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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.881.34759" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ede4eefa-fefd-4476-b24e-0b16ac34b152" ID-PMC="PMC6813173" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-881-91" ID-Pensoft-UUID="51194E2C588B568CAA440C9448AC4385" ID-PubMed="31662612" ID-ZooBank="C60E83150A5A4D7CA4EEDDC6C3257474" ModsDocID="1313-2970-881-91" checkinTime="1571384724014" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Xu, Yu, Li, Yang, Zhan, Zifeng &amp; Xu, Kuidong" docDate="2019" docId="F0FA3D5892775CD3B6F2AC66E5601466" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 881: 91-107" docOrigin="ZooKeys 881" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.881.34759" docTitle="Chrysogorgia ramificans Xu, Li, Zhan &amp; Xu, 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="DF4284E7-CC5E-4AE7-94C8-4E84366387E9" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="51194E2C588B568CAA440C9448AC4385" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="51194E2C588B568CAA440C9448AC4385" masterDocTitle="Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of two new deep-sea species of Chrysogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) from Kocebu Guyot (Magellan seamounts) in the Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1668167905378" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of two new deep-sea species of Chrysogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) from Kocebu Guyot (Magellan seamounts) in the Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Yu</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Yang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhan, Zifeng</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Kuidong</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>881</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>91</mods:start>
<mods:end>107</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.881.34759</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.881.34759</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-881-91</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C60E83150A5A4D7CA4EEDDC6C3257474</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">51194E2C588B568CAA440C9448AC4385</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159754718" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF4284E7-CC5E-4AE7-94C8-4E84366387E9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F0FA3D5892775CD3B6F2AC66E5601466" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName LSID="F0FA3D58-9277-5CD3-B6F2-AC66E5601466" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia ramificans" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramificans">Chrysogorgia ramificans</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="91">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov.: A The holotype in situ B Close-up of branches and polyps in situ C The colony after collection D A single polyp under light microscope E Single polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (C); 1 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347793" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov. A Sclerites of polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles B Sclerites in the pinnules C Sclerites at the body base D Sclerites of coenenchyme. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C, D); 50 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347794" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3">3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
MBM286307, station FX-Dive 174 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="29.93" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="17.498833">17°29.93'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="153" direction="east" minutes="14.69" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="153.24483">153°14.69'E</geoCoordinate>
), Kocebu Guyot, depth 1831 m, 8 April 2018. GenBank accession number: MK431863.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Chrysogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(tertiary &quot;group A, Spiculosae&quot; - rods or spindles in the tentacles and the body wall) with a short basal stem leading to a bottlebrush-shaped main stem, giving of a single major branch also bottlebrush-shaped. Minor branches subdivided dichotomously, up to fourth order, with the first branch internode 20-30 mm long. Branching sequence 1/3R in two large branches and 2/5R in the basal stem. Polyps 2-4 mm tall with a thin neck. Sclerites of polyp body of large and thick rods and spindles with many warts. Small scales and rods in tentacles with many warts. Scales in coenenchyme elongate with irregular edges and a few warts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Specimen about 73 cm long with the holdfast not recovered. Main stem forming two large bottlebrush-shaped branches whose axis has a brown metallic luster. The larger branch is 49 cm long and the other 45 cm long. The basal stem about 24 cm long and 4 mm in diameter (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov.: A The holotype in situ B Close-up of branches and polyps in situ C The colony after collection D A single polyp under light microscope E Single polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (C); 1 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347793" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Branching sequences differing from bottom to top, 2/5R in the basal stem and 1/3R in the two large branches. Branches subdivided dichotomously, up to fourth order, the first branch internodes 20-30 mm long, with the terminal branchlets up to 41 mm. Distance between adjacent branches 8-12 mm, and orthostiche intervals about 30 mm in the two large branches and 50 mm at the bottom. Polyps thin, about 2-4 mm long and 1.0-1.5 mm wide at bases, with a long neck less than 1 mm wide. Two to four polyps on the first internodes, up to eight on terminal branchlets (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov.: A The holotype in situ B Close-up of branches and polyps in situ C The colony after collection D A single polyp under light microscope E Single polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (C); 1 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347793" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). No polyps on main axis internodes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Rods and spindles of base of polyp body wall large and thick, rarely branched, with many warts on surface, and measuring 247-628
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
109-180
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, with an average of 430
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
136
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov.: A The holotype in situ B Close-up of branches and polyps in situ C The colony after collection D A single polyp under light microscope E Single polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (C); 1 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347793" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2">Figs 2D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov. A Sclerites of polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles B Sclerites in the pinnules C Sclerites at the body base D Sclerites of coenenchyme. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C, D); 50 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347794" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3">3C</figureCitation>
