at Manchester (where she worked), Cambridge (where the other specimens she published on were loaned from) and the Natural History Museum, London have proved fruitless. The record from the Falkland Islands is therefore also considered doubtful in this paper. It is possible that, with
<taxonomicName id="73EA327E839EB740A27A03D45AC1C2F7" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis falklandica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="falklandica">Perinereis falklandica</taxonomicName>
undescribed at that time and, as a student working on Bryozoa and not Annelida, Pratt mistakenly identified
<taxonomicName id="C28A44A828193C5B6FBBE855B760A6A0" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis falklandica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="falklandica">Perinereis falklandica</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="B6DF27CE7917FF6D696F2EC875AAAD9A" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Nereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, without the specimens no confirmation of this is possible. Certainly, aside from
<normalizedToken id="178D4333B6DF30F36D3921DEFC9B7307" originalValue="Pratt’s">Pratt's</normalizedToken>
record, no other specimens like
<taxonomicName id="CD02B6FBE60E644934969D50D252A9D7" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis atlantica" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="atlantica">Perinereis atlantica</taxonomicName>
have ever been reported from the Falkland Islands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40AE5E26F9C467635A942EF7539202DE" pageId="19" pageNumber="94">
With the shield-shaped bars now re-described into Area VI, the species would fall into 'Group 1
<normalizedToken id="2D6077C888CEC2F58AD1CB9103C69726" originalValue="A’">A'</normalizedToken>
of
<bibRefCitation id="7E4C1D02AA190AE08DF831CE2E4768C5" author="Hutchings, P" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="29" pageNumber="104" pagination="241 - 274" title="Perinereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae) from Australia, with redescriptions of six additional species." url="10.3853/j.0067-1975.43.1991.47" volume="43" year="1991">Hutchings et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
along with
<taxonomicName id="38BD1FA563BA62B8F67A6159718674BE" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis floridana" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="floridana">Perinereis floridana</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="B8CB09FCB6D12CE7B931BA507DA4C430" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Perinereis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perinereis" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Perinereis</taxonomicName>
species with 1 bar in Area VI and dorsal notopodial lobe not greatly expanded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3B5D531DC9A922BC31F604B98BB25B74" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="73514D64F63F703592FE51504A675D15" pageId="19" pageNumber="94">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8414B86B37CDFE6FDFABE74AD58C62B2" pageId="19" pageNumber="94">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="09E9F9D04D487E30778D5F638CCB0467" pageId="19" pageNumber="94" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="04E659D2B5D15F7BA697E9468EFF5BD9" pageId="19" pageNumber="94">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BBA3E0C6EC192345EF8CF84ADEF48FC6" pageId="19" pageNumber="94">Cape Verde Islands,?Falkland Islands.</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A52A323FF0D5BA46263E9FF" box="[151,311,151,177]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A52A323FF0D5BA46263E9FF" bold="true" box="[151,311,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A52A323FEA45BA462C8E9FF" box="[318,412,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF0D5B896258E99A" blockId="2.[151,412,151,212]" box="[151,268,186,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A52A323FF0D5B896258E99A" box="[151,268,186,212]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 6 – 7" captionStart-2="FIGURES 11 – 14" captionStart-3="FIGURES 15 – 16" captionStartId-0="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,271,1923,1947]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,269,1191,1215]" captionStartId-3="7.[197,315,752,776]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetBox-1="[265,1325,198,1871]" captionTargetBox-2="[154,1432,205,1170]" captionTargetBox-3="[203,1386,188,713]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[256,1331,186,1899]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1175]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[191,1396,170,731]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." captionText-1="FIGURES 6 – 7. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 6, right antenna, dorsal view (dorsal forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 7, furca, dorsal view (ventral sharp spine enlarged)." captionText-2="FIGURES 11 – 14. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 11, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 12, leg I; 13, leg II (sensillum and sensory field enlarged); 14, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." captionText-3="FIGURES 15 – 16. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 15, cuticular channels, ventral side of head; 16, cuticular channels, lateral side of thorax." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/276300/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/276301/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/276302/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Figs 1–16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF0D5A336148E859" blockId="2.[151,540,254,279]" box="[151,540,254,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A52A323FF0D5A3363B4E859" box="[151,224,256,279]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A52A323FF0D5A3363B4E859" box="[151,224,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Neelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<bibRefCitation id="B20C4B7E1A52A323FE915BCD6148E859" author="Kovac" box="[267,540,254,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Kovac, L. &amp; Krchova, P. (2007) Spolocenstva chvostoskokov (Hexapoda, Collembola) Krizovej jaskyne, Medvedej jaskyne a Priepastovej jaskyne v Humenci, Cierna hora. Acta Carsologica Slovaca, Liptovsky Mikulas, 45, 79 - 92." type="journal article" year="2007">Kováċ &amp; Krchová (2007)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A52A323FF0D5A766701EB29" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF0D5A766701EB29" blockId="2.[151,1437,325,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A52A323FF0D5A766243E811" bold="true" box="[151,279,325,351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Posterior part of head behind antennae with microsetae, dorsal side of hind abdomen with spinelike microsetae situated in 10 rows. Prelabral/labral setae formula (p-, m-, a-row): 4/5, 5, 4. Anterior labral setae R1 and R2 thick, curved; R1 with external edge medially roughly serrate; R2 with external edge finely serrate. Ventral side of head with posterior macrosetae of postmedian area smooth, thickened and curved. Sensory field of thorax with only 2 surrounding (marginal) setae. Ant. I segment with 3 setae, external side of Ant. IV with 8 thin and curved macrosensilla finely blunt at the tip. Unguis apparently elongated furnished with 2 long lateral teeth and 1 inner tooth, weak incision in basal 1/3 present. Manubrium with 4+4 dorsal setae. Mucro with both dorsal lamellae serrated, tip of mucro undivided, rounded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A52A323FF5F5941672CECD4" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF5F59416738EA92" blockId="2.[151,1437,325,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A52A323FF5F5941622AEBC2" bold="true" box="[197,382,626,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FF5F59416257EBC2" box="[197,259,626,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FE1C594162AEEBC2" box="[390,506,626,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: female on slide (No.162–99),
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A52A323FCF55941608FEBC2" box="[879,987,626,652]" name="Slovakia" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A52A323FC7D595F6727EBC2" box="[999,1139,620,652]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Čierna hora</collectingCountry>
Mts., Humenecká Cave, central part of the cave, aphotic zone,
<quantity id="11659B6A1A52A323FDF159AB61FDEBFC" box="[619,681,664,690]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
from the cave entrance, pitfall trap with ethylalcohol,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FADC59AB6244EB99" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1999-03-17" valueMax="1999-05-27" valueMin="1999-03-17">17.iii.– 27.v.1999</date>
, leg. Ľ. Kováč.
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FE4B598E611EEB99" box="[465,586,701,727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FDCF598E619EEB99" box="[597,714,701,727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FC9F598E6029EB99" box="[773,893,701,727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
on slides (No. 162–99), the same data as the
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FF0D59D16255EBB2" box="[151,257,738,764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FE9759D16227EBB2" box="[269,371,738,764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
on slide (No. 163–99), extracted from the rotten wood,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FB9E59D1672EEBB2" box="[1028,1146,738,764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1999-05-27">27.v.1999</date>
, leg. Ľ. Kováč;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FAAC59D166C8EBB2" box="[1334,1436,738,764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FF56583B621EEA6C" box="[204,330,776,802]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
on slides (No. 166–99), entrance chimney, dysphotic zone,
<quantity id="11659B6A1A52A323FBA7583B6739EA6C" box="[1085,1133,776,802]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
from the cave entrance, extracted from the organic material (humus, leaf litter, pieces of decaying wood) deposited on the floor,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FF0D58616258EA22" box="[151,268,850,876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1999-05-27">27.v.1999</date>
, leg. Ľ. Kováč;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FE525861616DEA22" box="[456,569,850,876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
on slides (No. 110–00), central part of the cave, hand collecting on rotten wood,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FF76584B6220EADC" box="[236,372,888,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="2000-06-23">23.vi.2000</date>
, leg. P. Ľuptáčik.
