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<document id="525C13E57E500094558E2ADEE3AB2613" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad053" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14548553" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1732839136681" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Edwin, Cadena, Alberto, Combita, Diego A. & Romero" docDate="2024" docId="03F1185EFFD9417D7F2B7F6381FDFA22" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad053.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad053" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.10:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Protostegidae Cope 1872" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFC86026FFDA417A7B0E79038126FFAA" masterDocTitle="Ŋe onset of large size in Cretaceous marine turtles (Protostegidae) evidenced by new fossil remains from the Valanginian of Colombia" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1741378028215" updateUser="julia">
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<mods:title id="40C9E5F4FF1A88BEBF5EC473B7EFEAA6">Ŋe onset of large size in Cretaceous marine turtles (Protostegidae) evidenced by new fossil remains from the Valanginian of Colombia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="26432A6DC3ED76BEA0478AE187F30D3D">Edwin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9CF43D743210866918BA5B4100432BA5">Cadena, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1F041798B286B264600A11F57B7AF48A">Faculty of Natural Sciences, Traditional and Molecular Neotropical Paleontology Research Group (PaleoNeo), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama & Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DAB9BF1DA4B38F1DB201A5491F2622DB" type="email">edwin.cadena@urosario.edu.co</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="76A2490F34204B4DE7D0C4524B036FA0">Combita, Diego A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="25EAFAA145950F48A855BF622D9FC1E2">Romero</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F8737602E0C958A70E3C4ECEF5A5E0FF">Faculty of Natural Sciences, Traditional and Molecular Neotropical Paleontology Research Group (PaleoNeo), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia & Geosciences Department, Paleobiology and Natural History Research Group (GIPHIN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="1E4FA94244DCEA06D099144945F20627">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BDBD695F8CB19B2692D85EC983C418F0">
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<mods:date id="F1E19F7BFB7B74BE350111DA17511582">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="732CCA5495C3F45328511BABA46BBE5F">2023-07-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="942A776631814FC73D10B0B6B5F1841C">202</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EA22ECDC6F5CC33FAA12DC5585D081A5">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="FEE025B7D86CDE5E81232E6249611582">https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad053</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="2E03DB420231A4F4A3699FC2083376FB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="86E115B9580D8B771BE0CC9590FBD4A7" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad053</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="38922F11FCC15713CF8AE6DDCA950A80" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="95AFDBD9BEF791E35723A4A9ADA46799" type="Zenodo-Dep">14548553</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F1185EFFD9417D7F2B7F6381FDFA22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F1185EFFD9417D7F2B7F6381FDFA22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F1185EFFD9417D7F2B7F6381FDFA22" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C342FAC3FFD941797F2B7F63859EF9D0" box="[1061,1208,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFD941797F2B7F63859EF9D0" blockId="3.[1061,1208,1632,1658]" box="[1061,1208,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFD941797F2B7F63859EF9D0" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[1061,1208,1632,1658]" class="Reptilia" family="Protostegidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFD941797F2B7F63859EF9D0" bold="true" box="[1061,1208,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Protostegidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C342FAC3FFD941797F287F9485BAF945" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFD941797F287F948591F91B" blockId="3.[1062,1207,1687,1713]" box="[1062,1207,1687,1713]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFD941797F287F948591F91B" bold="true" box="[1062,1207,1687,1713]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFD941797F4C7FD685BAF945" blockId="3.[1090,1180,1749,1775]" box="[1090,1180,1749,1775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFD941797F4C7FD685BAF945" box="[1090,1180,1749,1775]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionStartId-1="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionStartId-2="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox-0="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetBox-2="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId-0="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetId-1="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetId-2="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." captionText-1="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." captionText-2="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFD941797F4C7FD685BAF945" bold="true" box="[1090,1180,1749,1775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 2–4</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C342FAC3FFD9417E78247E158597F89F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFD9417E78247E15834DF89F" blockId="3.[810,1460,1814,1995]" lastBlockId="4.[129,778,1790,1971]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFD9417978247E1582F8F884" box="[810,990,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Referred material:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B30A315FFD9417978E97E158496F884" box="[999,1456,1814,1838]" collectionCode="UR" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="UR*CP*0126" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBFE0133FFD9417978E97E158556F884" box="[999,1136,1814,1838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UR*CP*0126</specimenCode>
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nearly complete left humerus
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="3B30A315FFD9417978247E3585A2F826" collectionCode="UR" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="UR*CP*0127" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBFE0133FFD9417978247E358292F8E4" box="[810,948,1846,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UR*CP*0127</specimenCode>
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, a nearly complete right xiphiplastron, left hypoplastron? fragment, a bridge region peripheral, and a costal bone fragment (single individual).