). Rods and spindles longitudinally arranged in the polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles, all covered with many warts, and measuring 95-520
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
25-96
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, with an average of 304
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
54
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov. A Sclerites of polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles B Sclerites in the pinnules C Sclerites at the body base D Sclerites of coenenchyme. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C, D); 50 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347794" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Scales of pinnules small with coarse edges and many warts on surface, and measuring 114-214
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
29-49
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, with an average of 146
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
36
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov. A Sclerites of polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles B Sclerites in the pinnules C Sclerites at the body base D Sclerites of coenenchyme. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C, D); 50 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347794" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Scales elongated and flat in coenenchyme with dentate edges and a few warts, and measuring 139-553
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
35-87
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, with an average of 267
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
61
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov. A Sclerites of polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles B Sclerites in the pinnules C Sclerites at the body base D Sclerites of coenenchyme. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, C, D); 50 μm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347794" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347793" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 2.</emphasis>
External morphology and polyps of
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia ramificans" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramificans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Chrysogorgia ramificans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A</emphasis>
The holotype in situ
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B</emphasis>
Close-up of branches and polyps in situ
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C</emphasis>
The colony after collection
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">D</emphasis>
A single polyp under light microscope
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">E</emphasis>
Single polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">D, E</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347794" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Sclerites of
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia ramificans" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramificans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Chrysogorgia ramificans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A</emphasis>
Sclerites of polyp neck extending to the rachis of tentacles
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B</emphasis>
Sclerites in the pinnules
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C</emphasis>
Sclerites at the body base
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">D</emphasis>
Sclerites of coenenchyme. Scale bars: 200
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A, C, D</emphasis>
); 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
The Latin adjective
<taxonomicName genus="Calcaxonia" lsidName="Calcaxonia ramificans" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="ramificans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">ramificans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(branching) refers to the ramous structure of the stem.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Found only from the Kocebu Guyot with water depth of 1831 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Colony attached to a rocky substrate with a small, oval-shaped holdfast (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia ramificans sp. nov.: A The holotype in situ B Close-up of branches and polyps in situ C The colony after collection D A single polyp under light microscope E Single polyp under SEM. Scale bars: 20 cm (C); 1 mm (D, E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/347793" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.881.34759.figure2">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia ramificans" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramificans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Chrysogorgia ramificans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. differs from all known congeners by its main stem, with 2/5R branching sequence, forming two large bottlebrush-shaped branches with 1/3R branching sequence (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO;2" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B4" refString="Cairns, SD, 2001. . https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO;2" url="https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO;2" year="2001">Cairns 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.21779" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 46" refId="B6" refString="Cairns, SD, 2018. Deep-Water Octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Part 1: Suborder Calcaxonia. ZooKeys 729: 1 - 46" title="Deep-Water Octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Part 1: Suborder Calcaxonia." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.21779" volume="729" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="http://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001354" author="Pante, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="911 - 927" refId="B19" refString="Pante, E, Watling, L, 2011. Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92: 911 - 927" title="Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections." url="http://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001354" volume="92" year="2011">Pante and Watling 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The new species belongs to the
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Chrysogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;group A, Spiculosae&quot;, in which it mostly resembles
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cairns, 2007. However,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ramificans" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="ramificans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. ramificans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. monticola" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the much longer interval of adjacent branches (8-12 mm vs. 4-5 mm), longer first internode of branch (20-30 mm vs. 12 mm), larger polyps (2-4 mm vs. 1.1 mm in height), much wider rods (109-180
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
vs. 50-80
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
) with thick ends and warty surface in the body walls (vs. with thin ends and usually smooth surface), and small and unbranched rods at the tentacle base (vs. large and lobed) (