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FDCF584B61C6EADC" box="[597,658,888,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
material (
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FC88584B60D5EADC" box="[786,897,888,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 3
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FC4C584B671BEADC" box="[982,1103,888,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
) saved in collection of the Muséum national d´Histoire naturelle (
<collectionCode id="B08CAE4A1A52A323FDF958AE6195EAF9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[611,705,925,951]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">MNHN</collectionCode>
) in Paris; other
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A52A323FC1A58AE60A5EAF9" box="[896,1009,925,951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
kept in the Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology &amp; Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF5F58DB63BEEDD9" blockId="2.[151,1437,325,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A52A323FF5F58DB62DCED4C" bold="true" box="[197,392,1000,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Other material.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A52A323FE1558DB62ADED4C" box="[399,505,1000,1026]" name="Slovakia" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A52A323FD9E58D261C0ED4C" box="[516,660,993,1026]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Čierna Hora</collectingCountry>
Mts., Medvedia Cave,
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FC3C58DB6743ED4C" box="[934,1047,1000,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">8 females</specimenCount>
on slides (No. 255–99, No. 256– 99), entrance passage, dysphotic/aphotic zone,
<quantity id="11659B6A1A52A323FD515F3E605CED69" box="[715,776,1037,1063]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
from the cave entrance, pitfall traps with ethylalcohol,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FF0D5F016220ED02" box="[151,372,1074,1100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1999-06-27" valueMax="1999-08-07" valueMin="1999-06-27">27.vi.–7.viii.1999</date>
, leg. Ľ. Kováč;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FDA65F0161F3ED02" box="[572,679,1074,1100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FD7E5F01600BED02" box="[740,863,1074,1100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
on slides (No. 12–07), extracted from organic material deposited on the cave floor (humic sediment, rotten wood, scattered bat guano),
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FB255F6B6615ED3C" box="[1215,1345,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="2007-03-16">16.iii.2007</date>
, leg. Ľ. Kováč.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF5F5F91672CECD4" blockId="2.[151,1437,325,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A52A323FF5F5F916265EDF2" box="[197,305,1186,1212]" name="Slovakia" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
, Slovak Karst, Jasovská Cave,
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FD325F916048EDF2" box="[680,796,1186,1212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
on slides (No.390–03, No. 419–03, No. 564–03, No. 732–03, No. 733–03), Guano Hall, aphotic zone,
<quantity id="11659B6A1A52A323FD765FFB607DEDAC" box="[748,809,1224,1250]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
from the nearest entrance, thick deposits of old and fresh bat guano, pitfall traps with formaldehyde,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FD4C5FDE60C6EC49" box="[726,914,1261,1287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="2003-03-05" valueMax="2003-10-30" valueMin="2003-03-05">5.iii.–30.x.2003</date>
, leg. M. Lukáň, K. Lukáňová and Ľ. Kováč;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FF0D5E2163ABEC62" box="[151,255,1298,1324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
on slide (No. 727–03), Komín near Husitská sieň, pitfall trap with beer and glycerol (1:1),
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FAD35E21625BEC1C" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="2003-09-10" valueMax="2003-10-30" valueMin="2003-09-10">10.ix.– 30.x.2003</date>
, leg. M. Lukáň and K. Lukáňová;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FD365E0B6047EC1C" box="[684,787,1336,1362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
on slide (No. 780–03), Melčova chodba, extraction of silty sediment,
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FED35E6E62E1EC39" box="[329,437,1373,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="2003-05-01">1.V.2003</date>
, leg. M. Lukáň and K. Lukáňová;
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A52A323FCD05E6E60E4EC39" box="[842,944,1373,1399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
(?) on slide (No. 571–03), Jedáleň, pitfall trap with beer and glycerol (1:1),
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FDBB5EB161B8ECD2" box="[545,748,1410,1436]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="2003-07-08" valueMax="2003-09-10" valueMin="2003-07-08">8.vii.–10.ix.2003</date>
, leg. M. Lukáň and K. Lukáňová.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A52A326FF5F5E9B6295EF85" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF5F5E9B6391EF19" blockId="2.[151,1437,325,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A52A323FF5F5E9B6209EC8C" bold="true" box="[197,349,1448,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Description.</emphasis>
Body length up to 0.9–1.0 mm, habitus typical of genus. Colour of body mostly pale orange, pigment scattered in small irregular patches over dorsal part of head, thorax, abdomen and subcoxae of legs. In darker specimens dorsal part of abdomen axially with narrow pale longitudinal stripe. Cuticle finely granulated, integumentary channels observed on ventral side of head and lateral parts of thorax (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A52A323FA955D2B63E3EF19" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 16" captionStartId="7.[197,315,752,776]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,188,713]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[191,1396,170,731]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 16. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 15, cuticular channels, ventral side of head; 16, cuticular channels, lateral side of thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276302/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Figs 15 and 16</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A52A323FF5F5D5160CEEE82" blockId="2.[151,1437,325,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">
Sensory fields. Sensory fields placed in small depressions each with secretory rod (8 µm), i.e. blunt, straight seta with basal part inserted in the cuticle in the upper margin of field. Fields’ arrangement: (a) on head—anterior and posterior field (
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FDAF5D9E61DBEF89" box="[565,655,1709,1735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1915-10-20">20 x 15</date>
µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A52A323FD555D9E6046EF89" box="[719,786,1709,1735]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) each with secretory rod and 1 internal seta (25 and 15 µm, respectively); (b) thoracal field (
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FDF25DE1619DEFA2" box="[616,713,1746,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1960-10-30">30 x 60</date>
µm; Fig. 8a) with secretory rod, 3 curved spines (14 µm) arranged in triangle and 2 marginal external setae (15 µm); (c) abdominal field (
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FBF85DCB67EBEE5C" box="[1122,1215,1784,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1920-10-30">30 x 20</date>
µm; Fig. 8c) with secretory rod, 1 curved spine (7 µm), 2 marginal setae (1 internal, 1 external; 10 µm each); (d) fields at base of legs II and III (
<date id="A223104F1A52A323FEC85C7162E5EE12" box="[338,433,1858,1884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" value="1915-10-20">20 x 15</date>
µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A52A323FE6E5C71612FEE12" box="[500,635,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,269,1191,1215]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,205,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 14. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 11, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 12, leg I; 13, leg II (sensillum and sensory field enlarged); 14, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276301/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13, 14</figureCitation>
) each with secretory rod, 2 curved spines (6 µm) and 1 marginal external seta (18 µm). Sharp microsensillum (8 µm) placed above sensory field at the base of leg II (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A52A323FAAC5C5B66D9EECC" box="[1334,1421,1896,1922]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,269,1191,1215]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,205,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 14. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 11, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 12, leg I; 13, leg II (sensillum and sensory field enlarged); 14, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276301/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="38">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Lateral part of abdomen about the base of leg III with small sensory field furnished with short secretory rod (4 µm) and with stronger rod (5 µm) in cup-like depression above it.