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B30A315FFD941797F897E77855FF801" collectionCode="UR" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="UR*CP*0128" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBFE0133FFD941797F897E778437F826" box="[1159,1297,1908,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UR*CP*0128</specimenCode>
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, proximal to the shaft regions of a right humerus
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="3B30A315FFD9417E7F8D7E908060F8BC" collectionCode="UR" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="UR*CP*0145" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBFE0133FFD941797F8D7E90842BF801" box="[1155,1293,1939,1963]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UR*CP*0145</specimenCode>
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, at least 10 per* ipheral bones from the anterior and bridge regions of the shell (single individual).
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B30A315FFDE417E7A407FFD822CF8BC" box="[334,778,1790,1814]" collectionCode="UR" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="UR*CP*0146" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBFE0133FFDE417E7A407FFD80FEF8BC" box="[334,472,1790,1814]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">UR*CP*0146</specimenCode>
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, distal portion of a humerus.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B30A315FFDE417E7B8F7E1D8341F89F" box="[129,615,1821,1846]" collectionCode="UR" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="UR*CP*0147" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBFE0133FFDE417E7B8F7E1D802CF89C" box="[129,266,1822,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">UR*CP*0147</specimenCode>
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, nearly complete right epiplastron
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF27F9C0FFDE417E7B8F7CB9824CF964" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" targetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDE417E7B8F7CB9824CF964" blockId="4.[129,1444,1466,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDE417E7B8F7CB981FEFA78" bold="true" box="[129,216,1466,1490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Fossil carapacial fragments of
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<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDE417E7AFB7CB98351FA78" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[501,631,1466,1490]" class="Reptilia" family="Protostegidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protostegidae</taxonomicName>
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incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDE417E7A187F298087F9E8" box="[278,417,1578,1602]" genus="Karethraichnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDE417E7A187F298087F9E8" box="[278,417,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Karethraichnus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of
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<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDE417E79497F7D83D3F93C" baseAuthorityName="Zangerl and Sloan" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[583,757,1662,1686]" class="Testudines" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Desmatochelys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowi">
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<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDE417E79497F7D83D3F93C" box="[583,757,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Desmatochelys lowi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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redraw from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDE417E787C7F7D8540F93C" author="Zangerl R & Sloan RE" box="[882,1126,1662,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="7 - 46" refId="ref10321" refString="Zangerl R, Sloan RE. A new specimen of Desmatochelys lowi Williston. Fieldiana Geology 1960; 14: 7 - 46." type="journal article" year="1960">Zangerl and Sloan (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDE417E7B927E3E8597F89F" blockId="4.[129,778,1790,1971]" lastBlockId="4.[825,1474,1790,1845]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Although UC*CP*0128 and UR*CP*0146 were found in the same stratigraphic layer, a couple meters away from each other, we avoided considering them as belonging to a single individual, due to the impossibility of assembling them as a part of a single bone. However, this could be an artefact of the taphonomic events that both bones have suffered.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C342FAC3FFDE417C78377E5481E3FC32" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDE417C78377E5481E3FC32" blockId="4.[825,1475,1879,1966]" lastBlockId="6.[128,778,144,920]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDE417E78377E5482B1F8C5" box="[825,919,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||||
The fossil material described herein can be attributed as belonging to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDE417E78D97E75856CF824" box="[983,1098,1910,1934]" class="Testudines" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cryptodira</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by: the humerus having a smaller lat* eral process (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDE417E78CD7E968569F804" author="Gaffney ES" box="[963,1103,1941,1966]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref9044" refString="Gaffney ES. Ne comparative osteology of the Triassic turtles Proganochelys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1990; 194: 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="1990">Gaffney 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), as indicated in UR*CP*0126 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDE417C7E927E9681A8FF02" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
