From 5fe0c886ba1c002a73e9fb102b8fe803def7f6da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Thu, 6 Mar 2025 19:08:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-03-06 19:02:26 --- .../B1/03DFB1426548FFC5FF5B3317FF04DA5F.xml | 533 ++++++++++++ .../B1/03DFB142654DFFF8FF5B3437FB67D903.xml | 816 ++++++++++++++++++ .../B1/03DFB1426577FFF2FF5B30C3FD2DDFBA.xml | 193 +++-- 3 files changed, 1447 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426548FFC5FF5B3317FF04DA5F.xml create mode 100644 data/03/DF/B1/03DFB142654DFFF8FF5B3437FB67D903.xml diff --git a/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426548FFC5FF5B3317FF04DA5F.xml b/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426548FFC5FF5B3317FF04DA5F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0274bae8991 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426548FFC5FF5B3317FF04DA5F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,533 @@ + + + +Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia + + + +Author + +Purser, William A. +School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Phoenix Environmental Sciences, 2 / 3 King Edward Road, Osborne Park, WA 6017, Australia + + + +Author + +Doughty, Paul +Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia + + + +Author + +Rowley, Jodi L. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia + + + +Author + +Böhme, Wolfgang +Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany + + + +Author + +Donnellan, Stephen C. +South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia + + + +Author + +Mitchell, Marion Anstis Nicola + + + +Author + +Shea, Glenn M. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Sydney School of Veterinary Science B 01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia + + + +Author + +Amey, Andrew +Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia + + + +Author + +Mitchell, Brittany A. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia + + + +Author + +Catullo, Renee A. +School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia & Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2025 + +2025-02-28 + + +5594 + + +2 + + +269 +315 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 +1175-5326 +14954346 +5D61C55E-D042-4818-9D7B-087DEC250BFB + + + + + + + +Litoria rubella +(Gray, 1842) + + + + + + + +Figs. 11–12 + + + + +Suggested common name: +Red Tree Frog + + +Previously applied common names: +Red Tree Frog, Little Red Tree Frog, Desert Tree Frog, Naked Tree Frog, Ruddy Treefrog, Seagull Frog, Brown Tree Frog + + + + + +Hyla rubella + +. Gray, J. E. 1842. Description of some hitherto unrecorded species of Australian reptiles and batrachians. Zoological Miscellany, Part 2: 51–57. + + + + + + +Syntypes +. + +Not designated, but +BMNH 1947.2.24.7–9 +(formerly 42.2.24.19–21, according to Condit, 1964, J. Ohio Herpetol. Soc., 4: 95); + + +BMNH 1947.2.24.9 +designated +lectotype +by +Ingram & Corben (1990) +. Type locality: “North coast of Australia; +Port Essington +”, +Northern Territory +, +Australia + +. + + +Material examined. +Details of the 67 + +Litoria rubella + +vouchered specimens measured: +29 females +and +38 males +are presented in +Table 1 +. + + + + +Revised diagnosis. +This species is assigned to + +Litoria + +based on the presence of a horizontally oriented contracted pupil and the absence of a palpebral reticulum ( +Tyler & Davies 1978 +). It exhibits typical characteristics of the + +Litoria rubella + +species complex: small head, rudimentarily webbed fingers, partially webbed toes, dark dorsolateral stripes and a high-pitched, multi-pulsed call. It is morphologically indistinguishable from other species in the + +L. rubella + +species complex and must be diagnosed using molecular data and/or location. From a genetic perspective, 17, 16 and 20 sites in the mitochondrial +ND4 +alignment reliably diagnose + +L. rubella + +from + +L. capitula + +, + +L. pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +and + +L. larisonans + + +sp. nov. + +respectively ( +Table 3 +). + + + + +Description. +No data on type specimens are presented. Examination of images of the +syntype +( +Fig. 11 +) are consistent with the description presented here. Measurement ranges and means are presented in +Table 5 +. Moderate body size, females generally larger than males; body slightly to moderately flattened and wide; head small (HDL/SUL = 0.23–0.30), slightly flattened (HD/SUL = 0.11–0.21), and narrow (HDW/SUL = 0.24–0.31); head length equal to width (HDL/HDW = 0.84–1.14); snout triangular in dorsal view, tip of snout blunt to moderately pointed (IND/IOD = 0.32–0.71), rounded in profile; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region steep, flat to concave when considered in conjunction with upper labial margin; crown of head flat; nares ovate, on anterolateral edge of snout, oriented dorsolaterally; eyes