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<mods:namePart id="2345020044C79C0C1D0A9AF90C67874C">Kemabonta, Kehinde Abike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="FE7B3A1544D25972A51D015D30DB2B7B">2024</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="88E111E2C20609189798DDCE4CE77539" LSID="F003393D-94E1-572C-9318-F1CF5C51BB3C" authority="(Smith, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mesoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesoponera caffraria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caffraria">* Mesoponera caffraria (Smith, 1858)</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="D8A01454675F5344A1619A8A7864B3B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="623D53AB6D853847AC93261433E89C92" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555">
(
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,
<bibRefCitation id="A169BBFA3EED3A61A2FE750605948579" author="Medler, J. T." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555" pagination="1 - 919" refId="B7739839" refString="Medler, J. T., 1980. Insects of Nigeria - Checklist and bibliography. 30: i-vii, 1-919. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 30 (1-7): 1 - 919" title="Insects of Nigeria - Checklist and bibliography. 30: i-vii, 1 - 919." volume="30" year="1980">Medler 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="180F77E7770CE1D968E261841F2E8F80" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555">New Records: 1, 5, 10</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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Linnaeus
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2
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: 1030. 1753
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.
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<paragraph id="42E06E37E8B178870BB2F049ED0FA9D3" pageNumber="858">&quot;Habitat in Canada. Kalm.&quot; RCN: 7442.</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="6073069D130FCAF629F3F74B5A10A9B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2612021130" collectionCode="LINN BM" specimenCode="1182.8" typeStatus="lectotype">
<typeStatus id="861D5750F5F7ABA2D068E395AEA4B93A">Lectotype</typeStatus>
(Reveal &amp; al. in
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7
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236. 1987):
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Current name:
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L.
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(
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).
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F95A2F5C35F324D52B05B68AD453A0EC">Heiermann, Anke Tarja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C6DFBF2AEAFD61F3B9461FF95B4DEDFF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5D676E3C3D1D6B886C652F6623F2B0F6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C07D4CB05016B9A56F0872A56358729C">
<mods:date id="25BF128C6DDFAE98B68FF12E88FA3C9E">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D52E70FB543194021F1F503FB7F6580E" type="volume">
<mods:number id="ED09558D87BBAEF9A177E4B224D207E3">1312</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B882B043430C36C9FC2294C5863D60AE">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6263BF748128333E3A993EE94E00881E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.173882</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F4412B105E4819AE8444C0C5C13647DB" type="GBIF-Dataset">21e56974-f8d1-4720-bca8-abc954639208</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="875E246BFF15C7E7B66782F94C25F4C8" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F28294DF690363A123D1F47AFFAF380A" type="Zenodo-Dep">173882</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F003CC35FFA65739FEBFE14AFAABFDFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5617022" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119349093" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5617022" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F003CC35FFA65739FEBFE14AFAABFDFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F003CC35FFA65739FEBFE14AFAABFDFA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="30B02EA8FFA6573FFEBFE14AFDCCFE81" box="[264,588,283,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFEBFE14AFDCCFE81" blockId="3.[264,588,283,310]" box="[264,588,283,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="235DCA4FFFA6573FFEBFE14AFDCCFE81" bold="true" box="[264,588,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFEBFE14AFDCCFE81" bold="true" box="[264,588,283,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFEBFE14AFE60FE82" box="[264,480,284,310]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFEBFE14AFE60FE82" bold="true" box="[264,480,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA6573FFE58E14DFDCCFE81" box="[495,588,283,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="30B02EA8FFA6573FFEBFE131FD07FDC5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFEBFE131FE66FE34" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" box="[264,486,359,384]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFEBFE131FE66FE34" box="[264,486,359,384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFE8FE1D9FEA9FE4D" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Two specimens of
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFD9EE1D9FD7FFE1C" box="[553,767,399,424]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFD9EE1D9FD7FFE1C" box="[553,767,399,424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA6573FFCA3E1D8FCF9FE1C" box="[788,889,398,424]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFCA3E1D8FCF9FE1C" bold="true" box="[788,889,398,424]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
from Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Palm Island Group, Central Great Barrier Reef,
