From 6100c18b8c2fa42f3f29dc3aaddc57145dbdbe84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2025 18:03:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-06-09 17:56:59 --- .../7D/03EC7D6DFF8EFA47FF65FC982F6FD3F2.xml | 1098 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1098 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/03/EC/7D/03EC7D6DFF8EFA47FF65FC982F6FD3F2.xml diff --git a/data/03/EC/7D/03EC7D6DFF8EFA47FF65FC982F6FD3F2.xml b/data/03/EC/7D/03EC7D6DFF8EFA47FF65FC982F6FD3F2.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dbd853520de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/EC/7D/03EC7D6DFF8EFA47FF65FC982F6FD3F2.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@ + + + +Rediscovery and new combination of Serpocaulon demissum (Polypodiaceae), an endangered endemic species to the Brazilian inselbergs + + + +Author + +Sanín, David +0000-0003-0680-5531 +dav.sanin@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Salino, Alexandre +0000-0003-0104-7524 +salinobh@gmail.com + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2020 + +2020-06-16 + + +449 + + +1 + + +52 +64 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.1.5 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.449.1.5 +1179-3163 +13877295 + + + + + +Serpocaulon demissum +(Fée) D. Sanín + +, + +comb. nov. + +( +Fig. 2 +, +3 +, +4 +, +5B–C +, +6C–D +, +7B +). + + + + + +Goniophlebium demissum +Fée, Cryp. Vasc. + +Brésil +2: 63. 1872. + + + +Polypodium catharinae +var. +rotundatum +Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier + +ser. 2, 2: 372 (1902). + + + +Polypodium demissum +(Fée) C. Chr. Index Fil. + +325. 1906. +Type +:— + +BRAZIL +. +Rio de Janeiro +: +Jurujuba +, +Santa Cruz [Santa Cruz da Barra] +, + +7 April 1872 + +, + +A. Glaziou +5651 + +( +lectotype +P +[ +P171187 +], here designated + +; + +isolectotypes +P +[ +P171187 +] + +, + +P +[ +P00624706 +] + +, + +P +[ +P00624705 +] + +). + + + + +Etymology: +—The Latin epithet +demissus +means hanging down, related to the pendulous laminae. + + + + +Plants rupicolous (growing in leaf litter over rocks). Rhizomes +5−12 mm +in diameter, short-creeping, light to dark brown, moderately pruinose. Scales dense along rhizomes, 4−9 × +2−3 mm +, concolorous, light brown, lanceolate, subpeltate, insertion radially folding, patent, bases rounded, apices long-acuminate, caudate, with scattered pale marginal projections +1−2 mm +long, especially at the base. Phyllopodia 1.0− +1.8 cm +apart, +2−5 mm +long. Fronds 19.2−62.0 cm long, erect. Petioles 6.5−29.0 cm, light brown, sinuate at the base, proximally and distally subterete. Laminae 12−34 × +4−14 cm +, pinnatisect, lanceolate, truncate proximally, apex gradually reduced to a short-attenuate segment. Segments in 26−38 pairs, chartaceous, slightly revolute, proximal surcurrent and reflexed, medial decurrent, and apical pinnatisect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with light brown to hyaline hairs, 3−18 cells long, catenate, strigose, scattered, mainly in axils of segments and rachis; scales bicolorous, dark brown at center, hyaline at margins, 1.0−3.2 × +0.15−0.24 mm +, 10−26 × 2 cells wide, linear, subpeltate, sinuate, rounded and appressed at the base, each with a long-acuminate patent apex, dentate, mainly in axils of segments and rachis. Medial segments 2−6.5 × +0.4−0.9 cm +. Veins forming 13−25 rows along and 1−2 rows of areoles between the costa and the margin of the segment, fertile veinlets usually inconspicuous. Sori in 6−23 × 1(rarely 2) rows per segment, not reaching apices of segments. Spores 52−56 × 30−35 µm, monolete, ellipsoid to plano-convex, with verrucate laesurae 23−29 µm long ( +Fig. 6C–D +). + + + + +Distribution & habitat:— + +Serpocaulon demissum + +is endemic to the Brazilian inselbergs of the Atlantic Forest ecosystem ( +Fig. 1 +, +4 +), between [200] +560–1850 m +, known from +Bahia +, +Espírito Santo +( +Fig. 1 +), +Minas Gerais +, and +Rio de Janeiro +States. + + + + +Additional specimens examined:— +BRAZIL +. +Bahia +: +Rio de Contas +, +Pico +das +Almas +, vertente leste, vale acima +da Fazenda Silvina +, + + +1450 +– +1500 