</paragraph>
<caption id="82E266071A53A322FF0D5C88604AEEBD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A53A322FF0D5C88604AEEBD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1979,2035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A53A322FF0D5C886217EE9D" bold="true" box="[151,323,1979,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">FIGURES 1–5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A53A322FED05C8F6283EE9D" box="[330,471,1980,2003]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A53A322FED05C8F6283EE9D" box="[330,471,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A53A322FE445C886160EE9D" box="[478,564,1979,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A53A322FE445C886160EE9D" bold="true" box="[478,564,1979,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="39">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="82E266071A54A325FF0D5CB060C9EEF4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276300/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[265,1325,198,1871]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A54A325FF0D5CB060C9EEF4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1923,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A54A325FF0D5CB06212EED5" bold="true" box="[151,326,1923,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">FIGURES 6–7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A54A325FED75CB0628BEED4" box="[333,479,1923,1946]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A54A325FED75CB0628BEED4" box="[333,479,1923,1946]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A54A325FE7C5CB06169EED5" box="[486,573,1923,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A54A325FE7C5CB06169EED5" bold="true" box="[486,573,1923,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="40">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 6, right antenna, dorsal view (dorsal forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 7, furca, dorsal view (ventral sharp spine enlarged).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A55A324FF0D5CA067C0EEBD" blockId="5.[151,1437,1939,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A55A324FF0D5CA06204EEE5" bold="true" box="[151,336,1939,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41">FIGURES 8–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A55A324FECD5CA062B1EEE4" box="[343,485,1939,1962]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A55A324FECD5CA062B1EEE4" box="[343,485,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="41">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A55A324FE765CA06116EEE5" box="[492,578,1939,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A55A324FE765CA06116EEE5" bold="true" box="[492,578,1939,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="41">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 8, hind abdomen, (a) thoracal sensory field (enlarged), (b) spine-like microseta (enlarged), (c) abdominal sensory field (enlarged), (d) neosminthuroid seta (enlarged), e) symetrically swollen microsensillum; 9, lower anal valve and female genital plate; 10, tubus ventralis, posterior side.
</paragraph>
<caption id="82E266071A56A327FF0D5F9461E1ED91" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276301/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[154,1432,205,1170]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A56A327FF0D5F9461E1ED91" blockId="6.[151,1436,1191,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A56A327FF0D5F946208EDF1" bold="true" box="[151,348,1191,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 11–14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A56A327FEF95F9B62A5EDF1" box="[355,497,1192,1215]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="6" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A56A327FEF95F9B62A5EDF1" box="[355,497,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A56A327FE625F94611AEDF1" box="[504,590,1191,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A56A327FE625F94611AEDF1" bold="true" box="[504,590,1191,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 11, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 12, leg I; 13, leg II (sensillum and sensory field enlarged); 14, leg III (sensory field enlarged).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A56A327FF5C5E3E6076EF86" blockId="6.[151,1436,1293,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">
Head. Head length and width as 320 and 300 µm, respectively. Eyes absent. Dorsal side with smooth and pointed setae (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FEDF5E0162DFEC02" box="[325,395,1330,1356]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); frontal part with ordinary setae (15–20 µm), 2 unpaired axial setae present; posterior part behind antennae with microsetae (6–7 µm). Labrum with 5,5,4 setae, 4 prelabrals (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FB5B5E6B6658EC3C" box="[1217,1292,1368,1394]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Pattern of labral setae: a-row 2R1 + 2R2, m-row m + 2r1 + 2r2, p-row with 5 ordinary setae. Anterior setae R1 and R2 thick, curved, R2 (25 µm) longer than R1 (20 µm); R1 with external edge medially roughly serrate, R2 with external edge finely serrate. Medial setae (m-row) equal (18 µm), smooth, spine-like. Posterior setae (p-row) smooth, lateral ones thicker and longer than those axial (20 and 18 µm, respectively). Maxillary palp simple, with 1 enlarged sublobal seta (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FE375D2B62A0EF7C" box="[429,500,1560,1586]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Ventral side of head with 3+3 smooth postmedian setae (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FB315D2B67A0EF7C" box="[1195,1268,1560,1586]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); 2+2 anterior setae unequal: lateral ones longer, straight (36 µm), axial shorther and curved (20 µm); posterior 1+1 are thickened and curved macrosetae (38 µm). Basomedian field of labium with 4+4 setae (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FB375D5067A2EF33" box="[1197,1270,1635,1661]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), medial ones macrosetae (36 µm), others mesosetae (18 µm); basolateral field with 2+2 setae (1+1 axial shorter). Mandible normal, strong, with 5 apical teeth. Maxilla as in
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FD4D5D9D604AEF86" box="[727,798,1710,1736]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[162,1430,209,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,197,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 1, head, dorsal side; 2, ventral side of head with labium; 3, maxillary outer lobe; 4, head of maxilla; 5, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276299/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A56A327FF5F5DE060B8EEBC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1293,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">
Antennae. Antennal segments III and IV distinctly separated (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A56A327FC335DE060A7EFA3" box="[937,1011,1747,1773]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[265,1325,198,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[256,1331,186,1899]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 7. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 6, right antenna, dorsal view (dorsal forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 7, furca, dorsal view (ventral sharp spine enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276300/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Length of antennae 190 µm, ratio antenna/head = 0.6; length of antennal segments I, II, III and IV as 20, 45, 58 and 67 µm. Ant. I furnished with 3 short setae (10 µm
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A56A327FE1F5C2E62DBEE79" bold="true" box="[389,399,1821,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42">)</emphasis>
. Ant. II with 1 medial seta and 5 apical setae arranged in a whorl. Ant. III organ consists of 2 rather long sensory rods (20 µm), 2 long guard sensilla (external and dorsal, 38 µm each) and short ventral spine-like seta (4 µm). Ant. IV with ordinary setae mostly on internal side, external side with 8 thin and curved macrosensilla finely blunt at the tip (up to 39 µm); ventrally with 1 long and thick sensillum (23 µm) and 1 apical, basally thick shorter sensillum (12 µm) with abruptly narrowed and curved tip; dorsally with forked subapical seta (8 µm); subapically with 5 short setae (8 µm).
