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<document id="EC1441E9FB160C322B99158361F4F93A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1fbda570-78c9-4406-bed1-3df7d158579c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="218334" ID-ZooBank="A652476E-EBB7-42EB-B5B6-5E391CA4318F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460642033321" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sinclair, Bradley J." docDate="2013" docId="5E1AE42D0C55FFDFFF5AFB72FCB7F8B8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03682p150.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3682 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Plesioaxymyia Sinclair, 2013, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="145" masterDocId="A2239C550C54FFDDFFCDFFFCFF9EFF87" masterDocTitle="Rediscovered at last: a new enigmatic genus of Axymyiidae (Diptera) from western North America" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="143" pageNumber="144" updateTime="1698336036448" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BD6EB44F8BCC544F3657231A3F0DB01D">Rediscovered at last: a new enigmatic genus of Axymyiidae (Diptera) from western North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E44ECF9344B3EF9ACBFCA0DF46E6BA2">Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1E55617521459AF89B49631C96DA7084">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B61BECE359DA40A2D76C7BB0C2ABD19B">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="84B04DD7528134F73B9989B3DD7A338F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="BF1D3B16320416FE9F408E48EA2A9E2A">3682</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D7E5C4673FAB6A9452657FFFE2F1E87A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5E1AE42D0C55FFDFFF5AFB72FCB7F8B8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6157764" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119571585" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6157764" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E1AE42D0C55FFDFFF5AFB72FCB7F8B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E1AE42D0C55FFDFFF5AFB72FCB7F8B8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C55FFDCFF5AFB72FD9FFA88" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C55FFDCFF5AFB72FE24FB2F" blockId="1.[151,442,1166,1225]" box="[151,442,1166,1192]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<heading id="8D44E2570C55FFDCFF5AFB72FE24FB2F" bold="true" box="[151,442,1166,1192]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFF5AFB72FE24FB2F" bold="true" box="[151,442,1166,1192]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C55FFDCFF5AFB72FEDBFB2F" ID-CoL="89R5J" box="[151,325,1166,1192]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFF5AFB72FEDBFB2F" bold="true" box="[151,325,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFF434520C55FFDCFE81FB72FE24FB2F" box="[332,442,1166,1192]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C55FFDCFF5AFB4DFE99FB4E" blockId="1.[151,442,1166,1225]" box="[151,263,1201,1225]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">(Figs 1–5)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C55FFDCFF5AFB05FD9FFA88" blockId="1.[151,513,1273,1296]" box="[151,513,1273,1296]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C55FFDCFEE5FB07FE34FA88" box="[296,426,1274,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFEE5FB07FE34FA88" box="[296,426,1274,1296]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">P. vespertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFF434520C55FFDCFE7CFB06FD9FFA88" box="[433,513,1274,1295]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" rank="species">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFE7CFB06FD9FFA88" bold="true" box="[433,513,1274,1295]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C55FFDCFF5AFAC1FE9CFAFF" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C55FFDCFF5AFAC1FE9CFAFF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1340,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFF5AFAC1FE80FAD2" bold="true" box="[151,286,1341,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Etymology.</emphasis>
The genus is named in reference to its plesiomorphic position in comparison to
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C55FFDCFB69FAC0FA9AFAD3" box="[1188,1284,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Axymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFB69FAC0FA9AFAD3" box="[1188,1284,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Axymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its gender is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C55FFDCFF0AFA78FB7DFA44" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C55FFDCFF0AFA78FB7DFA44" blockId="1.[151,1437,1340,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFF0AFA78FEDFFA1A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1412,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This is the only extant axymyiid genus with well developed mouthparts; R2+3 fork V-shaped; R2 distant from apex of R1; distal stem of M1+2 elongate; CuP very short, two-thirds length of cell bm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C55FFDFFF0AFA2DFCABFD31" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="1" pageNumber="144" type="description">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C55FFDCFF0AFA2DFA03F865" blockId="1.[151,1437,1340,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFF0AFA2DFE07FA6D" bold="true" box="[199,409,1489,1514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Description. Head</emphasis>
