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<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF83EC4AFF10B0E30D0F563A" ID-CoL="85RXB" authority="Radashevsky &amp; Migotto, 2009" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Migotto" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,851,1022,1049]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF10B0E30F8E563B" bold="true" box="[151,466,1022,1049]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF83EC4AFE5DB0E20D0F563A" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[474,851,1022,1049]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF10B73E0F26561F" blockId="10.[151,851,1022,1085]" box="[151,378,1059,1085]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFF10B73E0F64561F" box="[151,312,1059,1085]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@11.[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult characteristics of Pseudopolydora spp. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (A) and P. rosebelae (C). Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (B) and P. rosebelae (D). Correlation coefficients (r) and equations (y) for the distribution of branchiae and the total number of chaetigers are presented in the corresponding graphs. All correlations are significant (P &lt;0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209891/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Figures 6C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFEC4B73E0F26561F" box="[323,378,1059,1085]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStart-3="FIGURE 10" captionStart-4="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,769,793]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionStartId-4="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox-0="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetBox-2="[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetBox-3="[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetId-0="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@13.[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetId-2="figure-47@14.[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetId-3="figure-117@14.[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetId-4="figure-291@15.[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken. B, same, left lateral view. C, anterior end, dorsal view. D, same, ventral view. E, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 300 µm; E = 10 µm. AE—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin)." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: an—occipital antenna; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. AC—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." captionText-3="FIGURE 10. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, anterior end, ventral view. B, posterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. A—Hawaii (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42734); B—Hawaii (formalinfixed, MIMB 42735); C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42736)." captionText-4="FIGURE 11. Pseudopolydora rosebelae larval morphology. AF, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton: A, dorsal view, in transmitted light; B, same, ventral view; C, dorsal view, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view; E, anterior end, ventral view; F, head, dorsal view. GI, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton: G, dorsal view, in transmitted light; H, same, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view. Abbreviations: la—lateral peristomial lip; pa—palp; ve—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: AI = 100 µm. AI—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209899" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13209899/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">711</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF10B77A0FFA565D" box="[151,422,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF83EC4AFE2CB77A0D10565D" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[427,844,1127,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto, 2009: 462467</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 16.
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<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF83EC4AFC33B7750AE6565D" author="Bogantes, V. E. &amp; Boyle, M. J. &amp; Halanych, K. M." box="[948,1210,1127,1152]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" pagination="577 - 588" refId="ref15730" refString="Bogantes, V. E., Boyle, M. J. &amp; Halanych, K. M. (2021) New reports on Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the East Coast of Florida, including the non-native species P. paucibranchiata. BioInvasions Records, 10 (3), 577 - 588. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2021.10.3.07" type="journal article" year="2021">
Bogantes
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFB9EB7750A10565D" box="[1049,1100,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
2021: 584
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, fig. 3A, B.
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF10B79B0F6156BC" box="[151,317,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
sp. A
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:
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF83EC4AFE02B79B0CE656BC" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[389,698,1158,1182]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" pagination="335 - 340" refId="ref18997" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2006) Photoreceptive organs in larvae of Spionidae (Annelida) and Sipuncula. Journal of Zoology, London, 268 (4), 335 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2006.00092. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto 2006</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2a.
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Not
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF83EC4AFF43B7B90FAE569E" ID-CoL="85RXB" box="[196,498,1188,1212]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF43B7B90F36569E" box="[196,362,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFE17B7B90FAE569E" box="[400,498,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">rosebelae</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF83EC4AFE78B7B90D7B569E" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[511,807,1188,1212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky 2015: 682684</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 31, 32.
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF10B7F60FE35726" bold="true" box="[151,447,1258,1285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Type material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFE41B7F60A5F570B" collectingDate="2004-04-15" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Sao Sebastiao Is. &amp; Radashevsky" country="Brazil" elevation="5" latitude="-23.74696" location="Praia do Sino" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-45.34844" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MZUSP 243, MIMB 27220, MZUSP 241, 242, SMF 16856, POL 20" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF83EC4AFE41B7F60C515727" box="[454,525,1259,1285]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF83EC4AFD9FB7F60CD15727" box="[536,653,1259,1285]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
:
<collectorName id="2740B0EEFF83EC4AFD1FB7F60D0A5727" box="[664,854,1259,1285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">São Sebastião Is.</collectorName>
(Ilhabela),
<location id="8F6A83E3FF83EC4AFC5FB7F60A2D5727" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:021C642EFF83EC50FF10B0E30F4851EB:8F6A83E3FF83EC4AFC5FB7F60A2D5727" box="[984,1137,1259,1285]" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.74696" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-45.34844" name="Praia do Sino" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Praia do Sino</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EF81B3FFFF83EC4AFBFBB7F60B5C5727" box="[1148,1280,1259,1285]" degrees="23.74696" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="-23.74696">23.74696ºS</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EF81B3FFFF83EC4AFA8BB7F70BC45727" box="[1292,1432,1258,1285]" degrees="45.34844" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" precision="1" value="-45.34844">45.34844ºW</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF83EC4AFF10B6130E98570B" box="[151,196,1294,1321]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="5.0">
<elevation id="0198320BFF83EC4AFF10B6130E98570B" box="[151,196,1294,1321]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, sandy silt, coll.
<collectorName id="2740B0EEFF83EC4AFEFAB6120C4D570B" box="[381,529,1295,1321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Radashevsky</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF83EC4AFD90B6120C73570B" box="[535,559,1295,1321]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.I.,
<date id="FE0BF3F8FF83EC4AFDCBB6130CB5570B" box="[588,745,1294,1321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" value="2004-04-15">
<collectingDate id="EE4F0A10FF83EC4AFDCBB6130CB5570B" box="[588,745,1294,1321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" value="2004-04-15">15 April 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFD73B6120DDD570B" box="[756,897,1295,1321]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">MZUSP 243</specimenCode>
(
<typeStatus id="550E6B9AFF83EC4AFC08B6120DAB570B" box="[911,1015,1295,1321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFB8DB6120B65570B" box="[1034,1337,1295,1321]" collectingDate="2004-04-15" collectionCode="ZUEC" country="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MZUSP 243, MIMB 27220, MZUSP 241, 242, SMF 16856, POL 20" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFB8DB6120AF8570B" box="[1034,1188,1295,1321]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">MIMB 27220</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="9CB31EB1FF83EC4AFB32B6120B72570B" box="[1205,1326,1295,1321]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFAC7B6120FC7576F" collectingDate="2004-04-15" collectionCode="ZUEC" country="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MZUSP 243, MIMB 27220, MZUSP 241, 242, SMF 16856, POL 20" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFAC7B6120E9F576F" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">MZUSP 241</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFF48B62E0EA5576F" box="[207,249,1331,1357]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">242</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="9CB31EB1FF83EC4AFE8EB62E0FCC576F" box="[265,400,1331,1357]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFE25B62E0C94576F" box="[418,712,1330,1357]" collectingDate="2004-04-15" collectionCode="ZUEC" country="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MZUSP 243, MIMB 27220, MZUSP 241, 242, SMF 16856, POL 20" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFE25B62E0C7B576F" box="[418,551,1330,1357]" collectionCode="SMF" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">SMF 16856</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="9CB31EB1FF83EC4AFDB1B62E0CE1576F" box="[566,701,1331,1357]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFD57B62E0A49576F" box="[720,1045,1331,1357]" collectingDate="2004-04-15" collectionCode="ZUEC" country="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MZUSP 243, MIMB 27220, MZUSP 241, 242, SMF 16856, POL 20" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF83EC4AFD57B62E0D45576F" box="[720,793,1331,1357]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9pz2-d68t" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">ZUEC</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFCA7B62E0D2B576F" box="[800,887,1331,1357]" collectionCode="POL" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">POL 20</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="9CB31EB1FF83EC4AFC01B62E0A51576F" box="[902,1037,1331,1357]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">2 paratypes</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF40B64B0D1D5753" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" box="[199,833,1366,1393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF40B64B0FA05752" bold="true" box="[199,508,1366,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF83EC4AFD85B64A0C125753" box="[514,590,1367,1393]" name="Belize" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Belize</collectingCountry>
:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF83EC4AFDDEB64A0CF65753" box="[601,682,1367,1393]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1480640 (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF40B6660C2957B7" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" box="[199,629,1403,1429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFF40B6660C2957B7" box="[199,629,1403,1429]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" location="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MNRJ 067" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF83EC4AFF40B6660F5257B7" box="[199,270,1403,1429]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF83EC4AFE9DB6660F9C57B7" box="[282,448,1403,1429]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
:
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFE4DB6660C1A57B7" box="[458,582,1403,1429]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">MNRJ 067</specimenCode>
(1).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF40B6820D61579B" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" box="[199,829,1438,1465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFF40B6820D61579B" box="[199,829,1438,1465]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" location="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MNRJ 067" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF83EC4AFF40B6820F71579B" box="[199,301,1439,1465]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of Thailand:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF83EC4AFD84B6820CC9579B" box="[515,661,1439,1465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">LACM-AHF</collectionCode>
Poly 4395 (3).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF40B6DE0CEE57FF" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" box="[199,690,1474,1501]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFF40B6DE0CEE57FF" box="[199,690,1474,1501]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" location="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MNRJ 067" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF83EC4AFF40B6DE0F5E57FF" box="[199,258,1475,1501]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF83EC4AFE8AB6DE0F3E57FF" box="[269,354,1475,1501]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
:
<specimenCode id="DA137D43FF83EC4AFEEAB6DE0C5457FF" box="[365,520,1475,1501]" collectionCode="MIMB" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">MIMB 42734</specimenCode>
(1), 42735 (1).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF40B6FA0A665423" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" box="[199,1082,1510,1537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF83EC4AFF40B6FA0A665423" box="[199,1082,1510,1537]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" location="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" specimenCode="MNRJ 067" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF83EC4AFF40B6FA0F755423" box="[199,297,1511,1537]" name="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, Nha Trang Bay:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF83EC4AFE69B6FA0C605423" box="[494,572,1511,1537]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">MIMB</collectionCode>
27221 (5), 4273642738 (4);
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF83EC4AFC09B6FA0DE25423" box="[910,958,1511,1537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">VIR</collectionCode>
13862 (1).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4AFF40B5160A485407" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" box="[199,1044,1547,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Full information about the samples is given in the Supplementary Table S2.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF83EC4BFF40B5330EA25363" blockId="10.[151,1437,1258,2041]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF83EC4AFF40B5330C45546B" bold="true" box="[199,537,1582,1609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Adult diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
Adults up to
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF83EC4AFD36B5320D5C546B" box="[689,768,1583,1609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF83EC4AFCC0B5320DC2546B" box="[839,926,1583,1609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
wide for 55 chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFB29B5320B51546B" box="[1198,1293,1583,1609]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Figs 7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFA9FB5320B02546B" box="[1304,1374,1583,1609]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken. B, same, left lateral view. C, anterior end, dorsal view. D, same, ventral view. E, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 300 µm; E = 10 µm. AE—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">8A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFAEDB5320BD3546B" box="[1386,1423,1583,1609]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,769,793]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetId="figure-47@14.[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: an—occipital antenna; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. AC—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">9A</figureCitation>
). Body transparent, light yellowish in life, with intense black pigment and small white stellar chromatophores on prostomium, peristomium, and dorsal side of 57 anterior chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFC39B56A0A6254B3" box="[958,1086,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Figs 7AE</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFBCBB56A0ACF54B3" box="[1100,1171,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken. B, same, left lateral view. C, anterior end, dorsal view. D, same, ventral view. E, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 300 µm; E = 10 µm. AE—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">8AD</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFB26B56A0AB454B3" box="[1185,1256,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,769,793]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetId="figure-47@14.[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: an—occipital antenna; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. AC—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">9AC</figureCitation>
). Palps in large individuals with up to 22 black transverse bands (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFD31B5860D605497" box="[694,828,1691,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-117@14.[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, anterior end, ventral view. B, posterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. A—Hawaii (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42734); B—Hawaii (formalinfixed, MIMB 42735); C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42736)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209899/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Fig. 10A, C</figureCitation>
). Prostomium anteriorly bilobed, extending posteriorly to end of chaetiger 1 as a low caruncle (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFDCAB5A20CF854FB" box="[589,676,1727,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@11.[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult characteristics of Pseudopolydora spp. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (A) and P. rosebelae (C). Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (B) and P. rosebelae (D). Correlation coefficients (r) and equations (y) for the distribution of branchiae and the total number of chaetigers are presented in the corresponding graphs. All correlations are significant (P &lt;0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209891/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Occipital antenna present. Two to three pairs of black eyes present. Thin epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming voluminous pouch over chaetiger 2 (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFF33B41A0F6F5503" box="[180,307,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Figs 7C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFEB8B41A0F3F5503" box="[319,355,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,769,793]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetId="figure-47@14.[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: an—occipital antenna; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. AC—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">9B</figureCitation>
). Chaetiger 1 weakly separated from peristomium, without notochaetae, with short capillaries in neuropodia; small lamellae present in both rami. Chaetigers 24 and 6 with slender capillaries in both rami. Chaetiger 5 similar in size to chaetigers 4 or 6, with short postchaetal lamellae in neuropodia; notopodial lamellae reduced; dorsal superior capillaries slightly shorter and fewer than those chaetae on chaetigers 4 or 6; ventral capillaries same in size and number as those chaetae on chaetigers 4 or 6; two kinds of heavy spines in notopodia arranged in a J-shaped double row (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFE2FB4A60C5855F7" box="[424,516,1979,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">Figs 7E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFD96B4A60C6855F7" box="[529,564,1979,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,769,793]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetId="figure-47@14.[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: an—occipital antenna; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. AC—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">9B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF83EC4AFDC5B4A60C2955F7" box="[578,629,1979,2005]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-117@14.[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, anterior end, ventral view. B, posterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. A—Hawaii (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42734); B—Hawaii (formalinfixed, MIMB 42735); C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42736)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209899/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="223">10C</figureCitation>
): anterior-row spines pennoned, with curved pointed tip, up to ten in a series; posterior-row spines simple falcate, up to eight in a series. Posterior notopodia with only slender capillaries. Bidentate hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8, up to
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a series. Branchiae from chaetiger 7, up to 18 pairs (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFF5AB3A60F6952F7" box="[221,309,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@11.[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult characteristics of Pseudopolydora spp. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (A) and P. rosebelae (C). Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (B) and P. rosebelae (D). Correlation coefficients (r) and equations (y) for the distribution of branchiae and the total number of chaetigers are presented in the corresponding graphs. All correlations are significant (P &lt;0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209891/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Pygidium large cup with middorsal gap (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFC97B3A60D3252F7" box="[784,878,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Figs 7A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFCFEB3A60DC652F7" box="[889,922,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken. B, same, left lateral view. C, anterior end, dorsal view. D, same, ventral view. E, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 300 µm; E = 10 µm. AE—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">8E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFC21B3A60D8452F7" box="[934,984,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-117@14.[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, anterior end, ventral view. B, posterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. A—Hawaii (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42734); B—Hawaii (formalinfixed, MIMB 42735); C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42736)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209899/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">10B</figureCitation>
). Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 1, largest and double in each neuropodium in chaetigers 6 and 7, single in other neuropodia. Digestive tract without gizzard-like structure. Blood transparent, without colored respiratory pigment. Nephridia from chaetiger 4 onwards.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF82EC4BFF10B65C0D02542F" blockId="11.[151,1437,1345,1549]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFF10B65C0F49577B" bold="true" box="[151,277,1345,1369]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Adult characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFD94B65C0CB0577A" box="[531,748,1345,1369]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFD94B65C0CE5577B" box="[531,697,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers in
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFE42B6970C735783" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" box="[453,559,1417,1441]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="achaeta">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFE42B6970C735783" box="[453,559,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">P. achaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFDB8B6940C0D5783" bold="true" box="[575,593,1417,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">A</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFD0AB6970D555783" box="[653,777,1417,1441]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFD0AB6970D555783" box="[653,777,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFC9FB6940D765783" bold="true" box="[792,810,1417,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">C</emphasis>
). Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFBA9B6B30ACB57E7" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" box="[1070,1175,1453,1477]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="achaeta">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFBA9B6B30ACB57E7" box="[1070,1175,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">P. achaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFB20B6B00AE457E7" bold="true" box="[1191,1208,1453,1477]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">B</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFB75B6B30B3157E7" box="[1266,1389,1453,1477]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFB75B6B30B3157E7" box="[1266,1389,1453,1477]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFAFCB6B00BD157E7" bold="true" box="[1403,1421,1453,1477]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">D</emphasis>
). Correlation coefficients (
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFE11B6CF0FFC57CB" box="[406,416,1490,1513]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">r</emphasis>
) and equations (y) for the distribution of branchiae and the total number of chaetigers are presented in the corresponding graphs. All correlations are significant (P &lt;0.05).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF82EC4BFF40B5420C7154E0" blockId="11.[151,1437,1631,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFF40B5420F76545B" bold="true" box="[199,298,1631,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Habitat.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFE26B57D0C75545B" box="[417,553,1631,1657]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFE26B57D0C75545B" box="[417,553,1631,1657]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
live in silty tubes in muddy sand in shallow water. The tubes are up to
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long,
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wide, and protruded above the sediment up to
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. The species is rare. The population density is usually several individuals per
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF82EC4BFF40B5D60C9455C3" blockId="11.[151,1437,1631,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFF40B5D60F2F54C7" bold="true" box="[199,371,1739,1765]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Reproduction.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF82EC4BFEFBB5D60CF654C7" box="[380,682,1739,1765]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF82EC4BFEFBB5D60CF654C7" box="[380,682,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably parthenogenic. All 14 mature individuals studied (10 from
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and 4 from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF82EC4BFE36B5F20C4E552B" box="[433,530,1775,1801]" name="Vietnam" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
) were females. The worms become mature after they have grown to about
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long with 40 chaetigers. Oocytes develop from chaetigers 1415 to chaetigers 2436 (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFB1EB40E0AAB550F" box="[1177,1271,1811,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@11.[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult characteristics of Pseudopolydora spp. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (A) and P. rosebelae (C). Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (B) and P. rosebelae (D). Correlation coefficients (r) and equations (y) for the distribution of branchiae and the total number of chaetigers are presented in the corresponding graphs. All correlations are significant (P &lt;0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209891/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">Figs 6D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFA84B40E0B19550C" box="[1283,1349,1811,1838]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[171,1416,181,1426]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. D, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing. E, same, left lateral view. F, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch5—chaetiger 5; gl—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2; ne—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers. A, B, DF—in reflected light; C—in transmitted light. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; BF = 300 µm. A, B, F—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto). C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737). D, E—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">7A, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFAD6B40E0BC4550F" box="[1361,1432,1811,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken. B, same, left lateral view. C, anterior end, dorsal view. D, same, ventral view. E, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 300 µm; E = 10 µm. AE—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">8AD</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF82EC4BFF10B42A0EE15573" box="[151,189,1847,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,769,793]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetId="figure-47@14.[201,1386,237,746]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing. B, same, anterior end, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: an—occipital antenna; ho—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. AC—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="224">9A</figureCitation>
). Paired ovaries are attached to segmental blood vessels in fertile chaetigers. Mature oocytes are about 150 µm in diameter. Females lay up to 400 oocytes in 23 capsules joined in a string and each attached by one stalk to the inside wall of the tube. The larvae develop inside the capsules until 4-chaetiger stage, and then they hatch and continue their development in sea water. They settle and metamorphose after growing to
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF82EC4BFB1BB4BE0B7A559C" box="[1180,1318,1955,1982]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.21.5 mm</quantity>
long with 1518 chaetigers (
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF82EC4BFEE3B4DA0CE055C3" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[356,700,1991,2017]" pageId="11" pageNumber="224" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF85EC4CFF10B6B40E83549C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209893/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" startId="12.[151,250,1449,1473]" targetBox="[171,1416,181,1426]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF85EC4CFF10B6B40E83549C" blockId="12.[151,1437,1449,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFF10B6B40F4957E0" bold="true" box="[151,277,1449,1474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF85EC4CFE99B6B70C7257E0" box="[286,558,1450,1474]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFE99B6B70C7257E0" box="[286,558,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFD7DB6B40D5057E3" bold="true" box="[762,780,1449,1473]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">A</emphasis>
, 51-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFAC5B6B70B0F57E0" bold="true" box="[1346,1363,1450,1474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">B</emphasis>
, same, anterior end, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFE1CB6D00FF157C7" bold="true" box="[411,429,1485,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">C</emphasis>
, anterior end, left lateral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFD61B6D30CA457C4" bold="true" box="[742,760,1486,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">D</emphasis>
, anterior end, dorsal view, palps missing.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFB1AB6D30AF257C4" bold="true" box="[1181,1198,1486,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">E</emphasis>
, same, left lateral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFF10B6EF0EFA5428" bold="true" box="[151,166,1522,1546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">F</emphasis>
, same as A, middle fertile segments, left lateral view. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFCEFB6EF0DD15428" box="[872,909,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">ch5</emphasis>
—chaetiger 5;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFBA4B6EF0A6B5428" box="[1059,1079,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">gl</emphasis>
—glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 6 and 7;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFEF4B50B0FD0540C" box="[371,396,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">ho</emphasis>
—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFE92B5270F715473" box="[277,301,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">ne</emphasis>
—nephridia in female fertile chaetigers.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFD4DB5240D6A5470" bold="true" box="[714,822,1593,1618]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">A, B, DF</emphasis>
—in reflected light;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFB82B5240A4B5473" bold="true" box="[1029,1047,1593,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">C</emphasis>
—in transmitted light. Scale bars:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFAF2B5240BDB5473" bold="true" box="[1397,1415,1593,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">A</emphasis>
= 1 mm;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFF59B5430F575454" bold="true" box="[222,267,1630,1654]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">BF</emphasis>
= 300 µm.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFEF8B5400F965454" bold="true" box="[383,458,1629,1654]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">A, B, F</emphasis>
—São Paulo, Brazil (in life, paratype ZUEC-POL 20, photos by Álvaro Migotto).
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFA82B5400B4B5457" bold="true" box="[1285,1303,1629,1653]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">C</emphasis>
—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737).