small to moderate (EYE/HDL = 0.23–0.39), pupils oriented horizontally; eye to naris distance most often larger than eye diameter (EN/EYE = 0.69–1.65); tympanum circular with flat to marginally raised annulus; supratympanic fold poorly to well developed, angling posteroventrally towards site of arm attachment; tympanum usually smaller than eye (TMP/EYE = 0.54–1.14); arms short to moderate ([UAL+LAL]/SUL = 0.24–0.35) and thin; fingers with basal webbing; relative length of fingers I<IV<II<III; tips of fingers with well-developed discs, distinct circum-marginal grooves and narrow fringing; discs relatively wide compared to width of the penultimate phalanx (3FDW/3FW = 1.33–3.00); subarticular tubercles rounded; metacarpal tubercles ovate; nuptial pads cover entire basal half of finger I on anterior (inner) surface, continuing on dorsal side only on middle of finger and tapering away from anterior (inner) edge of finger I; hindlimbs short (TIB/SUL = 0.28–0.41); relative length of toes I<II<III~V<IV; toes with well-developed terminal discs, distinct circumarginal grooves and narrow fringing; discs slightly smaller than those of fingers (4TDW/4DW = 1.10–2.67); subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, spatulate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; toes partially webbed, extending to or beyond distal tubercles of all toes except IV, webbing generally extending between penultimate and distal tubercle and sometimes beyond distal tubercle on toe IV. + + + +FIGURE 11 +. ( +A +) Dorsal and ( +B +) ventral photos of the + +Litoria rubella + +lectotype (BMNH 1947.2.24.9) in preservation. (photos P. Doughty). + + + + +FIGURE 12. + +Litoria rubella + +in life. ( +A +) WAM R173883 from Drysdale River National Park, WA (photo R.J. Ellis); ( +B +) MAGNT R38299 from 70 km SW of Katherine, NT (photo M. Whitehead); ( +C +) unvouchered from Fogg Dam, NT (photo R. Francis); ( +D +) unvouchered from the West MacDonnell Ranges, NT (photo D. Esquerre); ( +E +) unvouchered from near Dubbo NSW (photo C. Nagle); and ( +F +) from the Flinders Ranges, SA (photo R. Francis). + + +Skin of dorsal surface smooth, lacking dorsolateral folds, parotoid glands, and ridges; glandular tissue generally located between mouth and arm; ventral surface of body finely granular, generally smooth on limbs. + +Colour. +Colour variation is described from six in-life photographs (see +Fig. 12 +), and +in situ +observations. Dorsal colouration broadly uniform across the head, body and outer surface of limbs; across individuals the dorsal colouration can be fawn, cream, brown, rich chocolate-brown, red-brown, brick-red, grey, or a metallic grey or gold, sometimes whitish in the day; extent of dark brown pigmentation on dorsal surface and appendages highly variable, in some individuals forming small specks or marbling, often with two larger dorsolateral streaks in the inguinal region. Ventral surface uniformly whitish to cream, always lighter than dorsal surface; gradual to sharp contrast between dorsal and ventral colouration over dorsolateral region, generally coincides with lateral head stripe when present. Often an indistinct pale patch below eye, variable in lightness and extent among individuals. Distinctly darker lateral stripe originating from a V-shape hiatus on tip of snout, wrapping around nares, passing through eye and tympanum, dissipating variably from above attachment of arm to more posteriorly towards groin, generally more diffuse posteriorly, contrast and intensity varies from well-defined and dark to pale and poorly contrasted; yellow pigment in inguinal region and occasionally on posterior of arm and foot. Posterior of thighs ranging from yellow to dull orange, with dark marbling in some individuals. Iris golden to copper-brown, sometimes with thin line of red surrounding iris. Male gular pigmentation dark brown; nuptial pads light to dark brown. In preservative, reddish hues over body tend to be lost, colour and contrast of dorsolateral stripe usually fades, colour of thighs tends to be lost, colour of iris lost. + + +Embryos +. Embryos were measured live. Mean diameter of 18 ova (stages 8–9) from +85 km +SE Darwin was +0.9 mm +(0.9–1.0); mean capsule diameter of +15 eggs +(stage 8) was +1.7 mm +(1.5–2.1). + + +Tadpole body and tail shape. +Tadpoles are described from Kununurra (WA), near Fogg Dam and Marara (NT), Tennant Creek (NT), Ormiston Gorge, Simpson’s Gap (MacDonnell Ranges, NT) and Girilambone and Cobar, western NSW. Description is as for general description in Systematics Section, but tadpoles from central +Australia +and NSW tended to grow larger than those from northern +Australia +( +Table 6 +). Mid-dorsal profile may be slightly convex in some specimens (e.g., Tennant Creek area) otherwise profile was not convex in shape, rising gradually to tail/body junction ( +Fig. 8A +). Origin of dorsal fin is in