: Compound eyes broadly separated in female, each eye divided longitudinally into upper and lower hemispheres by fine groove starting at deep, broad, triangular incision at antennal bases, extending for more than 10 facets (Fig. 2); upper hemisphere smaller than lower hemisphere with facets uniform in size in both sections; facets with numerous ommatrichia; ocellar triangle elevated above eye with three prominent ocelli. Antenna with 14 moniliform flagellomeres, scape and pedicel with circlet of setulae. Mouthparts well-developed; clypeus prominent, strongly convex; palpus apparently 4-segmented (segment 1 possibly obscured), second segment broader than other segments; labellum developed, distinct.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFDBCF956FD56F945" bold="true" box="[625,712,1706,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Thorax</emphasis>
: Postpronotum depressed, triangular, separated by prominent prescutum; prescutal suture not prominent, very short, terminating at shallow, shiny rectangular depression. Scutum not distinctly swollen; transverse suture arising at base of wing, distinctly invaginated, terminating before midline of scutum; postsutural area of scutum shallowly concave medially. Scutellum rounded, strongly domed. Mediotergite twice length of scutellum, not as strongly prominent as scutellum. Prosternum large, separated by broad membrane. Anepisternum large, divided by anepisternal cleft into large anterior portion and narrow posterior portion; katepisternum prominent, overhanging mid coxa. Meron large, more than half as long as katepisternum.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C55FFDCFAD8F87EFAD5F81D" bold="true" box="[1301,1355,1922,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Legs</emphasis>
: Fairly short, lacking spurs and long setae. Fore coxa shorter than katepisternum; mid and hind coxae half as long as fore coxa, entirely sclerotized medially; hind coxa broader than mid coxa.
<collectingCountry id="AEA415AB0C55FFDCFC57F836FC4EF865" box="[922,976,1994,2018]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="144">Hind</collectingCountry>
tibia with posteroventral apical comb.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF5AFF6BFCABFD31" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
Mediolobus spatulate and elongate, more than half length of tarsomere 5, apex truncate; pulvillus shorter than claw.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF5AFF47FF48FF53" bold="true" box="[151,214,187,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Wing</emphasis>
: Costa greatly reduced slightly beyond apex of R4+5 (Fig. 3). Sc very short, extended to basal quarter of wing, strongly curved to costa proximal to vein Rs; sc-r reduced to faint streak. Rs with kink at mid-length; R2+3 branched slightly beyond apex of R1; R2 reaching costa well-separated from R1; R2+3 fork V-shaped. Crossvein r-m perpendicular to R4+5. Medial veins weaker than radial veins, distinctly pale in comparison; M1+2 with long distal stem, branching proximal to R2+3 fork; M4 straight. Stem of M vein with apex distinct, basal portion reduced to faint crease, indistinctly separating basal cells. CuP very short, extended to half length of cell bm. Alula greatly reduced; anal lobe well-developed. Halter with very long stem, lacking cluster of setae.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFC32FE5DFBEFFE3D" bold="true" box="[1023,1137,417,442]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Sparsely setose. Segments 1–7 each with spiracles in membranous pleural region. Tergites considerably broader than sternites; tergite 8 one-third length of sternite, undivided; sternite 8 greatly lengthened, slender, tapered apically, clothed in short setae. Genital fork (sternite 9) with V-shaped ventral portion, dorsal portion prolonged posteriorly as pair of slender rod-like extensions to apex of sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="4E8849BE0C56FFDFFEBEFDCEFE24FDCD" box="[371,442,562,586]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 5" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1046,1070]" captionTargetBox="[192,1390,220,1001]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[178,1409,194,1025]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 5. Female terminalia of Plesioaxymyia vespertina. 4, lateral view; 5, dorsal view (scale bar: 0.1 mm). Abbreviations: cerc—cercus; gen fk—genital fork; spmth—spermatheca; st—sternite; tg—tegite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218335/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Spermathecae spherical, paired, well-sclerotized; spermathecal ducts paired, separated throughout, slightly inflated distally to genital fork; duct broad exiting spermatheca. Cercus two-segmented; basal segment very small reduced, slender, flap-like, surrounding anus; apical segment longer than wide, bearing several rod-like sensilla (Figs 4,5).