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFD98B59F0C0C54B8" bold="true" box="[543,592,1666,1690]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">D, E</emphasis>
—Fort Pierce, Florida, USA (formalin-fixed, VIR 24373, photos by Michael Scott Jones).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF85EC4CFF40B40D0C1655FC" blockId="12.[151,1437,1808,2014]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFF40B40D0FE85508" bold="true" box="[199,436,1808,1834]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Larval morphology.</emphasis>
Larval development of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF85EC4CFD3DB40C0D1C5508" box="[698,832,1808,1834]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF85EC4CFD3DB40C0D1C5508" box="[698,832,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF85EC4CFC06B40D0D995508" box="[897,965,1808,1834]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Brazil</collectingCountry>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF85EC4CFB09B40D0EB9556C" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." pageId="12" pageNumber="225" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto (2009)</bibRefCitation>
. Pelagic larvae of this species are easily recognized by their characteristic pigmentation: three pairs of yellow subspherical chromatophores in the prostomium and peristomium, numerous chromatophores on the dorsal and ventral sides of chaetigers, and large ramified mid-dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 1 and from chaetiger 3 onwards. Larvae described and illustrated below were collected from Nha Trang Bay (
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF85EC4CFBD0B4BD0AE65598" box="[1111,1210,1952,1978]" name="Vietnam" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
) in
<date id="FE0BF3F8FF85EC4CFB63B4BD0B065598" box="[1252,1370,1952,1978]" pageId="12" pageNumber="225" value="2022-05">May 2022</date>
. They appeared similar to larvae from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF85EC4CFE79B4D90C1A55FC" box="[510,582,1988,2014]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="225">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF84EC4DFF10B6A00AFD543C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" startId="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" targetBox="[189,1398,181,1446]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF84EC4DFF10B6A00AFD543C" blockId="13.[151,1436,1469,1566]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFF10B6A00F4F57F4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1469,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF84EC4DFE9EB6A30C7B57F4" box="[281,551,1470,1494]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="13" pageNumber="226" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFE9EB6A30C7B57F4" box="[281,551,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFD6AB6A00CA357F7" bold="true" box="[749,767,1469,1493]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">A</emphasis>
, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFA9BB6A30B7157F4" bold="true" box="[1308,1325,1470,1494]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">B</emphasis>
, same, left lateral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFE9FB6FC0F7657DB" bold="true" box="[280,298,1505,1529]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">C</emphasis>
, anterior end, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFDBAB6FF0C1357D8" bold="true" box="[573,591,1506,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">D</emphasis>
, same, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFCA3B6FF0D6957D8" bold="true" box="[804,821,1506,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">E</emphasis>
, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFB41B6FC0AAA57D8" bold="true" box="[1222,1270,1505,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">A, B</emphasis>
= 1 mm;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFAD0B6FC0BD457D8" bold="true" box="[1367,1416,1505,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">C, D</emphasis>
= 300 µm;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFF74B51B0F58543C" bold="true" box="[243,260,1542,1566]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">E</emphasis>
= 10 µm.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFEE9B5180FC2543F" bold="true" box="[366,414,1541,1565]" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">AE</emphasis>
—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF84EC4EFF40B56D0C9E52F7" blockId="13.[151,1437,1648,2034]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF84EC4DFF40B56D0FD754A8" box="[199,395,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">The 13-chaetiger</emphasis>
larvae are about 900 µm long (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF84EC4DFC84B56D0DD754A8" box="[771,907,1648,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-291@15.[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pseudopolydora rosebelae larval morphology. AF, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton: A, dorsal view, in transmitted light; B, same, ventral view; C, dorsal view, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view; E, anterior end, ventral view; F, head, dorsal view. GI, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton: G, dorsal view, in transmitted light; H, same, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view. Abbreviations: la—lateral peristomial lip; pa—palp; ve—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: AI = 100 µm. AI—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="226">Fig. 11AF</figureCitation>
). Yellow pigment diffused on anterior part of prostomium, dorso-lateral sides of peristomium, on pygidium and on some chaetigers. Three pairs of large yellow subspherical chromatophores inside lateral peristomial lips, close to their ventral side; smaller yellow chromatophores on dorsal and lateral sides of chaetiger 1, and on dorso-lateral sides from chaetiger 5 to chaetigers 1011 above melanophores; large midventral chromatophores usually on chaetigers 5, 7 and 12; single or one pair of chromatophores on ventral side of pygidium. Chromatophores changing their shape from compact to greatly ramified according to light intensity or condition of larvae. Single middorsal melanophore on chaetiger 1 usually large, ramified, occasionally reduced or even absent. Large ramified middorsal melanophores from chaetiger 3 onwards; melanophore on chaetiger 3 largest, extending onto posterior part of chaetiger 2; melanophore on chaetiger4 slightly smaller, extending onto posterior part of chaetiger 3; melanophore small on chaetigers 68, and large and greatly ramified on succeeding chaetigers. One pair of small ramified melanophores in posterior edges of ventral peristomial lips. One pair of small lateral melanophores on anterior edges of chaetiger 2. Dorso-lateral ramified melanophores from chaetiger 4 to chaetigers 89.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF87EC4EFF10B01C0C0951A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209897/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" startId="14.[151,250,769,793]" targetBox="[201,1386,237,746]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF87EC4EFF10B01C0C0951A4" blockId="14.[151,1436,769,902]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFF10B01C0F495138" bold="true" box="[151,277,769,794]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF87EC4EFE99B01F0C725138" box="[286,558,770,794]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFE99B01F0C725138" box="[286,558,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFD7DB01C0D50513B" bold="true" box="[762,780,769,793]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">A</emphasis>
, 45-chaetiger female, left lateral view, palps missing.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFAC5B01F0B0F5138" bold="true" box="[1346,1363,770,794]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">B</emphasis>
, same, anterior end, left lateral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFE55B0380FB8511F" bold="true" box="[466,484,805,829]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">C</emphasis>
, same, dorsal view. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFCDFB03B0D2D511F" box="[856,881,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">an</emphasis>
—occipital antenna;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFBCEB03B0A3E511C" box="[1097,1122,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">ho</emphasis>
—epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above chaetiger 2. Scale bars:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFBFAB0540AF25143" bold="true" box="[1149,1198,841,865]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">AC</emphasis>
= 200 µm.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFAA0B0540B045143" bold="true" box="[1319,1368,841,865]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">AC</emphasis>
—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF87EC4EFF10B69B0DB757C4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" startId="14.[151,250,1414,1438]" targetBox="[201,1386,926,1390]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF87EC4EFF10B69B0DB757C4" blockId="14.[151,1436,1414,1510]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFF10B69B0F7E57BC" bold="true" box="[151,290,1414,1438]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF87EC4EFEACB69B0C6157BC" box="[299,573,1414,1438]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="14" pageNumber="227" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFEACB69B0C6157BC" box="[299,573,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult morphology.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFC8DB69B0D4057BC" bold="true" box="[778,796,1414,1438]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">A</emphasis>
, anterior end, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFBC1B69B0A0B57BC" bold="true" box="[1094,1111,1414,1438]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">B</emphasis>
, posterior end, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFA03B69B0BCA57BC" bold="true" box="[1412,1430,1414,1438]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">C</emphasis>
, anterior end, left lateral view. Scale bars:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFDC3B6B70C2957E0" bold="true" box="[580,629,1450,1474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">AC</emphasis>
= 200 µm.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFD68B6B70D5D57E0" bold="true" box="[751,769,1450,1474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">A</emphasis>
—Hawaii (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42734);
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFB3EB6B70A9657E0" bold="true" box="[1209,1226,1450,1474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">B</emphasis>
—Hawaii (formalinfixed, MIMB 42735);
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF87EC4EFEFDB6D30FD057C4" bold="true" box="[378,396,1486,1510]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">C</emphasis>
—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42736).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF87EC4EFF40B52D0A4E5500" blockId="14.[151,1437,1584,2043]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">
Prostomium anteriorly wide, rounded, posteriorly extending to middle of chaetiger 1 as a low narrow caruncle. Occipital antenna not yet developed. Three pairs of black eyes present, comprising one pair of simple cup-shaped median eyes, one pair of double lateral eyes, and one pair of cup-shaped eyes between median and lateral eyes (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF87EC4EFF18B5810F5E5494" box="[159,258,1692,1718]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-291@15.[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pseudopolydora rosebelae larval morphology. AF, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton: A, dorsal view, in transmitted light; B, same, ventral view; C, dorsal view, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view; E, anterior end, ventral view; F, head, dorsal view. GI, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton: G, dorsal view, in transmitted light; H, same, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view. Abbreviations: la—lateral peristomial lip; pa—palp; ve—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: AI = 100 µm. AI—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). One pair of small indistinct unpigmented ocelli situated in front of pigmented eyes. Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches posterior to eyes, on sides of caruncle, partly at level of prototroch and partly on anterior part of chaetiger 1 (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF87EC4EFEA5B5F90FD854DC" box="[290,388,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-291@15.[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pseudopolydora rosebelae larval morphology. AF, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton: A, dorsal view, in transmitted light; B, same, ventral view; C, dorsal view, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view; E, anterior end, ventral view; F, head, dorsal view. GI, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton: G, dorsal view, in transmitted light; H, same, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view. Abbreviations: la—lateral peristomial lip; pa—palp; ve—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: AI = 100 µm. AI—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). Palps smooth, without ciliation, arising from postero-lateral edges of peristomium, posterior to prototroch, directed posteriorly and extending slightly beyond first chaetiger.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF87EC4EFF40B4300AB35590" blockId="14.[151,1437,1584,2043]" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Long larval serrated bristles in all notopodia, those of chaetiger 1 longest, as long as 78 chaetigers; bristles absent in neuropodia. Short adult capillaries in notopodia from chaetiger 2 onwards, and in neuropodia of chaetigers 17. Bidentate hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8 onwards, not accompanied by capillaries. Chaetiger 5 as same as chaetiger 4 or 6; short single pennoned spine present among larval bristles in notopodia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF87EC4FFF40B4A00B09533F" blockId="14.[151,1437,1584,2043]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,753]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="14" pageNumber="227">Proto- and telotroch well developed. Nototrochs and dorso-lateral grasping cilia from chaetiger 3 onwards. Neurotroch narrow, triangular, extending posteriorly over peristomial lip to end of chaetiger 1. Two pairs of small companion ciliated cells present on peristomial lip on sides of neurotroch. Ventral ciliated pit absent. Gastrotrochs on chaetigers 3, 5, 7 and 12. Gastrotroch on chaetigers 3 composed of one pair of small oval cells situated close to midline; that on chaetiger 5 of four pairs of large transversally elongated cells with long cilia; on chaetiger 7 of six pairs of large transverse cells with long cilia; and on chaetiger 12 of four pairs of small cells with short cilia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF86EC4FFF40B23A0DB85363" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,753]" box="[199,996,295,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">Branchiae not yet developed. Pygidium small, with middorsal incision.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF86EC4FFF40B2560C4C53AB" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">Glandular pouches in neuropodia of chaetigers 611, largest and double in each neuropodium in chaetigers 6 and 7, single in other neuropodia.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF86EC4FFF40B28E0C3150A7" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">
Large lateral lips of peristomium lined with numerous short cilia, sparsely scattered long compound motile cirri and forming voluminous vestibulum (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF86EC4FFDCFB2AA0CF253F3" box="[584,686,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-291@15.[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pseudopolydora rosebelae larval morphology. AF, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton: A, dorsal view, in transmitted light; B, same, ventral view; C, dorsal view, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view; E, anterior end, ventral view; F, head, dorsal view. GI, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton: G, dorsal view, in transmitted light; H, same, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view. Abbreviations: la—lateral peristomial lip; pa—palp; ve—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: AI = 100 µm. AI—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
). Ventral peristomial lip triangular, extending over first chaetiger. Digestive tract transparent, without particular pigment. Narrow esophagus extending to end of chaetiger 3. Numerous lipid globules, each up to 20 µm in diameter, present in wall of voluminous midgut. Ventral buccal bulb and gizzard-like structure absent. Circulatory system fully developed and functional; wall of main dorsal blood vessel contracting, pumping blood in anterior direction. Blood without colored pigment. Two pairs of protonephridia in chaetigers 1 and 2. Adult nephridia in chaetigers 410.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF86EC4FFF40B1920B0350D3" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFF40B1920FDA508B" box="[199,390,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">The 14-chaetiger</emphasis>
larvae are about 950 µm long (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF86EC4FFD59B1920D00508B" box="[734,860,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetId="figure-291@15.[189,1398,777,1841]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pseudopolydora rosebelae larval morphology. AF, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton: A, dorsal view, in transmitted light; B, same, ventral view; C, dorsal view, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view; E, anterior end, ventral view; F, head, dorsal view. GI, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton: G, dorsal view, in transmitted light; H, same, in reflected light; D, same, ventral view. Abbreviations: la—lateral peristomial lip; pa—palp; ve—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars: AI = 100 µm. AI—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">Fig. 11GI</figureCitation>
). They appear similar to previous stage but differ by the presence of slightly longer palps with shallow frontal groove lined with fine cilia, 34 pennoned spines and 12 simple falcate spines in each notopodium of chaetiger 5, and three pairs of short branchiae on chaetigers 79.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF86EC4FFF10B4550C9B55D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209903/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="228" startId="15.[151,250,1864,1888]" targetBox="[189,1398,777,1841]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF86EC4FFF10B4550C9B55D2" blockId="15.[151,1437,1864,2033]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFF10B4550F785542" bold="true" box="[151,292,1864,1888]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF86EC4FFEB7B4550C195542" box="[304,581,1864,1888]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="15" pageNumber="228" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFEB7B4550C195542" box="[304,581,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larval morphology.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFCA4B4550D0E5542" bold="true" box="[803,850,1864,1888]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">AF</emphasis>
, 13-chaetiger larva from plankton:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFB50B4550AB55542" bold="true" box="[1239,1257,1864,1888]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">A</emphasis>
, dorsal view, in transmitted light;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFECCB4710F0055A6" bold="true" box="[331,348,1900,1924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">B</emphasis>
, same, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFDB2B4710C1B55A6" bold="true" box="[565,583,1900,1924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">C</emphasis>
, dorsal view, in reflected light;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFC0EB4710DC755A6" bold="true" box="[905,923,1900,1924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">D</emphasis>
, same, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFBF3B4710AD955A6" bold="true" box="[1140,1157,1900,1924]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">E</emphasis>
, anterior end, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFF10B48D0EFA558A" bold="true" box="[151,166,1936,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">F</emphasis>
, head, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFEF7B48D0FC5558A" bold="true" box="[368,409,1936,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">GI</emphasis>
, 14-chaetiger larva from plankton:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFC86B48D0D49558A" bold="true" box="[769,789,1936,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">G</emphasis>
, dorsal view, in transmitted light;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFBE8B48D0ADF558A" bold="true" box="[1135,1155,1936,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">H</emphasis>
, same, in reflected light;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFA03B48D0BCA558A" bold="true" box="[1412,1430,1936,1960]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">D</emphasis>
, same, ventral view. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFE7DB4A90C5255EE" box="[506,526,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">la</emphasis>
—lateral peristomial lip;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFC8BB4A80D7955EE" box="[780,805,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">pa</emphasis>
—palp;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFCF0B4A80DD155EE" box="[887,909,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">ve</emphasis>
—ventral peristomial lip. Scale bars:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFA82B4A90B7255EE" bold="true" box="[1285,1326,1972,1996]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">AI</emphasis>
= 100 µm.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF86EC4FFF10B4C50E9C55D2" bold="true" box="[151,192,2008,2032]" pageId="15" pageNumber="228">AI</emphasis>
—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42738).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF99EC50FF40B38A0D9D51A3" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF99EC50FF40B38A0F7A53D7" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FF40B38A0F675293" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF99EC50FEC5B38A0C305293" box="[322,620,151,177]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FEC5B38A0C305293" box="[322,620,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Pseudopolydora rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from the states of
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF99EC50FBD3B38A0A995293" box="[1108,1221,151,177]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF99EC50FB7CB38A0BC05293" box="[1275,1436,151,177]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FF18B3A60EBA52F7" box="[159,230,187,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Brazil</collectingCountry>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FE98B3A60CD252F7" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[287,654,187,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto (2009)</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF99EC50FD27B3A60CAB52F7" box="[672,759,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1662,1686]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,993,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-398@16.[158,1430,993,1639]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Map showing records of Pseudopolydora spp. Pseudopolydora rosebelae: red star—type locality:São Sebastião Is. (Ilhabela), São Paulo, Brazil; green triangles—specimens sequenced in the present study; yellow circles—adults identified based on the morphology only (see Table S2). Pseudopolydora nivea sp. nov.: turquoise star—type locality: Lizard Is., Queensland, Australia; holotype sequenced in the present study (see Table S4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209905/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Since then, outside of
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FB90B3A60A0252F7" box="[1047,1118,187,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, this species has only been reported from Florida (
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FE24B3C20CC652DB" author="Bogantes, V. E. &amp; Boyle, M. J. &amp; Halanych, K. M." box="[419,666,223,249]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" pagination="577 - 588" refId="ref15730" refString="Bogantes, V. E., Boyle, M. J. &amp; Halanych, K. M. (2021) New reports on Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the East Coast of Florida, including the non-native species P. paucibranchiata. BioInvasions Records, 10 (3), 577 - 588. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2021.10.3.07" type="journal article" year="2021">
Bogantes
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FD9FB3C20C0852DB" box="[536,596,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Adults are unique among spionids for their pigmentation pattern (intense black and white pigment on the dorsal side of the head and anterior chaetigers), dorsal hood over the second chaetiger, and transparent blood without colored respiratory pigment. This species is rare, and all mature worms examined to date were females. Very few individuals have been found in
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FC72B2560A635347" box="[1013,1087,331,357]" name="Belize" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FBC9B2560AC95347" box="[1102,1173,331,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FB23B2560B565347" box="[1188,1290,331,357]" name="Thailand" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Florida and Hawaii, and here we report for the first time 11 individuals from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FCE2B2720D9853AB" box="[869,964,367,393]" name="Vietnam" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
despite intensive collections in this region (see
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FF4BB28E0FBF538F" author="Britayev, T. A. &amp; Pavlov, D. S." box="[204,483,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" refId="ref15801" refString="Britayev, T. A. &amp; Pavlov, D. S. (2007) Benthic fauna of the Bay of Nhatrang, Southern Vietnam. Vol. 1. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 249 pp." type="book" year="2007">Britayev &amp; Pavlov 2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FE77B28E0C77538F" author="Britayev, T. A. &amp; Pavlov, D. S." box="[496,555,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" refId="ref15841" refString="Britayev, T. A. &amp; Pavlov, D. S. (2012) Benthic fauna of the Bay of Nhatrang, Southern Vietnam. Vol. 2. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 491 pp." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FDB0B28E0C28538F" author="Britayev, T. A. &amp; Pavlov, D. S." box="[567,628,403,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" refId="ref15881" refString="Britayev, T. A. &amp; Pavlov, D. S. (2013) Benthic fauna of the Bay of Nhatrang, Southern Vietnam. Vol. 3. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 272 pp." type="book" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
). Molecular data on this species has not been available to date. Genetic comparison of specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FE7BB2AA0C1C53F3" box="[508,576,439,465]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FDFFB2AA0C8B53F3" box="[632,727,439,465]" name="Vietnam" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
performed in this study showed that they are conspecific (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF99EC50FAE8B2AA0EFA53D7" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1156,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1130]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1435,179,1130]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian inference analysis of the combined COI (604 bp), 16S (258 bp), 18S (1652 bp), 28S (293 bp), and Histone 3 (307 bp) sequences (3114 bp in total) of Pseudopolydora spp. rooted with sequences of Pseudopolydora dayi Simon, 2009. Posterior probabilities are shown on the branches. The numbers preceding collecting locations are unique numbers from the VIR database linking the individuals on the tree with the sampling data in Table 1 and Supplement Tables S1S4; numbers of individuals are separated from sample numbers by dots. Colored labels showing not apomorphies but merely characters shared by members of the corresponding clades." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209877/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
; Table S6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF99EC50FF40B2E20BD7508B" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">
An anterior fragment of a small worm similar to
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF99EC50FD50B2E20D01503B" box="[727,861,511,537]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FD50B2E20D01503B" box="[727,861,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found off Lizard Island (
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF99EC50FB1BB2E20B79503B" box="[1180,1317,511,537]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FAABB2E20BC9503B" box="[1324,1429,511,537]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Australia</collectingCountry>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FF3DB13E0FFF501F" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[186,419,546,573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. The fragment differed from the Brazilian spcimens in the absence of black pigment on the anterior chaetigers and was therefore tentatively identifed as
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF99EC50FCDFB15A0A555043" box="[856,1033,583,609]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FCDFB15A0D315042" box="[856,877,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FC1AB15A0A555043" box="[925,1033,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Genetic comparison of specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FF52B1760F4550A7" box="[213,281,619,645]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and and
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FEF9B1760F8150A7" box="[382,477,619,645]" name="Vietnam" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
with the single specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FCBBB1760DFF50A7" box="[828,931,619,645]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Australia</collectingCountry>
performed in this study showed that they are not conspecific (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF99EC50FED6B1920FC8508B" box="[337,404,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1156,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1130]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1435,179,1130]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian inference analysis of the combined COI (604 bp), 16S (258 bp), 18S (1652 bp), 28S (293 bp), and Histone 3 (307 bp) sequences (3114 bp in total) of Pseudopolydora spp. rooted with sequences of Pseudopolydora dayi Simon, 2009. Posterior probabilities are shown on the branches. The numbers preceding collecting locations are unique numbers from the VIR database linking the individuals on the tree with the sampling data in Table 1 and Supplement Tables S1S4; numbers of individuals are separated from sample numbers by dots. Colored labels showing not apomorphies but merely characters shared by members of the corresponding clades." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209877/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
; Table S6). The Australian specimen is described below as a new species,
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF99EC50FB51B1920B72508A" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[1238,1326,655,680]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FB51B1920B72508A" box="[1238,1326,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">P. nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F2B451FF99EC50FAB2B1920BD7508B" box="[1333,1419,655,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF99EC50FF40B1AE0D9D51A3" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">
Of the 12 examined individuals from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF99EC50FDF6B1AE0CE950EF" box="[625,693,691,717]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(up to
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF99EC50FC8FB1AE0D0B50EF" box="[776,855,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long, with 4555 chaetigers), six worms were with palps, of which two individuals (with 48 and 50 chaetigers) had only yellowish pigment along the frontal ciliated groove, and four individuals separately had 6, 7, 21 (
<typeStatus id="550E6B9AFF99EC50FC8CB1E60D2C5137" box="[779,880,763,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) and 22 small black transverse bands regularly arranged along each palp (
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF99EC50FE3EB0020D50511B" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[441,780,799,825]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto 2009</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2B). Most examined worms from
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were small, up to
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long, with 45 chaetigers, and had only dark yellowish pigment on palps (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF99EC50FBD3B05E0A90517F" box="[1108,1228,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1469,1493]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-19@13.[189,1398,181,1446]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, 45-chaetiger female, dorsal view, right palp broken. B, same, left lateral view. C, anterior end, dorsal view. D, same, ventral view. E, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 300 µm; E = 10 µm. AE—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (in life, MIMB 42737, photos by Sergey Garin)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209895/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
); one 55-chaetiger individual had characteristic black transverse bands on palps (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF99EC50FCCAB07A0DE851A3" box="[845,948,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetId="figure-117@14.[201,1386,926,1390]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pseudopolydora rosebelae adult morphology. A, anterior end, ventral view. B, posterior end, dorsal view. C, anterior end, left lateral view. Scale bars: AC = 200 µm. A—Hawaii (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42734); B—Hawaii (formalinfixed, MIMB 42735); C—Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam (formalin-fixed, MIMB 42736)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209899/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FF40B0970F3D5186" bold="true" box="[199,353,906,932]" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Distribution.</emphasis>
Complete information on earlier and new records of
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF99EC50FC38B0960A145187" box="[959,1096,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
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is given in Table S2 (mapped in
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF99EC50FF33B0B20F5A51EB" box="[180,262,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1662,1686]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,993,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-398@16.[158,1430,993,1639]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Map showing records of Pseudopolydora spp. Pseudopolydora rosebelae: red star—type locality:São Sebastião Is. (Ilhabela), São Paulo, Brazil; green triangles—specimens sequenced in the present study; yellow circles—adults identified based on the morphology only (see Table S2). Pseudopolydora nivea sp. nov.: turquoise star—type locality: Lizard Is., Queensland, Australia; holotype sequenced in the present study (see Table S4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209905/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="229">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
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View file

@ -1,64 +1,69 @@
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@ -111,8 +116,8 @@ adult morphology.
—Florida, USA (VIR 24579, photos by Michael Scott Jones).
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@ -135,8 +140,6 @@ Junqueira
2009:
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209212, textfig.
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF8EEC47FE07B3A70C8B52F0" author="Moshchenko, A. V. &amp; Belan, T. A." box="[384,727,186,210]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" pagination="264 - 285" refId="ref17833" refString="Moshchenko, A. V. &amp; Belan, T. A. (2010) Polychaete in the northern Amur Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea): taxocenes composition, structure and distribution. Izvestia (Bulletin of) TINRO, 163, 264 - 285. [in Russian with English Summary]." type="journal article" year="2010">Moshchenko &amp; Belan 2010: 275</bibRefCitation>
.