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="511 - 541" refId="B5" refString="Cairns, SD, 2007. Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Eastern Pacific seamounts. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58: 511 - 541" title="Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Eastern Pacific seamounts." volume="58" year="2007">Cairns 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Within the group A,
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia ramificans" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ramificans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Chrysogorgia ramificans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is also similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arborescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="arborescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. arborescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutting, 1908,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tuberculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. tuberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cordeiro et al., 2015 and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. terasticha" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="terasticha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. terasticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Versluys, 1902. However, the new species differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arborescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="arborescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. arborescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its much longer interval of adjacent branches (8-12 mm vs. 3 mm), the higher number of polyps in the distal branchlets (up to 8 vs. 2), and usually regular sclerites (vs. irregular) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.341624.543" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="543 - 601" refId="B18" refString="Nutting, CC, 1908. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 34: 543 - 601" title="Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.341624.543" volume="34" year="1908">Nutting 1908</bibRefCitation>
). It differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tuberculata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. tuberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the larger orthostiche intervals (30-50 mm vs. 8-23 mm), rods with numerous coarse warts (vs. spindles with acute and sparse warts), rods present in tentacles (vs. only scales), and scales in coenenchyme with inconspicuous warts (vs. prominent) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4058.1.4" author="Cordeiro, RTS" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="81 - 100" refId="B7" refString="Cordeiro, RTS, Castro, CB, Perez, CD, 2015. Deep-water octocorals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from Brazil: family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883. Zootaxa 4058: 81 - 100" title="Deep-water octocorals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from Brazil: family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4058.1.4" volume="4058" year="2015">Cordeiro et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The new species can be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. terasticha" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="terasticha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C. terasticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its branching sequence (1/3R at top and 2/5R at bottom vs. 1/4L), larger orthostiche intervals (30-50 mm vs. no more than 8 mm), no nematozooids in coenenchyme (vs. many), larger polyps (2-4 mm vs. no more than 1.6 mm), larger rods with various ends (vs. smaller with rounded ends), and the absence of scales at the polyp base (vs. presence) (
<bibRefCitation author="Versluys, J" journalOrPublisher="Siboga Expeditie" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 120" refId="B24" refString="Versluys, J, 1902. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Chrysogorgiiden. Siboga Expeditie 13: 1 - 120" title="Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Chrysogorgiiden." volume="13" year="1902">Versluys 1902</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.201.3035" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6d2d5db4-fbee-4f8a-a4b0-8164e99c126d" ID-PMC="PMC3385846" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-201-15" ID-PubMed="22768001" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-201-15" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 201" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic overview of Polymixis serpentina (Treitschke, 1825) species-group, with the description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Xyleninae)" checkinTime="1451248956922" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pekarsky, Oleg" docDate="2012" docId="F0FABB5D8063178A7A8929428CC73924" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 201: 15-26" docOrigin="ZooKeys 201" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.201.3035" docTitle="Polymixis ivanchiki Pekarsky, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FF882867C754FFA6FFCC490EFFEA3727" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic overview of Polymixis serpentina (Treitschke, 1825) species-group, with the description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Xyleninae)" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1668153997148" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Taxonomic overview of Polymixis serpentina (Treitschke, 1825) species-group, with the description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Xyleninae)</mods:title>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152036016" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:37121E63-1CB5-49F7-97BF-1B256CD340DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F0FABB5D8063178A7A8929428CC73924" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:37121E63-1CB5-49F7-97BF-1B256CD340DB" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="16">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1-2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Male, Lebanon N., Fnaideg env., h-1440m, 12.x.2007, leg. Krueger, Saldaitis; slide No.: OP0941m (coll. O. Pekarsky, deposited in the HNHM Budapest).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="paratypes">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
Lebanon. 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀ Caza Dchare, Berhalioun, h-700m, 22.x.2008, leg. Punta, slide No: OP1352m (male) (coll. O. Pekarsky); 20 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ from the same locality (coll. A. Floriani); 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀ Caza Dchare, Berhalioun, Dayrouna mt., h-1200 m, 24-25.x.2008, leg. E. Punta, (coll. A. Floriani); 1 ♀ Caza Aaakkar, Bezbina, h-700m, 26.x.2008, leg. Punta, (coll. O. Pekarsky); 1 ♂ from the same locality, (coll. A. Floriani); 2 ♀♀ Cedrus Mts., Aayoun Urghouch, h-2130m, 10.x.2007, leg. Krueger, Saldaitis; 1 ♀ Laqlouq env., h-1600m, 14.x.2007, leg. Krueger, Saldaitis, slide No: OP0942f (female) (coll. O. Pekarsky); 1 ♀ 60 km S v. Beirut, 30.X.1963, leg. E. &amp; A. Vartian, slide No: OP1347f (female) (coll. NHMW). Turkey. 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ Turkey, Prov. Hatay, 6 km N of Yayladagi, 1100 m, 36 00 E, 36 05 N, 20.x.1993, leg. Gy.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fábián">Fabian</normalizedToken>
, B. Herczig, Gy.