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFE0FFD62FD2DFD31" bold="true" box="[450,691,669,694]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Male and immatures</emphasis>
: Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C56FFDFFF0AFD3EFCB7F8B8" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF0AFD3EFEF2FCA3" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF0AFD3EFEA5FD5D" bold="true" box="[199,315,706,730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFE8EFD3EFE78FD5D" box="[323,486,706,730]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFE8EFD3EFE78FD5D" box="[323,486,706,730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will key with some difficulty to
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFC90FD3FFC75FD5D" box="[861,1003,707,730]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Protaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFC90FD3FFC75FD5D" box="[861,1003,707,730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Protaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the key to genera in
<bibRefCitation id="B22228CA0C56FFDFFB36FD3EFA06FD5D" author="Zhang" box="[1275,1432,706,730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" refString="Zhang, J. (2010) Two new genera and one new species of Jurassic Axymyiidae (Diptera: Nematocera), with revision and redescription of the extinct taxa. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 103, 455 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / an 09073" type="journal article" year="2010">Zhang (2010)</bibRefCitation>
. The new genus clearly differs from the latter genus in the shape of R2, shortened Sc and CuP, and the very long distal stem of M1+2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF0AFCC8FC0BFA83" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
A preliminary phylogenetic assessment of the infrafamilial relationships of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFBF3FCCFFB57FCCC" box="[1086,1225,819,843]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Axymyiidae</taxonomicName>
is summarized in
<figureCitation id="4E8849BE0C56FFDFFF5AFCABFF69FCE8" box="[151,247,855,879]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,255,921,945]" captionTargetBox="[172,1419,293,887]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,267,900]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogeny of the Axymyiidae. Characters are defined in Table 1 and discussed further in the text. Character distribution for uniquely derived states shown by black hash marks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218336/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Figure 6</figureCitation>
and characters listed and described in
<tableCitation id="9B3160800C56FFDFFD78FCABFC95FCE8" box="[693,779,855,879]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1439,1463]" captionText="TABLE 1. Characters for the analysis of Axymyiidae." pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Table 1</tableCitation>
. The
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFC83FCABFC57FCE8" box="[846,969,855,879]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bibionidae</taxonomicName>
was used to polarize the characters. The assignment of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFE84FC80FE73FC13" box="[329,493,892,916]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFE84FC80FE73FC13" box="[329,493,892,916]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the family
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFD6AFC87FCAFFC14" box="[679,817,891,915]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Axymyiidae</taxonomicName>
is supported on the basis of the four family-level synapomorphies: female cercus with rod-like sensilla (1); vein Rs with kink at mid-length (2); compound eye divided longitudinally (3); and prescutal suture ending at an elongate depression (shiny spot in
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFB1BFC38FAA8FC5B" box="[1238,1334,964,988]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Axymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFB1BFC38FAA8FC5B" box="[1238,1334,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Axymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (4). All axymyiid genera, exclusive of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFDCCFC1BFD3AFC78" box="[513,676,999,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFDCCFC1BFD3AFC78" box="[513,676,999,1023]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a clade, supported by the reduction of the mouthparts (5), presence of a cluster of setae on the stem of the halter (6) (although both characters scored as unknown in the fossil genera) and R2 directed towards R1 (7). The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFCAEFBD3FB98FBC0" box="[867,1030,1071,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFCAEFBD3FB98FBC0" box="[867,1030,1071,1095]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is supported on the basis of four synapomorphies: shortened Sc (8), elongate distal stem of M1+2 (longer than M2) (9), greatly weakened M vein (10), and shortened CuP (anal vein), two-thirds length of cell bm (11). Four genera are apparently most closely related (
<figureCitation id="4E8849BE0C56FFDFFF52FB5DFF7AFB3E" box="[159,228,1185,1209]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,255,921,945]" captionTargetBox="[172,1419,293,887]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[159,1427,267,900]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Phylogeny of the Axymyiidae. Characters are defined in Table 1 and discussed further in the text. Character distribution for uniquely derived states shown by black hash marks." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218336/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) on the basis of the closely positioned apex of veins R1 and R2 (12). The three fossil genera (
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFAD4FB5EFA05FB3E" box="[1305,1435,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Juraxymyia</emphasis>
Zhang,
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF22FB35FED2FB67" box="[239,332,1225,1248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Psocites</emphasis>
Hong and
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFE1DFB34FDCFFB58" box="[464,593,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Sinaxymyia</emphasis>
Zhang) clearly belong to the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFB91FB34FA9EFB67" box="[1116,1280,1224,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFB91FB34FA9EFB67" box="[1116,1280,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and provides strong evidence that this genus has its roots in the Jurassic or earlier.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF0AFAF3FCF2FAE8" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
The shape and size of the female ovipositor (e.g., length and shape of sternite 8 and cercus) requires further evaluation. The apical segment of the cercus is longer than wide in
