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Mrigal (
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Mrigal (
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) is one of the major species of Indian carp, widely distributed in rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies in
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and neighboring countries (
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). Other species of mrigal such as
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,
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,
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,
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is also produced on a small scale
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. The mrigal is an economically important fish in aquaculture, its culture has spread due to its suitable stimulated reproduction and rapid growth It is an important animal for polyculture systems in
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and other parts of South Asia, and contributes significantly for fish production in the region. The mrigal averages about
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in length. It is present but in favorable conditions can grow large, and is widely distributed in rivers, lakes and growing areas in
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[
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. The mrigal generally breeds during the rainy months. It is well suited for induced breeding, and fingerlings spawn on natural soil from July to November. Both young rabbits and adult dogs eat primarily animal protein. Both male and female dogs reach sexual maturity at about two years of age. However, stimulated fish species are believed to mature within a year
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[
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. The fawn has a beautiful body, with a rounded belly and deep tail wings. The jaw is depressed, and the mouth is broad and rounded downward. The two sensory organs near his mouth are barbels. The body color of the cat is bronze, with white and golden flanks. The eyes are goldened. The shark is found chiefly in the rivers and lakes of northern
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. It is also well established for aquaculture in South
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. It is also known to inhabit the waters of
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,
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and
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.
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Rohu (
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF961767DFC9E718FB9EFADD" bold="true" box="[902,1044,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Labeo rohita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4CB7656FFF961764DF77E77AFE7CFDBB" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
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Rohu (
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF961767DFCCE77AFB85FAFF" box="[899,1039,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Labeo rohita</emphasis>
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) is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family
<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF961767DF8FE75BFBBDFA1E" authorityName="A. d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1844" box="[960,1079,1392,1416]" family="Cyprinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cyprinidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9C962A61FF961767D800E75BFB19FA1E" box="[1103,1171,1392,1416]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="2.[667,700,1104,1125]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,834,1081]" captionTargetId="figure-460@2.[173,1414,834,1081]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig 1: Indian Major Carps" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11659214" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11659214/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig 1</figureCitation>
). The most important and extensively cultured carp species in South Asia. It is widely distributed in rivers in ponds and is considered a native of North
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DFCBE7E7FC34FA72" box="[900,958,1484,1508]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="C669F806FF961767DF9FE7E7FB9EFA72" box="[976,1044,1484,1508]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Orissa</collectingRegion>
, and Bengal as well as in the Indian subcontinents
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[
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. The fish is in great demand due to its delicious taste preferred by the people of
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and other countries. The monsoon is considered the best for breeding for this fish in rivers and ponds. The
<taxonomicName id="C3AD4D67FF961767D891E46DFAE1F9C8" ID-CoL="3RHZK" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" box="[1246,1387,1606,1630]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Labeo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rohita">
<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF961767D891E46DFAE1F9C8" box="[1246,1387,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Labeo rohita</emphasis>
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does not breed in stagnant waters and the significant feature of this fish is that it moves with the current of water before breeding and moves against the current of water during breeding in shallow watered ponds
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. The induced methods have been widely practiced in
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for breeding and the fish grows large but less when compared to the growth of catla. It takes 12 to 14 months for this fish to become sexually mature and the off spring range from 1.6 to 1.9 lakhs/gram body weight
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]
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. The feeding regime of rohu fingerlings and adults depends on daphnia, decomposed water material, vegetable matter, phytoplankton, and supplementary feeding along with commercial feeds available in the market. Rohu has an elongated and slightly laterally compressed body, which means it is slender and flattened from side to side. The dorsal profile of Rohu is more convex, giving it a slightly arched appearance. The body of Rohu is bluish above and silvery on the flanks. It possesses a reddish tinge at the dorsal, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins with reddish-colored eyes. Juvenile Rohu typically exhibits a dark band at the caudal peduncle, which may fade as they grow older. Rohu has fringed lips, and the maxillary barbells are prominent. Barbells are sensory organs located near the mouth, which help the fish locate food
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. Rohu is extensively distributed in rivers, lakes, and other water bodies throughout
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. It occurs in the Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery River basins, among others. It is commonly found in North
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,
<collectingRegion id="C669F806FF951764DCBEE3F3FEB2FE66" box="[241,312,472,496]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Orissa</collectingRegion>