<collectingCountry id="00BD3DB3FFA6573FFC21E1E1FB82FE65" box="[918,1026,439,465]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="1D9E1BE4FFA6573FFBA4E1E1FBF3FE65" box="[1043,1139,439,465]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="925" value="-18.666666">18 40’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="1D9E1BE4FFA6573FFBCCE1E1FB6FFE65" box="[1147,1263,439,465]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="925" value="146.5">146 30’E</geoCoordinate>
;
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA6573FFB4BE1E1FE96FE4D" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1603,1627]" captionTargetBox="[331,1251,1095,1574]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[325,1262,1079,1585]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Sample location of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (arrow). HIRS—Heron Island Research Station, LPB—Little Pioneer Bay, PB—Pioneer Bay, QLD—Queensland." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFE8FE251FD07FDC5" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFE8FE251FD8AFD94" box="[312,522,519,544]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFE8FE251FD8AFD94" box="[312,522,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA6573FFDACE250FDFBFD94" box="[539,635,518,544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFDACE250FDFBFD94" bold="true" box="[539,635,518,544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<typeStatus id="A711C381FFA6573FFD32E251FD70FD95" box="[645,752,519,545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: QM G322595, wet sample in alcohol, original sample number: 5.46,
<date id="0C145BE3FFA6573FFDA4E279FD1CFDFD" box="[531,668,559,585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-10-27">27.10.2003</date>
: in dead, unattached shell of
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFC4CE279FB3DFDFC" box="[1019,1213,559,584]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Tridacna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crocea">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFC4CE279FB3DFDFC" box="[1019,1213,559,584]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tridacna crocea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 1.0 m depth on reef crest (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA6573FFE46E201FDB6FDC5" box="[497,566,599,625]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–B).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="30B02EA8FFA65739FE8FE229FE27FE1A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFE8FE229FD51FD5D" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFE8FE229FD86FD2C" box="[312,518,639,664]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFE8FE229FD86FD2C" box="[312,518,639,664]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA6573FFDA2E228FDF3FD2C" box="[533,627,638,664]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFDA2E228FDF3FD2C" bold="true" box="[533,627,638,664]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<typeStatus id="A711C381FFA6573FFDCDE229FD63FD2D" box="[634,739,639,665]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
: QM G322596, slide preparation, entire specimen was used up for the preparation, original sample number: 2.80,
<date id="0C145BE3FFA6573FFC5BE2F1FBF5FD75" box="[1004,1141,679,705]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-10-25">25.10.2003</date>
: in a dead brain coral in
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA6573FFEDFE299FE2BFD5D" box="[360,427,719,745]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="2.2">2.2 m</quantity>
depth, from the reef flat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFE8FE2A1FDD8FCA5" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" box="[312,600,759,785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Other species examined:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFE8FE349FC26FC05" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFE8FE349FE59FC8C" box="[312,473,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caesia" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFE8FE349FE59FC8C" box="[312,473,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona caesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA6573FFE56E349FDE5FC8D" box="[481,613,799,825]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">new comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, various specimens from Little Pioneer Bay, Orpheus Island, Palm Island Group, Central Great Barrier Reef and Heron Island, Capricorn Bunker Group, Southern Great Barrier Reef
<collectingCountry id="00BD3DB3FFA6573FFD56E339FCD0FC3D" box="[737,848,879,905]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, wet samples in alcohol, Queensland Museum, spicule preparations in first author’s collection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFE8FE3E9FD54FBB5" blockId="3.[264,1325,359,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFE8FE3E9FE5BFC6C" box="[312,475,959,984]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="patera">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFE8FE3E9FE5BFC6C" box="[312,475,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona patera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: MHNG38767 from the Museum in Geneva, dry specimen, section of a massive sponge. Sample site unknown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2CD52DABFFA6573FFEBFE615FB9CF9C9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[331,1251,1095,1574]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFEBFE615FB9CF9C9" blockId="3.[264,1323,1603,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFEBFE615FE0AF9EF" bold="true" box="[264,394,1603,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Sample location of