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFC02FAC8FBECFACB" box="[975,1138,1332,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFC02FAC8FBECFACB" box="[975,1138,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and sternite 8 is greatly lengthened in
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFEF8FAA4FE46FAF7" box="[309,472,1368,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFEF8FAA4FE46FAF7" box="[309,472,1368,1392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFDC2FAA5FCF6FAE8" authority="Ishida" authorityName="Ishida" box="[527,872,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Protaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFDC2FAA5FC98FAF7" box="[527,774,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Protaxymyia japonica</emphasis>
(Ishida)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="82CC05B30C56FFDFFF5AFA63FD44FA30" box="[151,730,1439,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF5AFA63FD44FA30" blockId="2.[151,730,1439,1463]" box="[151,730,1439,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF5AFA63FE96FA30" bold="true" box="[151,264,1439,1463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Characters for the analysis of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C56FFDFFD82FA5CFD48FA30" box="[591,726,1440,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Axymyiidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF52FA2FFD86F98F" blockId="2.[159,1256,1490,1859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
1.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75FA2EFED5FA6F" box="[184,331,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Female cercus</emphasis>
: lacking rod-like sensilla (0); rod-like sensilla present (1). 2.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75FA0EFE9FF980" box="[184,257,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Vein R s</emphasis>
: straight (0); with kink (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF52F9ECFD71F9E3" blockId="2.[159,1256,1490,1859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
3.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F9ECFED1F9A1" box="[184,335,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Compound eye</emphasis>
: undivided longitudinally (0); divided longitudinally (1). 4.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F9D3FEC2F9C2" box="[184,348,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Prescutal suture</emphasis>
: unmodified (0); ending at elongate depression (1). 5.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F9B1FEB0F9E4" box="[184,302,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: unmodified (0); shortened and reduced (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF52F997FD3AF905" blockId="2.[159,1256,1490,1859]" box="[159,676,1643,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
6.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F990FEDBF905" box="[184,325,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Stem of halter</emphasis>
: bare (0); with cluster of setae (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF52F977FD3CF885" blockId="2.[159,1256,1490,1859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
7.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F977FED8F927" box="[184,326,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">R2 orientation</emphasis>
: directly apically (0); directed towards apex of R1 (1). 8.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F950FE9EF945" box="[184,256,1708,1730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Sc vein</emphasis>
: elongate, extending to beyond Rs (0); short, not reaching Rs (1). 9.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF75F937FEABF963" box="[184,309,1738,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">Stem of M1+2</emphasis>
: short, less than half length of M2 (0); elongate nearly subequal in length to M2 (1). 10.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF08F911FE94F885" box="[197,266,1773,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">M vein</emphasis>
: well defined (0); greatly weakened (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C56FFDFFF52F8F7FCB7F8B8" blockId="2.[159,1256,1490,1859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">
11.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF09F8F7FEA8F8A7" box="[196,310,1802,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">CuP length</emphasis>
: elongate, at least three-quarters length of cell bm (0); short, two-thirds length of cell bm (1). 12.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C56FFDFFF08F8D6FEBAF8C4" box="[197,292,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="145">R1 and R2</emphasis>
: separated by length of R2 (0); nearly touching (1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

147
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@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
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<mods:title id="6C20C7D9A523B955F259097C4FFB0188">Rediscovered at last: a new enigmatic genus of Axymyiidae (Diptera) from western North America</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9F87DCBB28B8B8E6FCD25E6A04B30F97">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="5E1AE42D0C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFD18FB23" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6157766" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119571586" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6157766" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E1AE42D0C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFD18FB23" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E1AE42D0C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFD18FB23" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFE96FF55" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFDB3FF36" blockId="3.[151,557,151,210]" box="[151,557,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<heading id="8D44E2570C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFDB3FF36" bold="true" box="[151,557,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFDB3FF36" bold="true" box="[151,557,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFE56FF36" ID-CoL="8DFLK" box="[151,456,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF5AFF6BFE56FF36" bold="true" box="[151,456,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Plesioaxymyia vespertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FFF434520C57FFDEFE02FF6BFDB3FF36" box="[463,557,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF5AFF46FE96FF55" blockId="3.[151,557,151,210]" box="[151,264,186,210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">(Figs 1–3)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C57FFDEFF5AFEFEFEBCFE01" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF5AFEFEFEBCFE01" blockId="3.[151,1436,258,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF5AFEFEFDB7FE9C" bold="true" box="[151,553,258,283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
Material examined.