<normalizedToken originalValue="László">Laszlo</normalizedToken>
, K.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szeőke">Szeoke</normalizedToken>
, slide No: OP1029f (female) (coll. G. Ronkay); 1 ♂, Prov. Urfa, Halfeti, valley of Euphrat, 500 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="37.866665">37°52'E</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="37.233334">37°14'N</geoCoordinate>
, 19.x.1993, leg. Gy.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fábián">Fabian</normalizedToken>
, B. Herczig, Gy.
<normalizedToken originalValue="László">Laszlo</normalizedToken>
, K.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szeőke">Szeoke</normalizedToken>
, slide No: OP1428m (male) (coll. G. Ronkay). Israel. 1 ♂, N. Galilea, Nimrod, 800 m., 10-20.10.2004, ligh trap (coll. P. Gyulai), 2 ♂♂, Jerusalem, X.2006, leg. V. Kravchenko, slide No: OP1632m (male) (coll. O. Pekarsky), 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ SW-Iran, Berge O v. Kasri Shirin, 24.x.1963, leg. Kasy &amp; Vartian, slide Nos: OP1348m (male), OP1349f (female) (coll. NHM Vienna).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
is a sister taxon of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serpentina">Polymixis serpentina</taxonomicName>
and is hardly distinguished externally from it, although the genitalia show clearly recognisable differences in both sexes. The forewing pattern of the two species is very similar, only the shape of reniform stigma show certain specific features. The reniform stigma of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
is slenderer, more S-shaped with a finely lunulate inner dark line, whereas that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina subsp. serpentina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serpentina" subSpecies="serpentina">Polymixis serpentina serpentina</taxonomicName>
is larger and more or less elliptical, with more parallel sides. The male genitalia of the two species are similar in most characters. The most significant difference between the two species is the shape of juxta.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
has a characteristic anchor-like juxta, wide medially, and tapered evenly posteriorly into a long acutely angled process with a posteriorly tapering lateral process on each side with serrated inner edges at their tips; the juxta of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serpentina">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="17" start="start">Polymixis</pageBreakToken>
serpentina
</taxonomicName>
has wide posterior extension, less broad medial part and the two lateral arms lack the apical serration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
The most conspicuous difference between the female genitalia of two species can be found in the shape of the antrum. The posterior (anal) margin of the antrum of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
has a very deep cleft, which reaches the middle of antrum, whereas
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serpentina">Polymixis serpentina</taxonomicName>
has only a slight, shallow cleft.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="17">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="17">
Male (Fig. 1). Wingspan 38-40 mm, length of forewing 19 mm. Head, thorax and forewing dark brownish grey mixed with black hair-like scales.