</paragraph>
<caption id="82E266071A57A326FF5F59C36265EA66" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276302/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[203,1386,188,713]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A326FF5F59C36265EA66" blockId="7.[151,1436,752,808]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FF5F59C362D8EA46" bold="true" box="[197,396,752,776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 15–16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A57A326FE0859C26174EA46" box="[402,544,753,776]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FE0859C26174EA46" box="[402,544,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A57A326FDBD59C36128EA46" box="[551,636,752,776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FDBD59C36128EA46" bold="true" box="[551,636,752,776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 15, cuticular channels, ventral side of head; 16, cuticular channels, lateral side of thorax.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A326FF5F5865604EED3B" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Thorax and abdomen. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen sparsely covered with microsetae (3 μm), hind part of abdomen with spine-like microsetae (5 μm) situated in about 10 rows (Fig. 8). Mid-abdomen dorsally with swollen symmetrical microsensilla (3 µm; Fig. 8e), their overall number not seen clearly. Upper edge of prefurcal area with 1+1 short, sharply pointed and curved neosminthuroid setae (8 µm) (Fig. 8d). Abdominal segments V and VI cryptic. Genital plate with 4+4 mesosetae (12 µm) and 1+1 axial microsetae (4 µm) (Figs 8 and 9). Anal opening transversal; upper anal valve with 3+3 mesosetae (20–25 µm), 1+1 anterior short setae (12 µm) and 1 unpaired posterior seta (12 µm); lower anal valve with 1+1 macrosetae (33 µm), 4+4 mesosetae (20–23 µm) and 2+2 microsetae (7 µm) (Figs 8 and 9).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A326FF5F5FB2677DEFEB" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">
Appendages. Setae numbers of leg I–III (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A57A326FD305FB26065EDD5" box="[682,817,1153,1179]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,269,1191,1215]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,205,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 14. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 11, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 12, leg I; 13, leg II (sensillum and sensory field enlarged); 14, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276301/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Figs 12–14</figureCitation>
) (number of longer setae in parenthesis): subcoxae I with 1, 1, 3(1); subcoxae II with 1(1), 1, 1; coxae with 1, 1, 2; trochantera with 4, 3, 3; femora with 10, 10, 10 and tibiotarsi with 15, 18, 16. Some of them as thin meso- or microsetae: leg I—coxa with 1, trochanter with 3, femur with 2; leg II—trochanter with 3; leg III—trochanter with 1, femur with 1. Tibiotarsal tenent seta straight and pointed (24 µm). Unguis narrow and elongated, both unguis and unguiculus unequally long in leg I, II and III: unguis 52, 48 and 42 µm, respectively, unguiculus 23, 25 and 25 µm, respectively. Length ratio unguis I (inner margin)/Ti. I width (40 / 15 µm) = 2.7. Unguis furnished with 2 long lateral teeth and 1 inner tooth, weak incision in basal 1/3 present (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A57A326FD065EB561A3ECEE" box="[668,759,1414,1440]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 14" captionStartId="6.[151,269,1191,1215]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,205,1170]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,194,1175]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 14. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 11, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 12, leg I; 13, leg II (sensillum and sensory field enlarged); 14, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276301/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); unguiculus untoothed without apical filament. Tubus ventralis with 2+2 distal setae and posterior lobe (Fig. 10). Retinaculum with 3+3 teeth and no setae. Furca well developed (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A57A326FEC25EE262CBECA5" box="[344,415,1489,1515]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 7" captionStartId="4.[151,271,1923,1947]" captionTargetBox="[265,1325,198,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[256,1331,186,1899]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 7. Neelus koseli sp. nov.: 6, right antenna, dorsal view (dorsal forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 7, furca, dorsal view (ventral sharp spine enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276300/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), length of manubrium, dens and mucro: 110, 170 and 95 µm, respectively. Manubrium dorsally with 4+4 setae, lateral ones distinctly shorter (10 µm) than those axial (21 µm). Dens in basal part with 2+2 dorsal setae, lateral ones (17 µm) shorter than those axial (21 µm); apically with 1+1 broad, blunt lateral spines and 1 medial sharp spine (12 µm) on ventral side; distal part dorsally with 3 external (E1–E3) and 2 internal (J1–J2) spines (9 µm each), and 1 medial, subapical seta (22 µm). In spines E1 and J1 basal circle apparently absent. Mucro with serrated dorsal lamellae and rounded tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A326FF5F5D826295EF85" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2035]" box="[197,449,1713,1739]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Only females known.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A57A326FF5F5DE562B6EE75" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A326FF5F5DE562B6EE75" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FF5F5DE56207EFBE" bold="true" box="[197,339,1750,1776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</emphasis>
The new species is named in honour of our friend, zoologist and speleologist, Dr. Vladimír Košel (Comenius University, Bratislava) who added considerably to the knowledge of Oligochaeta and Diptera of the Slovak caves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A57A326FF5F5C7562E1EEE5" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A326FF5F5C7562E1EEE5" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FF5F5C75627EEE2E" bold="true" box="[197,298,1862,1888]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Biology.</emphasis>
Digestive track with four apparent compartments (diverticula) was filled mainly with clay and organic particles, fungal hyphae were recognized in small extent. In several specimens fungal spores predominated in the gut.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A57A329FF5F5C856012E8A4" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A57A329FF5F5C856012E8A4" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2035]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,524]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FF5F5C856231EE9E" bold="true" box="[197,357,1974,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A57A326FEF75C85615DEE81" box="[365,521,1974,1999]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FEF75C85615DEE81" box="[365,521,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A57A326FD8B5C85613BEE9E" box="[529,623,1974,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A57A326FD8B5C85613BEE9E" bold="true" box="[529,623,1974,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
was discovered in three caves of the eastern
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A57A326FB1E5C8567BBEE9E" box="[1156,1263,1974,2000]" name="Slovakia" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
. The caves are located in two adjacent karst areas: (1)
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A57A326FDF45CE161ADEEBD" box="[622,761,2002,2035]" name="Serbia" pageId="7" pageNumber="43">Čierna hora</collectingCountry>
Mts. (Humenecká and Medvedia caves), and (2) Slovak Karst (Jasovská Cave). Both areas belong to the same geological unit—“Silicikum“ carbonate platform deposited from the Late Permian until the Late Jurassic and later dissintegrated into smaller structural units during geological history of the territory (
<bibRefCitation id="B20C4B7E1A58A329FD035BE86086E9B9" author="Kovac" box="[665,978,219,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" refString="Kovac, M. &amp; Plasienka, D. (2002) Geological structure of the Alpine - Carpathian - Pannonian junction and neighbouring slopes of the Bohemian Massif. Comenius University Bratislava, pp. 84" type="book chapter" year="2002">Kováč &amp; Plašienka 2002</bibRefCitation>
). That may explain rather disjunctive distribution range of the species.
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A58A329FDA15A3361B6E857" box="[571,738,256,281]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FDA15A3361B6E857" box="[571,738,256,281]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Neelus koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A58A329FD715BCC601BE857" box="[747,847,255,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FD715BCC601BE857" bold="true" box="[747,847,255,281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
belongs the most probably to older fauna with Kenozoic origin that inhabited subterranean environments of the ”Silicikum“ platform before its later tectonic fragmentation and separation into smaller units. Discovery of the new species confirms the presence of obligate cave-dwelling fauna in the Western Carpathians, the northern limit of distributional ranges of terrestrial troglobionts in Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="B20C4B7E1A58A329FDBC5AB96056E8EA" author="Culver" box="[550,770,394,420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" refString="Culver, D. C., Deharveng, L., Bedos, A., Lewis, J. J., Madden, M., Reddell, J. R., Sket, B., Trontelj, P. &amp; White, D. (2006) The mid-latitude biodiversity ridge in terrestrial cave fauna. Ecography, 29, 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="2006">
Culver
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FDE55AB961EEE8ED" box="[639,698,394,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). The close affinity of
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A58A329FB915AB96726E8ED" box="[1035,1138,394,419]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FB915AB96726E8ED" box="[1035,1138,394,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">N. koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A58A329FBE35AB96783E8EA" box="[1145,1239,394,420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FBE35AB96783E8EA" bold="true" box="[1145,1239,394,420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
to
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A58A329FB675AB966C8E8ED" box="[1277,1436,394,419]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FB675AB966C8E8ED" box="[1277,1436,394,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">N. klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A58A329FF0D5A9E63A3E889" box="[151,247,429,455]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF0D5A9E63A3E889" bold="true" box="[151,247,429,455]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
supports the idea of common historical origin and evolution of obligate cave fauna of the Western Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="B20C4B7E1A58A329FD0C5AFD606DE8A4" author="Gulicka" box="[662,825,462,490]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" refString="Gulicka, J. (1975) Fauna slovenskych jaskyn. Acta Carsologica Slovaca, Liptovsky Mikulas, 13, 37 - 83." type="journal article" year="1975">Gulička 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A58A329FF5F5AC1606BEB42" box="[197,831,498,524]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF5F5AC1606BEB42" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,524]" box="[197,831,498,524]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF5F5AC16204EB42" bold="true" box="[197,336,498,524]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Discussion.</emphasis>
See Discussion of