); a humerus exhibiting an anterior shoulder at the proximal articular surface (caput humeri) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C7AE479AC835CFF6D" author="Gaffney ES" box="[490,634,175,199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref9044" refString="Gaffney ES. Ne comparative osteology of the Triassic turtles Proganochelys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1990; 194: 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="1990">Gaffney 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C798479AC802EFF4C" author="Cadena EA & Parham JF" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref8412" refString="Cadena EA, Parham JF. Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. PaleoBios 2015; 32: 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="2015">Cadena and Parham 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), seen in UR*CP*0128 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C790C79CC831CFF4D" box="[514,570,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
); and lack of sutural articulation of the pubis and ischium to the xiphiplastron (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C79DC79ED8193FE8F" author="Joyce WG" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="3 - 102" refId="ref9391" refString="Joyce WG. Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles. Ne Bulleting of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 2007; 48: 3 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Joyce 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Cadena 2015, references therein), as in UR*CP*0127 and UR*CP*0147 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7A12782E807EFEEF" box="[284,344,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The humeri described here also shared with chelonioids the relatively low position of the lateral process along the humerus shaft (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C7A9878688305FE29" author="Zangerl R" box="[406,547,363,387]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="59 - 133" refId="ref10288" refString="Zangerl R. Ne vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama. Part III. Ne turtles of the family Protostegidae. Fieldiana Geology 1953; 3: 59 - 133." type="journal article" year="1953">Zangerl 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C793C78688193FE09" author="Gaffney ES & Meylan PA" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="157 - 219" refId="ref9072" refString="Gaffney ES, Meylan PA. A phylogeny of turtles. In: Benton MJ (ed.), Ne Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Vol. 1, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Systematics Association Special Volume Number 35 A. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, 157 - 219." type="book chapter" year="1988">Gaffney and Meylan 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C7BCF78888079FE09" author="Hirayama R" box="[193,351,395,419]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="270 - 84" refId="ref9323" refString="Hirayama R. Phylogenetic systematics of chelonioid sea turtles. Isl Arc 1994; 3: 270 - 84." type="journal article" year="1994">Hirayama 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Evers
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7AA4788880F2FE09" box="[426,468,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2019). The material is attrib* uted to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDC417C7BDF78A9807BFE68" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[209,349,426,450]" class="Reptilia" family="Protostegidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protostegidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by: (i) having a lateral process of the hu* merus enlarged within the anterior portion of shaft, not easily visible from ventral view (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C7A9A78EA8312FDAB" author="Hirayama R" box="[404,564,489,513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="17 - 57" refId="ref9289" refString="Hirayama R. Humeral morphology of chelonioid sea turtles; its func * tional analysis and phylogenetic implications. Bull Hobets Mus 1992; 8: 17 - 57 [in Japanese]." type="journal article" year="1992">Hirayama 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C794F78EA8353FDAB" author="Hirayama R" box="[577,629,489,513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="705 - 8" refId="ref9343" refString="Hirayama R. Oldest known sea turtle. Nature 1998; 392: 705 - 8." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), as exhibited by UR*CP*0126 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7A377B0B80A7FD8A" box="[313,385,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and UR*CP*0128 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C79597B0B839BFDB5" box="[599,701,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2K, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
); (ii) a sigmoidal curvature of the shaft in anterior view and strong waist of the humerus, considered primitive for Cretaceous marine turtles (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C7BD77B65833CFDD4" author="Lehman TM & Tomlinson SL" box="[217,538,614,638]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1163 - 78" refId="ref9579" refString="Lehman TM, Tomlinson SL. Terlinguachelys fischbecki, a new genus and species of sea turtle (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the upper Cretaceous of Texas. Journal of Paleontology 2004; 78: 1163 - 78." type="journal article" year="2004">Lehman and Tomlinson 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); (iii) distal humerus trochlea absent, instead having a rounded epiphyseal surface without clearly defined articulation facets (Evers
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C79877BA68390FD16" box="[649,694,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2019), UR*CP*0126 shows a very incipient trochlea, indicating its re* duction; (iv) also the flattening of the humeri indicates a fore* limb of flipper*
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54E317EAFFDC417C7A2E7A01806DFCB0" box="[288,331,770,794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
, characteristic of chelonioid marine turtles, including protostegids (Evers
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7AA17A2080F0FC90" box="[431,470,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2019,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C79117A2183EAFC90" author="Joyce WG & Mauser M & Evers SW" box="[543,716,802,826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref9454" refString="Joyce WG, Mauser M, Evers SW. Two turtles with soss tissue preservation from the platy limestones of Germany provide evidence for marine flipper adaptations in Late Jurassic thalassochelydians. PLoS One 2021 b; 16: e 0252355. hups: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0252355" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||||