<typeStatus id="0908EB990C57FFDEFE47FEFEFDB7FE9C" box="[394,553,258,283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
Ƥ, labelled: “
<collectingCountry id="AEA415AB0C57FFDEFD05FEFEFC98FE9D" box="[712,774,258,282]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">USA</collectingCountry>
: WA: Mt Rainier NP/ Narada Falls to Reflection Lk/ trail;
<geoCoordinate id="B38733FC0C57FFDEFF5AFEDAFF6BFEB9" box="[151,245,294,318]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" precision="925" value="46.766666">N46°46'</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="B38733FC0C57FFDEFF30FEDAFEF3FEB9" box="[253,365,294,318]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" precision="925" value="-121.73333">W121°44'</geoCoordinate>
/
<quantity id="114BF8DE0C57FFDEFEB2FEDAFE46FEB9" box="[383,472,294,318]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
,
<date id="A20D73FB0C57FFDEFE2AFEDAFDFAFEB9" box="[487,612,294,318]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" value="2012-07-17">17.vii.2012</date>
/ B.J. Sinclair”; “
<typeStatus id="0908EB990C57FFDEFCE1FEDAFC5CFEB9" box="[812,962,294,318]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
/
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C57FFDEFC19FEDAFBE9FEB9" box="[980,1143,294,318]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFC19FEDAFBE9FEB9" box="[980,1143,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Plesioaxymyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C57FFDEFB45FEDBFB63FEB9" box="[1160,1277,295,318]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFB45FEDBFB63FEB9" box="[1160,1277,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">vespertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Sinclair [red label]” (
<collectionCode id="B0A2CDFE0C57FFDEFF3FFEB6FEAFFEE5" box="[242,305,330,354]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">CNC</collectionCode>
).
<typeStatus id="0908EB990C57FFDEFE88FEB6FE49FEE4" box="[325,471,330,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFE88FEB6FE49FEE4" bold="true" box="[325,471,330,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">PARATYPE</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFE25FEB6FD1FFEE4" bold="true" box="[488,641,330,355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<collectingCountry id="AEA415AB0C57FFDEFE25FEB6FDBCFEE4" box="[488,546,330,355]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">USA</collectingCountry>
. Alaska
</emphasis>
: Isabel Pass, mi 206 Richardson Hwy., 2900',
<date id="A20D73FB0C57FFDEFB40FEB6FA91FEE5" box="[1165,1295,330,354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" value="1962-07-13">13.vii.1962</date>
, P.J. Skitsko (1 Ƥ,
<collectionCode id="B0A2CDFE0C57FFDEFF15FE92FE88FE01" box="[216,278,366,390]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">CNC</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C57FFDEFF0AFE6FFF61FE49" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF0AFE6FFF61FE49" blockId="3.[151,1436,258,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF0AFE6FFED0FE2C" bold="true" box="[199,334,403,427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name is from the Latin
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFD24FE68FCF7FE2C" box="[745,873,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">vespertinus</emphasis>
(western), in reference to its distribution in North
<collectingCountry id="AEA415AB0C57FFDEFF5AFE4AFF65FE49" box="[151,251,438,462]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">America</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C57FFDEFF0AFE26FDC3FCBB" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="description">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF0AFE26FDC3FCBB" blockId="3.[151,1436,258,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF0AFE26FE2FFE74" bold="true" box="[199,433,474,499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Description. Female</emphasis>
. Body length:
<quantity id="114BF8DE0C57FFDEFD9AFE26FD33FE75" box="[599,685,474,498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
(not including antenna).