@ -152,23 +155,24 @@ Bogantes
2021: 581
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2A, B.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF8EEC47FF40B3C00ACD5373" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B3C00ACD5373" blockId="7.[151,1437,150,337]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF8EEC47FF40B3C00C6F52D7" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Al-Kandari, M. &amp; Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V." box="[199,563,221,245]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" pagination="120 - 168" refId="ref18654" refString="Radashevsky, V. I., Al-Kandari, M., Malyar, V. V. &amp; Pankova, V. V. (2021 a) Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. European Journal of Taxonomy, 773 (1), 120 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2021.773.1519" type="journal article" year="2021">
Radashevsky
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FED4B3C30FDB52D7" box="[339,391,221,245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">et al.</emphasis>
2021a: 128130
</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF10B3E10D4C5336" blockId="7.[151,1437,150,337]" box="[151,784,252,276]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF8EEC47FF10B3E10F275336" box="[151,379,252,276]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF10B3E10F615336" box="[151,317,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
sp. A
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF8EEC47FE02B3E10CE65336" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[389,698,252,276]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" pagination="335 - 340" refId="ref18997" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2006) Photoreceptive organs in larvae of Spionidae (Annelida) and Sipuncula. Journal of Zoology, London, 268 (4), 335 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2006.00092. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto 2006</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1C. Not
: fig. 1C.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF10B2060A535310" blockId="7.[151,1437,150,337]" box="[151,1039,282,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
Not
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF8EEC47FF43B2070F9C5310" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" box="[196,448,282,306]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="achaeta">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF43B2070F9C5310" box="[196,448,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Pseudopolydora achaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -180,7 +184,10 @@ Abe
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF8EEC47FD2CB2070D1B5310" author="Abe, H. &amp; Kondoh, T. &amp; Sato-Okoshi, W." box="[683,839,282,306]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" pagination="650 - 658" refId="ref14986" refString="Abe, H., Kondoh, T. &amp; Sato-Okoshi, W. (2016) First report of the morphology and rDNA sequences of two Pseudopolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. Zoological Science, Tokyo, 33 (6), 650 - 658. https: // doi. org / 10.2108 / zs 160082" type="journal article" year="2016">2016: 654656</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3; 2019: 611. Not
, fig. 3; 2019: 611.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF10B2270ACD5373" blockId="7.[151,1437,150,337]" box="[151,1169,313,337]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
Not
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF8EEC47FF43B2240FB45373" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" box="[196,488,313,337]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="achaeta">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF43B2240F365373" box="[196,362,313,337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
aff.
@ -191,7 +198,7 @@ aff.
, fig. 9A, B (larval morphology).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF8EEC49FF10B2620CE35187" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" type="materials_examined">
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF8EEC47FF10B2620A495107" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF10B2620A6E53C3" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF10B2620F9F53BB" bold="true" box="[151,451,383,409]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Type material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FE4CB2620CA653BB" box="[459,762,383,409]" collectorName="Co. &amp; South" country="Taiwan" location="Tainan" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tainan">
@ -252,70 +259,92 @@ estuary,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B2F60FB4500B" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF40B2F60C5F5027" bold="true" box="[199,515,491,517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FD8AB2F60DCE5027" box="[525,914,491,518]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FD8AB2F60C085027" box="[525,596,491,517]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF8EEC47FDE4B2F60CE85027" box="[611,692,491,517]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Paraná</collectingRegion>
:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FD46B2F10D535024" box="[705,783,492,518]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
40945 (1);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FC1AB2F60AF65027" box="[925,1194,491,517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FC1AB2F60DA55027" box="[925,1017,491,517]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MZUSP</collectionCode>
237, 240 (23);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FB33B2F10B345027" box="[1204,1384,491,518]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FB33B2F10AB85024" box="[1204,1252,492,518]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">VIR</collectionCode>
19358 (1);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FAF5B2F60FB4500B" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF8EEC47FAF5B2F60E87500B" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FF61B1120F1E500B" box="[230,322,527,553]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MZUSP</collectionCode>
236, 239 (27).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B12E0CCF506F" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,659,563,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FF40B12E0CCF506F" box="[199,659,563,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FF40B12E0F40506F" box="[199,284,563,589]" name="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
, Arabian Gulf:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FE4EB1290C4B506C" box="[457,535,564,590]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
40934 (2).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B14A0C905053" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,716,599,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FF40B14A0C905053" box="[199,716,599,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FF40B14A0F1A5053" box="[199,326,599,625]" name="Martinique" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Martinique</collectingCountry>
, Caribbean Sea:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FD84B1450C0D5050" box="[515,593,600,626]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
40944 (7).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B1660DA450B7" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,1016,635,662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FF40B1660D3E50B7" box="[199,866,635,662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FF40B1660F4950B7" box="[199,277,635,661]" name="Russia" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Russia</collectingCountry>
, Sea of
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FEE9B1610FEE50B4" box="[366,434,636,662]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Japan</collectingCountry>
:
, Sea of Japan:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FE3BB1610C5650B4" box="[444,522,636,662]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
4015 (4), 4016 (1), 40935 (1);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FCEFB1610DA450B7" box="[872,1016,635,662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FCEFB1610DC450B4" box="[872,920,636,662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">VIR</collectionCode>
700 (1).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B1820CA0509B" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,764,671,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FF40B1820CA0509B" box="[199,764,671,698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FF40B1820F0B5098" box="[199,343,671,698]" name="South Korea" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">South Korea</collectingCountry>
, East Sea:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FE57B1BD0C425098" box="[464,542,672,698]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
4093640943 (14).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B1DE0C9450FF" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,712,707,734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FF40B1DE0C9450FF" box="[199,712,707,734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FF40B1DE0F4050FF" box="[199,284,707,733]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, South
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FEF7B1DE0FEF50FF" box="[368,435,707,733]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">China</collectingCountry>
Sea:
, South China Sea:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FE76B1D90C6350FC" box="[497,575,708,734]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
40923 (29).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B1FA0A3E5123" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,1122,743,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FF40B1FA0D685123" box="[199,820,743,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF8EEC47FF40B1FA0F755123" box="[199,297,743,769]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, Nha Trang Bay:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FE69B1F50C605120" box="[494,572,744,770]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/063z-3mpp" name="Museum of the Institute of Marine Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">MIMB</collectionCode>
40946 (1), 42751 (1);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF8EEC47FCBDB1F50A3E5123" box="[826,1122,743,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF8EEC47FCBDB1F50D365120" box="[826,874,744,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">VIR</collectionCode>
13861 (2), 25357 (2).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B0160A495107" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" box="[199,1045,779,805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
Full information about the samples is given in the Supplementary
<tableCitation id="C737E083FF8EEC47FC2CB0160A535107" box="[939,1039,779,805]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,231,151,172]" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxa, sampling location data, museum registration numbers of voucher specimens and GenBank accession numbers of sequences of Pseudopolydora spp. used in the analysis. New sequences obtained in the present study are given in bold." pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Table S1</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="C737E083FF8EEC47FC2CB0160A535107" box="[939,1039,779,805]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,231,151,172]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxa, sampling location data, museum registration numbers of voucher specimens and GenBank accession numbers of sequences of Pseudopolydora spp. used in the analysis. New sequences obtained in the present study are given in bold." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DECA85B0FF8AEC43FF10B38A0B4C52F3" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" tableUuid="DECA85B0FF8AEC43FF10B38A0B4C52F3">Table S1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF8EEC47FF40B0320DD257AB" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF40B0320DD257AB" blockId="7.[151,1437,383,1418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF40B0320C43516B" bold="true" box="[199,543,815,841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Adult diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
Adults up to
@ -338,6 +367,7 @@ a series (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF8EEC47FB3AB61E0B45573F" box="[1213,1305,1283,1309]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1345,1369]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@11.[158,1430,345,1321]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Adult characteristics of Pseudopolydora spp. Relationships between caruncle length (in chaetiger numbers) and total number of chaetigers, and between distribution of branchiae (referring to number of the last branchiate chaetiger) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (A) and P. rosebelae (C). Relationships between distribution of gametes (referring to number of the first and the last chaetigers with gametes) and total number of chaetigers in P. achaeta (B) and P. rosebelae (D). Correlation coefficients (r) and equations (y) for the distribution of branchiae and the total number of chaetigers are presented in the corresponding graphs. All correlations are significant (P &lt;0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209891/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Pygidium flaring disc with wide dorsal gap and one pair of dorso-lateral processes. Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 1, largest and double in each neuropodium in chaetigers 6 and 7, single in other neuropodia. Digestive tract without gizzard-like structure. Nephridia from chaetiger 4 onwards.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF8EEC47FF10B46E0B6C55F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209881/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="220" startId="7.[151,250,1907,1931]" targetBox="[189,1398,1441,1883]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF8EEC47FF10B46E0B6C55F1" blockId="7.[151,1437,1907,2004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF8EEC47FF10B46E0F4F55A9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1907,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="220">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
@ -366,6 +396,7 @@ Adult morphology of
—Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia (SEM, VIR 700).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF81EC49FF40B38B0CE35187" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="8" pageNumber="221" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF81EC48FF40B38B0DD052DB" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF81EC48FF40B38B0F765292" bold="true" box="[199,298,150,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221">Habitat.</emphasis>
Adult
@ -398,7 +429,6 @@ long with 5060 chaetigers. Of 60 examined mature individuals, 27 were females
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF81EC48FF40B28E0A03501F" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF81EC48FF40B28E0FE8538F" bold="true" box="[199,436,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221">Larval morphology.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF81EC48FE3EB28E0A00501F" collectingDate="2022-05" country="Brazil" county="Nha Trang Bay" location="Pelagic" municipality="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="221" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parana">
<location id="8F6A83E3FF81EC48FE3EB28E0C57538F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:021C642EFF8FEC49FF10B7C40FCF559B:8F6A83E3FF81EC48FE3EB28E0C57538F" box="[441,523,403,429]" country="Brazil" county="Nha Trang Bay" municipality="The" name="Pelagic" pageId="8" pageNumber="221" stateProvince="Parana">Pelagic</location>
larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF81EC48FDF0B28E0CB6538F" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Hsieh" authorityYear="2000" box="[631,746,403,429]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="8" pageNumber="221" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="achaeta">
@ -450,7 +480,6 @@ in
<date id="FE0BF3F8FF81EC48FC62B13E0A00501F" box="[997,1116,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221" value="2022-05">
<collectingDate id="EE4F0A10FF81EC48FC62B13E0A00501F" box="[997,1116,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221" value="2022-05">May 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF81EC48FF40B15A0D1D50D3" blockId="8.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="221">
@ -644,7 +673,7 @@ Complete information on earlier and new records of
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF80EC49FC31B4660A7755B7" box="[950,1067,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="222">P. achaeta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is given in Supplementary
<tableCitation id="C737E083FF80EC49FAD9B4660EE8559B" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,231,151,172]" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxa, sampling location data, museum registration numbers of voucher specimens and GenBank accession numbers of sequences of Pseudopolydora spp. used in the analysis. New sequences obtained in the present study are given in bold." pageId="9" pageNumber="222">Table S1</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="C737E083FF80EC49FAD9B4660EE8559B" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,231,151,172]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxa, sampling location data, museum registration numbers of voucher specimens and GenBank accession numbers of sequences of Pseudopolydora spp. used in the analysis. New sequences obtained in the present study are given in bold." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DECA85B0FF8AEC43FF10B38A0B4C52F3" pageId="9" pageNumber="222" tableUuid="DECA85B0FF8AEC43FF10B38A0B4C52F3">Table S1</tableCitation>
(mapped in
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF80EC49FEC5B4820FD9559B" box="[322,389,1950,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,844,868]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,820]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[164,1423,181,820]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Map showing records of Pseudopolydora achaeta (see Table S1). Red star—type locality: Tsengwen River estuary, Tainan Co., Taiwan; green triangles—specimens sequenced in the present and earlier studies; yellow circles—adults identified based on the morphology only." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209887/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="222">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).

View file

@ -1,62 +1,67 @@
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<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF98EC51FF40B23A0F0D5363" box="[199,337,295,321]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="17" pageNumber="230">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
, Caribbean Sea:
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF98EC51FD89B23A0C2E5363" box="[526,626,295,321]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bmqw-2x87" name="Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay" pageId="17" pageNumber="230">MNHNP</collectionCode>
UE 428 (2).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF98EC51FF40B2560A485347" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1977]" box="[199,1044,331,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="230">Full information about the samples is given in the Supplementary Table S3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF98EC51FF40B2730C695187" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="230">

View file

@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FF10B6A10FFD57F4" bold="true" box="[151,417,1468,1495]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Pseudopolydora nivea</emphasis>
Radashevsky, Malyar &amp; Pankova
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<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF9BEC52FF10B5190F5F543C" box="[151,259,1540,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,962,986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,562,939]" captionTargetId="figure-178@19.[201,1386,561,939]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pseudopolydora nivea sp. nov. A, anterior end, right lateral view, palps missing. B, same, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Scale bars: AC = 1 mm. AC—Lizard Is., Queensland, Australia (in life, holotype AM W.45381; A &amp; B photos by Alexander Semenov, from Radashevsky 2015: Zootaxa vol. 4019(1): 682, fig. 31A, B, reproduced with permission from the copyright holder)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209911/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Figure 14</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9BEC52FF10B5550F9A5442" ID-CoL="85RXB" box="[151,454,1608,1632]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FF10B5550F615442" box="[151,317,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Pseudopolydora</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FEE3B5550F9A5442" box="[356,454,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">rosebelae</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9BEC52FE54B5550CA75442" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[467,763,1608,1632]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky 2015: 682684</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 31, 32. Not
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9BEC52FC2CB5550A835443" author="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E." box="[939,1247,1608,1633]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" pagination="461 - 468" refId="ref19056" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. &amp; Migotto, A. E. (2009) Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3), 461 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002531540800177 X" type="journal article" year="2009">Radashevsky &amp; Migotto 2009</bibRefCitation>
.
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<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FF10B5770F2254A6" bold="true" box="[151,382,1642,1668]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3ADDDF65FF9BEC52FE06B5760B28548B" collectingDate="2013-08-14" collectionCode="V, AM" collectorName="Radashevsky" country="Australia" county="Great Barrier Reef" elevation="10" latitude="-14.695222" location="Bird Island" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="145.4655" municipality="Lizard Island" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF9BEC52FE06B5760FB754A7" box="[385,491,1643,1669]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
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,
<collectingCounty id="636BADB4FF9BEC52FD03B5760D0F54A7" box="[644,851,1643,1669]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Great Barrier Reef</collectingCounty>
,
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, lagoon entrance, reef near
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,
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,
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,
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</quantity>
, coral sand, coll.
<collectorName id="2740B0EEFF9BEC52FD4EB5920D02548B" box="[713,862,1679,1705]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Radashevsky</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF9BEC52FCEEB5920DDD548B" box="[873,897,1679,1705]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
.I.,
<date id="FE0BF3F8FF9BEC52FC18B5920A0F548B" box="[927,1107,1679,1705]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" value="2013-08-14">
<collectingDate id="EE4F0A10FF9BEC52FC18B5920A0F548B" box="[927,1107,1679,1705]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" value="2013-08-14">14 August 2013</collectingDate>
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,
<collectionCode id="ECA44DFDFF9BEC52FBDBB5920AD5548B" box="[1116,1161,1679,1705]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
W.45381 (
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)
</materialsCitation>
.
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<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF9BEC52FF40B5AE0AD654D3" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9BEC52FF40B5AE0AD654D3" blockId="18.[151,1437,1608,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FF40B5AE0F1254EF" bold="true" box="[199,334,1715,1741]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9BEC52FDA5B5A90C0354EF" authorityName="Radashevsky, Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[546,607,1716,1741]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FDA5B5A90C0354EF" box="[546,607,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, feminine for the Latin
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FCEEB5A90DED54EF" box="[873,945,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">niveus</emphasis>
(snow-white, snowy, of snow), refers to the snow-white pigment on the dorsal side of the head and anterior chaetigers of the
<typeStatus id="550E6B9AFF9BEC52FBA7B5CA0ADA54D3" box="[1056,1158,1751,1777]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9BEC53FF40B5E70AF052F7" blockId="18.[151,1437,1608,2029]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9BEC52FF40B5E70F1E5536" bold="true" box="[199,322,1786,1812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="231">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Adults with numerous white stellar chromatophores on prostomium, peristomium, and dorsal side of eight anterior chaetigers. Prostomium anteriorly bilobed, extending posteriorly to end of chaetiger 1 as a low caruncle. Occipital antenna present. Thin epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming voluminous pouch over chaetiger 2. Chaetiger 5 with dorsal superior and ventral capillaries; two kinds of heavy spines arranged in notopodia in a J-shaped double row: anterior-row spines pennoned, with curved pointed tip; posterior-row spines simple falcate. Bidentate hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8, up to
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF9BEC52FA81B4B20B6255EB" box="[1286,1342,1967,1993]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="18" pageNumber="231" unit="in" value="14.0">14 in</quantity>
a series. Branchiae from chaetiger 7, up to 16 pairs. Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 1, largest and double in each neuropodium in chaetigers 6 and 7, single in other neuropodia. Digestive tract without gizzard-like structure. Blood transparent, without colored respiratory pigment. Nephridia from chaetiger 4 onwards.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF9AEC53FF40B3C30B345441" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B3C30F3F503B" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FF40B3C30C9152DA" bold="true" box="[199,717,222,249]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
Description (based on
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9AEC53FE5AB3C20C9C52DA" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[477,704,222,249]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="550E6B9AFF9AEC53FD5FB3C20D1C52DB" box="[728,832,223,249]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
25-chaetiger anterior fragment about
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF9AEC53FB7BB3C20B1C52DB" box="[1276,1344,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF9AEC53FA09B3C20E9F533F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF9AEC53FE93B21E0FC3533F" box="[276,415,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,962,986]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,562,939]" captionTargetId="figure-178@19.[201,1386,561,939]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14. Pseudopolydora nivea sp. nov. A, anterior end, right lateral view, palps missing. B, same, left lateral view. C, same, dorsal view. Scale bars: AC = 1 mm. AC—Lizard Is., Queensland, Australia (in life, holotype AM W.45381; A &amp; B photos by Alexander Semenov, from Radashevsky 2015: Zootaxa vol. 4019(1): 682, fig. 31A, B, reproduced with permission from the copyright holder)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209911/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Fig. 14AC</figureCitation>
). Small black spots present on dorso-lateral sides of chaetigers 1 and 3. Numerous white chromatophores scattered on prostomium and eight anterior chaetigers in life, not visible after fixation. Prostomium anteriorly bifurcated, extending posteriorly to end of chaetiger 1 as a low caruncle. Short occipital antenna present on caruncle. Three black eyes present. Palps missing. Chaetiger 1 weakly separated from peristomium, with short capillaries in neuropodia and small postchaetal lamellae in both rami; notochaetae lacking. Chaetigers 24 and 6 with slender capillaries in both rami. From chaetiger 7 onwards notochaetae smooth slender capillaries with narrow limbation. Thin epithelial hood arising from dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3 and forming a prominent pouch above character 2.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DECA85B0FF9AEC53FF10B0DF0FF05664" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13209911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209911/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" startId="19.[151,250,962,986]" targetBox="[201,1386,562,939]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF10B0DF0FF05664" blockId="19.[151,1436,962,1094]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FF10B0DF0F7E51F8" bold="true" box="[151,290,962,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FEADB0DF0C5351F8" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[298,527,962,986]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FEADB0DF0C5351F8" box="[298,527,962,986]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Pseudopolydora nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F2B451FF9AEC53FD90B0DE0C3451F8" box="[535,616,963,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FDE8B0DF0CDD51F8" bold="true" box="[623,641,962,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">A</emphasis>
, anterior end, right lateral view, palps missing.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FBF5B0DF0ADF51F8" bold="true" box="[1138,1155,962,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">B</emphasis>
, same, left lateral view.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FA03B0DF0BCA51F8" bold="true" box="[1412,1430,962,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">C</emphasis>
, same, dorsal view. Scale bars:
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FE55B0FB0C5F51DC" bold="true" box="[466,515,998,1022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">AC</emphasis>
= 1 mm.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FDEEB0FB0CC651DC" bold="true" box="[617,666,998,1022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">AC</emphasis>
—Lizard Is., Queensland, Australia (in life, holotype AM W.45381;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FAD0B0FB0B3551DC" bold="true" box="[1367,1385,998,1022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">A</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FA0CB0FB0BC051DC" bold="true" box="[1419,1436,998,1022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">B</emphasis>
photos by Alexander Semenov, from
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9AEC53FD92B7170C855600" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[533,729,1034,1058]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky 2015</bibRefCitation>
: Zootaxa vol. 4019(1): 682, fig. 31A, B, reproduced with permission from the copyright holder).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B7850C255744" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
Chaetiger 5 same in size as chaetigers 4 or 6, with six dorsal superior winged capillaries, two kinds of heavy spines in notopodia arranged in a J-shaped double series, and about 20 ventral winged capillaries; notopodial postchaetal lamellae lacking but neuropodial lamellae well developed. Dorsal superior capillaries slightly shorter and fewer than those chaetae on chaetigers 4 or 6. Ventral capillaries same as those chaetae on chaetigers 4 or 6. Anterior-row spines pennoned, with curved pointed tip,
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF9AEC53FC96B6350D175760" box="[785,843,1320,1346]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
a series; posterior-row spines simple falcate,
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF9AEC53FAC8B6350BD45760" box="[1359,1416,1320,1346]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
a series (
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9AEC53FF62B6510FE25745" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[229,446,1356,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 32A, C, D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B66D0D82578C" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
Bidentate hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8, up to
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a series, not accompanied by capillaries. Lower part of hook shaft bent at right angle (
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9AEC53FD09B6890D3B578D" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[654,871,1428,1455]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky 2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 32B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B6A50FE657D4" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Branchiae on chaetigers 722. Nototrochs from chaetiger 7 onwards, each composed of one row of cilia extending onto branchiae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B51D0CC2541C" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Digestive tract without gizzard-like structure. Blood transparent, without elements and colored respiratory pigment. Nephridia from chaetiger 4 onwards.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B5550B345441" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" box="[199,1384,1608,1635]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FF40B5550F765440" bold="true" box="[199,298,1608,1634]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Habitat.</emphasis>
A single individual of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FDADB5540CDE5440" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[554,642,1609,1634]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FDADB5540CDE5440" box="[554,642,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P. nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F2B451FF9AEC53FD0EB5540CBC5441" box="[649,736,1609,1635]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was found in a silty tube in coral sand at a depth of
<specimenCount id="9CB31EB1FF9AEC53FAAFB5550B345441" box="[1320,1384,1608,1635]" count="10" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" type="generic">
<quantity id="4D4D78DDFF9AEC53FAAFB5550B385441" box="[1320,1380,1608,1635]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF9AEC53FF40B5710C595585" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B5710C595585" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FF40B5710F6754A4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1644,1670]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Remarks.</emphasis>
The only specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FDCEB5700CF854A4" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[585,676,1645,1670]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FDCEB5700CF854A4" box="[585,676,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P. nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F2B451FF9AEC53FD2AB5700D5B54A5" box="[685,775,1645,1671]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
was found near Lizard Island (
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF9AEC53FBF5B5710AA754A4" box="[1138,1275,1644,1670]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF9AEC53FA80B5710B2C54A4" box="[1287,1392,1644,1670]" name="Australia" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Australia</collectingCountry>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EE24A8C9FF9AEC53FF10B58D0F225489" author="Radashevsky, V. I." box="[151,382,1680,1707]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" pagination="635 - 694" refId="ref18530" refString="Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22" type="journal article" year="2015">Radashevsky (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. It was similar to
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FDB8B58C0C9A5488" box="[575,710,1680,1706]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FDB8B58C0C9A5488" box="[575,710,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF9AEC53FC80B58D0D175488" box="[775,843,1680,1706]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and therefore tentatively identifed as
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FB6AB58C0BC95488" box="[1261,1429,1680,1706]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FB6AB58C0B5E5488" box="[1261,1282,1681,1706]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FAAEB58D0BC95488" box="[1321,1429,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, a genetic comparison of Brazilan and Australian specimens, performed in this study, showed that they are not conspecific, but sister to each other (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF9AEC53FDE3B5C50CFA54D0" box="[612,678,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1156,1180]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,1130]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1435,179,1130]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian inference analysis of the combined COI (604 bp), 16S (258 bp), 18S (1652 bp), 28S (293 bp), and Histone 3 (307 bp) sequences (3114 bp in total) of Pseudopolydora spp. rooted with sequences of Pseudopolydora dayi Simon, 2009. Posterior probabilities are shown on the branches. The numbers preceding collecting locations are unique numbers from the VIR database linking the individuals on the tree with the sampling data in Table 1 and Supplement Tables S1S4; numbers of individuals are separated from sample numbers by dots. Colored labels showing not apomorphies but merely characters shared by members of the corresponding clades." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FD38B5C50DE054D0" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[703,956,1752,1778]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FD38B5C50DE054D0" box="[703,956,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Pseudopolydora nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F2B451FF9AEC53FC43B5C40A4754D1" box="[964,1051,1753,1779]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
shares most of the morphological diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FE2DB5E00C6E5534" box="[426,562,1788,1814]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FE2DB5E00C6E5534" box="[426,562,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and differs from the latter only in the absence of black pigment on the dorsal side of the anterior chaetigers. Despite this singular color difference, and despite having only one partial specimen in our possession, we are comfortable recognizing the Lizard Island population as a previously undescribed species. More specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FEF3B4740F9055A0" authorityName="Radashevsky &amp; Malyar &amp; Pankova" authorityYear="2024" box="[372,460,1897,1922]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nivea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FEF3B4740F9055A0" box="[372,460,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P. nivea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A3F2B451FF9AEC53FE55B4740C7455A1" box="[466,552,1897,1923]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
should be examined to understand the morphological variability of this species and its similarity to
<taxonomicName id="4DB5AEBBFF9AEC53FEF0B4900FA35584" box="[375,511,1932,1958]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Pseudopolydora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rosebelae">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FEF0B4900FA35584" box="[375,511,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">P. rosebelae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2AF86B3FF9AEC53FF40B4AD0DF155E8" box="[199,941,1968,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8A0AD538FF9AEC53FF40B4AD0DF155E8" blockId="19.[151,1437,1176,1994]" box="[199,941,1968,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="B8C1092AFF9AEC53FF40B4AD0F3D55E8" bold="true" box="[199,353,1968,1994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F2A295A8FF9AEC53FEE1B4AD0F8C55E8" box="[358,464,1968,1994]" name="Australia" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="48711BDAFF9AEC53FE5CB4AD0C3E55E8" box="[475,610,1968,1994]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Queensland</collectingRegion>
, Great Barrier Reef (
<figureCitation id="128EC9BDFF9AEC53FCCBB4AD0DFC55E8" box="[844,928,1968,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1662,1686]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,993,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-398@16.[158,1430,993,1639]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Map showing records of Pseudopolydora spp. Pseudopolydora rosebelae: red star—type locality:São Sebastião Is. (Ilhabela), São Paulo, Brazil; green triangles—specimens sequenced in the present study; yellow circles—adults identified based on the morphology only (see Table S2). Pseudopolydora nivea sp. nov.: turquoise star—type locality: Lizard Is., Queensland, Australia; holotype sequenced in the present study (see Table S4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13209905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13209905/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="232">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FC735A28FABC5279" authority="C. L. Koch, 1837" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[978,1292,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea C. L. Koch, 1837</taxonomicName>
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Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FC5E5A09FBF9529A" box="[1023,1097,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Buthus</emphasis>
Leach, 1815
</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FCCF5AEBFBFF52FE" blockId="92.[830,1440,1119,1786]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FCCF5AEBFBB052BC" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Composition.</emphasis>
Following Lourenço (2000a), we include in the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FBEE5ACCFB0D52DD" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1103,1213,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
two families:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FAFD5ACCFCD352FE" ID-CoL="7GY" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FC365AADFBFB52FE" ID-CoL="CQQ" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[919,1099,1242,1265]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FCCF5A8FFAB853A6" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FCCF5A8FFAD15300" blockId="92.[830,1440,1119,1786]" box="[878,1377,1272,1295]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FCCF5A8FFC435300" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Distribution</emphasis>
. All continents except
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FCCF5B60FAB853A6" blockId="92.[830,1440,1119,1786]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FCCF5B60FBF05321" bold="true" box="[878,1088,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D710F515FBEE5B60FABA5321" author="Stockwell" box="[1103,1290,1303,1326]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
included
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as well as
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FBA85B41FB345342" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1033,1156,1334,1357]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
in his
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FB7D5B41FAFC5342" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1244,1356,1334,1357]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
, noting that these two taxa were treated as subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FAFD5B23FCD35385" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
by Laurie (1896a). Here, we establish a separate parvorder and superfamily for
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FCCF5BC7FB5153C8" box="[878,1249,1456,1479]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FCCF5BC7FC6C53C8" bold="true" box="[878,988,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See parvorder
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FB245BC7FB6D53C8" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[1157,1245,1456,1479]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" parvOrder="Buthida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="parvOrder">Buthida</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FCCF5BB8FAD650F5" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FCCF5BB8FC5653E9" bold="true" box="[878,998,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Discussion</emphasis>
. Monophyly of the extant
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FAB75BB8FA3453E9" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1302,1412,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
is well-confirmed. We do not include in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FAA25B99FAC1500A" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1283,1393,1518,1541]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
the Cretaceous fossil taxa: family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FB36587BFAFD502C" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[1175,1357,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeobuthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Archaeobuthidae</taxonomicName>
(genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FC9F585CFC50504D" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[830,992,1579,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeobuthidae" genus="Archaeobuthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FC9F585CFC50504D" box="[830,992,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Archaeobuthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FBD8585CFAD6504D" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2002" box="[1145,1382,1579,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeoburmesebuthidae" genus="Palaeoburmesebuthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FBD8585CFAD6504D" box="[1145,1382,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Palaeoburmesebuthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not assigned to any family), which were placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FA92583DFA10506E" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1331,1440,1610,1633]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
by Lourenço (2002a, 2003); see below for further discussion. The oldest known fossils of
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, in our opinion, are Tertiary (Eocene/Paleocene; 6555 Mya) genera of
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from Baltic amber. The relationship between
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FB935894FB5250F5" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[1074,1250,1763,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
is not clear.