m + + +, + +29 November 1988 + +, + +R.M. Harley +& +B.L. Stannard +26677 + +(K); +Rio de Contas +, +Pico das Almas +, +25 km +da cidade em direção ao +Campo do Queiroz +, + +1850 m + +, +13º33’S +, +41º57’W +, + +26 February 2006 + +, + +F.B. Matos +et al. 1049 + +(RB). +Espírito Santo +: Castelo, +Parque Estadual de Forno Grande +, Trilha para o Forninho, + +1100 m + +, +20º30’58” S +, +41º05’01” W +, + +12 February 2008 + +, + +P.H. Labiak +et al. 4566 + +(RB); +Castelo +, +Parque Estadual de Forno Grande +, + +1300 m + +, +20º30’58” S +, +41º05’20” W +, + +26 June 2008 + +, + +A. +Salino +et al. 13607 + +(BHCB); +Pancas +, +Pedra da Colina +, + +745 m + +, +19º13’52” S +, +40º52’36” W +, + +11 March 2016 + +, + +L.F.A. de +Paula +894 + +(RB); +Santa Maria do Jetibá +, +Garrafão +, +Pedra do Garrafão +, + +1081 m + +, +20º10’24.5” S +, +40º55’06.8” W +, + +28 August 2009 + +, + +A. +Salino +et al. 14539 + +(BHCB); +Santa Maria do Jetibá +, +Pedra do Garrafão +, depois da cultura do morango, +20º10’24.5” S +, +40º55’06.6” W +, + +1079 m + +, + +22 September 2018 + +, + +D. +Sanín +et al. 7229 + +(BHCB, CESJ, F, HUA); +Santa Teresa +, + +Pedra +da Onça + +, + +1 February 2000 + +, + +V. Demuner +et al. 688 + +(BHCB). +Minas Gerais +: +Dores de Guanhães +, +Serra do Caraça +, + +700 m + +, +19º04’14.3” S +, +42º52’23.2” W +, + +15 August 2005 + +, + +T.E. Almeida +et al. 82 + +(BHCB); +Teófilo Otoni +, afloramento rochoso lado esquerdo da MG 418, cerca de +30 km +norte +Teófilo Otoni +, em ilha de vegetação de afloramento granítico, + +560 m + +, +17º51’22” S +, +41º15’39” W +, + +27 January 2014 + +, + +L.F.A. de +Paula +et al. 686 + +(BHCB); +Teófilo Otoni +, afloramento rochoso lado esquerdo da MG 418, cerca de +30 km +norte +Teófilo Otoni +, em ilha de vegetação de afloramento granítico, + +560 m + +, +17º51’22” S +, +41º15’39” W +, + +16 April 2011 + +, + +L.F.A. de +Paula +et al. 334 + +(BHCB); +Teófilo Otoni Afloramento +rochoso lado esquerdo da MG 418, cerca de +30 km +norte de +Teófilo +, + +560 m + +, +17º51’22” S +, +41º15’39” W +, + +16 April 2011 + +, + +L.F.A. de Paula +et al. 336 + +(RB). +Rio de Janeiro +: +Niterói +, +Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca +, + +Pedra +de Itacoatiara + +, + +3 December 1994 + +, + +M.G. Santos +& +F.C. Pinheiro +62 + +(RB); +Niterói +, +Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca +, +Pedra de Itacoatiara +, + +20 March 1994 + +, + +M.G. Santos +& +F.C. Pinheiro +51 + +(RB); +Niterói +, +Morro do Tucum +, +Itacoatiara +, + +7 July 2012 + +, + +L.P. Mauad +306 + +(BHCB, RB). + + + + +FIGURE 2. + +Serpocaulon demissum + +: A. Habit. B. Detail of segments. C. Rhizome scale. D. Laminar scale. From: +D. Sanín et al. 7229 +(BHCB). + + + + +FIGURE 3. + +Serpocaulon demissum + +: A. Habit, scale bar: 10 cm. B. Rhizome with size perspective, scale bar: 5 cm. C. Rhizome branching, scale bar: 2 cm. D. Fiddlehead, scale bar: 4 cm. E. Phyllopodia detail, scale bar: 2 cm. F. Rhizome cross-section, scale bar: 2 cm. G. Base of the lamina with falcate and reflexed pinnae, scale bar: 3 cm. H. Abaxial view of the fertile lamina, scale bar: 5 cm. I. Middle fertile segment detail, scale bar: 1.5 cm. J. Proximal segments with nectaries. K. Apex of the lamina, scale bar: 2 cm. All from +D. Sanín et al. 7229 +(BHCB). The asterisk indicates the rhizome apex and the arrows indicate the location of nectaries. + + + + +FIGURE 4. +Distribution of + +Serpocaulon demissum +. + +Black dots represent collections. Conventions: ES, Espírito Santo; MG, Minas Gerais; RJ, Rio de Janeiro, and SP, São Paulo States. + + + + +Discussion:— +The distribution of + +Serpocaulon demissum + +is similar to described inselbergs endemics species: + +Mandevilla fistulosa +Ferreira de Sales (2006: 115) + +, + +M. grazielae +Ferreira de Sales (2006: 117) + +, and + +M. harleyi +Ferreira de Sales (2006: 121) + +, ( +Apocynaceae +) ( + +Ferreira de Sales +et al. +2006 + +), and + +Bradea borreroides + +( +Oliveira & Sobrado (2016: 84) +( +Rubiaceae +). Its altitudinal distribution is similar to + +Nanuza plicata +Martius (1824: 16) +Smith & Ayensu (1976: 