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFC09FE27FB9CFE74" bold="true" box="[964,1026,475,499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Head</emphasis>
: Antenna longer than width of head; scape and pedicel somewhat paler than dark brown flagellum; pedicel slightly longer than scape. Frons with setulae along inner eye margin and above antennal bases.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFD3FFDDFFCD6FDBC" bold="true" box="[754,840,547,571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Thorax</emphasis>
: Scutum dark brown, concolorous, clothed in fine pruinescence and short setulae; lacking prominent setae. Pleura somewhat paler than scutum, subshiny. Coxae concolorous with pleura; femora pale brown, darker towards apices; tibiae pale brown with proximal and distal portions darker; tarsomeres dark brown; mediolobus and pulvilli bright white.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFBCAFD72FBD8FD20" bold="true" box="[1031,1094,654,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Wing</emphasis>
: Length:
<quantity id="114BF8DE0C57FFDEFB7BFD72FA8EFD21" box="[1206,1296,654,678]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
, subequal to body length, excluding antenna; pterostigma distinct, brown, otherwise wing unmarked; M1+2 with long stem, longer than M2. Halter stem with 2–3 scattered setulae, lacking dense cluster of setae.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFBFCFD25FB3DFD75" bold="true" box="[1073,1187,729,754]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Basal segment dark; segments 2–6 pale brown; segment 7 with anterior half pale brown and posterior half dark brown; pleural region dark brown.
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF27FCD9FE42FCBA" bold="true" box="[234,476,804,829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Male and immatures</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EA906B00C57FFDEFF0AFCB4FD18FB23" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF0AFCB4FD94FC77" blockId="3.[151,1436,258,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFF0AFCB4FEA6FCE7" bold="true" box="[199,312,840,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species was collected by sweep net while walking along the Woodland hiking trail from the base of Narada Falls to Reflection Lake in Mt. Rainier National Park. This trail runs below Hwy 706, through mid-elevation conifer forests at approximately
<quantity id="114BF8DE0C57FFDEFE38FC6CFDD5FC2F" box="[501,587,912,936]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
. The season appeared to be early spring, with many small snowmelt streamlets and broad, major streams often retaining thick snow caps. However the daytime air temperatures reached 27–29°C and spring flowers were in full bloom.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D60C553B0C57FFDEFF0AFC00FD18FB23" blockId="3.[151,1436,258,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">
The immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C57FFDEFE17FC01FDF5FB93" box="[474,619,1021,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" genus="Plesioaxymyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespertina">
<emphasis id="E4C789290C57FFDEFE17FC01FDF5FB93" box="[474,619,1021,1044]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="146">P. vespertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are assumed to occur in saturated logs and branches as recorded for the other three extant axymyiid genera. But given the unsuccessful attempts to collect the immature stages at the Alaskan locality, perhaps the immature stages reside in wet leaf litter or decomposing fungi. Larvae of the family
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C57FFDEFF5AFB94FEC4FB07" box="[151,346,1128,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Perissommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perissommatidae</taxonomicName>
, which has been suggested as closely related to
<taxonomicName id="11B32EB80C57FFDEFC4FFB94FB92FB07" box="[898,1036,1128,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Axymyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Axymyiidae</taxonomicName>
(see following section), have been found in decomposing fungi (
<bibRefCitation id="B22228CA0C57FFDEFE2FFB70FDE7FB23" author="Colless" box="[482,633,1164,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="146" refString="Colless, D. H. (1962) A new Australian genus and family of Diptera (Nematocera: Perissommatidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 10, 519 - 535. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9620519" type="journal article" year="1962">Colless 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>