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF615CC5FD3354C6" box="[192,643,690,713]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF615CC5FD3354C6" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" box="[192,643,690,713]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<heading id="D0D481AFD710F515FF615CC5FD3354C6" box="[192,643,690,713]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF615CC5FDCC54C6" bold="true" box="[192,636,690,713]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FEB65CC5FDCC54C6" ID-CoL="B7XCK" authority="Gromov, 1998" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[279,636,690,713]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515CA7FE8E554C" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515CA7FD7A54E8" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" box="[240,714,720,743]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<typeStatus id="54988861D710F515FF515CA7FE9554E8" box="[240,293,720,743]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FE215CA7FD7654E8" ID-CoL="B7YV3" authority="Gromov, 1998" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[384,710,720,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" genus="Pseudochactas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FE215CA7FD9054E8" box="[384,544,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Pseudochactas</emphasis>
Gromov, 1998
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515C98FE8E554C" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515C98FE325509" bold="true" box="[240,386,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic family includes a single monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FE6A5D79FDDB552A" ID-CoL="B7YV3" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[459,619,782,805]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" genus="Pseudochactas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FE6A5D79FDDB552A" box="[459,619,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Pseudochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gromov, 1998; Fet, 2000f).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515D3CFE595364" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515D3CFDB7558E" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515D3CFEC5556D" bold="true" box="[240,373,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Distribution</emphasis>
. Central Asia (southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D710F515FD6D5D3CFF5E558E" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
, southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D710F515FE2D5D1DFE4C558E" box="[396,508,874,897]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515DFFFE595364" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515DFFFE595590" bold="true" box="[240,489,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Unclear. The single genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FF615DD0FED055B1" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[192,352,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" genus="Pseudochactas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF615DD0FED055B1" box="[192,352,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Pseudochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found only in a restricted location in the mountains of Central Asia. The relict character of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FF615D93FED055F4" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[192,352,996,1019]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" genus="Pseudochactas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF615D93FED055F4" box="[192,352,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Pseudochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be due to its preservation in mildclimate, low-mountain depressions of Babatag and Gandzhino ranges (Gromov, 1998), with desert surroundings at lower altitudes. Ecologically, this is not a desert scorpion; it actively forages on wet mud along the temporary waterways, and likely spends most of dry season in hibernation (V. Fet &amp; A. Gromov, pers. observation, 2002). It could represent one of the few faunal remnants of littoral fauna of the receded Tethys Ocean (Kryzhanovsky, 1965), elevated by Tertiary mountain uplift. Many such important floral elements of littoral origin are found in low mountains of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D710F515FDD75B41FD5E5342" box="[630,750,1334,1357]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D710F515FF615B23FE9B5364" box="[192,299,1364,1387]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
(Kamelin, 1979).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515B04FD775385" box="[240,711,1395,1418]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515B04FD775385" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" box="[240,711,1395,1418]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515B04FEEE5385" bold="true" box="[240,350,1395,1418]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. As in parvorder
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FDB85B04FD735385" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[537,707,1395,1418]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" parvOrder="Pseudochactida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="parvOrder">Pseudochactida</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515BE5FEA550D4" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515BE5FEA550D4" blockId="92.[192,802,690,1755]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515BE5FED853A6" bold="true" box="[240,360,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Discussion</emphasis>
. Gromov (1998: 1003) keenly observed that “It is possible that the representative of this new family (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FEB85BB8FE7F53E9" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[281,463,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudochactidae</taxonomicName>
) stands close to the common ancestor of all these families [the Recent scorpions]”. As
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D710F515FF61587BFE71502C" author="Soleglad &amp; Fet" box="[192,449,1548,1571]" firstAuthor="Soleglad" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref97606" refString="SOLEGLAD, M. E. &amp; V. FET. 2001. Evolution of scorpion orthobothriotaxy: a cladistic approach. Euscorpius, 1: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2001">Soleglad &amp; Fet (2001)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated based on trichobothrial patterns,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FE2E585CFD9F504D" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[399,559,1579,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" genus="Pseudochactas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FE2E585CFD9F504D" box="[399,559,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Pseudochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is certainly a basal member of Recent scorpions, and also shows significant affinity in some characters with the Carboniferous fossil scorpion family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FE2058F0FDC25091" authorityName="Kjellesvig-Waering" authorityYear="1986" box="[385,626,1671,1694]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeopisthacanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palaeopisthacanthidae</taxonomicName>
. This veritable “platypus of a scorpion” deserves further study in all aspects.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="A8DDFBF0CC410C2AB2862BE237F976B0">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8FF9A5C4A5615DE49B17FFCDD76C5965">Soleglad, Michael E.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF615F35FF475777" blockId="92.[192,802,322,651]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<heading id="D0D481AFD710F515FF615F35FF475777" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF615F35FD6E5756" bold="true" box="[192,734,322,345]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FEFA5F35FD6E5756" authority="Gromov, 1998" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[347,734,322,345]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pseudochactoidea">Pseudochactoidea Gromov, 1998</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FD555F35FF475777" bold="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">new rank</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515F08FF4B57FD" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515F08FD7A5799" blockId="92.[192,802,322,651]" box="[240,714,383,406]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<typeStatus id="54988861D710F515FF515F08FE955799" box="[240,293,383,406]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FE215F08FD765799" ID-CoL="B7YV3" authority="Gromov, 1998" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" box="[384,710,383,406]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" genus="Pseudochactas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FE215F08FD905799" box="[384,544,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Pseudochactas</emphasis>
Gromov, 1998
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515FE9FF4B57FD" blockId="92.[192,802,322,651]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515FE9FE3257BA" bold="true" box="[240,386,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic superfamily, established here, includes the monotypic family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FD3A5FCBFF4757FD" ID-CoL="B7XCK" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudochactidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515F8DFEF75462" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515F8DFDA0541E" blockId="92.[192,802,322,651]" box="[240,528,506,529]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515F8DFEC5541E" bold="true" box="[240,373,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Distribution</emphasis>
. Central Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515C6FFEF75462" blockId="92.[192,802,322,651]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515C6FFE715420" bold="true" box="[240,449,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. Lourenço (2000a) placed
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FD475C6FFEF05441" authorityName="Gromov" authorityYear="1998" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudochactidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudochactidae</taxonomicName>
in his superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FDAC5C40FD285441" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[525,664,567,590]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chaeriloidea">Chaeriloidea</taxonomicName>
, without any justification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D710F515FF515C03FD775484" box="[240,711,628,651]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D710F515FF515C03FD775484" blockId="92.[192,802,322,651]" box="[240,711,628,651]" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D710F515FF515C03FEEE5484" bold="true" box="[240,350,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. As in parvorder
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D710F515FDB85C03FD735484" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[537,707,628,651]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="92" pageNumber="89" parvOrder="Pseudochactida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="parvOrder">Pseudochactida</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="1A4BAD22AC5D0D652DB6F39107418D6B" ID-DOI="10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" ID-ISSN="1536-9307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237351" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1721353212353" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Soleglad, Michael E. &amp; Fet, Victor" docDate="2003" docId="038A87D5D712F517FF615B6AFA81558E" docLanguage="en" docName="Euscorpius.11.1-175.pdf" docOrigin="Euscorpius 2003 (11)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A.3:Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A" docStyleName="Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Microcharmidae Lourenco 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="FFB3FFADD74CF549FFA15E77FFB0560F" masterDocTitle="High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1722954143772" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5AA22FFC6BB2329741A6A2EC59B2BC2F">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D712F517FF615B6AFD3C533B" box="[192,652,1309,1332]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FF615B6AFD3C533B" blockId="94.[192,802,1309,1884]" box="[192,652,1309,1332]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="D0D481AFD712F517FF615B6AFD3C533B" box="[192,652,1309,1332]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FF615B6AFD3C533B" bold="true" box="[192,652,1309,1332]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FEB65B6AFD3C533B" ID-CoL="CQQ" authority="Lourenco, 1996" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[279,652,1309,1332]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae Lourenço, 1996</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D712F517FF515B4BFD01539F" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FF515B4BFD64535C" blockId="94.[192,802,1309,1884]" box="[240,724,1340,1363]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<typeStatus id="54988861D712F517FF515B4BFE95535C" box="[240,293,1340,1363]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FE205B4BFD61535C" ID-CoL="5RLD" authority="Lourenco, 1995" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1995" box="[385,721,1340,1363]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" genus="Microcharmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FE205B4BFDAE535C" box="[385,542,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Microcharmus</emphasis>
Lourenço, 1995
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FF515B2DFD01539F" blockId="94.[192,802,1309,1884]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FF515B2DFE32537E" bold="true" box="[240,386,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Composition.</emphasis>
The family includes two genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FD5A5B2DFEF0539F" ID-CoL="5RLD" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1995" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" genus="Microcharmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FD5A5B2DFEF0539F" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Microcharmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FED25B0EFD1E539F" ID-CoL="62F4" authority="(Fet, 2000 d)" baseAuthorityName="Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[371,686,1401,1424]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" genus="Neoprotobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FED25B0EFDAF539F" box="[371,543,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Neoprotobuthus</emphasis>
(Fet, 2000d)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D712F517FF515BEFFB2656F2" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FF515BEFFDBB53A0" blockId="94.[192,802,1309,1884]" box="[240,523,1432,1455]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FF515BEFFEC553A0" bold="true" box="[240,373,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D712F517FE225BEFFDB753A0" box="[387,519,1432,1455]" name="Madagascar" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FF515BC1FD905110" blockId="94.[192,802,1309,1884]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FF515BC1FE7853C2" bold="true" box="[240,456,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This family was first introduced as a monotypic subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FDE55BA2FD1453E3" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[580,676,1493,1516]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
(Lourenço, 1996a), and later elevated to the family rank (Lourenço, 1998a), with only a preliminary justification. Lourenço (1998b) also included in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FE755846FD345047" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[468,644,1585,1608]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FF615827FEC35068" box="[192,371,1616,1639]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Akentrobuthinae">Akentrobuthinae</taxonomicName>
(with a single African genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FD655827FEB7508A" authorityName="Lamoral" authorityYear="1976" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Akentrobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FD655827FEB7508A" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Akentrobuthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (Fet, 2000d). Later, however, Lourenço (2000b) transferred
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FE9C58FAFE6950AB" authorityName="Lamoral" authorityYear="1976" box="[317,473,1677,1700]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Akentrobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FE9C58FAFE6950AB" box="[317,473,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Akentrobuthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
back to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FD9F58FAFD1250AB" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[574,674,1677,1700]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
. Since subfamilies in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FE9B58DBFE2B50CC" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[314,411,1708,1731]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
are currently not defined, the status of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FF4658BDFE2B50EE" box="[231,411,1738,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Akentrobuthinae">Akentrobuthinae</taxonomicName>
remains undetermined. An additional genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FEF6589EFDB3510F" baseAuthorityName="Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[343,515,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" genus="Neoprotobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FEF6589EFDB3510F" box="[343,515,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Neoprotobuthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was described in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FD79589EFE9F5110" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
by Lourenço (2002b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FF515951FC915153" blockId="94.[192,802,1309,1884]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FF515951FE555132" bold="true" box="[240,485,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Lourenço (1996a) discussed in detail scorpion taxa endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D712F517FDEC5932FD615153" box="[589,721,1861,1884]" name="Madagascar" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, which
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FC9F5EB0FB2656F2" blockId="94.[830,1441,199,897]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">generally are related to the African fauna and diverged with the split of Gondwanaland.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D712F517FCCF5F73FA2F5799" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FCCF5F73FA2F5799" blockId="94.[830,1441,199,897]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FCCF5F73FC6C5714" bold="true" box="[878,988,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. A diagnosis cannot be provided as justifying a separate family.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FBE05F54FB415735" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[1089,1265,291,314]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
were defined as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC4B5F35FBFA5756" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1002,1098,322,345]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
by Lourenço (1996a: 27), and further as a family (Lourenço, 1998a: 845847), but the given features are not diagnostic even at subfamily level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D712F517FCCF5FE9FA81558E" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FCCF5FE9FC695484" blockId="94.[830,1441,199,897]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FCCF5FE9FC5657BA" bold="true" box="[878,998,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Discussion</emphasis>
. Lourenço (1996b, 1996d) suggested that the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC4B5FCBFB3757DC" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1995" box="[1002,1159,444,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" genus="Microcharmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FC4B5FCBFB3757DC" box="[1002,1159,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Microcharmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to the Indian genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC765FACFB8957FD" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1879" box="[983,1081,475,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Charmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D712F517FC765FACFB8957FD" box="[983,1081,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">Charmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FBEA5FACFB0157FD" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1099,1201,475,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
), which would correspond to the Gondwanaland origin of the group but violates the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FBEC5C6FFB015420" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1101,1201,536,559]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
. The relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC2F5C40FB8E5441" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[910,1086,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FB245C40FB555441" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1157,1253,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
is also unclear since there was no combined phylogenetic analysis of these families.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D712F517FCCF5CE4FA81558E" blockId="94.[830,1441,199,897]" pageId="94" pageNumber="91">
R. Teruel (pers. comm., 1999; Fet, 2000d: 421) noticed that
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC0A5CC5FBEE54C6" box="[939,1118,690,713]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Akentrobuthinae">Akentrobuthinae</taxonomicName>
Lamoral, 1976 had a priority over
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FCDB5CA7FB5954E8" authority="Lourenco, 1996" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[890,1257,720,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae Lourenço, 1996</taxonomicName>
; therefore when Lourenço (1998b) decided to include
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FB705C98FA345509" box="[1233,1412,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Akentrobuthinae">Akentrobuthinae</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC9F5D79FC41552A" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1996" box="[830,1009,782,805]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Microcharmidae</taxonomicName>
, the combined family name should have been changed to Akentrobuthidae. However, since
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FC9F5D3CFC41556D" box="[830,1009,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Microcharmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Akentrobuthinae">Akentrobuthinae</taxonomicName>
was transferred back to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D712F517FAB95D3CFAC8556D" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1304,1400,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="94" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
by Lourenço (2000b), no such change is required.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF615CADFD8754FE" bold="true" box="[192,567,730,753]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEB65CADFD8754FE" ID-CoL="7YD" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[279,567,730,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Chaerilidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FE025CADFD8754FE" author="Pocock" box="[419,567,730,753]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54988861D713F516FF515C8EFE95551F" box="[240,293,761,784]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE205C8EFDCC551F" ID-CoL="3LGV" authority="Simon, 1877" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[385,636,761,784]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FE205C8EFE5A551F" box="[385,490,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
Simon, 1877
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515D6EFD495540" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515D6EFE32553F" bold="true" box="[240,386,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic family includes a single genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEF35D4FFE0B5540" ID-CoL="3LGV" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[338,443,824,847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FEF35D4FFE0B5540" box="[338,443,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fet, 2000a; Kovařík, 2000b)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515D2FFD2C5560" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" box="[240,668,856,879]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515D2FFEC55560" bold="true" box="[240,373,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Distribution</emphasis>
. South and Southeast Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515D00FCBB5376" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515D00FE7A5581" bold="true" box="[240,458,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This taxon was established early by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FEBF5DE1FE0B55A2" author="Pocock" box="[286,443,918,941]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock (1893)</bibRefCitation>
as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD225DE1FD4055A2" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[643,752,918,941]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
, and first elevated to the family rank by Kraepelin (1899). Interestingly, Laurie (1896b) placed it as a subfamily under
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEAF5D85FEC15206" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[270,369,1010,1033]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
, and cladistic analysis of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FD165D85FEB75227" author="Stockwell" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
also showed that
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are a sister group of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FF615A58FE945249" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[192,292,1071,1094]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
. Some authors considered
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDEF5A58FD075249" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[590,695,1071,1094]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FDEF5A58FD075249" box="[590,695,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be related to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE015A39FE48526A" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1899" box="[416,504,1102,1125]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" genus="Calchas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FE015A39FE48526A" box="[416,504,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Calchas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDCC5A39FD0A526A" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[621,698,1102,1125]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
) (Birula, 1917a, 1917b; Werner, 1934). The rank and placement of this taxon remained ambiguous until
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FDDE5AFCFCAD52AD" author="Vachon" box="[639,797,1163,1186]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="471 - 474" refId="ref98352" refString="VACHON, M. 1956. Sur des nouveaux caracteres familiaux et generiques chez les Scorpions. Pp. 471 - 474 in Proceedings of the 14 th International Congress of Zoology (August 1953), Copenhagen." type="book chapter" year="1956">Vachon (1956</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FF615ADDFF4852CE" author="Vachon" box="[192,248,1194,1217]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="161 - 166" refId="ref98391" refString="VACHON, M. 1963. De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents de cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (2), 35 (2): 161 - 166." type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FEA55ADDFE8B52CE" author="Vachon" box="[260,315,1194,1217]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="712 - 718" refId="ref98435" refString="VACHON, M. 1971. [Remarques sur le Scorpion caucasien Calchas nordmanni Birula (Scorpiones, Chactidae)]. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (Revue d'Entomologie de l'URSS), 50 (3): 712 - 718 (in Russian). English translation: Entomological Review, 50 (3): 712 - 718." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
) demonstrated a very distinct cheliceral dentition and trichobothrial pattern for the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD135ABEFCAB52EF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[690,795,1225,1248]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FD135ABEFCAB52EF" box="[690,795,1225,1248]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The work of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FEEE5A90FE4252F1" author="Vachon" box="[335,498,1255,1278]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="857 - 958" refId="ref98494" refString="VACHON, M. 1974. Etude des caracteres utilises pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en Arachnologie, Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (3), 140 (Zool. 104), mai-juin 1973: 857 - 958." type="journal article" year="1974">Vachon (1974)</bibRefCitation>
firmly reestablished
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD785A90FF4B5312" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
as a separate family with the unique trichobothrial “
<typeStatus id="54988861D713F516FF6B5B52FEB35333" box="[202,259,1317,1340]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Type</typeStatus>
B”.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FE9E5B52FE4D5333" author="Stockwell" box="[319,509,1317,1340]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDFA5B52FD665333" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[603,726,1317,1340]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
in his superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEEB5B34FE085355" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[330,440,1347,1370]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
together with
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDFE5B34FD735355" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[607,707,1347,1370]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
. A revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEB15B15FE3B5376" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[272,395,1378,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
was published by Kovařík (2000b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515BF7FDEE5138" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515BF7FE565398" bold="true" box="[240,486,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Unclear. Modern species of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FF615BD7FE9953B8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[192,297,1440,1463]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF615BD7FE9953B8" box="[192,297,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are limited to tropical areas of South And Southeast Asia, although they reach considerable altitudes in Kashmir,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D713F516FE325B97FE6553F8" box="[403,469,1504,1527]" name="Nepal" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, and Tibet (Kovařík, 2000b), which indicates their ecological plasticity and tolerance of cold climate. Lamoral (1980) suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD625857FF555058" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
originated in Pangaen times as an eastern Laurasian relict, and then moved into the Oriental region after the Indian plate connected with Eurasia; and then became isolated in the Oriental region as the Himalayas formed. This is only a plausible speculation based exclusively on modern distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE765897FDF050F8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[471,576,1760,1783]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FE765897FDF050F8" box="[471,576,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Lourenço (1996a, 1996d) noted that their Laurasian origin would explain absence of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE995957FE035138" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[312,435,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D713F516FE745957FDE95138" box="[469,601,1824,1847]" name="Madagascar" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC245834FB685055" authority="Kraepelin, 1905" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[901,1240,1603,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Megacormini">Megacormini Kraepelin, 1905</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54988861D720F525FCCF5814FC135075" box="[878,931,1635,1658]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC5E5814FA935075" ID-CoL="5MMT" authority="Karsch, 1881" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1881" box="[1023,1315,1635,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Megacormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FC5E5814FB3A5075" box="[1023,1162,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Megacormus</emphasis>
Karsch, 1881
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.