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA6573FFDE8E615FC9CF9EE" box="[607,796,1603,1626]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFDE8E615FC9CF9EE" box="[607,796,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cliona minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA6573FFC9EE615FCFEF9EF" box="[809,894,1603,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFC9EE615FCFEF9EF" bold="true" box="[809,894,1603,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(arrow). HIRS—Heron Island Research Station, LPB—Little Pioneer Bay, PB—Pioneer Bay, QLD—Queensland.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA6573FFEBFE6E7FD71F97E" blockId="3.[264,1325,1713,1899]" box="[264,753,1713,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA6573FFEBFE6E7FD71F97E" box="[264,753,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="A711C381FFA6573FFE54E6E7FDC8F97E" box="[483,584,1713,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
QM G322595
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA65738FE8FE68FFE2CFC8A" blockId="3.[264,1325,1713,1899]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1326,284,1310]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Live ectosome dark brown, endosome lighter brown to beige. Colour fading when frozen or in alcohol, with endosomal tissue becoming almost transparent. Papillae minute, mean papillar diameter
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA6573FFDAAE77FFD05F8F7" box="[541,645,1833,1859]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
when contracted (minimum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA6573FFC59E77FFBD9F8F7" box="[1006,1113,1833,1859]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20 mm</quantity>
, maximum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA6573FFB4DE77FFEB9F8DF" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
, SD =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA6573FFE3BE707FE79F8DF" box="[396,505,1873,1899]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
, N = 25). Form circular in outline, occasionally irregular. Contracted papilla margins flush with surface, but towards centre ‘sunken’ into substrate, latter forming small circular pits around papillae (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FCBCE112FCD0FEEA" box="[779,848,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C–D). Some of these pits in sample QM G322595 no longer filled with sponge tissue, but with mud and algae. Papillae evenly dispersed, mean distance from each other
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FCB0E1C2FCF2FE1A" box="[775,882,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
(minimum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FBAAE1C2FB0CFE1A" box="[1053,1164,404,430]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16 mm</quantity>
, maximum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FEBFE1EAFEF3FE62" box="[264,371,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.80 mm</quantity>
, SD =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FE75E1EAFDADFE62" box="[450,557,444,470]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
, N = 25), fusion rare. Except for small areas opposite shell umbo, tissue not traversing entire width of shell, but penetrating to a depth of
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FBE8E1B2FB46FE4A" box="[1119,1222,484,510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
. Sponge tissue emerging on inner side of shell forming net­like pattern (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FC47E25AFBB6FD92" box="[1008,1078,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). External erosion traces on shell outer surface as papillar pits and shallow grooves that connect papillar pits in close vicinity to each other (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FDCCE20AFD42FDC2" box="[635,706,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D). Endolithic erosion chambers minute, appearing finely porous, with spherical to oval chambers (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FCFBE2D2FC15FD2A" box="[844,917,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E–F). Under magnification some chambers more irregular in shape as result of merging (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FC21E2FAFC5CFD72" box="[918,988,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F). Mean chamber diameter
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FEBFE282FEF0FD5A" box="[264,368,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8999999999999995" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.59">0.59 mm</quantity>
(minimum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FDA7E282FDEDFD5A" box="[528,621,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
, maximum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FCBAE282FCE9FD5A" box="[781,873,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.29, N = 25), mean diameter of canals connecting chambers
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FDEDE2AAFD43FCA2" box="[602,707,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20 mm</quantity>
(minimum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FCD0E2AAFC54FCA2" box="[871,980,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
, maximum =
<quantity id="BF52D0C6FFA15738FBC0E2AAFB63FCA2" box="[1143,1251,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.07, N = 10).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA15738FE8FE31AFB18FAAA" blockId="4.[264,1326,284,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Endosomal tissue thinly coating chambers and forming fragile membranes. Tylostyles in papillae in loose palisade, spicule points protruding from tissue by about 1/3 of spicule length (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FED6E3CAFE26FC02" box="[353,422,924,950]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G). Tissue with zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate symbionts) concentrated at the sponge surface (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FE65E392FD9DFC6A" box="[466,541,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