, Bengal, and other parts of the country. Rohu is also found in the rivers and water bodies of
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764DED6E3DDFD7CFD98" box="[665,758,502,526]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764DC2FE03EFF55FDBB" box="[96,223,533,557]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764DCA5E03EFEA0FDBB" box="[234,298,533,557]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF951764DD2BE03DFE46FDB8" box="[356,460,534,558]" name="Myanmar" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</treatment>
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(
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<emphasis id="36D9EAF6FF961767DCE4E634FEA8FBA1" bold="true" box="[171,290,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Catla catla</emphasis>
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Catla is a major carp in
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and is cultured along with column and bottom-feeding fishes as a composite culture {
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)
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. They breed in fields that are flooded, and dry bunds by triggering riverine conditions in ponds and grow outs. During the southwest monsoon, they breed in natural habitats where the seeds are available from hatcheries and breeding grounds from May to August. The induced breeding of catla marks its success in stagnant waters of fish ponds
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. The feeding regime of catla varies from fingerlings to adults where the fingerlings feed on zooplankton, supplementary feeding, and commercial feeds, on the other hand, adults feed on meroplankton, vegetable matters, supplementary feeding and commercial feeds available in the market
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. The catla has a black color body with dusky grey fins, tails, and a silvery white belly. The body shape of a catla has a deep and laterally compressed body, which means it is broad from side to side and flattened from top to bottom
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. The mouth of Catla is large and directed upward, indicating its surface-feeding behavior. It is well-adapted for capturing food from the water's surface and the head is relatively large compared to its body size
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. The main characteristic feature of catla is that it has lower jaws that protrude slightly and it can reach a maximum size of up to
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which is known for its fastest growth, However, its size may vary depending on the habitat and growth conditions
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<bibRefCitation id="603C4B15FF961767DD2EE530FEF8F8BF" author="Jayaram KC" box="[353,370,1819,1833]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref10474" refString="13. Jayaram KC. The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House; c 2010." type="book" year="2010">13</bibRefCitation>
,
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]
</superScript>
. The greater demand for catla is that it can be cultured via polyculture systems and contributes to 60% of the total production
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[
<bibRefCitation id="603C4B15FF961767DDFAE572FE4CF8F1" author="Srivastava P &amp; Singh RK &amp; Jena JK" box="[437,454,1881,1895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="11 - 15" refId="ref10523" refString="15. Srivastava P, Singh RK, Jena JK. Growth performance of Indian major carp species in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) polyculture system. Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2019; 7 (2): 11 - 15." type="journal article" year="2019">15</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="603C4B15FF961767DD9FE572FE6BF8F1" author="Anwar MS &amp; Alam MS" box="[464,481,1881,1895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="208 - 213" refId="ref10568" refString="16. Anwar MS, Alam MS. Comparative study on growth performance of three major carp species under polyculture system. Int. J Fish Aquat. Stud. 2017; 5 (3): 208 - 213." type="journal article" year="2017">16</bibRefCitation>
]
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. The distribution of catla reserves to
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DC93E552FE99F807" box="[220,275,1913,1937]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">India</collectingCountry>
and its subcontinents however countries like
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DC2FE5B3FF11F826" box="[96,155,1944,1968]" name="Israel" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Israel</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DC9FE5B3FE87F839" box="[208,269,1944,1967]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Japan</collectingCountry>
had their cultures way back in 1954 and 1960 respectively. In
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DD40E59DFEC3F858" box="[271,329,1974,1998]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">India</collectingCountry>
, Catla is found in various river systems and water bodies throughout
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DDE8E5FEFE6BF87B" box="[423,481,2005,2029]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">India</collectingCountry>
. It occurs in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery River basins, among others. It is also found in many lakes and reservoirs across the country
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[
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]
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. Catla is present in the rivers and water bodies of
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767D854E616FBF2FBC3" box="[1051,1144,1085,1109]" name="Pakistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, particularly in the Indus River system, and is widely distributed in the rivers and water bodies of
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DFE9E651FBAFFB04" box="[934,1061,1146,1170]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, making it an essential fish species for the country's fisheries and aquaculture industry
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. Catla has been widely distributed to various countries like
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767D910E693FA44FB46" box="[1375,1486,1208,1232]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DF77E6FCFCE5FB78" box="[824,879,1239,1262]" name="Laos" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Laos</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DFC4E6FDFC65FB78" box="[907,1007,1238,1262]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767D843E6FDFBE4FB78" box="[1036,1134,1238,1262]" name="Thailand" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767D8C4E6FDFB60FB78" box="[1163,1258,1238,1262]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767D949E6FDFAD9FB78" box="[1286,1363,1238,1262]" name="Bhutan" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, and the
<collectingCountry id="7CBA7674FF961767DF77E6DEFC3AFA9B" box="[824,944,1269,1293]" name="Philippines" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Philippines</collectingCountry>
for aquaculture and fisheries purposes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>