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF58F4FC3450D5" blockId="108.[830,1441,1603,1914]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF58F4FBB05095" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Composition.</emphasis>
This tribe includes two genera:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC9F58D4FC7950B5" ID-CoL="5MMT" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1881" box="[830,969,1699,1722]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Megacormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FC9F58D4FC7950B5" box="[830,969,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Megacormus</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FBAE58D4FC3050D5" ID-CoL="6SKL" authority="(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Plesiochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FBAE58D4FB1350B5" box="[1039,1187,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Plesiochactas</emphasis>
(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)
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.
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FCCF5894FBD05135" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5894FAA350F5" blockId="108.[830,1441,1603,1914]" box="[878,1299,1763,1786]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5894FC4350F5" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FB115894FAB850F5" box="[1200,1288,1763,1786]" name="Mexico" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5974FBD05135" blockId="108.[830,1441,1603,1914]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5974FBF45115" bold="true" box="[878,1092,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The tribe was established by Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5934FC6C5155" bold="true" box="[878,988,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
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Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC245ACCFA9852DD" authority="Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" authorityYear="2001" box="[901,1320,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactopsini">Chactopsini Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54988861D720F525FCCF5AADFC1352FE" box="[878,931,1242,1265]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC5E5AADFA9B52FE" ID-CoL="3LFN" authority="Kraepelin, 1912" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1912" box="[1023,1323,1242,1265]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FC5E5AADFBC652FE" box="[1023,1142,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Chactopsis</emphasis>
Kraepelin, 1912
</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5A8FFA9F5321" blockId="108.[830,1440,1211,1554]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5A8FFBB05300" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic tribe includes a single genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC2B5B60FA9C5321" ID-CoL="3LFN" authority="(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[906,1324,1303,1326]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FC2B5B60FBB15321" box="[906,1025,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Chactopsis</emphasis>
(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)
</taxonomicName>
.
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FCCF5B41FACF53DF" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5B41FC375362" blockId="108.[830,1440,1211,1554]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5B41FC435342" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Distribution</emphasis>
. South America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FB655B41FAB95342" box="[1220,1289,1334,1357]" name="Brazil" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FABA5B41FAFF5342" box="[1307,1359,1334,1357]" name="Peru" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FAFE5B41FCCB5362" name="Venezuela" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5B00FACF53DF" blockId="108.[830,1440,1211,1554]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5B00FBFB5381" bold="true" box="[878,1099,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FBC45B00FB6C5381" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1125,1244,1399,1422]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FBC45B00FB6C5381" box="[1125,1244,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Chactopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was transferred from
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FCDC5BEFFC5853A0" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[893,1000,1432,1455]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FBB05BEFFB2C53A0" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[1041,1180,1432,1455]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
by Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) who established a separate tribe for this genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5BADFC6C53FE" bold="true" box="[878,988,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
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Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC1B5C21FA905462" authority="Kraepelin, 1905" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[954,1312,598,621]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megacorminae">Megacorminae Kraepelin, 1905</taxonomicName>
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Genus.
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Karsch, 1881
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.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5CE4FBB054A5" bold="true" box="[878,1024,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Composition.</emphasis>
The subfamily includes two tribes,
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC5D5CC5FB3E54C6" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[1020,1166,690,713]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Megacormini">Megacormini</taxonomicName>
, introduced by Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5C98FC435509" bold="true" box="[878,1011,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FB475C98FA8D5509" box="[1254,1341,751,774]" name="Mexico" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Mexico</collectingCountry>
), South America.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5D5BFBF3554C" bold="true" box="[878,1091,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This taxon was originally introduced as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FBCA5D3CFB69556D" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1131,1241,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FB445D3CFA10556D" author="Soleglad" box="[1253,1440,843,866]" firstAuthor="Soleglad" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" pagination="251 - 303" refId="ref97570" refString="SOLEGLAD, M. E. 1976 b. A revision of the scorpion subfamily Megacorminae (Scorpionida: Chactidae). Wasmann Journal of Biology, 34 (2): 251 - 303." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Soleglad (1976b)</bibRefCitation>
and Francke (1979) suggested that megacormines are closely related to euscorpiines. It was listed in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FA945DFFFA105590" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1333,1440,904,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
by
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, and considered a synonym of
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by Fet &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FC4D5DB1FB2655D2" author="Sissom" box="[1004,1174,966,989]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom (2000a)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5D93FBDB55F4" bold="true" box="[878,1131,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The megacormines are a New World subfamily with a disjunct distribution of tribes
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FC295A55FBB75236" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" authorityYear="2001" box="[904,1031,1058,1081]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactopsini">Chactopsini</taxonomicName>
(South America) and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FAB05A55FA115236" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[1297,1441,1058,1081]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Megacormini">Megacormini</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FCE75A37FC2E5258" box="[838,926,1088,1111]" name="Mexico" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5A28FC6C5279" bold="true" box="[878,988,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
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Subfamily
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Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FE215BB8FE4853E9" box="[384,504,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Euscorpius</emphasis>
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515B99FE32500A" bold="true" box="[240,386,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic subfamily includes a single genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FEF3587BFD45502C" ID-CoL="4H4X" authority="(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[338,757,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FEF3587BFE7A502C" box="[338,458,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Euscorpius</emphasis>
(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FF51585CFB8357FD" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF51585CFD035070" blockId="108.[192,802,1456,1908]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF51585CFEC5504D" bold="true" box="[240,373,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe, Asia (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FDE5585CFD25504D" box="[580,661,1579,1602]" name="Turkey" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, Caucasus), Africa (Mediterranean Sea coast). Introduced to
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FD4F583DFF405070" name="United Kingdom" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">England</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FF5A581FFEFB5070" box="[251,331,1640,1663]" name="Yemen" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Yemen</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D720F525FEF7581FFE035070" box="[342,435,1640,1663]" name="Uruguay" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
(Fet &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FDA6581FFD175070" author="Sissom" box="[519,679,1640,1663]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF5158F0FE0A517B" blockId="108.[192,802,1456,1908]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF5158F0FE725091" bold="true" box="[240,450,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. For a long time, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD5C58F0FEA050B2" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FD5C58F0FEA050B2" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Belisarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FED358D1FE6E50B2" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[370,478,1702,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
) was placed here (largely due to geographic proximity) until it was transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD5C58B3FEE950F5" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Superstitioniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Superstitioniidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FE275894FDF550F5" author="Stockwell" box="[390,581,1763,1786]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell (1992)</bibRefCitation>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD6C5894FF5D5117" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FD6C5894FF5D5117" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes four subgenera (Fet &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FDD65976FCAE5117" author="Sissom" box="[631,798,1793,1816]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
; Gantenbein et al., 1999); our ongoing revision (Fet &amp; Soleglad, in progress) is likely to justify a genus rank for some if not all of them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5EB0FB8357FD" blockId="108.[830,1441,199,559]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5EB0FBD656D1" bold="true" box="[878,1126,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FAED5EB0FCDB56F2" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FAED5EB0FCDB56F2" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabit a wide variety of habitats from sea level to high mountains (over
<quantity id="4CDB9B26D720F525FB935F73FB355714" box="[1074,1157,260,283]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
in the Alps, Balkans and Taurus). A complex taxonomy of this genus follows its ancient history around the changing Mediterranean Sea (Birula, 1917a, 1917b) and only recently became a subject of a detailed study using rich morphological data and modern DNA techniques (Gantenbein et al., 1999, 2000, 2001b, 2002; Fet, 2003; Fet et al., 2002, 2003c; Fet &amp; Soleglad, 2002).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FCCF5F8DFCC25420" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FCCF5F8DFCC25420" blockId="108.[830,1441,199,559]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FCCF5F8DFC6C541E" bold="true" box="[878,988,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FF615F08FDF25799" box="[192,578,383,406]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF615F08FDF25799" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" box="[192,578,383,406]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<heading id="D0D481AFD720F525FF615F08FDF25799" box="[192,578,383,406]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF615F08FDF25799" bold="true" box="[192,578,383,406]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FEB65F08FDF25799" ID-CoL="9ZQ" authority="Laurie, 1896" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[279,578,383,406]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FF515FE9FD865462" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515FE9FD2757BA" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" box="[240,663,414,437]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<typeStatus id="54988861D720F525FF515FE9FE9557BA" box="[240,293,414,437]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE215FE9FD2457BA" ID-CoL="4H4X" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[384,660,414,437]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FE215FE9FE4857BA" box="[384,504,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Euscorpius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FE5E5FE9FD2457BA" author="Thorell" box="[511,660,414,437]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515FCBFED857DC" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" box="[240,360,444,467]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515FCBFED157DC" bold="true" box="[240,353,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Synonyms</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FE815FACFEE6541E" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE815FACFDC157FD" ID-CoL="8KTMJ" authority="Kraepelin, 1905" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[288,625,475,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905</taxonomicName>
(valid as subfamily name).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515C6FFD865462" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515C6FFE325420" bold="true" box="[240,386,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Composition.</emphasis>
The family includes three subfamilies (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FF665C40FEE75441" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[199,343,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euscorpiinae">Euscorpiinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FECC5C40FDA05441" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[365,528,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megacorminae">Megacorminae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD875C40FD055441" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[550,693,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
) and 11 genera (Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FF515C03FCAB5342" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515C03FD2154A5" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515C03FEC55484" bold="true" box="[240,373,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe, Asia, Africa (Mediterranean Sea coast), North America, South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515CC5FD6B5215" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515CC5FE7554C6" bold="true" box="[240,453,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This taxon was originally introduced as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE585CA7FDD754E8" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[505,615,720,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
. It was formally elevated to the family level by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FD8B5C98FD5B5509" author="Stockwell" box="[554,747,751,774]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell (1992)</bibRefCitation>
, and listed as a family in Fet &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FE5F5D79FD1D552A" author="Sissom" box="[510,685,782,805]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom (2000a)</bibRefCitation>
. Recently, Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE335D3CFD90556D" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[402,544,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
, and introduced a number of sweeping taxonomic changes. They included in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FF615DFFFEFB5590" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[192,331,904,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
the former family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FDE15DFFFD605590" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[576,720,904,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpiopidae</taxonomicName>
, transferred the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FEDD5DD0FE4355B1" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1912" box="[380,499,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FEDD5DD0FE4355B1" box="[380,499,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Chactopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD9B5DD0FD1855B1" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[570,680,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
, and introduced subfamilies and tribes. Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) demonstrated the relationship of euscorpiid subfamilies as (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FF455A74FEC45215" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[228,372,1027,1050]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euscorpiinae">Euscorpiinae</taxonomicName>
, (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE275A74FD9A5215" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[390,554,1027,1050]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megacorminae">Megacorminae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD945A74FD775215" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[565,711,1027,1050]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515A55FCAB5342" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515A55FE5E5236" bold="true" box="[240,494,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The euscorpiids cover a remarkable disjunct range, which includes Europe and West Asia (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FEED5A28FE6D5279" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[332,477,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Euscorpiinae">Euscorpiinae</taxonomicName>
), South and Southeast Asia (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FF665A09FEF9529A" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[199,329,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scorpiopini">Scorpiopini</taxonomicName>
), South America (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FDB65A09FD2C529A" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" authorityYear="2001" box="[535,668,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactopsini">Chactopsini</taxonomicName>
), and North America (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE915AEBFE6052BC" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" authorityYear="2001" box="[304,464,1180,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Troglocormini">Troglocormini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FE405AEBFD3652BC" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[481,646,1180,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megacorminae">Megacorminae</taxonomicName>
). Such a disjunction could indicate an ancient (Mesozoic?) age of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FF615AADFEFE52FE" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[192,334,1242,1265]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
, and could be explained by its Laurasian origin and subsequent differential extinction (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D720F525FD135A8FFE835321" author="Nenilin &amp; Fet" firstAuthor="Nenilin" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" pagination="3 - 31" refId="ref95029" refString="NENILIN, A. B. &amp; V. FET. 1992. Zoogeographical analysis of the world scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arthropoda Selecta, 1 (2): 3 - 31 (in Russian, with an English summary)." type="journal article" year="1992">Nenilin &amp; Fet, 1992</bibRefCitation>
), with migration of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D720F525FD8F5B60FD1D5321" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" authorityYear="2001" box="[558,685,1303,1326]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactopsini">Chactopsini</taxonomicName>
to South America. Absence of xeric taxa is notable in this family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D720F525FF515B23FF445385" pageId="108" pageNumber="105" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D720F525FF515B23FF445385" blockId="108.[192,802,383,1418]" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D720F525FF515B23FEEE5364" bold="true" box="[240,350,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="105">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
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Tribe
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54988861D721F524FF5158B3FE9550D4" box="[240,293,1732,1755]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FE2158B3FDA750D4" box="[384,535,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Troglocormus</emphasis>
Francke, 1981
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515894FE3250F5" bold="true" box="[240,386,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic tribe includes a single genus,
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FEAD5976FE135117" box="[268,419,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Troglocormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515957FEC55138" bold="true" box="[240,373,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D721F524FD935957FD3A5138" box="[562,650,1824,1847]" name="Mexico" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515948FE755159" bold="true" box="[240,453,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FE795948FDDF5159" box="[472,623,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Troglocormus</emphasis>
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was previously included in subfamily
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of
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Chactidae (
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)
</taxonomicName>
, or in
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without distinguishing a subfamily (Fet &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D721F524FBA55E91FB1656F2" author="Sissom" box="[1028,1190,230,253]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
). This tribe was established by Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) who demonstrated its affinity to the Asian scorpiopines.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FCCF5F35FBD65756" bold="true" box="[878,1126,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Two species of
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FA8A5F35FCD95778" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Troglocormus</emphasis>
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are found only in the caves of north-central and northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D721F524FC6B5F08FBAC5799" box="[970,1052,383,406]" name="Mexico" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(Fet &amp;
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), and clearly represent an ancient, relict lineage.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FCCF5FCBFC6C57DC" bold="true" box="[878,988,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
</paragraph>
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Tribe
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<typeStatus id="54988861D721F524FF515AADFE9552FE" box="[240,293,1242,1265]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FE215AADFE5B52FE" box="[384,491,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Scorpiops</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D721F524FE585AADFDCF52FE" author="Peters" box="[505,639,1242,1265]" firstAuthor="Peters" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515A8FFE325300" bold="true" box="[240,386,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Composition.</emphasis>
The tribe includes six genera.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D721F524FF515B60FD2C5321" blockId="109.[192,802,1211,1663]" box="[240,668,1303,1326]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515B60FECC5321" bold="true" box="[240,380,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Distribution.</emphasis>
South and Southeast Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D721F524FF515B41FE525364" blockId="109.[192,802,1211,1663]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515B41FE755342" bold="true" box="[240,453,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This tribe was established by Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D721F524FF515B04FD14504D" blockId="109.[192,802,1211,1663]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515B04FE565385" bold="true" box="[240,486,1395,1418]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The
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are distributed mainly in the tropics of Asia, but also reach high altitudes in the Himalayas. Their origin does not appear to be connected with Gondwanaland fragmentation, and they could be considered an ancient Laurasian relict group. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FE30587BFD9E502C" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1928" box="[401,558,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" genus="Parascorpiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FE30587BFD9E502C" box="[401,558,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Parascorpiops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a peculiar island form from the mountains of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D721F524FD94585CFD10504D" box="[565,672,1579,1602]" name="Indonesia" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D721F524FF51583DFF445070" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D721F524FF51583DFF445070" blockId="109.[192,802,1211,1663]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF51583DFEEE506E" bold="true" box="[240,350,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
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Subfamily
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Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FE215E91FDCF56F2" ID-CoL="64588" authority="Peters, 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[384,639,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" genus="Scorpiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FE215E91FE5B56F2" box="[384,491,230,253]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Scorpiops</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D721F524FE585E91FDCF56F2" author="Peters" box="[505,639,230,253]" firstAuthor="Peters" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515F73FE325714" bold="true" box="[240,386,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Composition.</emphasis>
The subfamily includes two tribes,
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and
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, and seven genera (Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515F17FECC5778" bold="true" box="[240,380,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Distribution.</emphasis>
North America (
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), Asia (south and southeast).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515FE9FE7557BA" bold="true" box="[240,453,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This taxon was originally introduced as a subfamily of
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(under
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, incorrect original spelling) where it persisted for a long time (
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), although this placement was considered not satisfactory (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D721F524FE4E5C6FFD365420" author="Sissom" box="[495,646,536,559]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" refId="ref96823" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 1990. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp. 64 - 160 in G. A. Polis (ed.), Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press." type="book" year="1990">Sissom, 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FF495C40FECF5441" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[232,383,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopsinae">Scorpiopsinae</taxonomicName>
was formally elevated to the family level by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D721F524FE925C21FE495462" author="Stockwell" box="[307,505,598,621]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell (1992)</bibRefCitation>
, confirmed by Lourenço (1998c), and listed as a family in Fet (2000h) who corrected the name spelling to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FE525CE4FD3354A5" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[499,643,659,682]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpiopidae</taxonomicName>
. A revision of this family was published by Kovařík (2000a). Most recently,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FE895CA7FE0454E8" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[296,436,720,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpiopidae</taxonomicName>
was downgraded to a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FF7F5C98FED95509" authorityName="Laurie" authorityYear="1896" box="[222,361,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
by Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001), who also introduced two tribes, so that the content of family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FD495D79FEAC554C" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpiopidae</taxonomicName>
as given in Fet (2000h) and Kovařík (2000a) now corresponds to the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FE575D3CFDC6556D" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[502,630,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scorpiopini">Scorpiopini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D721F524FF515D1DFD6F5258" blockId="109.[192,802,199,1173]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515D1DFE59558E" bold="true" box="[240,489,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The scorpiopines exhibit a spectacular disjunction between their main range in tropical Asia (a diverse tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FDA35DD0FD3355B1" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[514,643,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scorpiopini">Scorpiopini</taxonomicName>
), and the New World (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D721F524FEB35DB1FED755D2" box="[274,359,966,989]" name="Mexico" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Mexico</collectingCountry>
) range of the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FD945DB1FD6055D2" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" authorityYear="2001" box="[565,720,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Troglocormini">Troglocormini</taxonomicName>
(which survives only as a cave genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FD835D93FD0955F4" authorityName="Francke" authorityYear="1981" box="[546,697,996,1019]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Troglocormus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FD835D93FD0955F4" box="[546,697,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Troglocormus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Such a disjunction could indicate an ancient age of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D721F524FD105A74FF585236" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="109" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
, and could be explained by the Laurasian origin of both groups and subsequent differential extinction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D721F524FF515A28FF44529A" pageId="109" pageNumber="106" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D721F524FF515A28FF44529A" blockId="109.[192,802,199,1173]" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D721F524FF515A28FEEE5279" bold="true" box="[240,350,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="106">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Soleglad &amp; Sissom (2001) for details.
</paragraph>
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<heading id="D0D481AFD724F521FC9F5BE5FA3653A6" box="[830,1414,1426,1449]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FC9F5BE5FA3653A6" bold="true" box="[830,1414,1426,1449]" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">
Subtribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D724F521FC095BE5FB5753A6" authority="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[936,1255,1426,1449]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" status="new subtribe" subTribe="Neochactina">Neochactina Soleglad &amp; Fet</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457AAD724F521FB535BE5FA3653A6" box="[1266,1414,1426,1449]" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" rank="subTribe">new subtribe</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D724F521FCCF5BC7FC78502C" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D724F521FCCF5BC7FC3753E9" blockId="104.[830,1440,1426,1908]" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">
<typeStatus id="54988861D724F521FCCF5BC7FC1353C8" box="[878,931,1456,1479]" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D724F521FBB45BC7FAED53C8" ID-CoL="5YZ4" authority="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[1045,1373,1456,1479]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Neochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FBB45BC7FB2153C8" box="[1045,1169,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Neochactas</emphasis>
Soleglad &amp; Fet
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457AAD724F521FAD35BC7FCCF53E9" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FCCF5B99FBB0500A" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Composition.</emphasis>
This new monotypic subtribe is described here.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FCCF585CFC43504D" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Distribution</emphasis>
. South America.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D724F521FCCF583DFAC4517B" pageId="104" pageNumber="101" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D724F521FCCF583DFAC4517B" blockId="104.[830,1440,1426,1908]" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FCCF583DFC6C506E" bold="true" box="[878,988,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Chelal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FC9F581FFCEF5070" box="[830,863,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Db</emphasis>
situated proximally on palm base, trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FA24581FFA105070" box="[1413,1440,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Dt</emphasis>
distal of midpoint but proximal of trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FAD658F0FA295091" box="[1399,1433,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Est</emphasis>
. Important Symplesiomorphies. Neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FAE058D1FADD50B2" box="[1345,1389,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Ch2</emphasis>
present on ventral surface of patella; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FAD258B3FA1050D4" box="[1395,1440,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">Ch2</emphasis>
present on external surface of patella; pectinal middle lamellae composed of a one or two plates, semi-fused with anterior lamellae, fulcra if present, quite reduced; chelal trichobothrial
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FB925948FB185159" box="[1075,1192,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">estesbeb</emphasis>
configuration angles away from fixed finger edge,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D724F521FBDD592AFB25517B" box="[1148,1173,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="101">eb</emphasis>
close to finger edge.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FF515EB2FEDF56D3" bold="true" box="[240,367,197,220]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Discussion.</emphasis>
This subtribe is the most primitive component in tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FE0B5E95FDA156F6" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[426,529,226,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brotheini">Brotheini</taxonomicName>
, where the juncture of trichobothria
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FEF85E89FE7E571A" box="[345,462,254,277]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">estesbeb</emphasis>
angles away from the fixed finger edge, a condition commonly found in many of the chactoids. This orientation of
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FDA95F40FDCD5741" box="[520,637,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">estesbeb</emphasis>
, plus the more basal positioning of the
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FE6E5F23FDA85764" box="[463,536,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">DbDt</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FDF25F23FD115762" box="[595,673,340,365]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
Et
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FDCB5F29FDC35762" attach="left" box="[618,627,350,365]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">3</subScript>
Et
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trichobothrial series, separate
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FE3A5F07FD905788" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[411,544,368,391]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Neochactina">Neochactina</taxonomicName>
from its sister subtribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FF615FFAFE9D57AB" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[192,301,397,420]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Brotheina">Brotheina</taxonomicName>
.