H). Endosomal tylostyles aligned in parallel, forming bundles. Bundles in confused orientation. Skeleton comprised of megascleres only, i.e. of tylostyles (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FEA6E442FED8FB9A" box="[273,344,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[303,1294,314,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[289,1304,306,1312]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyles of QM G 322595. A – B—Tylostyles mostly have straight shafts and oval to drop­shaped tyles that are slightly longer than wide. C – D—Occasionally, tylostyles have more spherical tyles with distinct neck areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173884/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Mean tylostyle dimensions comparatively small, with shaft length x shaft width x tyle width: 225.3 x 4.5 x 6.8 µm (
<tableCitation id="35284898FFA15738FD06E46AFD7EFBE2" box="[689,766,1084,1110]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[264,352,723,747]" captionText="TABLE 1. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyle dimensions in µm (N = 50 per specimen). Preparations contained ectosomal and endosomal spicules." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
). Tylostyle width size­frequency distributions skewed to left, indicating very uniform final size. Most tyles oval, slightly elongated (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FB4CE432FE96FB12" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[303,1294,314,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[289,1304,306,1312]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyles of QM G 322595. A – B—Tylostyles mostly have straight shafts and oval to drop­shaped tyles that are slightly longer than wide. C – D—Occasionally, tylostyles have more spherical tyles with distinct neck areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173884/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–B), but some round (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FDC7E4DAFD41FB12" box="[624,705,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[303,1294,314,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[289,1304,306,1312]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyles of QM G 322595. A – B—Tylostyles mostly have straight shafts and oval to drop­shaped tyles that are slightly longer than wide. C – D—Occasionally, tylostyles have more spherical tyles with distinct neck areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173884/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C–D), rarely with secondary swellings. Shafts predominantly straight (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FD91E4E2FDECFB7A" box="[550,620,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[303,1294,314,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[289,1304,306,1312]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyles of QM G 322595. A – B—Tylostyles mostly have straight shafts and oval to drop­shaped tyles that are slightly longer than wide. C – D—Occasionally, tylostyles have more spherical tyles with distinct neck areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173884/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–B), neck regions usually subtle, few with sharp creases (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FEA6E48AFEDAFB42" box="[273,346,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1335,1359]" captionTargetBox="[303,1294,314,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[289,1304,306,1312]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyles of QM G 322595. A – B—Tylostyles mostly have straight shafts and oval to drop­shaped tyles that are slightly longer than wide. C – D—Occasionally, tylostyles have more spherical tyles with distinct neck areas." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173884/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C–D). Axial threads extending about 2/3 into tyles. No vesicles observed when using light microscopy, but occasionally striations in tyles (layering of silica).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA15738FEBFE502FD15FAD9" blockId="4.[264,1323,1364,1750]" box="[264,661,1364,1389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FEBFE502FD15FAD9" box="[264,661,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Additional species in the
<typeStatus id="A711C381FFA15738FD87E502FD15FAD9" box="[560,661,1364,1389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78157D23FFA15738FE8FE52AFD99F962" blockId="4.[264,1323,1364,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Specimen QM G322595 contains three other species of bioeroding sponges:
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FB6CE52AFEE6FA09" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ensifera">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FB6CE52AFEE6FA09" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cliona ensifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FECEE5F2FDECFA09" box="[377,620,1444,1470]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FECEE5F2FE49FA09" box="[377,457,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cliona</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FE4BE5F2FDECFA09" box="[508,620,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in ­form and an unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FBD9E5F2FB1BFA09" box="[1134,1179,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Aka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FBD9E5F2FB1BFA09" box="[1134,1179,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Latter two species were only tentatively or incompletely identified, as
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FBB2E59AFB4EFA51" box="[1029,1230,1484,1510]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FBB2E59AFBA0FA51" box="[1029,1056,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FBE9E59AFB4EFA51" box="[1118,1230,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacked microscleres and
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FE57E5A2FD8EF9B9" box="[480,526,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Aka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FE57E5A2FD8EF9B9" box="[480,526,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. is a small specimen with indistinct fistules.