Joyce
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C79547A2083A4FC90" box="[602,642,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021b
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); and (v) ectepicondylar foramen in a groove (seen in UR*CP*0126), similar as in most chelonioids, including protostegids (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDC417C79AB7A638192FC32" author="Hirayama R" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="270 - 84" refId="ref9323" refString="Hirayama R. Phylogenetic systematics of chelonioid sea turtles. Isl Arc 1994; 3: 270 - 84." type="journal article" year="1994">Hirayama 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="DF27F9C0FFDF417F7B7F7FF785D6F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" targetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDF417F7B7F7FF785D6F87A" blockId="5.[113,1459,1780,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDF417F7B7F7FF781EFF8A6" bold="true" box="[113,201,1780,1804]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
Fossil plastral fragments of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDF417F7AC37FF78369F8A6" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[461,591,1780,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Protostegidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protostegidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDF417F795A7FF683ECF8A6" box="[596,714,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||||
from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDF417F7FA77E678471F8D6" baseAuthorityName="Zangerl and Sloan" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[1193,1367,1892,1916]" class="Testudines" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Desmatochelys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDF417F7FA77E678471F8D6" box="[1193,1367,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Desmatochelys lowi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
redrawn from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDF417F7BAA7E8380BFF832" author="Zangerl R & Sloan RE" box="[164,409,1920,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="7 - 46" refId="ref10321" refString="Zangerl R, Sloan RE. A new specimen of Desmatochelys lowi Williston. Fieldiana Geology 1960; 14: 7 - 46." type="journal article" year="1960">Zangerl and Sloan (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green). Abbreviations: Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C342FAC3FFDC417D7A8E7AD081FDFA22" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C7A8E7AD0832CFC47" blockId="6.[129,777,979,1073]" box="[384,522,979,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7A8E7AD0832CFC47" bold="true" box="[384,522,979,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Descriptions</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C7B8F7AF98361FB9A" blockId="6.[129,777,979,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
Measurements of the all fossils described herein are presented in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6DA9CF3FFDC417C7B8F7D1A81EDFB9B" box="[129,203,1049,1073]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[130,185,1370,1394]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Measurements for the fossil specimens described herein as preserved. Abbreviations: ML, maximum length, MW, maximum width. See Supporting Information Figure S1 for graphical indication of the measurements" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
and Supporting Information,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7AF27D1A8367FB9B" box="[508,577,1049,1073]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[129,194,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[163,1441,146,1723]" captionTargetId="figure-8@2.[160,1443,144,1725]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical and geological settings of the fossils described.A, location of Zapatoca town inside Santander Department, Colombia, and South America. B, geologic map and stratigraphic context indicating the four localities where the fossils described here were found, based on Etayo*Serna and Guzmán*Ospitia (2019), figure modified from Carrillo*Briceño and Cadena (2022). C, photo of the outcrop at the moment that the left humerus UR*CP*0126 was found inside a calcareous concretion. D, photo of the outcrop at the moment the right xiphiplastron part of UR*CP*0127 was found." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548555/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C7B8F7D50852DFE08" blockId="6.[129,778,1106,1318]" lastBlockId="6.[825,1475,144,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7B8F7D5081F5FBC0" box="[129,211,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Humeri:</emphasis>
|
||||
UR*CP*0126 is a left humerus, missing most of its lat* eral and medial processes, as well as most of its proximal region (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7B857D9281D7FB03" box="[139,241,1169,1193]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2A–E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In dorsal view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7AA27D928334FB02" box="[428,530,1169,1193]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), a small portion of the caput humeri is preserved. The bone surface is smooth to slightly striate, and from the shaft region the bone starts increasing its width towards the most distal portion of it, exhibiting a slightly eroded bone surface. In ventral and distal views (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C79817C0D83DFFA8C" box="[655,761,1294,1318]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2C–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the distal region exhibits well*defined entepicondylar and ectepicondylar surfaces separated by a moderately deep depres* sion, and the ectepicondylar groove is particularly visible in both views. The trochlea, although existent, is very incipient. In an* terior view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C78B3780E852DFE8F" box="[957,1035,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the humerus exhibits a sigmoidal curve from the proximal to the distal ends, and a general flat volume along its entire length. The preserved portion of the caput humeri is projected dorsally approximately 140º from the mid* line axis of the bone.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C785B78A98576FD17" blockId="6.[825,1475,144,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