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A58A329FDAB5AC1618FEB45" box="[561,731,498,523]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisuresnsis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FDAB5AC1618FEB45" box="[561,731,498,523]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">N. klisuresnsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A58A329FD785AC1606BEB42" box="[738,831,498,524]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FD785AC1606BEB42" bold="true" box="[738,831,498,524]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="69CAA010A0534DA0C4ED7BEBB4D31347">Revision of the genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Collembola, Neelida) with the description of two new troglobiotic species from Europe</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="9E8765041A58A329FF0D596E624EEBD4" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF0D596E628CEB39" blockId="8.[151,472,605,666]" box="[151,472,605,631]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="8D6A81E31A58A329FF0D596E628CEB39" bold="true" box="[151,472,605,631]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF0D596E628CEB39" bold="true" box="[151,472,605,631]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A58A329FF0D596E6220EB39" box="[151,372,605,631]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF0D596E6220EB39" bold="true" box="[151,372,605,631]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Neelus klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A58A329FEE0596E628CEB39" box="[378,472,605,631]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF0D59B3624EEBD4" blockId="8.[151,472,605,666]" box="[151,282,640,666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FF0D59B3624EEBD4" box="[151,282,640,666]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStart-1="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStart-2="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStart-3="FIGURES 27 – 30" captionStartId-0="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,271,1719,1743]" captionStartId-2="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionStartId-3="12.[151,269,1214,1238]" captionTargetBox-0="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1428,180,1695]" captionTargetBox-2="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetBox-3="[155,1431,200,1188]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,172,1713]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetId-3="figure@12.[150,1436,194,1193]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." captionText-1="FIGURES 21 – 23. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 21, left antenna, dorsal view (forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 22, left antenna, ventral view ﹔ 23, furca, dorsal view, (a) tip of dens ventrally with sharp spine (enlarged), (b) distal modified spine on dorsal side of dens (enlarged)." captionText-2="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." captionText-3="FIGURES 27 – 30. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 27, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 28, leg I; 29, leg II (sensory field at the leg base not observed); 30, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/276304/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/276306/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Figs 17–30</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A58A329FF0D59F661CCEAB4" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF0D59F661CCEAB4" blockId="8.[151,1437,709,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF0D59F66243EB91" bold="true" box="[151,279,709,735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Posterior part of head behind antennae with mesosetae, dorsal side of hind abdomen covered with meso- and macrosetae. Prelabral/labral setae formula (p-, m-, a-row): 4/5, 5, 4. Anterior labral setae R1 and R2 thick, curved, R1 medially with 2 strong teeth progressing ventrally, R2 with external edge finely serrate in its distal half. Ventral side of head with posterior macrosetae of postmedian area smooth, straight, not thickened. Sensory field on thorax furnished with numerous surrounding spines and setae. Ant. I segment with 2 setae, external side of Ant. IV with 12 thin and curved macrosensilla finely blunt at the tip. Unguis extremely elongated furnished with 2 long lateral teeth and 1 inner tooth in distal 1/3, weak incision in basal 1/3 absent. Manubrium with 4+4 dorsal setae, dens with dorsal spines E1 and J1 modified. Mucro with both dorsal lamellae serrated, apparently split at the tip.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A58A329FF5F5F316120ED84" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF5F5F316120ED84" blockId="8.[151,1437,709,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF5F5F3162D5ED52" bold="true" box="[197,385,1026,1052]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FF5F5F316256ED52" box="[197,258,1026,1052]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FE165F306157ED53" box="[396,515,1027,1053]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: female on slide (No. VP–04–07),
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A58A329FC2B5F306757ED53" box="[945,1027,1027,1053]" name="Serbia" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Serbia</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A58A329FBED5F30678DED53" box="[1143,1241,1027,1053]" name="Kosovo" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Kosovo</collectingCountry>
, Prokletje Mts., Velika Klisura Cave, central part of the cave, aphotic zone,
<quantity id="11659B6A1A58A329FCD65F1660C2ED71" box="[844,918,1061,1087]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
from the cave entrance, surface of the water pools, hand collecting,
<date id="A223104F1A58A329FE3F5F7B6144ED2C" box="[421,528,1096,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" value="2007-02-04">4.ii.2007</date>
, leg. V. Papáč.
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FD5B5F7B6063ED2C" box="[705,823,1096,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A58A329FCD85F7B60F3ED2C" box="[834,935,1096,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="C09BFD061A58A329FC445F7B670AED2C" box="[990,1118,1096,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
on slides (No. VP–04–07), the same data as
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FEC65F586292EDCB" box="[348,454,1131,1157]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FE4B5F58615FEDCB" box="[465,523,1131,1157]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
material (
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FD1B5F5861BDEDCB" box="[641,745,1131,1157]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 1
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FCA25F5860CBEDCB" box="[824,927,1131,1157]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) saved in collection of the
<collectionCode id="B08CAE4A1A58A329FB405F586660EDCB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[1242,1332,1131,1157]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">MNHN</collectionCode>
in Paris; 2
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A58A329FF355FBD6271EDE6" box="[175,293,1166,1192]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(juveniles) kept in the Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A58A32CFF5F5FE16295EB3C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" type="description">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF5F5FE163ABEC7C" blockId="8.[151,1437,709,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A58A329FF5F5FE16209EDA2" bold="true" box="[197,349,1234,1260]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Description.</emphasis>
Body length up to 0.7–0.9 mm, habitus usual for the genus. Eyes absent, body colour white in ethylalcohol, without pigmentation. Cuticle finely granulated, integumentary channels on head and thorax not seen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A329FF5F5E0867B6EF9C" blockId="8.[151,1437,709,2001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
Sensory fields. Sensory fields placed in small depressions each with secretory rod (8 µm), i.e. blunt, straight seta with basal part inserted in cuticle and placed in upper margin of field. Fields’ arrangement: (a) on head—anterior and posterior fields (
<date id="A223104F1A58A329FDDB5EB361C8ECD4" box="[577,668,1408,1434]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" value="1912-10-20">20 x 12</date>
µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FD415EB36064ECD4" box="[731,816,1408,1434]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) each with secretory rod (12 µm) and 1 internal seta (18 µm); (b) large thoracal field (
<date id="A223104F1A58A329FDBE5E90610EECF3" box="[548,602,1443,1469]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" value="1945-10">45 x</date>
60 µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FD5A5E906043ECF3" box="[704,791,1443,1469]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
) with secretory rod (16 µm), 3 curved spines (10 µm) arranged in triangle and 2 marginal external setae (20 µm each); above the field 1 macroseta (36 µm) and 7 arrowhead-like (rhomboid) spines (13–18 µm) situated in one row; below the field 1 strong pointed rod-like macroseta (36 µm), 2 macrosetae (35 and 45 µm, respectively), 1 central microseta (5 µm) and 1 curved sensillum (11µm); (c) abdominal field (
<date id="A223104F1A58A329FDF65D1D6193EF06" box="[620,711,1582,1608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" value="1920-10-20">20 x 20</date>
µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FC935D1D600AEF06" box="[777,862,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
) with secretory rod (10 µm), 1 curved spine (11 µm), 2 marginal setae (internal—20 µm, external—28 µm); (d) field at base of leg III (
<date id="A223104F1A58A329FB385D6367A8EF24" box="[1186,1276,1616,1642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" value="1915-10-30">30 x 15</date>
µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FAA75D6366C7EF24" box="[1341,1427,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 30" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1214,1238]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,200,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,194,1193]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 30. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 27, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 28, leg I; 29, leg II (sensory field at the leg base not observed); 30, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276306/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
) with secretory rod (10 µm), 2 curved spines (4 µm each) and 1 marginal external seta (15 µm); field at base of leg II not seen. Small sensory field on lateral part of abdomen above base of leg III with small sensory field furnished with short secretory rod (5 µm), stronger rod in cup-like depression above it absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A58A32BFF5C5DE86087EEA2" blockId="8.[151,1437,709,2001]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,1852,2028]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">
Head. Head 270 µm long (width not seen in adult specimens). Eyes absent. Dorsal side with smooth and pointed setae (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FEDC5DCD62F4EE56" box="[326,416,1790,1816]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
), frontal ones longer (20–25 µm) than those posterior placed behind antennae (8–18 µm); in the frontal part 2 unpaired axial setae present. Labrum with 5,5,4 setae, 4 prelabrals (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A58A329FB465C136661EE74" box="[1244,1333,1824,1850]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="44">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Pattern of labral setae: a-row 2R1 + 2R2, m-row m + 2r1 + 2r2 and p-row with 5 ordinary setae. Anterior labral setae R1 and R2 thick, curved; R2 longer than R1 (18 and 12 µm, respectively). Seta R1 medially with 2 strong teeth progressing ventrally in about 120o angle, R2 with external edge finely serrate in its distal half. Medial setae (m-row) equal (18 µm), smooth, spine-like. Posterior setae (p-row) smooth, lateral ones thicker and longer than those axial (20 and 18 µm, respectively). Ventral side of head with 3+3 smooth postmedian macrosetae (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5AA32BFF3A5C5163ABEE32" box="[160,255,1890,1916]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
): 2+2 anterior equally long (26 µm), 1+1 posterior slightly longer (28 µm) than anterior ones. Basomedian field of labium with 4+4 setae (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5AA32BFD3B5CB461ACEEEF" box="[673,760,1927,1953]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
), medial setae longer (26 µm) and thicker than others (15 µm); basolateral field with 2+2 setae (1+1 axial shorter). Maxillary palp simple, with 1 enlarged sublobal seta. Mandible normal, strong, with 5 apical teeth. Maxilla as in
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5AA32BFCD45CE160F6EEA2" box="[846,930,2002,2028]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="9.[151,270,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1418,194,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a, b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
a, b.