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FBC7E5A2FB1DF9B9" box="[1136,1181,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Aka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FBC7E5A2FB1DF9B9" box="[1136,1181,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FAA7E5A2FE00F981" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FAA7E5A2FE00F981" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA15738FE38E64AFE6DF982" box="[399,493,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FE38E64AFE6DF982" bold="true" box="[399,493,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
occur in two tiers, with
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FCBEE64AFC23F981" box="[777,931,1564,1589]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscule" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FCBEE64AFC23F981" box="[777,931,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. minuscule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA15738FC06E64AFB8EF982" box="[945,1038,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FC06E64AFB8EF982" bold="true" box="[945,1038,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
forming the upper layer near the shell surface, being traversed by
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FCA8E612FCCCF9E9" box="[799,844,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Aka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FCA8E612FCCCF9E9" box="[799,844,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. papillar canals (
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FBE5E612FB1FF9EA" box="[1106,1183,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E–F). The additional species in QM G322595 are distinct from
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA15738FC13E63AFBC4F931" box="[932,1092,1644,1669]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuscula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FC13E63AFBC4F931" box="[932,1092,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. minuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="51ED1C4AFFA15738FBEEE63AFB3CF932" box="[1113,1212,1644,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FBEEE63AFB3CF932" bold="true" box="[1113,1212,1644,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
by their spicules (
<tableCitation id="35284898FFA15738FECEE6C2FE49F91A" box="[377,457,1684,1710]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of taxonomic characters between Cliona minuscula, sp. nov., 15 other clionaid sponges that have only tylostyles as their only skeletal elements, and the three other species of bioeroding sponges found in the holotype QM G 322595. Tylostyle dimensions are means of length x shaft width x tyle width in µm, where data are available. For Cliona ensifera tylostyle dimensions of the neck region are given as well. Where multiple characters are given, they are aligned with their respective references in the last column." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FE6EE6C2FDA4F91A" box="[473,548,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1345,1369]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. tylostyles (A – B) in comparison to tylostyles of other species of the genus Cliona only containing tylostyles (C – Z). A—Tylostyles from Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. specimen QM G 322595. B—Tylostyles from Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. specimen QM G 322596. Other spicules were redrawn from the following publications: C— C. californiana (Carballo et al., 2004), D— C. celata (Hancock, 1867), E— C. delitrix (Pang, 1973), F— C. delitrix (Rose and Risk, 1985), G— C. dissimilis (Fromont et al., 2005), H— C. laticavicola laticavicola (Pang, 1973), I— C. laticavicola parvispiculata (Pang, 1973), J— C. ecaudis (Topsent, 1932), K— C. janitrix (Topsent, 1932), L— C. janitrix (Pang, 1973), M— C. janitrix (Rosell and Uriz, 2002), N— C. kempi (Annandale, 1915 a), O— C. macgeachii (Holmes, 2000), P— C. alderi (Hancock, 1849), Q— C. alderi (Rützler and Stone, 1986), R— C. insidiosa (Hancock, 1849), S— C. insidiosa (Rützler and Stone, 1986), T— C. millepunctata (Hancock, 1849), U— C. millepunctata (Rützler and Stone, 1986), V— C. peponaca (Pang, 1973), W— C. caesia (Schönberg, 2000). No images of C. arenosa were available. X – Z—Spicules of the other three species of bioeroding sponges found in sample QM G 322595. X— C. ensifera. Y— Aka sp., Z— C. cf. orientalis. All spicules to scale, scale bar 100 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), papillar size (
<tableCitation id="35284898FFA15738FD55E6C2FCB2F91A" box="[738,818,1684,1710]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of taxonomic characters between Cliona minuscula, sp. nov., 15 other clionaid sponges that have only tylostyles as their only skeletal elements, and the three other species of bioeroding sponges found in the holotype QM G 322595. Tylostyle dimensions are means of length x shaft width x tyle width in µm, where data are available. For Cliona ensifera tylostyle dimensions of the neck region are given as well. Where multiple characters are given, they are aligned with their respective references in the last column." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FCF5E6C2FC09F91A" box="[834,905,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A) and form of erosion chambers (