UR*CP*0128 is a right humerus, preserved from its shaft to the proximal region (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7F1F78CA855EFE4B" box="[1041,1144,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H–L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In dorsal view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7E2278CA84AAFE4B" box="[1324,1420,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the bone surface is moderately eroded and the most remarkable fea* ture preserved is the slightly rounded caput humeri with a narrow lateral shoulder. In ventral view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7F957B2485C6FD95" box="[1179,1248,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2J</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the proximoventral portion of the bone is completely eroded. In posterior view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7E927B458254FDD7" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2K, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the bone exhibits an incipient sigmoidal shape, showing the prominent caput humeri and the base of the humerus medial process completely eroded.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C785B7BC782C5FCD3" blockId="6.[825,1475,144,889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
UR*CP*0146 is a distal portion of a right humerus (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7E927BC7825EFD51" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2M–P</figureCitation>
|
||||
), with most of its entire bone surface eroded and the ectepicondylar groove filled with a hard layer of haematite. In cross*section (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C78DD7A21853BFC90" box="[979,1053,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[115,180,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[147,1424,145,1132]" captionTargetId="figure-290@3.[146,1426,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2.Fossil humeri of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–G, UR*CP*0126 left humerus in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), distal view (E, F), and anterior view (G). H–L, UR*CP*0128 right humerus shaft to proximal regions in dorsal view (H, I), ventral view (J, K), and posterior view (K, L). M–P, UR*CP*0146 distal portion of a right humerus in dorsal view (M), ventral view (N), anterior view (O), and cross*section at the shaft region (P). Abbreviations: ch, caput humeri; ecg, ectepicondylar groove; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; hlp, humerus lateral process; hmp, humerus medial process; sh, shoulder. Brow shadowed regions indicate rock matrix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548557/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2P</figureCitation>
|
||||
) the bone exhibits a nearly oval shape, with thin cortical bone, and is densely filled to the centre with cancellous bone.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417D78377A9981C8FF4D" blockId="6.[825,1475,922,1322]" lastBlockId="7.[113,763,144,607]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C78377A9982BBFC1B" box="[825,925,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Carapace:</emphasis>
|
||||
Bridge to posterior region peripherals is preserved for two different individuals: UR*CP*0127 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7E197ABA84A0FC7B" box="[1303,1414,953,977]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and UR*CP*0145 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C78DF7ADA8567FC5B" box="[977,1089,985,1009]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3D–M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The peripherals are large in size (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6DA9CF3FFDC417C78377AFB82A5FBBA" box="[825,899,1016,1040]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[130,185,1370,1394]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Measurements for the fossil specimens described herein as preserved. Abbreviations: ML, maximum length, MW, maximum width. See Supporting Information Figure S1 for graphical indication of the measurements" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
), all of them exhibiting a smooth to slightly vermiculated bone surface in dorsal and ventral views (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7FD37D148494FB85" box="[1245,1458,1047,1071]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A, D, E, H, J, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). On their medial surface, all of them exhibit a circular and deep pit for the insertion of the most lateral ending tip of the costal rib (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C78647D7682CCFB27" box="[874,1002,1141,1165]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3B, F, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In anterior or posterior views, they are tri* angular in shape with a V*shaped medial embayment (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7E7E7D97826AFB66" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some of them preserve evidence of the sulcus, indicating the contact between marginal scutes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDC417C7F9E7DD0842AFB41" box="[1168,1292,1235,1259]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Two of the peri* pherals of UR*CP*0145 show evidence of attacks and possible bioerosional activity on the bone. The first corresponds to bite marks characterized by deep and almost parallel cuts (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D79A87993815CFF6D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and the second is a circular pit exhibiting bone remodelling (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7B7279CC81F8FF4D" box="[124,222,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3R, S</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF27F9C0FFDC417C7B8C7C5982B5FA24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[130,185,1370,1394]" targetBox="[128,1472,1444,1957]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C7B8C7C5982B5FA24" blockId="6.[129,1449,1370,1422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7B8C7C5981F6FAD8" bold="true" box="[130,208,1370,1394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||||