proximity of the tail/body junction, rising to maximum height over middle of tail. Specimens from central +Australia +and NSW tended to have a slight dip preceding rise of dorsal fin. + + +Tadpole colour in life. +Description applies to all localities. Dorsal view: Somewhat transparent in earlier stages with darker eyes, brain, abdomen and vertebral region, becoming increasingly opaque or sandy golden to brown, copper-brown, grey-brown or dark brown with or without darker stippling or mottling as tadpole grows (stage 30 onwards; +Fig. 8A, B, C, D +). A darker mid-dorsal patch on either side of vertebral region develops from about stage 33 ( +Fig. 8 C–E +), and from about stage 40 onwards, a dark longitudinal patch develops on each side of vertebral region towards tail junction. Dorsal surface of tail muscle may have melanophores of varying concentration forming fine stippling anteriorly ( +Fig. 8D +) to darker patches or transverse bands along its length (e.g. +Fig. 8E +). + + +Lateral view ( +Fig. 8A +): Dorsal pigment extends laterally down over body meeting opaque white with a copper sheen colouring and fine mottling in some individuals on the lower half of abdomen. Sides of tail muscle with fine melanophores or mottling, may have darker line along midline, and dorsal and ventral edges. Ventral view: Abdomen mostly opaque white with copper sheen, anterior half of body usually clearer, often with copper sheen over heart and scattered fine copper clusters. + + +Metamorphs. +A sample of six metamorphs from northern NT ranged from +11.4–13.4 mm +SVL (mean +12.7 mm +), seven from western NSW 13.2–18.0 mm (mean +15.3 mm +) and 13 from central +Northern Territory +14.0– +18.4 mm +(mean +16.3 mm +). Metamorphs from central NT and western NSW are reddish-brown or lighter brown with a dark streak on either side of vertebral region and a dark patch on each side in inguinal region. Dark lateral stripe as for adult but less defined. The iris is coppery red ( +Fig. 8J +). Metamorphs from northern NT ( +Fig. 8K +) are noticeably different from those of all other regions (e.g., +Fig. 8J +), consistently having a prominent rich brown mid-dorsal band dissected by a fine cream vertebral line and contrasting paler cream sides. The iris is reddish-gold. + + +Advertisement call. +The advertisement call of all populations of + +L. rubella + +comprises a single, highly-pulsed note. Populations of + +L. rubella + +(n=21) from the monsoon tropics differ from inland arid and semi-arid populations (n=26) in their call characteristics ( +Table 4 +, +Figs. 5–6 +). Individuals from the monsoonal northern populations had a mean call duration of 0.36– +0.66 s +and an individual average of 25–42 uniformly spaced pulses repeated at a rate of 57.0–80.9 pulses/s. The dominant frequency was 1.72–3.00 kHz. Individuals from the inland populations had a mean call duration of 0.48– +0.87 s +and an individual average of 31–56 uniformly spaced pulses repeated at a rate of 43.20–78.04 pulses/s. The dominant frequency was 1.29–2.00 kHz. The call of the New +Guinea +population is not known. + + + + +Habitat and ecology. + +Litoria rubella + +is distributed across an enormous precipitation gradient. The species is commonly recorded via FrogID (>7,000 records from +10 November 2017 +– +30 July 2023 +), and is frequently heard calling in disturbed areas, with 27% of FrogID records of the species from suburban or urban habitats and 36% of records in rural areas. + +Litoria rubella + +has been detected calling in all months via the FrogID project but has a core calling season from October to March, with a peak in November to February. One of the most encountered and abundant frogs in human-populated areas where they are frequently found in sinks, drainpipes, and toilets (RAC, PD, pers. obs.). In hot and dry environments, they are generally found resting in a water-conserving posture with a whitish colouration to reduce cutaneous water loss. + +Litoria rubella + +breeds primarily in lentic waterbodies, with the majority of FrogID records of this species documented at small ponds (32%), flooded areas (21%) and large ponds (17%). + + + + +Distribution and conservation status. + +Litoria rubella + +is widely distributed over the arid biome and Australian Monsoonal Tropics Biome in +Australia +, and in southern mainland New +Guinea +( +Figs. 2 +& +4 +); in +Australia +the range boundary forms east of the Great Victorian and Gibson Deserts, north of the Great Sandy Desert, west of the Carpentarian barrier and Great Dividing Range, and extends south as far as the Flinders Ranges. Although its conservation status requires formal reassessment, it meets the criteria for Least Concern ( +IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2022 +) due to its very large distribution (Extent of Occurrence>3 million km +2 +) and absence of obvious threats. + +Litoria