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<treatment id="038A87D5D725F520FC9F5EB0FAFE502C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12785215" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12785215" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87D5D725F520FC9F5EB0FAFE502C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87D5D725F520FC9F5EB0FAFE502C" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<subSubSection id="C3396548D725F520FC9F5EB0FA8656D1" box="[830,1334,199,222]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FC9F5EB0FA8656D1" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" box="[830,1334,199,222]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<heading id="D0D481AFD725F520FC9F5EB0FA8656D1" box="[830,1334,199,222]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FC9F5EB0FA8656D1" bold="true" box="[830,1334,199,222]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FC245EB0FB0356D1" authority="Lourenco, 1998" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1998" box="[901,1203,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" status="new status" tribe="Belisariini">Belisariini Lourenço, 1998</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457AAD725F520FB1F5EB0FA8656D1" box="[1214,1334,199,222]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">new status</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D725F520FCCF5E91FB9C5778" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5E91FAB156F2" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" box="[878,1281,230,253]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<typeStatus id="54988861D725F520FCCF5E91FC1356F2" box="[878,931,230,253]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FC5E5E91FB4D56F2" ID-CoL="3992" authority="Simon, 1879" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[1023,1277,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FC5E5E91FBDB56F2" box="[1023,1131,230,253]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Belisarius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D725F520FBD35E91FB4D56F2" author="Simon" box="[1138,1277,230,253]" firstAuthor="Simon" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" pagination="79 - 115" refId="ref96627" refString="SIMON, E. 1879. 3 e Ordre. - Scorpiones. Pp. 79 - 115 in: Les Arachnides de France. VII. Contenant les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Paris: Roret." type="book chapter" year="1879">Simon, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5F73FB9C5778" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCCF5F73FBB05714" bold="true" box="[878,1024,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Composition.</emphasis>
This new monotypic tribe includes monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FBA25F54FBDF5735" ID-CoL="3992" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[1027,1135,291,314]" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FBA25F54FBDF5735" box="[1027,1135,291,314]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Belisarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The former subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FAD85F54FC105756" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belisariinae">Belisariinae</taxonomicName>
is downgraded here to the tribe rank under the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FC115F17FB995778" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[944,1065,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">Brotheinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D725F520FCCF5F08FA315509" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5F08FAB15799" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" box="[878,1281,383,406]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCCF5F08FC435799" bold="true" box="[878,1011,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D725F520FBFD5F08FB195799" box="[1116,1193,383,406]" name="France" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D725F520FB155F08FB455799" box="[1204,1269,383,406]" name="Spain" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Spain</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5FE9FB085441" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCCF5FE9FB8E57BA" bold="true" box="[878,1086,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FB2C5FE9FB4C57BA" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1998" box="[1165,1276,414,437]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Belisariini">Belisariini</taxonomicName>
corresponds to the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FC505FCBFBC057DC" box="[1009,1136,444,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belisariinae">Belisariinae</taxonomicName>
introduced by Lourenço (1998a; incorrect original spelling Belisarinae) who followed unpublished classification of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D725F520FB7B5F8DFA2C541E" author="Stockwell" box="[1242,1436,506,529]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FC9F5C6FFC0E5420" box="[830,958,536,559]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belisariinae">Belisariinae</taxonomicName>
was originally placed in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FAEF5C6FFB045441" authority="(Fet &amp; Sissom, 2000 b)" baseAuthorityName="Fet &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Arachnida" family="Troglotayosicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Troglotayosicidae (Fet &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D725F520FBAB5C40FB1C5441" author="Sissom" box="[1034,1196,567,590]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" refId="ref96974" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 b. Family Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940. Pp. 496 - 500 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">Sissom, 2000b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5C21FA315509" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCCF5C21FBD55462" bold="true" box="[878,1125,598,621]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. This unique, relict genus is the only Old World taxon belonging to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FAC15C03FCC554A5" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
. This remarkable blind scorpion, which lives in litter and caves in the Pyrenees, has not been sufficiently studied; accounts of distribution and biology were given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D725F520FCC15C98FBB35509" author="Vachon" box="[864,1027,751,774]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" pagination="298 - 305" refId="ref98245" refString="VACHON, M. 1945. Remarques sur le Scorpion aveugle du Roussillon: Belisarius xambeui E. S. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (2), 16 (5): 298 - 305." type="journal article" year="1945">Vachon (1945)</bibRefCitation>
, Auber (1961), and Lacroix (1992).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D725F520FCCF5D79FB1455F4" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5D79FB1455F4" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCCF5D79FC6C552A" bold="true" box="[878,988,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Chelal trichobothrial series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FC265D5BFC60554C" box="[903,976,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">DbDt</emphasis>
very basal, distance between
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FA865D5BFAF8554C" box="[1319,1352,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Db</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FA245D5BFA10554C" box="[1413,1440,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Dt</emphasis>
quite small; pectinal fulcra absent. Important Symplesiomorphies. Patellar trichobothria distance between
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FC9F5DFFFCDB55AE" box="[830,875,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FCC35DE5FCDB55AE" attach="left" box="[866,875,914,929]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FC065DFFFC6355AE" box="[935,979,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FC6B5DE5FC6355AE" attach="left" box="[970,979,914,929]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">2</subScript>
</emphasis>
much greater than distance between
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FAD95DFFFA1055AE" box="[1400,1440,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
em
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FA365DE5FA1055AE" attach="left" box="[1431,1440,914,929]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCD05DD0FC2955CF" box="[881,921,935,960]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
em
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FC315DC6FC2955CF" attach="left" box="[912,921,945,960]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">2</subScript>
</emphasis>
; ventral surface of leg tarsus dominated with setal pair configuration, median row of spinules essentially obsolete; orthobothriotaxic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D725F520FCCF5A74FAFE502C" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D725F520FCCF5A74FAFE502C" blockId="105.[830,1441,199,1571]" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FCCF5A74FC565215" bold="true" box="[878,998,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Discussion</emphasis>
. Taxonomic position of this genus has recently been influenced by its cave adaptations, i.e. the loss of eyes and pectinal fulcra. Both
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D725F520FB455A37FA105258" author="Stockwell" box="[1252,1440,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and Lourenço (1998a) placed
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FB2F5A28FB4A5279" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[1166,1274,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FB2F5A28FB4A5279" box="[1166,1274,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Belisarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in groups that were dominated by these suspect characters. It is important that
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FC3F5AEBFBBA52BC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[926,1034,1180,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FC3F5AEBFBBA52BC" box="[926,1034,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Belisarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FB795AEBFAF852BC" box="[1240,1352,1180,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Uroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FB795AEBFAF852BC" box="[1240,1352,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Uroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are the only members of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FBAC5ACCFBC852DD" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1037,1144,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
that exhibit orthobothriotaxy. The trichobothrial patterns of these two genera are remarkably similar (see
<figureCitation id="13182A46D725F520FBE75A8FFB2E5300" box="[1094,1182,1272,1295]" captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="45.[960,1036,1260,1283]" captionTargetBox="[205,1441,175,1428]" captionTargetId="figure-8@45.[201,1438,175,1428]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 81: Trichobothrial pattern of Uroctonus mordax (Chactidae: Uroctoninae). Chela (left to right): external, ventral and internal views. Patella (left to right): external and ventral views. Solid lines connect Type C trichobothrial series. Open circles depict orthobothriotaxy." pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Figs. 81</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13182A46D725F520FB745A8FFB435300" box="[1237,1267,1272,1295]" captionStart="Figure 87" captionStartId="51.[960,1036,1260,1283]" captionTargetBox="[211,1441,156,1464]" captionTargetId="figure-8@51.[211,1439,156,1464]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 87: Trichobothrial pattern of Belisarius xambeui (Chactidae: Brotheinae: Belisariini) (after Vachon, 1974, in part). Chela (left to right): external, ventral and internal views. Patella (left to right): external and ventral views. Solid lines connect Type C trichobothrial series. Open circles depict orthobothriotaxy." pageId="105" pageNumber="102">87</figureCitation>
). Moreover, the trichobothrial patterns found in these two scorpion genera play the key role in determining homologous orthobothriotaxic trichobothria in the other chactid genera which exhibit major neobothriotaxy. Of particular importance is the somewhat basal positioning of the patellar ventral trichobothria,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FBF25BC7FB3A53C6" box="[1107,1162,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
v
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FBFE5BCDFBD853C6" attach="left" box="[1119,1128,1466,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">1</subScript>
v
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FB205BCDFB3A53C6" attach="left" box="[1153,1162,1466,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
, and the overall position and orientation of external series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FB0E5BB8FAA553E7" box="[1199,1301,1487,1512]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FB725BAEFB6C53E7" attach="right" box="[1235,1244,1497,1512]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">1</subScript>
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D725F520FAAD5BAEFAA553E7" attach="left" box="[1292,1301,1497,1512]" fontSize="6" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">2</subScript>
</emphasis>
. See discussion under subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FB905B99FB56500A" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1940" box="[1073,1254,1518,1541]" class="Arachnida" family="Superstitioniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Superstitioniinae">Superstitioniinae</taxonomicName>
for more details on the previous taxonomic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D725F520FB7B587BFAF6502C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[1242,1350,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="105" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D725F520FB7B587BFAF6502C" box="[1242,1350,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="102">Belisarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<heading id="D0D481AFD72EF52BFC9F58D1FB7850B2" box="[830,1224,1702,1725]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="98" pageNumber="95" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72EF52BFC9F58D1FB7850B2" bold="true" box="[830,1224,1702,1725]" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72EF52BFC1B58D1FB7850B2" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[954,1224,1702,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="98" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chactinae">
Chactinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72EF52BFB9558D1FB7850B2" author="Pocock" box="[1076,1224,1702,1725]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="98" pageNumber="95" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72EF52BFCCF58B3FAC8517B" pageId="98" pageNumber="95" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72EF52BFCCF58B3FB4A50D4" blockId="98.[830,1441,1702,1908]" box="[878,1274,1732,1755]" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">
<typeStatus id="54988861D72EF52BFCCF58B3FC1350D4" box="[878,931,1732,1755]" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72EF52BFC5E58B3FB4650D4" ID-CoL="3LFM" authority="Gervais, 1844" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[1023,1270,1732,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="98" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72EF52BFC5E58B3FBE650D4" box="[1023,1110,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">Chactas</emphasis>
Gervais, 1844
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72EF52BFCCF5894FAC8517B" blockId="98.[830,1441,1702,1908]" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72EF52BFCCF5894FBB050F5" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">Composition.</emphasis>
This subfamily includes two tribes:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72EF52BFC9F5976FC295117" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[830,921,1793,1816]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="98" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">Chactini</taxonomicName>
(Central and South America; three genera) and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72EF52BFC9F5957FC655138" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[830,981,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="98" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nullibrotheini">Nullibrotheini</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72EF52BFC4F5957FBF45138" box="[1006,1092,1824,1847]" name="Mexico" pageId="98" pageNumber="95">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, one genus). This taxonomic arrangement of four chactid genera, as opposed to subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72EF52BFC2A592AFBB3517B" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[907,1027,1885,1908]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="98" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">Brotheinae</taxonomicName>
, is proposed here for the first time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFF515EB0FEA35420" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515EB0FD7056F2" blockId="99.[192,802,199,835]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515EB0FEC556D1" bold="true" box="[240,373,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72FF52AFDFD5EB0FD0356D1" box="[604,691,199,222]" name="Mexico" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Mexico</collectingCountry>
), Central America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72FF52AFE8B5E91FE3356F2" box="[298,387,230,253]" name="Panama" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72FF52AFE2C5E91FDB656F2" box="[397,518,230,253]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
), South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515F73FEA35420" blockId="99.[192,802,199,835]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515F73FE585714" bold="true" box="[240,488,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE585F73FDE35714" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[505,595,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">Chactini</taxonomicName>
are found only in the tropical Central and South America (
<tableCitation id="C6A10378D72FF52AFDD05F54FD625735" box="[625,722,291,314]" captionStart="Table 10" captionStartId="100.[192,257,705,728]" captionText="Table 10: Distribution of chactid subfamilies Chactinae and Brotheinae in Central and South America. Data based primarily on species listed in Sissom (2000a), with addition of new data (González-Sponga, 1993, 1996a, 1997; Kovařík, 1999; Lourenço, 1999d; Lourenço &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, 2000; Lourenço &amp; Dastych, 2001; Monod &amp; Lourenço, 2001; Pinto-da-Rocha et al., 2002; Vignoli &amp; Kovařík, 2003). Entries denote the number of species for each genus. Note the dominant distribution of Chactinae in northwestern to central areas and Brotheinae in north-central to eastern areas, both overlapping and concentrating in Venezuela (shaded area), which accounts for over fifty percent of the species. This concentration, however, could be an artifact due to the detailed research of M. A. González-Sponga (1996a, etc.) in Venezuela for many decades." pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Table 10</tableCitation>
), while the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE855F35FE0B5756" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[292,443,322,345]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nullibrotheini">Nullibrotheini</taxonomicName>
includes a monotypic desert genus. It is unlikely that
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE185F17FDE05778" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[441,592,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nullibrotheini">Nullibrotheini</taxonomicName>
has a recent South American origin, and therefore it could be a relict of much earlier (Pangean?) distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFDD85FE9FD5757BA" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[633,743,414,437]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chactinae">Chactinae</taxonomicName>
. Disjunct distribution of some South American genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFF615FACFEAB57FD" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[192,283,475,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">Chactini</taxonomicName>
can be attributed to the recent (Pleistocene) fluctuations of tropical rainforest (Lourenço, 1988, 1994, 1996b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515C40FE7A554C" blockId="99.[192,802,199,835]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515C40FEEE5441" bold="true" box="[240,350,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Chelal trichobothria
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF615C21FF515462" box="[192,225,598,621]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Db</emphasis>
basal,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE945C21FEE05462" box="[309,336,598,621]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Dt</emphasis>
situated at palm midpoint; patellar trichobothria series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFECD5C03FE795482" box="[364,457,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
em
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFE2A5C09FE245482" attach="left" box="[395,404,638,653]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">1</subScript>
em
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFE615C09FE795482" attach="left" box="[448,457,638,653]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">2</subScript>
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and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFDA45C03FD825482" box="[517,562,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFD885C09FD825482" attach="left" box="[553,562,638,653]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
proximal of segment midpoint; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE765CE4FDB354A5" box="[471,515,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
present on patellar ventral surface; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE665CC5FE4354C6" box="[455,499,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
present on patellar external surface. Important Symplesiomorphies. Hemispermatophore truncal flexure absent; hemispermatophore lamina terminus tenuous, thin, highly tapered; stigma shape small and circular.
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<heading id="D0D481AFD72FF52AFF61583DFD60506E" box="[192,720,1610,1633]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF61583DFD60506E" bold="true" box="[192,720,1610,1633]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFEA7583DFDE9506E" authority="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[262,601,1610,1633]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" status="new tribe" tribe="Nullibrotheini">Nullibrotheini Soleglad &amp; Fet</taxonomicName>
,
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<typeStatus id="54988861D72FF52AFF51581FFE955070" box="[240,293,1640,1663]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE20581FFD725070" ID-CoL="63GBL" authority="Williams, 1974" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[385,706,1640,1663]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE20581FFDA45070" box="[385,532,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFDBB581FFD725070" author="Williams" box="[538,706,1640,1663]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref98775" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1974. A new genus of North American scorpions with a key to the North American genera of Vaejovidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 40 (1): 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Williams, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF5158F0FC9250B2" blockId="99.[192,802,1610,1908]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF5158F0FE325091" bold="true" box="[240,386,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Composition.</emphasis>
This new monotypic tribe is described here. It includes a single monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFD2958D1FCAB50B2" ID-CoL="63GBL" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[648,795,1702,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFD2958D1FCAB50B2" box="[648,795,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFF5158B3FAEF57FD" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF5158B3FD4B50D4" blockId="99.[192,802,1610,1908]" box="[240,763,1732,1755]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF5158B3FEC550D4" bold="true" box="[240,373,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72FF52AFE2258B3FE6450D4" box="[387,468,1732,1755]" name="Mexico" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(southern
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFDE758B3FD5F50D4" box="[582,751,1732,1755]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Baja California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515894FC92517B" blockId="99.[192,802,1610,1908]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515894FE7650F5" bold="true" box="[240,454,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The single known species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE935976FE755117" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[306,453,1793,1816]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE935976FE755117" box="[306,453,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been originally assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFF615957FE9B5138" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[192,299,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
as “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFECE5957FE725138" box="[367,450,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Broteas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFECE5957FE725138" box="[367,450,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Broteas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” or
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFDA75957FD105138" box="[518,672,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Broteochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFDA75957FD105138" box="[518,672,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Broteochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by earlier authors.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFEBE5948FE7B5159" author="Williams" box="[287,459,1855,1878]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref98775" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1974. A new genus of North American scorpions with a key to the North American genera of Vaejovidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 40 (1): 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Williams (1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFE785948FDA25159" author="Williams" box="[473,530,1855,1878]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref98822" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1980. Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico and adjacent islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 135: 1 - 127." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
), who described this genus, placed it in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE2A592AFDB8517B" box="[395,520,1885,1908]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFDB8592AFD62517B" author="Stockwell" box="[537,722,1885,1908]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFD42592AFCAA517B" author="Stockwell" box="[739,794,1885,1908]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFC9F5EB0FC5756F2" blockId="99.[830,1441,199,1786]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
transferred
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC1B5EB0FBFD56D1" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[954,1101,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC1B5EB0FBFD56D1" box="[954,1101,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
back to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFB0F5EB0FAAC56D1" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1198,1308,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFAF25EB0FC3B56F2" author="Sissom" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom (2000a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFC375E91FC6C56F2" author="Sissom" box="[918,988,230,253]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">2000c</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFCCF5F73FAEF57FD" blockId="99.[830,1441,199,1786]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFCCF5F73FBDA5714" bold="true" box="[878,1130,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFBDE5F73FA9A5714" box="[1151,1322,260,283]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Baja California</collectingRegion>
Peninsula separated from the Mexican mainland ca. 5.5 Ma ago. The
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFCD55F35FC4A5756" box="[884,1018,322,345]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Cape region</collectingRegion>
of
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFB895F35FAB55756" box="[1064,1285,322,345]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
, where genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC9F5F17FC615778" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[830,977,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC9F5F17FC615778" box="[830,977,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFBE15F17FB5A5778" author="Williams" box="[1088,1258,352,375]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref98775" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1974. A new genus of North American scorpions with a key to the North American genera of Vaejovidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 40 (1): 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Williams, 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFB545F17FA9E5778" author="Williams" box="[1269,1326,352,375]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref98822" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1980. Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico and adjacent islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 135: 1 - 127." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
), has been isolated in Pliocene, which led to formation of cryptic species (Grismer, 2000;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFBEB5FE9FAA857BA" author="Riddle" box="[1098,1304,414,437]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Riddle" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="14438 - 14443" refId="ref96082" refString="RIDDLE, B. R, D. J. HAFNER, L. F. ALEXANDER &amp; J. R. JAEGER. 2000. Cryptic vicariance in the historical assembly of a Baja California Peninsular Desert biota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97 (26): 14438 - 14443." type="journal article" year="2000">Riddle et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Gantenbein et al., 2001a). Such an isolation could facilitate the survival of a relict lineage which led to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFB675FACFAE957FD" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[1222,1369,475,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFB675FACFAE957FD" box="[1222,1369,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFCCF5F8DFBF6556D" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFCCF5F8DFBF6556D" blockId="99.[830,1441,199,1786]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFCCF5F8DFC6C541E" bold="true" box="[878,988,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Patella external
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFA235F8DFA10541E" box="[1410,1440,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">est</emphasis>
series with additional accessory trichobothrium; patella ventral surface with additional accessory trichobothrium; ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger with dentition; lateral carinae of metasomal segment IV present; chelal
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC9F5CE4FCEC54A5" box="[830,860,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">V1</emphasis>
carina distal termination curves towards the internal finger condyle. Important Symplesiomorphies. Chelal trichobothria
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC745CA7FC4654E8" box="[981,1014,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Db</emphasis>
basal,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFBEF5CA7FBD954E8" box="[1102,1129,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Dt</emphasis>
situated at palm midpoint; patellar trichobothria series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFBD25C98FB605507" box="[1139,1232,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
em
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFB335C8EFB2B5507" attach="left" box="[1170,1179,761,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">1</subScript>
em
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFB665C8EFB605507" attach="left" box="[1223,1232,761,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">2</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFAAB5C98FA865507" box="[1290,1334,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFA8C5C8EFA865507" attach="left" box="[1325,1334,761,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
proximal of segment midpoint; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFB515D79FAAC552A" box="[1264,1308,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
present on patellar ventral surface; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFB565D5BFA93554C" box="[1271,1315,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
present on patellar external surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFCCF5D1DFABE50F5" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFCCF5D1DFABE50F5" blockId="99.[830,1441,199,1786]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFCCF5D1DFC56558E" bold="true" box="[878,998,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Discussion</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC565D1DFB3A558E" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[1015,1162,874,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC565D1DFB3A558E" box="[1015,1162,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a close affinity to its sister tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC415DFFFB8E5590" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[992,1086,904,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">Chactini</taxonomicName>
. In particular, the unique major fixed neobothriotaxic patterns for the pedipalp patella exhibited in both,
<typeStatus id="54988861D72FF52AFBBF5DB1FBFC55D2" box="[1054,1100,966,989]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFBFC5DB1FB3955D2" box="[1117,1161,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
, are quite distinct. All patellar external series match in position and pattern, though in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC115A74FBF35215" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="1974" box="[944,1091,1027,1050]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC115A74FBF35215" box="[944,1091,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Nullibrotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we see an additional accessory trichobothrium in the
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFB975A55FBE45236" box="[1078,1108,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">est</emphasis>
series (
<figureCitation id="13182A46D72FF52AFB0E5A55FAB35236" box="[1199,1283,1058,1081]" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="50.[960,1036,1227,1250]" captionTargetBox="[205,1441,162,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-11@50.[205,1438,162,1441]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 86: Trichobothrial pattern of Nulli- brotheas allenii (Chactidae: Chactinae: Nulli- brotheini). Chela (left to right): external, ventral and internal views. Patella (left to right): external and ventral views. Solid lines connect Type C trichobothrial series. Open circles depict ortho- bothriotaxy; closed circles depict hypothesized accessory trichobothria." pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
). The patellar ventral series also exhibits an additional accessory trichobothrium (six total trichobothria in the ventral series in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC025A09FB8A529A" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[931,1082,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nullibrotheini">Nullibrotheini</taxonomicName>
and five in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFB675A09FA95529A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1222,1317,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">Chactini</taxonomicName>
). Only one species is defined in this genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFB025AEBFAB852BC" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1187,1288,1180,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Nullibrotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="allenii">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFB025AEBFAB852BC" box="[1187,1288,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">N. allenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but its range in