Measurements for the fossil specimens described herein as preserved. Abbreviations: ML, maximum length, MW, maximum width. See Supporting Information Figure S1 for graphical indication of the measurements
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDC417C7B8F7CA784AEF80E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<table id="F9585BE8FFDCBE857B8E7CA784E6F80F" box="[128,1472,1444,1957]" gridcols="3" gridrows="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7CA784E6FA17" box="[128,1472,1444,1469]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7CA783A7FA17" box="[128,641,1444,1469]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7B8F7CA781C5FA16" bold="true" box="[129,227,1444,1468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7CA782D3FA17" box="[928,1013,1444,1469]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C78AE7CA682D3FA17" bold="true" box="[928,1013,1445,1469]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ML, mm</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7CA784E6FA17" box="[1380,1472,1444,1469]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDC417C7E6A7CA684E6FA17" bold="true" box="[1380,1472,1445,1469]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MW, mm</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7CD784E6FA47" box="[128,1472,1492,1517]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7CD783A7FA47" box="[128,641,1492,1517]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0126, left humerus (Fig. 3A–F)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7CD782D3FA47" box="[928,1013,1492,1517]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">248</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7CD784E6FA47" box="[1380,1472,1492,1517]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">98</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7CF584E6F9A5" box="[128,1472,1526,1551]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7CF583A7F9A5" box="[128,641,1526,1551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0127, right xiphiplastron (Fig. 4A–G)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7CF582D3F9A5" box="[928,1013,1526,1551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">210</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7CF584E6F9A5" box="[1380,1472,1526,1551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">151</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7F1B84E6F99A" box="[128,1472,1560,1584]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7F1B83A7F99A" box="[128,641,1560,1584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0127, left hypoplastron? fragment (Fig. 4H–I)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7F1B82D3F99A" box="[928,1013,1560,1584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">108</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7F1B84E6F99A" box="[1380,1472,1560,1584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">97</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7F3984E6F9F8" box="[128,1472,1594,1618]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7F3983A7F9F8" box="[128,641,1594,1618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0127, costal fragment (Fig. 3T–U)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7F3982D3F9F8" box="[928,1013,1594,1618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">62</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7F3984E6F9F8" box="[1380,1472,1594,1618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">84</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7F5F84E6F9DE" box="[128,1472,1628,1652]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7F5F83A7F9DE" box="[128,641,1628,1652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0127, peripheral (Fig. 3A–C)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7F5F82D3F9DE" box="[928,1013,1628,1652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">79</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7F5F84E6F9DE" box="[1380,1472,1628,1652]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">65</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7F7D84E6F93C" box="[128,1472,1662,1686]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7F7D83A7F93C" box="[128,641,1662,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0128, right humerus fragment (Fig. 2H–L)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7F7D82D3F93C" box="[928,1013,1662,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">187</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7F7D84E6F93C" box="[1380,1472,1662,1686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">72</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7FA384E6F912" box="[128,1472,1696,1720]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7FA383A7F912" box="[128,641,1696,1720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, right humerus fragment (Fig. 3M–P)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7FA382D3F912" box="[928,1013,1696,1720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">113</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7FA384E6F912" box="[1380,1472,1696,1720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">67</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7FC284E6F970" box="[128,1472,1729,1754]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7FC283A7F970" box="[128,641,1729,1754]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, bridge peripheral (Fig. 3D–F)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7FC282D3F970" box="[928,1013,1729,1754]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">112</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7FC284E6F970" box="[1380,1472,1729,1754]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">59</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7FE084E6F956" box="[128,1472,1763,1788]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7FE083A7F956" box="[128,641,1763,1788]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, bridge peripheral (Fig. 