rubella + +also occurs in the southern part of New +Guinea +( +Fig. 2 +). + + + + +Comparison with other species. + +Litoria rubella + +is allopatric with five members of the + +L. rubella + +species group ( + +L. balatus + +in south-eastern Queensland, + +L. dentata + +in north-eastern New South Wales, + +L. quiritatus + +in south-eastern New South Wales, + +L. larisonans + + +sp. nov. + +in the Pilbara and + +L. capitula + +on the Tanimbar Islands, +Indonesia +). In +Australia + +L. rubella + +can be distinguished from the sympatric + +L. electrica + +in western +Queensland +( +Anstis 2017 +) by the absence versus presence of chocolate-coloured bars across the dorsum. + + +In New +Guinea +, + +L. rubella + +can be distinguished from sympatric + +L. congenita + +by shorter legs (TIB/SUL = 0.28– 0.41 versus +0.477 +–0.520 +[Tyler 1968]) and plain brown dorsum or more commonly with one, two or three yellowish stripes ( +Menzies 2006 +) and from sympatric + +L. pygmaea + +by shorter legs (TIB/SUL = 0.28–0.41 versus 0.50–0.56 [ +Menzies 2006 +]) and arms with light to dark colour tones versus white ( +Menzies 2006 +). + + +No morphological characters are known to reliably diagnose + +L. rubella + +from + +L. pyrina + + +sp. nov +. + + +Litoria rubella + +from inland +Queensland +and +New South Wales +can be distinguished from parapatric + +L. pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +by call, having a lower dominant frequency (1.29–2.00 kHz +versus +1.75–2.97 kHz) resulting in an audibly lower-pitched call. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB142654DFFF8FF5B3437FB67D903.xml b/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB142654DFFF8FF5B3437FB67D903.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ce3c432d1ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB142654DFFF8FF5B3437FB67D903.xml @@ -0,0 +1,816 @@ + + + +Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia + + + +Author + +Purser, William A. +School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Phoenix Environmental Sciences, 2 / 3 King Edward Road, Osborne Park, WA 6017, Australia + + + +Author + +Doughty, Paul +Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia + + + +Author + +Rowley, Jodi L. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia + + + +Author + +Böhme, Wolfgang +Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany + + + +Author + +Donnellan, Stephen C. +South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia + + + +Author + +Mitchell, Marion Anstis Nicola + + + +Author + +Shea, Glenn M. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Sydney School of Veterinary Science B 01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia + + + +Author + +Amey, Andrew +Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia + + + +Author + +Mitchell, Brittany A. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia + + + +Author + +Catullo, Renee A. +School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia & Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2025 + +2025-02-28 + + +5594 + + +2 + + +269 +315 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 +1175-5326 +14954346 +5D61C55E-D042-4818-9D7B-087DEC250BFB + + + + + + + +Litoria pyrina + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +Figs 13–15 + + + + +Suggested common name: +Ruddy Tree Frog + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +QM J95728 +( +Fig. 13 +), adult female from +Carnes Rd +, West of +Georgetown +, +Qld +( +18.2997°S +, +143.3514°E +) collected by +R. Catullo +, +G. Binns +and +K. Fahey +on + +15 January 2016 + +. + + + + + +Paratypes +. + +( +Fig. 14 +). +Five adult +females: +SAMA +R34424 +, from +Townsville +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +19.27°S +, +146.82°E +), collected in + +April 1988 + + +; + +SAMA +R34441 +, from + +4 km +SE of Gayndah + +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +25.63°S +, +151.63°E +), collected on + +24 April 1989 + + +; + +AMS +R54763 +, from +Collarenebri Rubbish Tip +, NSW, +Australia +( +29.55°S +, +148.58°E +), collected on + +17 April 1976 + + +; + +AMS +R70085 +, from +Goodnight Scrub +, +Mt. Perry Ranges +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +25.35°S +, +151.92°E +), collected on + +25 September 1972 + + +; + +AMS +R83984 +, from near +Calliope +, +Qld +Australia +( +24.00°S +, +151.32°E +), collected on + +12 January 1955 + + +. + + + +Five adult +males: +SAMA +R45911 +, from +Mount Carbine +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +16.53°S +, +145.13°E +), collection date unknown + +; + +SAMA +R55613 +, from +Lily Hill +, +Boyne Island +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +23.94°S +, +151.34°E +), collected on + +23 April 2001 + + +; + +AMS +R53849 +, from +Davies Creek +Rd, +Emerald Creek +, + +13 km +SE Mareeba + +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +17.08°S +, +145.60°E +), collected on + +2 January 1974 + + +; + +AMS +R84195 +, from +Two Mile Creek +to the north of +Townsville +, +Qld +, +Australia +( +19.22°S +, +146.78°E +), collected on + +24 February 1975 + + +; + +AMS +R90635 +, from +6 km +north-west of +Maids Valle on Blaxlands Gap Rd +, NSW, +Australia +( +29.0800°S +, +151.5917°E +), collected on + +19 March 1975 + + +. + + +Material examined. +Details of the 34 ( +10 females +and +24 males +) + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +specimens examined are presented in +Table 1 +and tadpoles in +Table 6 +. + + + + +Diagnosis. +This species exhibits characteristics typical of the + +Litoria rubella + +species complex: small head, rudimentarily webbed fingers, partially webbed toes, dark dorsolateral stripes and a high-pitched, multi-pulsed call. It is morphologically indistinguishable from other species in the + +L. rubella + +species complex and must be diagnosed using molecular data and location. + + + +FIGURE 13 +. Holotype of + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov + +(QM J95728); +(A) +dorsal, +(B) +ventral, +(C) +lateral, +(D) +lateral profile of head, +(E) +dorsal view of hand, +(F) +plantar side of hand, +(G) +plantar view of foot +(H) +moribund photograph. In +A-C +, each black or white square is equal to 1 cm, with a ruler visible in H. + + + + +FIGURE 14. +Paratypes of + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +Top row: males, from left to right AMS R84195, SAMA R45911, SAMA R55613, AMS R53849, AMS R90365. Bottom row: females, left to right AMS R.54763, SAMA R34424, AMS R.83984, AMS R.70085, SAMA R34441, +(A) +dorsal side, +(B) +ventral side. Each black or white square is equal to 1 cm. + + + + +FIGURE 15 +. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +in life. ( +A +) ABTC99699 from near Boynedale, Qld (photo H. Hines); ( +B +) unvouchered from Cairns, Qld (photo R. Francis); ( +C +) unvouchered from Cattana Wetlands, Qld (photo S. Eipper); ( +D +) unvouchered from Townsville, NT (photo D. Esquerre); ( +E +) unvouchered from Mondoran, Qld (photo R. Francis); and ( +F +) unvouchered from Felton, Qld (photo R. Francis). + + + +From a genetic perspective, apomorphic nucleotide states at 16, 21 and 19 sites in the mitochondrial +ND4 +gene reliably diagnose + +L. pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +from + +L. rubella +, +L. capitula + +and + +L. larisonans + + +sp. nov +. + +respectively ( +Table 3 +). + + + + + +Description of +holotype +. + +Adult female ( +Fig. 13 +); moderate body size ( +33.73 mm +SUL); body moderately flattened and wide; head small (HDL/SUL = 0.26), flattened (HD/SUL = 0.14), and narrow (HDW/SUL = 0.29); head length approximately equal to width (HDL/HDW = 0.90); snout triangular in dorsal view, tip of snout blunt, rounded in profile; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region steep, concave when considered in conjunction with upper labial margin; crown of head flat; nares ovate, on anterolateral edge of snout, oriented dorsolaterally; eyes small (EYE/HDL = 0.30), pupils oriented horizontally; eye to naris distance 1.2 X eye diameter; tympanum circular with raised annulus; well-developed supratympanic fold angling posteroventrally towards attachment of arm; tympanum and eye subequal in diameter (TMP/EYE = 0.79); arms moderate ([UAL+LAL]/SUL = 0.32), thin; fingers with basal webbing; relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III; tips of fingers with well-developed discs, distinct circum-marginal grooves and narrow fringing, discs relatively wide compared to width of the penultimate phalanx (third finger disc width 1.8 X third finger width); subarticular tubercles rounded; metacarpal tubercles ovate; hindlimbs short (TIB/SUL = 0.39); relative length of toes I<II<III<V<IV; tips of toes with well-developed discs, distinct circum-marginal grooves and narrow fringing; discs slightly smaller than those of fingers (fourth toe disc width 1.1 X toe width); subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, spatulate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; toes partially webbed, extending beyond distal tubercle of all toes except IV, where webbing extending between distal and penultimate tubercles. Skin of dorsal surface smooth, lacking dorsolateral folds, parotoid glands and ridges; glandular tissue located between mouth and arm; ventral surface of body granular, smooth on limbs. + + +Colour in preservative. +Dorsal background colour pale brown. Wide dark brown lateral head stripe, beginning on snout and wrapping around nares, continuing along loreal region, through eye and tympanum, angling posteroventrally and terminating at the pelvis; between the naris and eye, darker pigment of canthal stripe demarcates loreal region from top of snout; hiatus of pigment on tip of snout forming a V-shape. Ventral