38) + +( +Velloziaceae +), which colonizes rocky substrates from the seacoast to more than +1500 m +.a.s.l. (Porembski & Barthlott 2000). Remarkably, this area corresponds to a recently recognized phytogeographical region for endemic bromeliads in the Atlantic Forest in +Brazil +( + +de Paula +et al. +2016 + +) from the states of +Bahia +to +Rio de Janeiro +. + + + +Serpocaulon demissum + +was found at the margins of monocotyledonous mats containing principally species of +Bromeliaceae +and +Velloziaceae +. These mats are fundamental for providing establishment sites for other plant lifeforms (Porembski +et al. +2000), because they accumulate organic matter between their roots (Porembski & Barthlott 2000). + + +Recent botanical exploration in the inselbergs localities of Linhares ( +Espírito Santo +) and Teófilo Otoni ( +Minas Gerais +), culminated in the description of two new endemic species of monocots ( +Viana & de Paula 2013 +, +Gonçalves & de Paula 2016 +), and four eudicots ( + +Ferreira de Sales +et al. +2006 + +, +Oliveira & Sobrado 2016 +, + +Gouvêa +et al. +2018 + +). These discoveries show that these outcrop ecosystems are highly diverse, and still relatively unexplored ( +Giulietti & Pirani 1988 +, Porembski & Barthlott 2000, Porembski +et al. +2000, + +de Paula +et al. +2016 + +, +2017 +). + + + +FIGURE 5. +Comparison between rhizome scales of the related species of + +Serpocaulon + +: A. + +S. catharinae + +(from +D. Sanín et al. 6834, +BHCB). B, C. + +S. demissum + +(from +D. Sanín et al. 7229 +, BHCB). D. + +S. vacillans + +(from +D. Sanín et al. 6855 +, BHCB). Scale bars: A, B & D: 1 mm, C: 0.5 mm. + + + + +FIGURE 6. +Spore comparisons between the related species of + +Serpocaulon +. + +A. Lateral view of + +S. catharinae + +. B. Detail from folded perine of + +S. catharinae + +(A, B from +D. Sanín et al. 6771 +, BHCB). C, D. Lateral and proximal view of + +S. demissum + +(from +A. Salino et al. 14539 +, BHCB). E, F. Lateral and proximal view of + +S. vacillans + +(from +D. Sanín et al. 6855 +, BHCB). Scale bars: A, C−F: 20 µm; B: 10 µm. + + + +Similar species and nomenclature +:— + +Serpocaulon demissum + +resembles + +S. catharinae + +and + +S. vacillans + +( +Table 1 +, +Figs. 5−7 +), by sharing short-creeping rhizomes (except for + +S. vacillans + +, which has long-creeping rhizomes) and pinnatisect laminae with segments having predominantly one row of sori between the costae and the segment margins. It possesses moderately pruinose and rugose rhizomes as in + +S. catharinae + +and has sinuate petiole bases like + +S. vacillans + +. + + + +TABLE 1. +Comparison of morphological features of Brazilian Atlantic Forest related species of +Serpocaulon +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Character/species + +S. catharinae + +(n= 81) + + +S. demissum + +(n= 18) + + +S. vacillans + +(n= 19) +
HabitTerrestrial, rupicolous and epiphyticRupicolous (over litter matter)Terrestrial, subterranean (rarely rupicolous)
Rhizome width (mm)3.3–8.45–123.2–7.5
Rhizome glaucousGlaucousSparsely glaucousNon-glaucous
Scale length (mm)1–74–92–5
Scale colorBicolorousConcolorousConcolorous
Scale shapeSubulateLanceolateTriangular to ovate-lanceolate
Scale marginsDentate to crenateWith marginal projectionsDentate to crenate
Petiole basesStraightSinuateSinuate
Laminar pubescenceSparseSparseDense
Spore perisporeProminent foldsNo foldsScarcely folded
+ + + +Serpocaulon demissum + +differs from + +S. catharinae + +by having concolorous, larger (4−9 × +2−3 mm +vs. 2.1−3.7(−7.9) × +0.4−1.9 mm +) lanceolate rhizome scales ( +Fig. 5B and C +), bullate at insertion, with scattered pale marginal prolongations of the margin cells +1−2 mm +long, especially at the bases ( +Fig. 5C +), petioles proximally sinuate ( +Fig. 3D +), inconspicuous veinlets ( +Fig. 3I +), and spore ornamentation lacking folded perine ( +Fig. 6C & D +) (vs. bicolorous subulate rhizome scales ( +Fig. 5A +) with dentate margins, straight petiole bases, conspicuous veinlets, and spore ornamentation with folded perine ( +Fig. 6A, B +)). + + +From + +Serpocaulon vacillans + +, + +S. demissum + +differs by the superficially