</paragraph>
<caption id="82E266071A59A328FF0D5C4067E7EEE5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276303/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[176,1414,209,1884]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A59A328FF0D5C4067E7EEE5" blockId="9.[151,1436,1907,1963]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A59A328FF0D5C40620BEEC5" bold="true" box="[151,351,1907,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 17–20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A59A328FEFC5C47617CEEC5" box="[358,552,1908,1931]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A59A328FEFC5C47617CEEC5" box="[358,552,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">Neelus klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A59A328FDAA5C4061D2EEC5" box="[560,646,1907,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A59A328FDAA5C40612BEEC5" bold="true" box="[560,639,1907,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 17, head, dorsolateral view; 18, maxilla, different views (a,b), (b) upper lamella separated; 19, ventral side of head with labium; 20, labrum, setae of anterior row enlarged.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="82E266071A5AA32BFF0D5D8460D5EE40" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276304/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[157,1428,180,1695]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5AA32BFF0D5D8460D5EE40" blockId="10.[151,1436,1719,1806]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5AA32BFF0D5D846234EF81" bold="true" box="[151,352,1719,1743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 21–23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5AA32BFEF25D846178EF80" box="[360,556,1719,1742]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5AA32BFEF25D846178EF80" box="[360,556,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">Neelus klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5AA32BFDAE5D8461DFEF81" box="[564,651,1719,1743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5AA32BFDAE5D8461DFEF81" bold="true" box="[564,651,1719,1743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="46">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 21, left antenna, dorsal view (forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 22, left antenna, ventral view﹔ 23, furca, dorsal view, (a) tip of dens ventrally with sharp spine (enlarged), (b) distal modified spine on dorsal side of dens (enlarged).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="82E266071A5BA32AFF0D5C486020EE9C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5BA32AFF0D5C486020EE9C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1915,2002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5BA32AFF0D5C486209EEDD" bold="true" box="[151,349,1915,1939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">FIGURES 24–26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5BA32AFEF95C486177EEDC" box="[355,547,1915,1938]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5BA32AFEF95C486177EEDC" box="[355,547,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">Neelus klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5BA32AFDB35C48612AEEDD" box="[553,638,1915,1939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5BA32AFDB35C48612AEEDD" bold="true" box="[553,638,1915,1939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="47">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="82E266071A5CA32DFF0D5F8D605DEDBB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276306/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[155,1431,200,1188]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5CA32DFF0D5F8D605DEDBB" blockId="12.[151,1436,1214,1269]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5CA32DFF0D5F8D6209ED98" bold="true" box="[151,349,1214,1238]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">FIGURES 27–30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5CA32DFEF95F8C6176ED98" box="[355,546,1215,1238]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5CA32DFEF95F8C6176ED98" box="[355,546,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Neelus klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5CA32DFDB25F8D6129ED98" box="[552,637,1214,1238]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5CA32DFDB25F8D6129ED98" bold="true" box="[552,637,1214,1238]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
: 27, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 28, leg I; 29, leg II (sensory field at the leg base not observed); 30, leg III (sensory field enlarged).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5CA32DFF5F5E176134EF0D" blockId="12.[151,1437,1316,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
Antennae. Ant. III–IV distinctly separated (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5CA32DFD495E1760D7EC70" box="[723,899,1316,1342]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,271,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,180,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,172,1713]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 21, left antenna, dorsal view (forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 22, left antenna, ventral view ﹔ 23, furca, dorsal view, (a) tip of dens ventrally with sharp spine (enlarged), (b) distal modified spine on dorsal side of dens (enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276304/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Figs 21and 22</figureCitation>
). Length of antennae 190 µm, ratio antenna/ head = 0.7. Length of Ant. I, II, III and IV as 17, 38, 60 and 75 µm. Ant. I furnished with 2 short setae (13 µm). Ant. II with 1 medial seta and 4 apical setae arranged in a whorl. Ant. III organ consists of 2 rather long sensory rods (25 µm), 2 long guard sensilla (32 µm) and short ventral spine-like seta (5 µm). Ant. IV with ordinary setae mostly on the internal side, external side with 12 thin and curved macrosensilla finely blunt at the tip (up to 38 µm); ventrally with 1 long and thick medial sensillum (27 µm) and 1 apical, basally thick shorter sensillum (14 µm) with abruptly narrowed and curved tip; dorsally with forked subapical seta (12 µm); subapically with 5 short setae (10 µm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5CA32DFF5F5D7D6251EE06" blockId="12.[151,1437,1316,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
Thorax and abdomen. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen sparsely covered with ordinary setae (20 μm); hind part of abdomen with longer setae (30 μm), axially with macrosetae (30–40 μm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5CA32DFB105D4767B5EFC0" box="[1162,1249,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). Mid-abdomen dorsally with at least 2 pairs of swollen T-shaped microsensilla (6 µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5CA32DFC465DAA6760EFFD" box="[988,1076,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Upper edge of prefurcal area with 1+1 short, sharply pointed and curved neosminthuroid setae (9 µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5CA32DFC715D8D6716EF96" box="[1003,1090,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segments V and VI cryptic. Genital plate not clearly seen in both adult females. Anal opening transversal; upper anal valve with 4+4 macrosetae (43 µm) and 1 unpaired posterior microseta (10 µm); lower anal valve only partly seen (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5CA32DFF055C1D63A3EE06" box="[159,247,1838,1864]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 26" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[185,1397,207,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[176,1409,194,1895]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 26. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 24, hind abdomen, right side (neosminthuroid seta and abdominal sensory field enlarged); 25, T-shaped microsensilla of mid-abdomen, dorsolateral side; (a) T-shaped microsensillum from lateral view; 26, thoracal sensory field, left side (lower sensillum enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276305/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5CA32CFF5F5C6761B2EB02" blockId="12.[151,1437,1316,2014]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,152,1372]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">
Appendages. Setae of leg I–III (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5CA32DFDC15C6761BAEE20" box="[603,750,1876,1902]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 30" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1214,1238]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,200,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,194,1193]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 30. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 27, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 28, leg I; 29, leg II (sensory field at the leg base not observed); 30, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276306/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">Figs 28–30</figureCitation>
; longer setae in parenthesis): subcoxae