surfaces, other than gular region, cream. Posterior surfaces of thighs lack pattern. + + + +Measurements (mm) of +holotype +. + +SUL 33.7, FOL 19.8, TIB 13.2, FEL 12.3, LAL 6.1, UAL 4.8, HDW 9.8, DFE 6.0, IOD 3.9, IND 1.8, HDL 8.8, HD 4.9, SNT 4.3, EN 3.2, NS 0.8, EYE 2.6, TEY 1.0, TMP 2.1, 3TL 8.2, 3FDW 1.6, 3FW 0.9, PL 10.1, 4TDW 1.3, 4TW 1.2, IMT 1.5. + + +Variation. +Morphometric data presented in +Table 5 +for +10 adult +females and +24 adult +males reveals considerable variation among vouchered specimens, mostly independent of sex. Females (SUL +30.1–36.5 mm +; mean +33.4 mm +) tended to be longer than males (SUL 27.3–36.0) mm; mean +32.1 mm +); females did not appear more rotund when gravid (though low sample size was small; n = 10); within sexes body shape varied from gracile to robust dependent on preservation. Body width usually wider than head width in females; in males, body width equal to or slightly wider than head width; body moderately flattened to slightly robust. Annulus of tympanum raised relative to skin of temporal region. Moderately-developed to well-developed terminal discs on digits; relative width of finger discs 1.1–2.2 times wider than finger width, and toe discs 1.1–1.8 times wider than toe width, some of which is attributable to artefacts of preservation. Dorsal skin smooth to slightly granular, ventral skin smooth to granular. + + +Colour. +Colour variation is described from photographs of six animals taken in life ( +Fig. 15 +) and +in situ +observations. Dorsal colouration broadly uniform across head, body and outer surface of limbs; across individuals dorsal colouration can be fawn, cream, brown, rich chocolate-brown, red-brown, brick-red, grey, or a metallic grey, sometimes whitish in the day; irregular dark brown pigmentation may be present on dorsal surface and appendages, often forming small specks or marbling, extent highly variable. Darker dorsolateral streak occasionally present, generally stronger in inguinal region. Ventral surface uniformly cream, always lighter than dorsal surface; gradual to sharp contrast between dorsal and ventral colouration over dorsolateral region, generally coincides with lateral head stripe when present. Pale patch below eye, variable in lightness and extent among individuals. Distinctly darker lateral stripe originating from a V-shape hiatus on tip of snout, wrapping around nares, passing through eye and tympanum, dissipating variably from above attachment of arm to more posteriorly towards groin, generally more diffuse posteriorly; stripe contrast and intensity varies from well-defined and dark to pale and poorly contrasted. Posterior of thighs and inguinal region pale yellow to dull red extent and saturation variable between individuals, sometimes with spots similar to the dorsal colour. Iris golden to copper-brown; male gular pigmentation dark brown; nuptial pads light to dark brown. In preservative, reddish hues over body tend to be lost, colour and contrast of dorsolateral stripe usually fades, colour of thighs tends to be lost, colour of iris lost. + + +Embryos. +Mean diameter of 13 ova (stage 11) from Townsville, Qld was 1.0 mm (0.9–1.1); mean capsule diameter was +2.4 mm +(2.1–2.7). + + +Tadpole body and tail shape +. Lateral view ( +Fig. 8F +): Body and tail shape as for general description. Mid-dorsal profile not typically convex in shape and rises slightly to tail/body junction. Dorsal fin begins just before tail/body junction and rises to its maximum height over middle of tail. + + +Tadpole colour in life. +Dorsal view ( +Fig. 8G +): Colour varies from darker over eyes, brain, abdomen and vertebral region in small tadpoles, to generally golden, dull golden-brown or grey-brown from early limb development stages, most commonly with a broad, darker mid-dorsal patch. Some develop diffuse, fine darker mottling or a few scattered darker spots from about stage 35 onwards ( +Figs 8F, G +). From about stage 40 a broad darker mid-dorsal patch extends down body, bordered on either side by paler continuous irregular band. Dorsal tail muscle usually with fine darker melanophores, sometimes forming transverse bands. + + +Lateral view ( +Fig. 8F +): Dorsal pigment merges over sides of body with opaque white and copper sheen. Eyes opaque copper-gold. Tail muscle usually pale with fine melanophores (less numerous posteriorly) or with a darker line along the middle which continues to tip. Fins clear in small tadpoles, finely stippled mainly anteriorly in fully grown tadpoles. + +Two leucistic tadpoles at stages 33 and 37 were observed from Bluewater, north of Townsville with silver-white body and tail, pink pupil and golden iris. Very fine melanophore stippling just visible over dorsum and hind limb buds. + +Metamorphs. +A sample of seven metamorphs from Mareeba and Charters Towers, north Qld ranged from +14.5– 15.5 mm +(mean 14.9) and one from