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="18" start="start">Forewing</pageBreakToken>
elongate, narrow; costa straight with white patches; outer margin with rather straight termen; most elements of forewing pattern rather blurred, except prominent white-defined reniform stigma; all but one crosslines black; basal line straight; subbasal line zigzagged; antemedial line waved; medial fascia a row of black streaks; postmedial line curved and dentate; subterminal line discontinuous, pale whitish, strongly sinuous, defined by short, black arrowhead spots at inner side; terminal line a row of tiny blackish triangles; orbicular stigma more or less rounded, formed by two black lateral arches filled with ground colour; reniform stigma large, white with narrow, black, lunulate inner line; fringes (cilia) as ground colour, finely chequered by whitish streaks at veins. Hindwing shining white with some black scales on veins, discal spot pale gray, terminal line black; cilia pale yellow mixed sparsely with black hair-like scales.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Female (Fig. 2). As male but with considerably darker suffused hindwing.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Male genitalia (Figs 9-12). Genital armature well-sclerotized; uncus weak, small and short, flattened and broad at base, tapering towards finely rounded and slightly hairy apex; tegumen broad, 0.67 times length of vinculum; penicular lobes small, rounded, bearing long setae; juxta anchor-like wide medially with two narrow and posteriorly tapered lateral arms with serrated inner edges towards apex; central posterior process long, thin, evenly tapering posteriorly; vinculum U-shaped. Valvae elongate with narrower distal half; cuculli asymmetrical, left one small and narrow, right one larger, apically more rounded, ventral surfaces densely setose on both cuculli; corona absent; sacculus large, elongate; clavus represented by a long, flat hump; clasper (harpe) straight, bar shaped; ampulla long, stick-like, with evenly tapered distal half and broad, reversed Y-shaped base. Aedeagus cylindrical, curved ventrally in distal part. Vesica tubular, everted forward then bent dorsad; basal tube short, subbasal bulb much wider, inflated, armed by narrow, elongated terminal field of spiniform cornuti; distal diverticulum small.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Female genitalia (Figs 25-27). Ovipositor medium-long, papillae anales elongated, hairy, with long setae on sides and shorter setae apically. Apophyses anteriores strong, with spatulate tips; apophyses posteriores thin and slightly longer than apophyses anteriores. Antrum (ostium bursae) large, broad, trapezoidal, strongly sclerotized, incised caudally forming deep cleft on ventral surface extending from posterior margin almost to middle of antrum. Ductus bursae flattened, semi-tubular, strongly sclerotized, medially folded and twisted. Appendix bursae conical, with sclerotized ribs and wrinkles; corpus bursae membranous, ovoid with four signum-stripes of different lengths.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="18" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">The new species named in honour of Ukrainian zoologists, Ivanchik Taisiya Semenivna (1937-2007) and Ivanchik Grigoriy Semenovich (1929-2011), teachers of Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="18">The species is distributed in the Near East (Israel, Lebanon, SW Iran) and the southern parts of Turkey (provinces Hatay and Urfa).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="19" start="start">Figures</pageBreakToken>
1-8. Adults. 1, 2
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 1 holotype male, Lebanon 2 paratype female, Lebanon 3, 4
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina subsp. serpentina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serpentina" subSpecies="serpentina">Polymixis serpentina serpentina</taxonomicName>
3 male, Slovenia 4 female, Slovenia 5, 6
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina subsp. minoica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serpentina" subSpecies="minoica">Polymixis serpentina minoica</taxonomicName>
5 male, Greece, Crete 6 female, Greece, Crete 7, 8
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis iatnana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iatnana">Polymixis iatnana</taxonomicName>
7 paratype male, Cyprus 8female, Cyprus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="19">
Figures 9-14. Male genitalia. 9-12
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis ivanchiki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivanchiki">Polymixis ivanchiki</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 9 holotype, Lebanon, slide No. OP0941m 10 paratype, Lebanon, slide No. OP1352m 11 paratype, SE Turkey, slide No. OP1428m 12 paratype, SW Iran, slide No. OP1348m 13, 14
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polymixis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymixis serpentina subsp. serpentina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="serpentina" subSpecies="serpentina">Polymixis serpentina serpentina</taxonomicName>
13 Slovenia, slide No. OP0939m 14 Croatia, slide No. OP1333m.&lt;br/&gt;
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>