<date id="A223104F1A5CA32DFB7F5C67665DEE20" box="[1253,1289,1876,1902]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">I 1</date>
, 1(1), 3(3); subcoxae
<date id="A223104F1A5CA32DFE975C4A6262EEDD" box="[269,310,1913,1939]" pageId="12" pageNumber="48">II 1</date>
(1), 1, 1; coxae 1, 1, 2; trochantera 3, 2, 4; femora 10, 10, 9 and tibiotarsi 13, 16, 15. Some of them as thin meso- or microsetae: leg I—coxa with 1, trochanter with 3, femur with 2; leg II—trochanter with 2; leg III—trochanter with 2. Tibiotarsal tenent seta pointed. Unguis narrow and extremely elongated, both unguis and unguiculus unequally long in leg I, II and III: unguis 74, 68 and 54 µm, respectively, unguiculus 22, 24 and 30 µm, respectively. Length ratio unguis I (inner margin) / Ti. I width (65/15 µm) = 4.3. Unguis furnished with 2 long lateral teeth and 1 inner tooth in distal 1/3, weak incision in basal 1/3 absent (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5DA32CFAAC5BD166DAE9B2" box="[1334,1422,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 – 30" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1214,1238]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,200,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,194,1193]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 27 – 30. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 27, unguis and unguiculus of leg I; 28, leg I; 29, leg II (sensory field at the leg base not observed); 30, leg III (sensory field enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276306/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Unguiculus untoothed without apical filament. Tubus ventralis with 2+2 distal setae and posterior lobe. Retinaculum with 3+3 teeth, seta on corpus absent. Furca well developed (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5DA32CFBB95A1E6729E809" box="[1059,1149,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,271,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,180,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,172,1713]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 21, left antenna, dorsal view (forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 22, left antenna, ventral view ﹔ 23, furca, dorsal view, (a) tip of dens ventrally with sharp spine (enlarged), (b) distal modified spine on dorsal side of dens (enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276304/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
), length of manubrium, dens and mucro: 105, 140 and 87 µm, respectively. Manubrium dorsally with 4+4 setae, lateral ones (22 µm) slightly shorter than those axial (25 µm). Dens in basal part with 2+2 dorsal setae, lateral ones (28 µm) slightly shorter than those axial (32 µm); apically with 1+1 broad, blunt lateral spines and 1 medial sharp spine (10 µm;
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5DA32CFED25AF162CBE892" box="[328,415,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,271,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,180,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,172,1713]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 21, left antenna, dorsal view (forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 22, left antenna, ventral view ﹔ 23, furca, dorsal view, (a) tip of dens ventrally with sharp spine (enlarged), (b) distal modified spine on dorsal side of dens (enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276304/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
a) on ventral side; distal part dorsally with 3 external (E1–E3) and 2 internal (J1–J2) spines (9 µm each), and 1 medial, subapical seta (20 µm). In modified spines E1 and J1 basal circle absent, both constisting of sharp spine behind the protective leaf-shaped blunt structure (
<figureCitation id="4EA62A0A1A5DA32CFBCD593E67FBEB69" box="[1111,1199,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="10.[151,271,1719,1743]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,180,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,172,1713]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Neelus klisurensis sp. nov.: 21, left antenna, dorsal view (forked seta of Ant. IV enlarged, position marked by asterisk); 22, left antenna, ventral view ﹔ 23, furca, dorsal view, (a) tip of dens ventrally with sharp spine (enlarged), (b) distal modified spine on dorsal side of dens (enlarged)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276304/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
b). Mucro with both dorsal lamellae serrated, apparently split at the tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5DA32CFF5F596B6295EB3C" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1372]" box="[197,449,600,626]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Only females known.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A5DA32CFF5F594E6234EBF2" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5DA32CFF5F594E6234EBF2" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFF5F594E6206EBD9" bold="true" box="[197,338,637,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Etymology.</emphasis>
The new species is named after the
<typeStatus id="0926882D1A5DA32CFD65594E6066EBD9" box="[767,818,637,663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
locality, the Velika Klisura Cave situated in western
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A5DA32CFF0D599163A6EBF2" box="[151,242,674,700]" name="Kosovo" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Kosovo</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="AE8A761F1A5DA32CFE9859916207EBF2" box="[258,339,674,700]" name="Serbia" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Serbia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A5DA32CFF5F59F4601EEA49" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5DA32CFF5F59F4601EEA49" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFF5F59F46278EBAF" bold="true" box="[197,300,711,737]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Biology.</emphasis>
Gut with four broadened compartments (diverticula) was filled mainly with clay and organic particles, fungal hyphae were recognized in smaller extent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A5DA32CFF5F58216029EAA9" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5DA32CFF5F58216029EAA9" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFF5F58216238EA62" bold="true" box="[197,364,786,812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
Up till present
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFDB75821605FEA65" box="[557,779,786,811]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFDB75821605FEA65" box="[557,779,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Neelus klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFC8958216021EA62" bold="true" box="[787,885,786,812]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is known only from the Velika Klisura Cave situated in the Rugova Canyon near Peje town at foothill of the Lumbardska Planina. Its broader range covering another caves of the Lumbardska Planina or surrounding part of the Prokletje Mts. is highly probable. The species represents an obligate subterranean form (troglobiont), the obvious troglomorphic characters compared to other species of the genus show strong adaptations to cave life similar as in many other invertebrate inhabitants of caves of the Balkan Peninsula.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9E8765041A5DA32CFF5F58C1614BEC12" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D622368F1A5DA32CFF5F58C1614BEC12" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFF5F58C16207ED42" bold="true" box="[197,339,1010,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFEC158C162AAED45" box="[347,510,1010,1035]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFEC158C162AAED45" box="[347,510,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFD9C58C16132ED42" box="[518,614,1010,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFD9C58C16132ED42" bold="true" box="[518,614,1010,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFC9C58C16024ED45" box="[774,880,1010,1035]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFC9C58C16024ED45" box="[774,880,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFCE258C1608CED42" box="[888,984,1010,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFCE258C1608CED42" bold="true" box="[888,984,1010,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the number of prelabral and labral setae and setal pattern of dorsal manubrial setae.
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFD415F2B6016ED7F" box="[731,834,1048,1073]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFD415F2B6016ED7F" box="[731,834,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFCD05F2460FCED7F" box="[842,936,1047,1073]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFCD05F2460FCED7F" bold="true" box="[842,936,1047,1073]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from other species of the genus by the presence of spine-like microsetae dorsally on hind part of abdomen and by number of setae in apical whorl on Ant. II segment (five and four setae, respectively).