near Julatten, Atherton Tablelands was 16.0 mm. Metamorphs mostly resemble adults and are reddish-brown, with a slight short streak on each side of mid-vertebral region in some and a dark patch in each inguinal region. As in adults, a broad, dark brown lateral stripe extends from snout to groin with a white stripe beneath it from snout to armpit. The specimen from near Julatten ( +Fig. 8M +had a more distinct, broad dark middorsal band down body dissected by a fine, faint cream vertebral line; sides of body paler sides above dark lateral stripe. Iris coppery red. One leucistic tadpole metamorphosed with normal but paler adult pigmentation. + + +Advertisement call. +Call descriptions are based on the calls of +24 males +( +Table 4 +, +Fig. 5 +). The advertisement call of + +L. pyrina + +comprises a single, highly pitched multi-pulsed note ( +Fig. 6 +). Individuals had a mean call duration of 0.39–0.82 seconds and an average of 21–48 uniformly spaced pulses repeated at a rate of 35.9–105.0 pulses/s. The dominant frequency was 1.75–2.97 kHz. + + + + +Etymology. +The specific name + +“ +pyrina + +” (Latin), or “little pear” refers to pear-shaped body of the species ( +pyrus, +Latin for a pear, with the feminine diminutive suffix - +ina +). It is treated as a noun. + + + + +Habitat and ecology. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +is commonly recorded via FrogID (>15,000 records from +10 November 2017 +– +30 July 2023 +), and is frequently heard calling in disturbed areas, with 30% of FrogID records from suburban or urban habitats and 47% of records in rural areas. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +has been detected calling in all months via the FrogID project but has a core calling season from September to April, with a peak in November and December. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +breeds primarily in lentic waterbodies, with the majority of FrogID records of this species documented by users as being at small ponds (32%), flooded areas (15%) and large ponds (27%). It is absent from extensive areas of subtropical ( + +Meyer +et al. +2001 + +) and tropical rainforests ( + +Meyer +et al +2001 + +; +Williams & Hero 1998 +; +Hoskin & Hero 2008 +; + +Meyer +et al. +2020 + +;) and from undisturbed wallum (e.g. the sand islands) in south-eastern +Queensland +( +Hines & Meyer 2011 +). + + + + +Distribution and conservation status. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +is restricted to mesic eastern +Australia +; the range boundary forms along the western slopes the Great Dividing Range to the east of the Carpentarian Gap, although the exact northern and western extents are uncertain, including the provenance of + +L. rubella + +species complex individuals in the Laura Basin and Cape York. This is a widely distributed species occurring over two biomes; Eastern Mesic Biome and Australian Monsoonal Tropics, and it can be very abundant where it occurs. Although conservation status requires formal assessment, owing to its range size (Extent of Occurrence> +500,000 km +2 +) and absence of obvious threats, it meets criteria for Least Concern ( +IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2022 +). Evidence of chytrid infection has been observed in tadpoles from Townsville and Almaden, Qld which had smaller bodies, and shrunken oral discs with partial or total loss of all keratin (MA, pers. obs.). + + + + +Comparison with other species. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +is sympatric with + +L. balatus + +, + +L. dentata +, + +and + +L. electrica + +but is allopatric with the other members of the + +L. rubella + +species group - + +L. rubella + +in central and northern +Australia +and southern New +Guinea +, + +L. quiritatus + +in south-eastern New South Wales, + +L. congenita + +and + +L. pygmaea + +in New +Guinea +and + +L. capitula + +on the Tanimbar Islands, +Indonesia +( +Menzies 2006 +; + +Rowley +et al. +2021 + +). + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +can be distinguished from + +L. balatus + +and + +L. dentata + +by the absence of a continuous, irregularly edged, dark brown dorsal band (versus presence) and having a more robust body. It can be distinguished from + +L. electrica + +by the absence versus presence of chocolate-coloured bars across the dorsum. No morphological characters are known to reliably diagnose + +L. pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +from the + +L. rubella + +population in central Queensland and New South Wales. + +Litoria pyrina + + +sp. nov. + +can be distinguished often from parapatric + +L. rubella + +by call, having a higher dominant frequency (1.75–2.97 kHz +versus +1.29–2.07 kHz) resulting in an audibly higher-pitched call. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426577FFF2FF5B30C3FD2DDFBA.xml b/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426577FFF2FF5B30C3FD2DDFBA.xml index 96f91807789..50115a676a7 100644 --- a/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426577FFF2FF5B30C3FD2DDFBA.xml +++ b/data/03/DF/B1/03DFB1426577FFF2FF5B30C3FD2DDFBA.xml @@ -1,107 +1,107 @@ - - - -Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia + + + +Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Purser, William A. -School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Phoenix Environmental Sciences, 2 / 3 King Edward Road, Osborne Park, WA 6017, Australia +Purser, William A. +School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Phoenix Environmental Sciences, 2 / 3 King Edward Road, Osborne Park, WA 6017, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Doughty, Paul -Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia +Doughty, Paul +Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Rowley, Jodi L. -Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia +Rowley, Jodi L. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Böhme, Wolfgang -Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany +Böhme, Wolfgang +Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Donnellan, Stephen C. -South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia +Donnellan, Stephen C. +South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Mitchell, Marion Anstis Nicola +Mitchell, Marion Anstis Nicola - - -Author + + +Author -Shea, Glenn M. -Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Sydney School of Veterinary Science B 01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia +Shea, Glenn M. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Sydney School of Veterinary Science B 01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Amey, Andrew -Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia +Amey, Andrew +Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Mitchell, Brittany A. -Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia +Mitchell, Brittany A. +Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia & Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia - - -Author + + +Author -Catullo, Renee A. -School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia & Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia +Catullo, Renee A. +School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia & Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia & Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-02-28 + +2025 + +2025-02-28 - -5594 + +5594 - -2 + +2 - -269 -315 + +269 +315 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 -1175-5326 -14954346 -5D61C55E-D042-4818-9D7B-087DEC250BFB +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3 +1175-5326 +14954346 +5D61C55E-D042-4818-9D7B-087DEC250BFB @@ -116,10 +116,12 @@ - + Figs. 16–18 + + Suggested common name : Western Desert Tree Frog. @@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ - + Holotype . @@ -137,14 +139,15 @@ ( Fig. 16 ), calling male from -Dale’s Gorge +Dale’s Gorge , -Karijini National Park +Karijini National Park , - + 82.6 km -NE Tom Price +NE +Tom Price , WA, Australia ( @@ -152,13 +155,9 @@ NE Tom Price , 118.5629°E ), collected by -R -. -Bray +R. Bray , -R -. -J. Teale +R.J. Teale , L. Umbrello and @@ -171,6 +170,7 @@ on + Paratypes . @@ -180,7 +180,6 @@ on ). Five adult females: - WAM R117337 , from @@ -397,9 +396,9 @@ and sp. nov. vouchered specimens examined are presented in -Table 1 +Table 1 and tadpoles in -Table 6 +Table 6 . @@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ and L. rubella respectively ( -Table 3 +Table 3 ). @@ -576,7 +575,7 @@ Morphometric characters vary considerably among females and 16 adult males ( -Table 5 +Table 5 ), mostly independent of sex. Females (SUL 28.5–38.8 mm ; mean @@ -644,7 +643,7 @@ A sample of four metamorphs from Carnarvon, WA ranged from 17.0–18.0 mm (mean Call descriptions are based on the calls of 14 males ( -Table 4 +Table 4 , Fig. 5 ). The advertisement call of @@ -661,7 +660,7 @@ comprises a single, highly-pulsed note ( and 32–66 uniformly spaced pulses, repeated at a rate of 55.7–75.1 pulses/s. The dominant frequency ranged between 1.67–2.24 kHz. - + Etymology. The specific name @@ -678,6 +677,8 @@ Latin for gull). + + Habitat and ecology. @@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ has been detected calling in all months via the FrogID project, but most records breeds primarily in lentic waterbodies, with the majority of FrogID records of this species documented by users as being in flooded areas (26%), small ponds (21%) and large ponds (11%). - + Distribution and conservation status. @@ -719,6 +720,8 @@ is restricted to the western arid zone of WA. The northern extent of its distrib 2 ) and absence of obvious threats, it meets the criteria for Least Concern (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2012). + + Comparisons with other species.