<tableCitation id="35284898FFA15738FEA7E6EAFEDDF962" box="[272,349,1724,1750]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of taxonomic characters between Cliona minuscula, sp. nov., 15 other clionaid sponges that have only tylostyles as their only skeletal elements, and the three other species of bioeroding sponges found in the holotype QM G 322595. Tylostyle dimensions are means of length x shaft width x tyle width in µm, where data are available. For Cliona ensifera tylostyle dimensions of the neck region are given as well. Where multiple characters are given, they are aligned with their respective references in the last column." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E09161A6FFA15738FEDEE6EAFE2EF962" box="[361,430,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1422,1446]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. morphological characters of QM G 322595. A—Sample QM G 322595 is a shell of Tridacna crocea, in which C. minuscula, sp. nov. and three other species of bioeroding sponges were found. C. minuscula, sp. nov. inhabits over 1 / 3 of the shell (area underneath white line). The left half is dominated by Cliona cf. orientalis. B—Inner surface of the shell and fracture surfaces. C. minuscula, sp. nov. does not penetrate the entire shell, except for a small area at the extreme opposite of the umbo, where the sponge forms a net­like pattern on the inside of the shell (near the zero of the cm scale). The white ellipse encloses macroscopic erosion traces of Cliona ensifera, the black ellipse C. cf. orientalis, the arrow points to chambers of Aka sp. C – D—Closer views of papillae of C. minuscula, sp. nov., which are discrete, minute and evenly distributed. They have created pits in the substrate, resulting in their position being lower than the substrate surface (scale bars 1 cm and 1 mm, respectively). E – F—Erosion chambers of Cliona minuscula, sp. nov. (upper halves of figures, large chambers in lower halves of figures are occupied by Aka sp.; scale bars 1 mm). G – H—Pluck preparations of tissue (scales 100 µm). G—Loose tylostyle palisade of the ectosome. H—Ectosome with symbiotic dinoflagellates (arrow)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B, E–F).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FEBFE751FDACF894" box="[264,556,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecology and distribution</emphasis>
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To date only two specimens of
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<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FD1CE779FCFBF8FC" box="[683,891,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cliona minuscula</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA15738FC3DE778FC69F8FC" bold="true" box="[906,1001,1838,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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have been found, and only from one sample site at Orpheus Island, Palm Island Group, Central Great Barrier Reef.
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The sponges were sampled from very shallow depths between 1 and
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in unattached rubble (dead clam shell) and in part of the reef framework (dead massive coral). The specimens were from the reef flat, i.e. from the mixed zone (
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), and from the reef crest.
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<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA05739FEBFE1B2FE05FE49" box="[264,389,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology</emphasis>
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The species name ‘
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<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA05739FDA0E25AFD0FFD91" box="[535,655,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">minuscula</emphasis>
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’ was chosen, as compared to other species of
<emphasis id="4ADEA131FFA05739FB1EE25AFA81FD91" box="[1193,1281,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="BFAA06A0FFA05739FB1EE25AFB7CFD91" box="[1193,1276,524,549]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cliona</taxonomicName>
,
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the new species has minute papillae and erosion chambers and smaller than average tylostyles.
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Excavating
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preoccupied (Gastropoda: Rafinesque 1815), amended by
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. Synonymies given by
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in, and growth form, with tylostyles as megascleres; microscleres, if present, spirasters or raphides, which may vary in form. Synonymies given by
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.
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Sous-Genre
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Se distingue des autres especes des Xiphomyrmex et des
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par son enorme tete, par son exiguite, par son habitat nearctique et par ses teguments lisses.
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