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFCFA5ACCFB9B52DD" box="[859,1067,1211,1234]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
is quite extensive, extending from Mulege in central Baja to
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFBC55AADFB2C52FE" box="[1124,1180,1242,1265]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Cabo</collectingRegion>
San Lucas at the
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFAC85AADFA1052FE" box="[1385,1440,1242,1265]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Cape</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFCE75A8FFC415300" author="Williams" box="[838,1009,1272,1295]" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref98775" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1974. A new genus of North American scorpions with a key to the North American genera of Vaejovidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 40 (1): 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Williams, 1974</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="13182A46D72FF52AFC5D5A8FFB8D5300" box="[1020,1085,1272,1295]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="17.[192,268,1776,1799]" captionTargetBox="[242,1377,174,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-117@17.[242,1383,174,1745]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 5: Diagrammatic cross-section of metasomal segments I, IV and V of “non-primitive” Recent scorpions, parvorder Iurida. Of particular interest, note lateral (L) carinae present on segment IV for genus Hadrurus; single ventral median carina (VM) on segments I and IV for genera Urodacus, Euscorpius and Vejovoidus; and the close proximity of ventral median (VM) carinae in genus Smeringurus. Note, although individual segment diagrams are to scale, they are not necessarily to scale between or within a species. Numbers inside diagrams refer to number of primary carinae present, and therefore exclude VMS carinae; obs. = obsolete, see Fig. 4 for definition of other terms." pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Within this geographical range considerable overall size differences are exhibited, populations in the
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D72FF52AFBB35B41FBD15342" box="[1042,1121,1334,1357]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">La Paz</collectingRegion>
area reach sizes of
<quantity id="4CDB9B26D72FF52AFAEB5B41FA2D5342" box="[1354,1437,1334,1357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
. whereas adults in most other areas range from
<quantity id="4CDB9B26D72FF52AFAFC5B23FCDB5385" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="30.0">3045 mm</quantity>
. In addition, color populations are present over this distributional range. These observations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFA975BE5FCC553C8" author="Williams" firstAuthor="Williams" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref98775" refString="WILLIAMS, S. C. 1974. A new genus of North American scorpions with a key to the North American genera of Vaejovidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 40 (1): 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Williams, 1974</bibRefCitation>
) are based on the examination of over
<specimenCount id="9D25FD4AD72FF52AFAD95BC7FC0153E9" count="280" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="generic">280 specimens</specimenCount>
. Williams decided this variability best be attributed to a single variable species. In support of this conclusion, based on the limited number of specimens examined by us, we detect no variability in the number of accessory trichobothria, showing consistency to the fixed neobothriotaxic pattern exhibited in this chactid subfamily. In scorpion groups that exhibit variability in neobothriotaxy, this variability can be useful in determining phylogenetic relationships within the group (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFCDA5894FC4350F5" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[891,1011,1763,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" genus="Euscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFCDA5894FC4350F5" box="[891,1011,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Euscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFBA05894FB3950F5" box="[1025,1161,1763,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFBA05894FB3950F5" box="[1025,1161,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFB375894FB4E50F5" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1174,1278,1763,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Hadruridae" genus="Hadrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFB375894FB4E50F5" box="[1174,1278,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Hadrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
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View file

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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF615D1DFDB3558E" blockId="99.[192,802,874,1571]" box="[192,515,874,897]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<heading id="D0D481AFD72FF52AFF615D1DFDB3558E" box="[192,515,874,897]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF615D1DFDB3558E" bold="true" box="[192,515,874,897]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFEA75D1DFDB3558E" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[262,515,874,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">
Chactini
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFECE5D1DFDB3558E" author="Pocock" box="[367,515,874,897]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFF515DFFFE9155F4" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515DFFFDCB5590" blockId="99.[192,802,874,1571]" box="[240,635,904,927]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<typeStatus id="54988861D72FF52AFF515DFFFE955590" box="[240,293,904,927]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE205DFFFDC85590" ID-CoL="3LFM" authority="Gervais, 1844" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[385,632,904,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE205DFFFE685590" box="[385,472,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Chactas</emphasis>
Gervais, 1844
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515DD0FE9155F4" blockId="99.[192,802,874,1571]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515DD0FE3255B1" bold="true" box="[240,386,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Composition.</emphasis>
The tribe is established here. It includes three genera (
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE0D5DB1FEA255F4" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE0D5DB1FDB655D2" ID-CoL="3LFM" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[428,518,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chactas</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFDB75DB1FD1255D2" ID-CoL="646VC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1878" box="[534,674,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Teuthraustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Teuthraustes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFD125DB1FEA255F4" ID-CoL="85LT" authorityName="Gonzalez-Sponga" authorityYear="1978" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Vachoniochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vachoniochactas</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFF515A74FD3252DD" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515A74FD1D5215" blockId="99.[192,802,874,1571]" box="[240,685,1027,1050]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515A74FEC55215" bold="true" box="[240,373,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Distribution</emphasis>
. Central and South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515A55FDDC5258" blockId="99.[192,802,874,1571]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515A55FE785236" bold="true" box="[240,456,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFE7C5A55FD3C5236" author="Sissom" box="[477,652,1058,1081]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom (2000a)</bibRefCitation>
retained the division of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE9B5A37FE225258" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[314,402,1088,1111]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE9B5A37FE225258" box="[314,402,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Chactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into five subgenera.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515A28FE575279" bold="true" box="[240,487,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFE575A28FDE05279" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[502,592,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chactini">Chactini</taxonomicName>
mainly inhabit the tropical South America, where they exhibit a high diversity (
<tableCitation id="C6A10378D72FF52AFF545AEBFEE852BC" box="[245,344,1180,1203]" captionStart="Table 10" captionStartId="100.[192,257,705,728]" captionText="Table 10: Distribution of chactid subfamilies Chactinae and Brotheinae in Central and South America. Data based primarily on species listed in Sissom (2000a), with addition of new data (González-Sponga, 1993, 1996a, 1997; Kovařík, 1999; Lourenço, 1999d; Lourenço &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, 2000; Lourenço &amp; Dastych, 2001; Monod &amp; Lourenço, 2001; Pinto-da-Rocha et al., 2002; Vignoli &amp; Kovařík, 2003). Entries denote the number of species for each genus. Note the dominant distribution of Chactinae in northwestern to central areas and Brotheinae in north-central to eastern areas, both overlapping and concentrating in Venezuela (shaded area), which accounts for over fifty percent of the species. This concentration, however, could be an artifact due to the detailed research of M. A. González-Sponga (1996a, etc.) in Venezuela for many decades." pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Table 10</tableCitation>
). A single species,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFD865AEBFD0D52BC" baseAuthorityName="Werner" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[551,701,1180,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exsul">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFD865AEBFD0D52BC" box="[551,701,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Chactas exsul</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is found in Central America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72FF52AFE3B5ACCFE4352DD" box="[410,499,1211,1234]" name="Panama" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D72FF52AFE5F5ACCFDC752DD" box="[510,631,1211,1234]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFF515AADFE78502C" blockId="99.[192,802,874,1571]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFF515AADFEEE52FE" bold="true" box="[240,350,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Chelal finger outer denticles (OD) removed outward from the MD row; chelal finger median denticle (MD) row divided into 79 groups; pectinal middle lamellae composed of a single plate or two, semi-fused with anterior lamellae, fulcra quite reduced. Important Symplesiomorphies. Chelal trichobothria
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFEF65BE5FEC853A6" box="[343,376,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Db</emphasis>
basal,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE6E5BE5FE5A53A6" box="[463,490,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Dt</emphasis>
situated at palm midpoint; patellar trichobothria series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFE555BC7FDE253C6" box="[500,594,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
em
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em
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and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFD2A5BC7FD0853C6" box="[651,696,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D72FF52AFD0E5BCDFD0853C6" attach="left" box="[687,696,1466,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
proximal of segment midpoint; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFDD05BB8FD2D53E9" box="[625,669,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
present on patellar ventral surface; neobothriotaxy
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFDD85B99FD15500A" box="[633,677,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Ch1</emphasis>
present on patellar external surface.
</paragraph>
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<mods:identifier id="784C11F9F8544A746B279B9A99BE27EB" type="DOI">10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7F7160F59C510D357C4E14D1328511B0" type="ISSN">1536-9307</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038A87D5D72FF52DFC9F5955FA8E522B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12785205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12785205" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87D5D72FF52DFC9F5955FA8E522B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87D5D72FF52DFC9F5955FA8E522B" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52AFC9F5955FAF35136" box="[830,1347,1826,1849]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFC9F5955FAF35136" blockId="99.[830,1347,1826,1910]" box="[830,1347,1826,1849]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<heading id="D0D481AFD72FF52AFC9F5955FAF35136" box="[830,1347,1826,1849]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC9F5955FAF35136" bold="true" box="[830,1347,1826,1849]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC1B5955FB7C5136" authority="Simon, 1879" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[954,1228,1826,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">
Brotheinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D72FF52AFB9E5955FB7C5136" author="Simon" box="[1087,1228,1826,1849]" firstAuthor="Simon" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" pagination="79 - 115" refId="ref96627" refString="SIMON, E. 1879. 3 e Ordre. - Scorpiones. Pp. 79 - 115 in: Les Arachnides de France. VII. Contenant les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Paris: Roret." type="book chapter" year="1879">Simon, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, new rank
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D72FF52DFCCF5937FE2D522B" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="97" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D72FF52AFCCF5937FC565179" blockId="99.[830,1347,1826,1910]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">
<typeStatus id="54988861D72FF52AFCCF5937FC135158" box="[878,931,1856,1879]" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D72FF52AFC5E5937FA925158" ID-CoL="3DDD" authority="C. L. Koch, 1837" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1023,1314,1856,1879]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Brotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="99" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFC5E5937FBEF5158" box="[1023,1119,1856,1879]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Brotheas</emphasis>
C. L. Koch, 1837
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D72FF52AFCCF5928FC6F5179" bold="true" box="[878,991,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="96">Synonyms</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFEC25E85FAEE549F" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<table id="F923C463D7280AB6FF645E85FA31549F" box="[197,1409,242,656]" gridcols="10" gridrows="10" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645E85FA315711" box="[197,1409,242,286]" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645E85FE795711" box="[197,457,242,286]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFEC25E85FE795711" bold="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Panama &amp; Costa Rica</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525E85FDE05711" box="[499,592,242,286]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFE525E85FDE05709" bold="true" box="[499,592,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Columbia</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FDCA5E85FD0C5711" box="[619,700,242,286]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFDCA5E85FD0C5709" bold="true" box="[619,700,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Ecuador</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FD765E85FCB45711" box="[727,772,242,286]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFD765E85FCB45709" bold="true" box="[727,772,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Peru</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5E85FCCF5711" box="[799,895,242,286]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFCBE5E85FCCF5709" bold="true" box="[799,895,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Venezuela</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365E85FC605711" box="[919,976,242,286]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFC365E85FC605709" bold="true" box="[919,976,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Brazil</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC4A5E85FB865711" box="[1003,1078,242,286]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFC4A5E85FB865709" bold="true" box="[1003,1078,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Guyana</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FBEA5E85FB165711" box="[1099,1190,242,286]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFBEA5E85FB165709" bold="true" box="[1099,1190,242,262]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Suriname</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FB625E85FAB95711" box="[1219,1289,242,286]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFB625E85FAB95711" bold="true" box="[1219,1289,242,286]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">French Guiana</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FA825E85FA315711" box="[1315,1409,242,286]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFA825E85FA315711" bold="true" box="[1315,1409,242,286]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Trinidad &amp; Tobago</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645F5EFA315749" box="[197,1409,297,326]" gridrow="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645F5EFE795749" box="[197,457,297,326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645F5EFEA35731" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[197,275,297,318]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Chactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645F5EFEA35731" bold="true" box="[197,275,297,318]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Chactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525F5EFDE05749" box="[499,592,297,326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">11</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FDCA5F5EFD0C5749" box="[619,700,297,326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">3</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5F5EFCCF5749" box="[799,895,297,326]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">14</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FA825F5EFA315749" box="[1315,1409,297,326]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645F25FA315766" box="[197,1409,338,361]" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645F25FE795766" box="[197,457,338,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645F25FEF45768" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1878" box="[197,324,338,359]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Teuthraustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645F25FEF45768" bold="true" box="[197,324,338,359]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Teuthraustes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525F25FDE05766" box="[499,592,338,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FDCA5F25FD0C5766" box="[619,700,338,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">11</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FD765F25FCB45766" box="[727,772,338,361]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5F25FCCF5766" box="[799,895,338,361]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">6</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365F25FC605766" box="[919,976,338,361]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645F0AFA31579B" box="[197,1409,381,404]" gridrow="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645F0AFE79579B" box="[197,457,381,404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645F0AFEDC579D" authorityName="Gonzalez-Sponga" authorityYear="1978" box="[197,364,381,402]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Vachoniochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645F0AFEDC579D" bold="true" box="[197,364,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Vachoniochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5F0AFCCF579B" box="[799,895,381,404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365F0AFC60579B" box="[919,976,381,404]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645FDEFA3157CF" box="[197,1409,425,448]" gridrow="4" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645FDEFE7957CF" box="[197,457,425,448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645FDEFEE057B1" box="[197,336,425,446]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Broteochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645FDEFEE057B1" bold="true" box="[197,336,425,446]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Broteochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5FDEFCCF57CF" box="[799,895,425,448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">8</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365FDEFC6057CF" box="[919,976,425,448]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FB625FDEFAB957CF" box="[1219,1289,425,448]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FA825FDEFA3157CF" box="[1315,1409,425,448]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645FA5FA3157E6" box="[197,1409,466,489]" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645FA5FE7957E6" box="[197,457,466,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645FA5FEAD57E8" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[197,285,466,487]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Brotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645FA5FEAD57E8" bold="true" box="[197,285,466,487]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Brotheas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525FA5FDE057E6" box="[499,592,466,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5FA5FCCF57E6" box="[799,895,466,489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">14</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365FA5FC6057E6" box="[919,976,466,489]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">7</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC4A5FA5FB8657E6" box="[1003,1078,466,489]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FBEA5FA5FB1657E6" box="[1099,1190,466,489]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FB625FA5FAB957E6" box="[1219,1289,466,489]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645F8AFA31541B" box="[197,1409,509,532]" gridrow="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645F8AFE79541B" box="[197,457,509,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645F8AFED3541D" authorityName="Gonzalez-Sponga" authorityYear="1978" box="[197,355,509,530]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Hadrurochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645F8AFED3541D" bold="true" box="[197,355,509,530]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Hadrurochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5F8AFCCF541B" box="[799,895,509,532]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">3</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365F8AFC60541B" box="[919,976,509,532]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">3</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FB625F8AFAB9541B" box="[1219,1289,509,532]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645C50FA315430" box="[197,1409,551,575]" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645C50FE795430" box="[197,457,551,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645C50FE855433" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[197,309,551,572]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Neochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645C50FE855433" bold="true" box="[197,309,551,572]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Neochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525C50FDE05430" box="[499,592,551,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5C50FCCF5430" box="[799,895,551,575]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">27</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365C50FC605430" box="[919,976,551,575]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">4</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC4A5C50FB865430" box="[1003,1078,551,575]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FB625C50FAB95430" box="[1219,1289,551,575]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">5</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FA825C50FA315430" box="[1315,1409,551,575]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645C24FA315464" box="[197,1409,595,619]" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645C24FE795464" box="[197,457,595,619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645C24FE9D5467" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[197,301,595,616]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chactinae">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645C24FE9D5467" bold="true" box="[197,301,595,616]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Chactinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525C24FDE05464" box="[499,592,595,619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">12</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FDCA5C24FD0C5464" box="[619,700,595,619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">14</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FD765C24FCB45464" box="[727,772,595,619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5C24FCCF5464" box="[799,895,595,619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">22</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365C24FC605464" box="[919,976,595,619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FA825C24FA315464" box="[1315,1409,595,619]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35133481D7280AB6FF645C0EFA31549F" box="[197,1409,633,656]" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FF645C0EFE79549F" box="[197,457,633,656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF645C0EFE865481" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[197,310,633,654]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF645C0EFE865481" bold="true" box="[197,310,633,654]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Brotheinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FE525C0EFDE0549F" box="[499,592,633,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">3</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FCBE5C0EFCCF549F" box="[799,895,633,656]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">52</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC365C0EFC60549F" box="[919,976,633,656]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">16</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FC4A5C0EFB86549F" box="[1003,1078,633,656]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">3</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FBEA5C0EFB16549F" box="[1099,1190,633,656]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FB625C0EFAB9549F" box="[1219,1289,633,656]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">9</td>
<td id="76C25DFDD7280AB6FA825C0EFA31549F" box="[1315,1409,633,656]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C664BD728F52DFF615CB6FB945562" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" startId="100.[192,257,705,728]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF615CB6FB945562" blockId="100.[192,1441,705,877]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF615CB6FE9C54D7" bold="true" box="[192,300,705,728]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Table 10:</emphasis>
Distribution of chactid subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFD285CB4FD5954D7" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[649,745,707,728]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chactinae">Chactinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFCB85CB4FC3254D7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[793,898,707,728]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">Brotheinae</taxonomicName>
in Central and South America. Data based primarily on species listed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D728F52DFEC75CABFDB154FE" author="Sissom" box="[358,513,732,753]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom (2000a)</bibRefCitation>
, with addition of new data (González-Sponga, 1993, 1996a, 1997; Kovařík, 1999; Lourenço, 1999d; Lourenço &amp; Pinto-da-Rocha, 2000; Lourenço &amp; Dastych, 2001; Monod &amp; Lourenço, 2001; Pinto-da-Rocha et al., 2002; Vignoli &amp; Kovařík, 2003). Entries denote the
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFD225D79FD7C552C" box="[643,716,782,803]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">number</emphasis>
of species for each genus. Note the dominant distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFA875D79FA36552C" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1318,1414,782,803]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="198" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chactinae">Chactinae</taxonomicName>
in northwestern to central areas and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFDAD5D51FDC55534" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[524,629,806,827]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">Brotheinae</taxonomicName>
in north-central to eastern areas, both overlapping and concentrating in Venezuela (shaded area), which accounts for over fifty percent of the species. This concentration, however, could be an artifact due to the detailed research of M. A. González-Sponga (1996a, etc.) in Venezuela for many decades.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF515DE5FEEF55C7" blockId="100.[192,802,914,1921]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF515DE5FEDF55A6" box="[240,367,914,937]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belisariinae">Belisariinae</taxonomicName>
Lourenço, 1998,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFD905DE5FD6B55A6" bold="true" box="[561,731,914,937]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457AAD728F52DFD905DE5FD6B55A6" box="[561,731,914,937]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">new synonymy</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(valid as tribe name).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF515DA7FE2D522B" blockId="100.[192,802,914,1921]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF515DA7FE3255E8" bold="true" box="[240,386,976,999]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Composition.</emphasis>
This subfamily is established here. It includes two tribes,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFE0E5D99FDA4520A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[431,532,1006,1029]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brotheini">Brotheini</taxonomicName>
(four genera) and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFD5A5D99FEA2522B" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1998" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Belisariini">Belisariini</taxonomicName>
(one genus).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D728F52DFF515A5BFEB5512C" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF515A5BFD36524C" blockId="100.[192,802,914,1921]" box="[240,646,1068,1091]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF515A5BFEC5524C" bold="true" box="[240,373,1068,1091]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe, South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF515A3DFDB153DE" blockId="100.[192,802,914,1921]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF515A3DFE70526E" bold="true" box="[240,448,1098,1121]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The name Brotheidae, based on the
<typeStatus id="54988861D728F52DFF485A1EFEA7528F" box="[233,279,1129,1152]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFEC65A1EFD39528F" authority="C. L. Koch, 1837" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[359,649,1129,1152]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Brotheas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFEC65A1EFE77528F" box="[359,455,1129,1152]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Brotheas</emphasis>
C.L. Koch, 1837
</taxonomicName>
, is here taken out of synonymy (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D728F52DFE375AFFFDCA5290" author="Sissom" box="[406,634,1160,1183]" firstAuthor="Sissom" page="288" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Sissom, 2000a: 288</bibRefCitation>
). It was never used as a valid family-group name since suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D728F52DFF615AB2FECF52D3" author="Simon" box="[192,383,1221,1244]" firstAuthor="Simon" page="92" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" pagination="79 - 115" refId="ref96627" refString="SIMON, E. 1879. 3 e Ordre. - Scorpiones. Pp. 79 - 115 in: Les Arachnides de France. VII. Contenant les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Paris: Roret." type="book chapter" year="1879">Simon (1879: 92)</bibRefCitation>
as a family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFDA65AB2FDDF52D3" box="[519,623,1221,1244]" family="Broteidae" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" rank="family">Broteidae</taxonomicName>
(incorrect original spelling), but remained an available synonym. Its establishment as a subfamily does not enable priority of Brotheidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D728F52DFEE05B56FE7E5337" author="Simon" box="[321,462,1313,1336]" firstAuthor="Simon" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" pagination="79 - 115" refId="ref96627" refString="SIMON, E. 1879. 3 e Ordre. - Scorpiones. Pp. 79 - 115 in: Les Arachnides de France. VII. Contenant les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Paris: Roret." type="book chapter" year="1879">Simon, 1879</bibRefCitation>
over
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFDB45B56FC915337" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[533,801,1313,1336]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Chactidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D728F52DFD2A5B56FC915337" author="Pocock" box="[651,801,1313,1336]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF535B37FDBE5358" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[242,526,1344,1367]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chactoidea">
Chactoidea
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D728F52DFED55B37FDBE5358" author="Pocock" box="[372,526,1344,1367]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; this situation is specifically addressed by the Article 35 of the Code (ICZN, 1999): “After 1999, if a family group name is older than a prevailing name for a higher family group rank, it does not displace the junior name”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF515BAEFEB5512C" blockId="100.[192,802,914,1921]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF515BAEFE5953FF" bold="true" box="[240,489,1497,1520]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Disjunct range of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFD685BAEFF555000" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brotheinae">Brotheinae</taxonomicName>
is a remarkable relict feature, paralleled in scorpions at the subfamily level only in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFDB55861FD115022" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[532,673,1558,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFD7D5861FE955043" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocentrinae">Diplocentrinae</taxonomicName>
. Both the European
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFD945842FD145043" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="1998" box="[565,676,1589,1612]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Belisariini">Belisariini</taxonomicName>
(a single monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFE2B5823FE465064" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[394,502,1620,1643]" class="Arachnida" family="Belisariidae" genus="Belisarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFE2B5823FE465064" box="[394,502,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Belisarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the South American
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFF615805FE955086" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[192,293,1650,1673]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brotheini">Brotheini</taxonomicName>
could be relicts of much earlier (Pangean?) distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFEC458E6FE6350A7" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[357,467,1681,1704]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