rupicolous rhizomes ( +Fig 3B, C +), lanceolate rhizome scales ( +Fig. 5B +), laminae glabrous or with sparse trichomes 3–18 cells long, scales distributed mainly in the axils of the segments, and spore ornamentation lacking folded perine ( +Fig. 6C & D +) (vs. subterranean rhizomes, deltate to ovate-lanceolate rhizome scales ( +Fig. 5D +), dense laminar pubescence with hairs 2–3 cells long, with scarce (if any) linear scales in the base of segments, and spore ornamentation with folded perine ( +Fig. 6 E & F +)). + + +Hensen (1990) +presented the name + +Goniophlebium demissum +Fée + +as a new synonym for + +Polypodium catharinae + +. However, the author did not present information of the spores and the rhizome scales to support his conclusions. This information is presented here, and along with its distribution it is possible to recognize it as part of + +Serpocaulon + +’s diversity. + + +Rhizome starch accumulation:— +The presence of thick rhizomes supports that + +S. demissum + +developed a specialized system to store nutrients and water. Similar adaptations have been noted for several taxonomical groups in Brazilian inselbergs ( +Barthlott & Porembski 2000b +, +Conceiçao & Pirani 2005 +, +Alves & Kolbek 2010 +, Porembski +et al. +2000). + + +In a comparison with its relatives, all the species evaluated contain starch in their rhizome. However, + +S. demissum + +differs of + +S. catharinae + +because it presents starch in the whole rhizome ( +Fig. 7B +) (vs. only around the vascular bundles ( +Fig. 7A +)). It shares a similar starch distribution with + +S. vacillans + +but this species differs in the lack of a dense cuticle and lower amount of starch ( +Fig. 7C +). + +Hovenkamp +et al +. (2016) + +evaluated the seasonal accumulation of starch in trophopods of the temperate fern + +Matteuccia struthiopteris +( +Linnaeus 1753: 1066 +) +Todaro (1866: 235) + +( +Onocleaceae +) explained their results with the production of seasonal leaves, which was correlated with the temperate seasonality. We believe that the thick rhizomes of + +S. demissum + +similarly represents a functional trait that provides advantage in this harsh environment. + + + + +Conservation assessment:— + +Serpocaulon demissum + +is considered eligible for IUCN listing as Endangered (EN) ( +IUCN 2017 +) on the basis of its Area of Occupancy (AOO): +36 km +2 +, which is far less than the +500 km +2 +as it is recommended by the Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCat) ( + +Bachman +et al. +2011 + +). According to the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home), the population from Castello locality is the only one in a protected area (Parque Estadual de Forno Grande, +Espírito Santo State +). The global population is at risk from human impacts such as granite mining in inselbergs, installation of telecommunication towers, the use of outcrops for cultivation, the invasion of exotic grasses, and tourism ( +Safford & Martinelli 2000 +, +Viana & de Paula 2013 +, +Gonçalves & de Paula 2016 +, + +de Paula +et al +. 2016 + +, +2017 +, +Oliveira & Sobrado 2016 +). + + +Studies on rock-dwelling populations of rock ferns ( +Schneller & Holderegger 1996 +, + +Vogel +et al. +1999 + +, + +Suter +et al +. 2000 + +) attributed their population structure to multiple events of single-spore colonization via intra-gametophytic selfing, promoted by its long-distance dispersion capacity ( +Perrie & Brownsey 2007 +, + +De Groot +et al +. 2012 + +, + +Bauret +et al. +2017 + +). In this context, the low gene flow registered between populations of angiosperms from different inselbergs ( + +Barbará +et al. +2007 + +, + +Palma-Silva +et al +. 2011 + +) pointed that each inselberg might host genetically isolated populations ( + +de Paula +et al. +2016 + +, + +Hmeljievski +et al. +2017 + +). Stressing that those species are more susceptible of extinction by small alterations. Because of the small population size, severe fragmentation of the already isolated populations resulting from its rocky outcrop distribution, this species should be a priority candidate for conservation efforts. + + + + \ No newline at end of file