3H)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7FE082D3F956" box="[928,1013,1763,1788]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">105</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7FE084E6F956" box="[1380,1472,1763,1788]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">57</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7E0684E6F8B7" box="[128,1472,1797,1821]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7E0683A7F8B7" box="[128,641,1797,1821]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, bridge peripheral (Fig. 3J)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7E0682D3F8B7" box="[928,1013,1797,1821]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">74</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7E0684E6F8B7" box="[1380,1472,1797,1821]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">50</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7E2484E6F895" box="[128,1472,1831,1855]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7E2483A7F895" box="[128,641,1831,1855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, bridge peripheral (Fig. 3M)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7E2482D3F895" box="[928,1013,1831,1855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">39</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7E2484E6F895" box="[1380,1472,1831,1855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">47</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7E4A84E6F8CB" box="[128,1472,1865,1889]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7E4A83A7F8CB" box="[128,641,1865,1889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, anterior peripheral (Fig. 3N–P)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7E4A82D3F8CB" box="[928,1013,1865,1889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">45</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7E4A84E6F8CB" box="[1380,1472,1865,1889]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">56</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7E6884E6F829" box="[128,1472,1899,1923]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7E6883A7F829" box="[128,641,1899,1923]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0146, anterior peripheral (Fig. 3Q–S)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7E6882D3F829" box="[928,1013,1899,1923]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">82</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7E6884E6F829" box="[1380,1472,1899,1923]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">61</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="3568AB0AFFDCBE857B8E7E8F84E6F80F" box="[128,1472,1932,1957]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<th id="76B9C276FFDCBE857B8E7E8F83A7F80F" box="[128,641,1932,1957]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UR*CP*0147, left epiplastron (Fig. 4J–N)</th>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE8578AE7E8F82D3F80F" box="[928,1013,1932,1957]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">287</td>
|
||||
<td id="76B9C276FFDCBE857E6A7E8F84E6F80F" box="[1380,1472,1932,1957]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">155</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDD417D7B8379ED805EFDF5" blockId="7.[113,763,144,607]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
Some peripherals from the anterior margin of the carapace of UR*CP*0145 are longer than wide, and lack of pit for the costal rib end. They exhibit smooth bone surface in ventral view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D79DA782E8181FEC9" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3J, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In ventral view, the suture between peripherals is well de* fined (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7BB978688003FE29" box="[183,293,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3K, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and in medial view the peripherals are oval in shape with the posterior edge being much narrower than the anterior (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7BDB78A98066FE68" box="[213,320,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3L, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A fragment of a large costal bone is pre* served for UR*CP*0127 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7A7B78CA80FFFE4B" box="[373,473,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), possibly a right costal 3 or 5. In ventral view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7A2278EA8057FDAB" box="[300,369,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the costal rib is well defined. The pre* served carapacial bones are indicated in an outline of the cara* pace of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDD417D7BCB7B2483B8FD95" authority="(Zangerl and Sloan 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Zangerl and Sloan" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[197,670,551,575]" class="Testudines" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Desmatochelys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDD417D7BCB7B2480A2FD95" box="[197,388,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Desmatochelys lowi</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDD417D7A997B2483B5FD95" author="Zangerl R & Sloan RE" box="[407,659,551,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="7 - 46" refId="ref10321" refString="Zangerl R, Sloan RE. A new specimen of Desmatochelys lowi Williston. Fieldiana Geology 1960; 14: 7 - 46." type="journal article" year="1960">Zangerl and Sloan 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
redrawn from that study (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7A107B458041FDF5" box="[286,359,582,607]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3V</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDD417D7B7F7B838336FB27" blockId="7.[113,763,640,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDD417D7B7F7B8381ECFD32" box="[113,202,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plastron:</emphasis>
|
||||