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFC825F5060ECED32" box="[792,952,1123,1148]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFC825F5060ECED32" box="[792,952,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFC5A5F51674AED32" box="[960,1054,1122,1148]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFC5A5F51674AED32" bold="true" box="[960,1054,1122,1148]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from others of the genus by the presence of large sensory field on thorax with complex of modified surrounding setae. Both
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFA1A5FBB624EED88" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFA1A5FBB624EED88" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFEB85F9E62D1ED89" box="[290,389,1197,1223]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFEB85F9E62D1ED89" bold="true" box="[290,389,1197,1223]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFE595F9E6164ED88" box="[451,560,1197,1222]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koseli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFE595F9E6164ED88" box="[451,560,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. koseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFDA35F9E61CFED89" box="[569,667,1197,1223]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFDA35F9E61CFED89" bold="true" box="[569,667,1197,1223]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
exhibit clear morphological adaptation to life in subterranean environment, i.e. elongated ungua and unguicula on legs, the length ratio of unguis I/Ti. I width being 4.3 and 2.7, respectively. Moreover,
<taxonomicName id="119D4D0C1A5DA32CFE6E5FCB61CDEC5F" box="[500,665,1272,1297]" class="Entognatha" family="Neelidae" genus="Neelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klisurensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFE6E5FCB61CDEC5F" box="[500,665,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">N. klisurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFDA57E61A5DA32CFD3B5FC46057EC5F" box="[673,771,1271,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4E9EA9D1A5DA32CFD3B5FC46057EC5F" bold="true" box="[673,771,1271,1297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
has longer thick sensillum on Ant. IV (27 and 23 µm, respectively) and more numerous macrosensilla on the same segment (12 and 8, respectively). For other diagnostic characters see Table 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

107
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G)</mods:title>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jarvis, Charlie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<paragraph pageNumber="529">
<bibCitation author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="529" pagination="975" title="Gossypium hirsutum" volumeTitle="Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 2" year="1763">
<treatmentCitation author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="529" year="1763">
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageNumber="529" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
<emphasis bold="true" pageNumber="529">Gossypium hirsutum</emphasis>
Linnaeus
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,
<volumeTitle pageNumber="529">
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="529">Species Plantarum</emphasis>
, ed. 2, 2
</volumeTitle>
: 975. 1763
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</bibCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageNumber="529" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageNumber="529">&quot;Habitat in America.&quot; RCN: 5076.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageNumber="529" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageNumber="529">Type not designated.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageNumber="529" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageNumber="529">
Original material:
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2611570439" collectionCode="LINN" pageNumber="529" specimenCode="874.4">
Herb. Linn. No. 874.4 (
<collectionCode pageNumber="529">LINN</collectionCode>
)
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.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageNumber="529" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageNumber="529">
Current name:
<taxonomicName authority="L." authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1763" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageNumber="529" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageNumber="529">Gossypium hirsutum</emphasis>
L.
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(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageNumber="529" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageNumber="529" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageNumber="529">
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="529">Note:</emphasis>
Watt (
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="529">Wild Cult. Cotton Pl. World:</emphasis>
184, pl. 29. 1907) indicated a Miller collection in
<specimenReference collectionCode="BM-SL" pageNumber="529" specimenCode="45">
Herb. Sloane 294: 45 (
<collectionCode pageNumber="529">BM-SL</collectionCode>
)
</specimenReference>
as the type, but this was never studied by Linnaeus and is not original material for the name. It cannot be treated as a
<typeStatus pageNumber="529">neotype</typeStatus>
because 874.4 (LINN) appears to be original material. Fryxell (in
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="529">Brittonia</emphasis>
20: 382. 1968) regarded
<normalizedToken originalValue="Miller’s" pageNumber="529">Miller's</normalizedToken>
cited description as the protologue but this is contrary to Art. 8.1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Type status:
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. Occurrence: recordedBy:
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; behavior: On seafloor; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: Imaged only; associatedReferences: Leitner A, Neuheimer A, Donlon E, Smith CR, Drazen JC. Environmental and bathymetric influences on abyssal bait-attending communities of the Clarion Clipperton Zone. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2017.05; Taxon: taxonConceptID: cf. Zoarcidae morphospecies 2; scientificName: Zoarcidae sp.; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Actinopterygii; order: Perciformes; family: Zoarcidae; taxonRank: family; scientificNameAuthorship: Swainson, 1839; Location: waterBody: Pacific Ocean; stateProvince: Clarion-Clipperton Zone; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34D64949031CE8FE36297C6811F326:E57CDB75657070A85EB957D0DFEC2243" latitude="12.5532" longitude="-116.5586" name="UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration contract area (UK- 1)" pageId="0" pageNumber="14598">UK Seabed Resources Ltd exploration contract area (UK-1)</location>
; verbatimLocality: UK-1 Stratum B; maximumDepthInMeters: 4312; locationRemarks: RV Thompson Cruise TN319; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="14598" value="12.5532">12.5532</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
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; geodeticDatum: WGS84; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="14598">Astrid Leitner, Jeffrey Drazen, Diva J. Amon, Amanda F. Ziegler</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 2015; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; identificationQualifier: cf.; Event: samplingProtocol:
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; eventDate:
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; datasetName: ABYSSLINE; basisOfRecord: HumanObservation
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="14598" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="14598">Notes</paragraph>
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Stout eel-like body. Distinguished from
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="14598">Fig. 46</paragraph>
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238
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;
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:
</emphasis>
country:
<collectingCountry id="DD746BAF52B59FB9A859CD635360968B" name="Russia" pageId="0" pageNumber="105111">Russian Federation</collectingCountry>
; countryCode: RU; stateProvince:
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; county:
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; locality:
<location id="D700ED2CA2F2382310DC1D9B33C277DD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:D700ED2CA2F2382310DC1D9B33C277DD" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Mukhrino field station of YSU, 20 km SW from Khanty-Mansiysk" pageId="0" pageNumber="105111">
<location id="135230ACF56E0D446D243401B286EFE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:135230ACF56E0D446D243401B286EFE0" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Mukhrino">Mukhrino</location>
field station of YSU,
<quantity id="9B372E76C9648C3033A2DFDB6A5F64EE" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
SW from
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</location>
; decimalLatitude:
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; decimalLongitude:
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<location id="37DAE5E87B32C74BA4EEAAD72DA40290" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:37DAE5E87B32C74BA4EEAAD72DA40290" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Identification">Identification</location>
:
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identifiedBy:
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<location id="8D86CBE6842428E06B7653C76D7CCBC2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:8D86CBE6842428E06B7653C76D7CCBC2" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Filippova">Filippova</location>
,
<location id="CA1C183FC8B514D266D3EF67949C9B00" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:CA1C183FC8B514D266D3EF67949C9B00" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Nina">Nina</location>
|
<location id="7FCF3B16817D409B1F8FD02C30FE2E3A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:7FCF3B16817D409B1F8FD02C30FE2E3A" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Zvyagina">Zvyagina</location>
,
<location id="6C68DA4F425EBDB75EBB3BD8A959F54E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E34E94B54B85CA4920BB98AF0F2C397:6C68DA4F425EBDB75EBB3BD8A959F54E" country="Russian Federation" county="Event" latitude="60.89178" longitude="68.68425" municipality="Identification" name="Elena">Elena</location>
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; dateIdentified:
<collectingDate id="C5C0EFC8AABC69947A80E3FDAD57EFDA" value="2023-02-28">2023-02-28</collectingDate>
; identificationRemarks:
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based on morphological and molecular characters;
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:
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eventDate:
<collectingDate id="9A1B047EC3B669CCD3AD487C790C364E" pageId="0" pageNumber="105111" value="2022-04-08">2022-08-04</collectingDate>
; habitat: Raised Sphagnum bog
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>