Plastral bones from two different individuals UR*CP*0127 and UR*CP*0147 represent two large turtles. The first of these bones corresponds to a nearly complete right xiphiplastron, UR*CP*0127 (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7AEE7BDD8368FD5C" box="[480,590,734,758]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A–G</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular in shape. In ventral view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7A627BFE80F0FCBF" box="[364,470,765,789]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the sutural edge with the hypoplastron is preserved at its most medial region. The bone surface exhibits a vermiculate decoration and some striations, particularly at the sutural region that contacted with the left xiphiplastron (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7A057A79807FFC39" box="[267,345,890,915]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[162,1439,151,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-111@4.[161,1441,144,1438]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Fossil carapacial fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation. A–C, UR*CP* 0127 bridge peripheral in dorsal view (A), medial view (B), posterior view (C). D–G, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (D, E), medial view (F), and posterior view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral lateral view (H), and close*up of the bone surface showing bite marks (I). J–K, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in lateral view (J), and close*up of the bone surface showing a circular boring, similar to the ichnogenus Karethraichnus, exhibiting bone remodelling (K). L–M, UR*CP*0145 bridge peripheral in medial view (L) and dorsal view (M). N–P, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsal view (N), ventral view (O), and medial view (P). Q–S, UR*CP*0145 anterior carapace peripheral in dorsolateral view (Q), ventral view (R), and medial view (S). T–U, UR*CP*0127 costal bone fragment in dorsal view (T) and ventral view (U). V, carapace outline of Desmatochelys lowi redraw from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the bridge peripherals (light blue), anterior carapace peripheral (pink) and costal bone fragment (green). Abbreviations: bmk, bite marks; cr, costal rib; crp, pit for costal rib insertion; M, marginal scute; pe, peripheral; reb, remolded boring pit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548559/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Also, in this view, the sulcus between the anal and femoral scutes is well defined. In dorsal view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D79DA7A99818FFC7B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the xiphiplastron lacks any scars for attachment with the pelvic girdle bones, and the indented sutural edge that contacted with the left xiphiplastron is visible. At its most posterolateral margin, the contact between the visceral and the dorsal surfaces is indicated by parallel striations of the bone surface. Other plas* tral bones of UR*CP*0127 are very fragmentary (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D796A7D5583E2FBC7" box="[612,708,1110,1134]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and seems to be part of the left hypoplastron.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BE7A948FFDD417D7B837D9681FDFA22" blockId="7.[113,763,640,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
UR*CP*0147 corresponds to a large left epiplastron (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D79DD7D978185FB66" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4J–L</figureCitation>
|
||||
), having a blade*shape. In dorsal view (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D797A7DB783CFFB61" box="[628,745,1204,1228]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4K, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
), the bone exhibits a striate surface and the contact with the entoplastron is indicated by a concavity suggesting plastral kinesis between these two bones (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7AD57C118368FA83" box="[475,590,1298,1322]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4M, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The preserved plastral bones are indicated in an outline of the plastron of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C58D2CBFFDD417D7B7F7C538010FAC2" baseAuthorityName="Zangerl and Sloan" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[113,310,1360,1384]" class="Testudines" family="Cheloniidae" genus="Desmatochelys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lowi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B92C755AFFDD417D7B7F7C538010FAC2" box="[113,310,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Desmatochelys lowi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
redrawn from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9D4B9FFDD417D7AD07C5383DCFAC2" author="Zangerl R & Sloan RE" box="[478,762,1360,1384]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="7 - 46" refId="ref10321" refString="Zangerl R, Sloan RE. A new specimen of Desmatochelys lowi Williston. Fieldiana Geology 1960; 14: 7 - 46." type="journal article" year="1960">Zangerl and Sloan (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1363B5CDFFDD417D7B727C7381ECFA22" box="[124,202,1392,1416]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[185,1386,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[184,1388,149,1752]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Fossil plastral fragments of Protostegidae incertae sedis from the Carrizal Member, Rosa Blanca Formation.A–G, UR*CP*0127 right xiphiplastron in ventral view (A, B), bone surface vermiculated decoration (C) from the red rectangle region shown in (B), dorsal view (D, E), close*up of the posterolateral edge, red rectangle showed in (E), and lateral view (G). H–I, UR*CP*0127 fragment of the left hypoplastron? in ventral view (H) and dorsal view (I). J–N, UR*CP*0147 left epiplastron in ventral view (J), dorsal view (K, L), lateral view (M), close*up of the most anterolateral edge at the contact with the entoplastron (N), red rectangle showed in M. O, plastron outline of Desmatochelys lowi redrawn from Zangerl and Sloan (1960) to indicate the epiplastron UR*CP*0147 (light blue), the right xiphiplastron UR*CP*0127 (pink) and the left hypoplastron? fragment (green).Abbreviations:Ana, anal scute; dvs, dorsal*visceral surfaces contact; eek, epiplastron–entoplastron kinesis contact; Fem, femoral scute; xhs, xiphiplastron–hypoplastron suture; xxs, xiphiplastron (rigth)–xiphiplastron (left) suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14548561/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4O</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
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</document>
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