. Disjunct distribution of some South American genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D728F52DFE4558C7FDF950C8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[484,585,1712,1735]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="100" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brotheini">Brotheini</taxonomicName>
can be attributed to the recent (Pleistocene) fluctuations of tropical rainforest (Lourenço, 1988, 1994, 1996b; Monod &amp; Lourenço, 2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D728F52DFF51595DFA8E522B" pageId="100" pageNumber="97" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D728F52DFF51595DFA8E522B" blockId="100.[192,802,914,1921]" lastBlockId="100.[830,1440,914,1060]" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFF51595DFEEE514E" bold="true" box="[240,350,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Patellar trichobothria distance between
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFE2D593EFE08516D" box="[396,440,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D728F52DFE0E5924FE08516D" attach="left" box="[431,440,1875,1890]" fontSize="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFE5B593EFD96516D" box="[506,550,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
esb
<subScript id="17A73486D728F52DFDBC5924FD96516D" attach="left" box="[541,550,1875,1890]" fontSize="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
</emphasis>
is much greater than distance between
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFE2B591FFE02518E" box="[394,434,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
em
<subScript id="17A73486D728F52DFE085905FE02518E" attach="left" box="[425,434,1906,1921]" fontSize="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D728F52DFE53591FFDAA518E" box="[498,538,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">
em
<subScript id="17A73486D728F52DFDB05905FDAA518E" attach="left" box="[529,538,1906,1921]" fontSize="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
</emphasis>
; ventral surface of leg tarsus dominated with setal pair configuration, median row of spinules essentially obsolete. Important Symplesiomorphies. Hemispermatophore truncal flexure absent; hemispermatophore lamina terminus tenuous, thin, highly tapered; stigma shape small and circular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FC9F5DB1FA2D55D2" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" box="[830,1437,966,989]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<heading id="D0D481AFD734F531FC9F5DB1FA2D55D2" box="[830,1437,966,989]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FC9F5DB1FAF255D2" bold="true" box="[830,1346,966,989]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC345DB1FA9855D2" authority="Lourenco, 2003" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2003" box="[917,1320,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeoeuscorpiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palaeoeuscorpiidae Lourenço, 2003</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Extinct.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FCCF5D93FABD5300" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5D93FC235215" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus id="54988861D734F531FCCF5D93FC1355F4" box="[878,931,996,1019]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FBA95D93FA3455F4" authority="Lourenco, 2003" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2003" box="[1032,1412,996,1019]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeoeuscorpiidae" genus="Palaeoeuscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FBA95D93FB7755F4" box="[1032,1223,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Palaeoeuscorpius</emphasis>
Lourenço, 2003
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FA325D93FA1055F4" bold="true" box="[1427,1440,996,1019]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117"></emphasis>
Extinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5A55FB595258" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5A55FBB05236" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Composition.</emphasis>
The family is monotypic, with a single monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FB825A37FB525258" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2003" box="[1059,1250,1088,1111]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeoeuscorpiidae" genus="Palaeoeuscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FB825A37FB525258" box="[1059,1250,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Palaeoeuscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5A28FC4B529A" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5A28FBC85279" bold="true" box="[878,1144,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Geological occurrence</emphasis>
. Cretaceous of Europe (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D734F531FCE75A09FC22529A" box="[838,914,1150,1173]" name="France" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">France</collectingCountry>
) (amber).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5AEBFABD5300" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5AEBFBF252BC" bold="true" box="[878,1090,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The name given by Lourenço (2003) implies some relationship with modern
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FAEC5ACCFC3252FE" ID-CoL="9ZQ" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
, and the family was originally placed in the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC2A5A8FFBB35300" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[907,1027,1272,1295]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FBB35A8FFBFD5300" box="[1042,1101,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">sensu</emphasis>
Lourenço, 2000).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FCCF5B60FBF15342" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5B60FBF15342" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5B60FC6C5321" bold="true" box="[878,988,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Lourenço (2003) for details on the diagnosis of this family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F530FCCF5B23FDAE500A" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F530FCCF5B23FDAE500A" blockId="120.[830,1441,966,1908]" lastBlockId="121.[192,803,199,1541]" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5B23FC565364" bold="true" box="[878,998,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Discussion</emphasis>
. This family indeed has features shared with parvorder
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC4C5B04FB9F5385" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[1005,1071,1395,1418]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" parvOrder="Iurida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="parvOrder">Iurida</taxonomicName>
, in particular the important neobothriotaxy on the ventral aspect of patella. However, we do not find any specific features which would allow including
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC0C5BB8FBCB53E9" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2003" box="[941,1147,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeoeuscorpiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palaeoeuscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
unequivocally in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FAE55BB8FCD6500A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</taxonomicName>
, as did Lourenço (2003). The reported trichobothrial pattern could as well belong to a member of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FA83587BFCD6504D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
. In Lourenços (2003)
<figureCitation id="13182A46D734F531FBFD585CFB72504D" box="[1116,1218,1579,1602]" captionStart-0="Figure 5" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStart-2="Figure 7" captionStart-3="Figures 8-9" captionStartId-0="17.[192,268,1776,1799]" captionStartId-1="18.[192,268,1310,1333]" captionStartId-2="19.[192,268,1135,1158]" captionStartId-3="20.[192,278,950,973]" captionTargetBox-0="[242,1377,174,1745]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,1432,196,1270]" captionTargetBox-2="[195,1433,162,1074]" captionTargetBox-3="[231,1398,154,919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-117@17.[242,1383,174,1745]" captionTargetId-1="figure-371@18.[195,1433,196,1270]" captionTargetId-2="figure-391@19.[194,1438,162,1074]" captionTargetId-3="figure-426@20.[230,1417,143,922]" captionTargetPageId-0="17" captionTargetPageId-1="18" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="20" captionText-0="Figure 5: Diagrammatic cross-section of metasomal segments I, IV and V of “non-primitive” Recent scorpions, parvorder Iurida. Of particular interest, note lateral (L) carinae present on segment IV for genus Hadrurus; single ventral median carina (VM) on segments I and IV for genera Urodacus, Euscorpius and Vejovoidus; and the close proximity of ventral median (VM) carinae in genus Smeringurus. Note, although individual segment diagrams are to scale, they are not necessarily to scale between or within a species. Numbers inside diagrams refer to number of primary carinae present, and therefore exclude VMS carinae; obs. = obsolete, see Fig. 4 for definition of other terms." captionText-1="Figure 6: Metasomal segment IV of a representative set of vaejovid genera. Lateral (left) and dorsal (right) views. Note that the extreme posterior aspect of the dorsal lateral carina is highly developed, exhibiting a “flared terminus“ in all major vaejovid groups, Serradigitus, Pseudouroctonus, and to a more limited degree, in Vejovoidus and Paravaejovis. This condition, however, is absent on Paruroctonus and Smeringurus. Compare these figures with those of the chactids illustrated in Fig. 7." captionText-2="Figure 7: Metasomal segment IV of a representative set of chactid genera. Lateral (left) and dorsal (right) views. Compare the dorsal lateral carina terminus with that illustrated for the vaejovids in Fig. 6." captionText-3="Figures 8-9: Metasomal segment IV, posterior end (left) and lateral (right) views. 8. Vaejovis intrepidus cristimanus. 9. Uroctonus mordax mordax. Note the “flared” terminus of the dorsal lateral carinae that extends considerably above the articulation condyle in V. i. cristimanus; in U. m. mordax, the terminus is not flared coinciding with the articulation condyle. AC = articulation condyle; t = terminus of dorsal lateral carina." pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Figs. 59</figureCitation>
, a partial trichobothrial pattern is shown for the dorsal-external and ventral aspects of the chela (12 trichobothria), and the dorsal and ventral aspects of the patella (29 trichobothria (11 accessory)); trichobothrial pattern of the femur is unknown. In this pattern, major neobothriotaxy is well illustrated on the patellar ventral surface, with 14 trichobothria in view. This is an important observation, since we now know that neobothriotaxy in this species occurred at least 100 Ma ago, derived from the orthobothriotaxy which is presumably
<typeStatus id="54988861D734F531FB27592AFB0D517B" box="[1158,1213,1885,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Type</typeStatus>
C (we known from the five “palaeo-buthids” described by Lourenço &amp; Weitschat, 1996, 2000, 2001, that
<typeStatus id="54988861D735F530FDF15E91FD3756F2" box="[592,647,230,253]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Type</typeStatus>
A existed at least 6555 Ma.). On the chela (from the left pedipalp) we see three ventral trichobothria, presumably
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FD435F54FC925733" box="[738,802,291,316]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
V
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FD525F5AFD4C5733" attach="right" box="[755,764,301,316]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">1</subScript>
V
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FCB85F5AFC925733" attach="left" box="[793,802,301,316]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FF535F35FEA25754" box="[242,274,322,347]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
Et
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FEA85F3BFEA25754" attach="left" box="[265,274,332,347]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
with the ventroexternal carina curving inward, toward the internal condyle. The apparent absence of trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FEC95F08FE315797" box="[360,385,383,408]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
V
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FED95FFEFE315797" attach="left" box="[376,385,393,408]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">4</subScript>
</emphasis>
on the ventral surface is an indication of the euscorpiids, endorsing the conclusion made by Lourenço (i.e., it is located on the external surface). On the dorsal-external aspect we see eight trichobothria, six on the palm and two on the fixed finger. The two trichobothria located on the fixed finger probably belong to the
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FF465C40FE945441" box="[231,292,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">dbdt</emphasis>
series, and may include as well the most dorsal distal trichobothrium seen on the palm. The three more proximal trichobothria presumably are
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FDCA5C03FD3C5484" box="[619,652,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Db</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FD3A5C03FD065484" box="[667,694,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Dt</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FD555C03FCAB5482" box="[756,795,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
Eb
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FCB35C09FCAB5482" attach="left" box="[786,795,638,653]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
, although, as drawn in the figure, the
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FDF35CE4FDC354A5" box="[594,627,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Db</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FD085CE4FD7454A5" box="[681,708,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Dt</emphasis>
are dorsal of the well-defined digital carina. The other two trichobothria found on the palm exterior are probably in the
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FF495C98FE865507" box="[232,310,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
Et
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FF5E5C8EFEB85507" attach="left" box="[255,264,761,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">1</subScript>
Et
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FE8C5C8DFE865507" attach="left" box="[301,310,762,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">5</subScript>
</emphasis>
and/or
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FE265C98FE195509" box="[391,425,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Est</emphasis>
series. Unlike in the chela, there is considerable confusion as to the designations of trichobothria found on the patella, the text of Lourenço and the figures are not consistent. We can see a definite internal trichobothrium (
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FED35D1DFEC9558E" box="[370,377,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">i</emphasis>
),
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FE335D1DFE19558C" box="[402,425,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
d
<subScript id="17A73486D735F530FE015D03FE19558C" attach="right" box="[416,425,884,899]" fontSize="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
, and a second basal dorsal trichobothrium which more likely belongs to the external series.
<figureCitation id="13182A46D735F530FF545DD0FE8555B1" box="[245,309,935,958]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="19.[192,268,1135,1158]" captionTargetBox="[195,1433,162,1074]" captionTargetId="figure-391@19.[194,1438,162,1074]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 7: Metasomal segment IV of a representative set of chactid genera. Lateral (left) and dorsal (right) views. Compare the dorsal lateral carina terminus with that illustrated for the vaejovids in Fig. 6." pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
, which shows the dorsal aspect of the patella, and
<figureCitation id="13182A46D735F530FF535DB1FE8655D2" box="[242,310,966,989]" captionStart="Figures 8-9" captionStartId="20.[192,278,950,973]" captionTargetBox="[231,1398,154,919]" captionTargetId="figure-426@20.[230,1417,143,922]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 8-9: Metasomal segment IV, posterior end (left) and lateral (right) views. 8. Vaejovis intrepidus cristimanus. 9. Uroctonus mordax mordax. Note the “flared” terminus of the dorsal lateral carinae that extends considerably above the articulation condyle in V. i. cristimanus; in U. m. mordax, the terminus is not flared coinciding with the articulation condyle. AC = articulation condyle; t = terminus of dorsal lateral carina." pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
, which shows a somewhat skewed external view, angled internally, are, in part, composite figures. As it turns out (Lourenço, 2003, pers. comm.) only the dorsal and ventral views were visible on the fossil, the external view shown in Lourenços
<figureCitation id="13182A46D735F530FDE35A37FD305258" box="[578,640,1088,1111]" captionStart="Figures 8-9" captionStartId="20.[192,278,950,973]" captionTargetBox="[231,1398,154,919]" captionTargetId="figure-426@20.[230,1417,143,922]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figures 8-9: Metasomal segment IV, posterior end (left) and lateral (right) views. 8. Vaejovis intrepidus cristimanus. 9. Uroctonus mordax mordax. Note the “flared” terminus of the dorsal lateral carinae that extends considerably above the articulation condyle in V. i. cristimanus; in U. m. mordax, the terminus is not flared coinciding with the articulation condyle. AC = articulation condyle; t = terminus of dorsal lateral carina." pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
is a composite of these two views. The external view shows six trichobothria on the ventral side of the externomedian carina and six on the dorsal side, a total of 12 trichobothria. However, if we add in the somewhat displaced basal “dorsal” trichobothrium mentioned above, we have 13 trichobothria, the number found in
<typeStatus id="54988861D735F530FDE75A8FFDCD5300" box="[582,637,1272,1295]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Type</typeStatus>
C patterns. Of course, the positions of these trichobothria do not comply with conventional
<typeStatus id="54988861D735F530FE195B41FE5F5342" box="[440,495,1334,1357]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Type</typeStatus>
C patterns. This would imply, if all these interpretations are correct (which is unlikely), that neobothriotaxy occurred only on the patella ventral surface. In summary, it is clear that this fossil scorpion is probably
<typeStatus id="54988861D735F530FE0B5BC7FE5153C8" box="[426,481,1456,1479]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Type</typeStatus>
C even though many trichobothria are unaccounted for, including the entire femur,
<quantity id="4CDB9B26D735F530FF615B99FF46500A" box="[192,246,1518,1541]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
all (14 alone for the chela).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
<document id="B895CF4BC080ADCF13CA65BC5833D066" ID-DOI="10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" ID-ISSN="1536-9307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237351" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1721353212353" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Soleglad, Michael E. &amp; Fet, Victor" docDate="2003" docId="038A87D5D734F531FF615BE5FB3E5509" docLanguage="en" docName="Euscorpius.11.1-175.pdf" docOrigin="Euscorpius 2003 (11)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A.3:Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A" docStyleName="Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Protoischnuridae Carvalho &amp; Lourenco 2001" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="FFB3FFADD74CF549FFA15E77FFB0560F" masterDocTitle="High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1722954143772" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2A55A88435FA7285889C7DA71077AEFB">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038A87D5D734F531FF615BE5FB3E5509" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12785300" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12785300" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87D5D734F531FF615BE5FB3E5509" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87D5D734F531FF615BE5FB3E5509" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF615BE5FE9953C8" blockId="120.[192,803,1426,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<heading id="D0D481AFD734F531FF615BE5FE9953C8" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF615BE5FF7D53C8" bold="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FEB65BE5FC9153A6" authority="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco, 2001" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[279,801,1426,1449]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoischnuridae Carvalho &amp; Lourenço, 2001</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Extinct.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515BB8FC575420" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515BB8FEDB500A" blockId="120.[192,803,1426,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus id="54988861D734F531FF515BB8FE9553E9" box="[240,293,1487,1510]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE235BB8FF49500A" authority="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco, 2001" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" genus="Protoischnurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FE235BB8FD9753E9" box="[386,551,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Protoischnurus</emphasis>
Carvalho &amp; Lourenço, 2001
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FEA25B99FEA0500A" bold="true" box="[259,272,1518,1541]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117"></emphasis>
Extinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF51587BFD0D5070" blockId="120.[192,803,1426,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF51587BFE32502C" bold="true" box="[240,386,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Composition.</emphasis>
The family includes two genera:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FF61585CFD52504D" authority="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco, 2001" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[192,738,1579,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" genus="Protoischnurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF61585CFED5504D" box="[192,357,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Protoischnurus</emphasis>
Carvalho &amp; Lourenço, 2001
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FF61583DFDA3506E" authority="Campos, 1986" authorityName="Campos" authorityYear="1986" box="[192,531,1610,1633]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Araripescorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF61583DFEDD506E" box="[192,365,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Araripescorpius</emphasis>
Campos, 1986
</taxonomicName>
(the latter assigned here provisionally by Carvalho &amp; Lourenço (2001)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF5158F0FEB150D4" blockId="120.[192,803,1426,1908]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<smallCapsWord id="8D7AA01FD734F531FF5158F0FECD5092" baselines="1688,1688" box="[240,381,1671,1694]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Geological" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">GEOLOGICAL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D7AA01FD734F531FE2B58F0FDAD5092" baselines="1688,1688" box="[394,541,1671,1694]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Occurrence" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">OCCURRENCE</smallCapsWord>
. Lower Cretaceous of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D734F531FF6158D1FEB150B2" box="[192,257,1702,1725]" name="Brazil" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Crato member, Santana Formation; ca. 110 Mya).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515894FAB85714" blockId="120.[192,803,1426,1908]" lastBlockId="120.[830,1441,199,774]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515894FE7A50F5" bold="true" box="[240,458,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE425894FD2050F5" authorityName="Campos" authorityYear="1986" box="[483,656,1763,1786]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Araripescorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FE425894FD2050F5" box="[483,656,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Araripescorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was earlier listed under “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FEF15976FE5D5117" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[336,493,1793,1816]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FE545976FDD15117" box="[501,609,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">sensu lato</emphasis>
” (Campos, 1986;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FF615957FEE05138" author="SELDEN" box="[192,336,1824,1847]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" refId="ref96471" refString="SELDEN, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). Pp. 297 - 320 in Benton, M. J. (ed.). The Fossil Record 2. London: Chapman &amp; Hall." type="book" year="1993">Selden, 1993</bibRefCitation>
), and under “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE405957FDC65138" baseAuthorityName="Kjellesvig-Waering" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[481,630,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" infraOrder="Orthosternina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Orthosternina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FDDF5957FCA85138" authority="Sedis" authorityName="Sedis" box="[638,792,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Incertae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Incertae Sedis</taxonomicName>
” by Fet et al. (2000). Carvalho &amp; Lourenço (2001) placed this family in the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD92592AFD7D517B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[563,717,1885,1908]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
(sensu Lourenço, 2000a) commenting that
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FB5D5EB0FA1156D1" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[1276,1441,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" genus="Protoischnurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FB5D5EB0FA1156D1" box="[1276,1441,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Protoischnurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows some affinities with the modern families
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FAF05E91FC355714" ID-CoL="G5G" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC1B5F73FB865714" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[954,1078,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FBDB5F73FB4D5714" authorityName="Fet &amp; Bechly" authorityYear="2001" box="[1146,1277,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liochelidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5F54FC575420" blockId="120.[830,1441,199,774]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5F54FBD45735" bold="true" box="[878,1124,291,314]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The South American Cretaceous record of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC5B5F35FB1F5756" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[1018,1199,322,345]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoischnuridae</taxonomicName>
has a particular biogeographic importance for interpreting scorpion evolution. We interpret
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FBAA5F08FB155799" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1035,1189,383,406]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
as the Pangean superfamily based on its modern biogeographic distribution, and typical scorpionoid features of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FB4A5FCBFA1057DC" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[1259,1440,444,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoischnuridae</taxonomicName>
confirm that by the time when the Gondwanaland breakup was complete, scorpionoids indeed existed in South America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FCCF5C40FB665462" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5C40FB665462" blockId="120.[830,1441,199,774]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5C40FC6C5441" bold="true" box="[878,988,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Carvalho &amp; Lourenço (2001) for details on the diagnosis of this family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FCCF5C03FB3E5509" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FCCF5C03FB3E5509" blockId="120.[830,1441,199,774]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FCCF5C03FC565484" bold="true" box="[878,998,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Discussion</emphasis>
. We agree with placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FAFC5C03FC0954A5" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Protoischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoischnuridae</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FC535CE4FB2054A5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1010,1168,659,682]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
. However, more work (currently ongoing) on rich Santana fossils needs to be done to clarify position of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FBFA5CA7FAB854E8" authorityName="Campos" authorityYear="1986" box="[1115,1288,720,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Araripescorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FBFA5CA7FAB854E8" box="[1115,1288,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Araripescorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which shares some features with
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FBAE5C98FB3B5509" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1039,1163,751,774]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chactoidea">Chactoidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE9D5CE4FD6654A5" authority="Kraepelin, 1905" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[316,726,659,682]" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteroscorpioninae">Heteroscorpioninae Kraepelin, 1905</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515CC5FEF8554C" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515CC5FD0B54C6" blockId="120.[192,803,659,1387]" box="[240,699,690,713]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus id="54988861D734F531FF515CC5FE9554C6" box="[240,293,690,713]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE215CC5FD0854C6" ID-CoL="4WRF" authority="Birula, 1903" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1903" box="[384,696,690,713]" class="Arachnida" family="Heteroscorpionidae" genus="Heteroscorpion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FE215CC5FD9754C6" box="[384,551,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Heteroscorpion</emphasis>
Birula, 1903
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515CA7FEF8554C" blockId="120.[192,803,659,1387]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515CA7FE3254E8" bold="true" box="[240,386,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Composition.</emphasis>
This taxon is here downgraded to subfamily rank, and placed in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD015C98FCAF5509" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[672,799,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Urodacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Urodacidae</taxonomicName>
. This monotypic subfamily includes a single genus,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FD535D79FEF8554C" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD535D79FEF4554C" ID-CoL="4WRF" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1903" class="Arachnida" family="Heteroscorpionidae" genus="Heteroscorpion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heteroscorpion</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515D3CFDF352DD" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515D3CFEBC558E" blockId="120.[192,803,659,1387]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515D3CFECC556D" bold="true" box="[240,380,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Distribution.</emphasis>
The subfamily is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D734F531FD7D5D3CFEB8558E" name="Madagascar" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515DFFFDF352DD" blockId="120.[192,803,659,1387]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515DFFFE725590" bold="true" box="[240,450,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This monotypic taxon was traditionally listed as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD905DD0FD7155B1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[561,705,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
. Lourenço (1985, 1989) suggested that its only genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD6E5DB1FEAD55F4" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1903" class="Arachnida" family="Heteroscorpionidae" genus="Heteroscorpion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FD6E5DB1FEAD55F4" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Heteroscorpion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE095D93FD9455F4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[424,548,996,1019]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FDD35D93FD4555F4" authorityName="Fet &amp; Bechly" authorityYear="2001" box="[626,757,996,1019]" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liochelidae</taxonomicName>
). In an unpublished classification of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FD8A5A74FD585215" author="STOCKWELL" box="[555,744,1027,1050]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD535A74FEDA5236" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteroscorpioninae">Heteroscorpioninae</taxonomicName>
was transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD9D5A55FD095236" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[572,697,1058,1081]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
as a subfamily.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FE815A37FE785258" author="SISSOM" box="[288,456,1088,1111]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" refId="ref96823" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 1990. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp. 64 - 160 in G. A. Polis (ed.), Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press." type="book" year="1990">Sissom (1990)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD8B5A37FD615258" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1903" box="[554,721,1088,1111]" class="Arachnida" family="Heteroscorpionidae" genus="Heteroscorpion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FD8B5A37FD615258" box="[554,721,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Heteroscorpion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FF615A28FE8C5279" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[192,316,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
without subfamilial division. The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FF615A09FE21529A" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[192,401,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteroscorpioninae">Heteroscorpioninae</taxonomicName>
was elevated to the family level by Lourenço (1996a), and subsequently was treated as a family (Fet, 2000b;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FE345ACCFD8752DD" author="PRENDINI" box="[405,567,1211,1234]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini, 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515AADFF455321" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515AADFF455321" blockId="120.[192,803,659,1387]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515AADFEEE52FE" bold="true" box="[240,350,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FE025AADFDE052FE" author="PRENDINI" box="[419,592,1242,1265]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this subfamily (as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FDCC5A8FFF595321" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Heteroscorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heteroscorpionidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515B41FF5C5364" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515B41FF5C5364" blockId="120.[192,803,659,1387]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515B41FED85342" bold="true" box="[240,360,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Discussion</emphasis>
. See discussion under family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD625B41FF585364" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Urodacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Urodacidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF615F16FDEA5777" blockId="120.[192,802,353,621]" box="[192,602,353,376]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<heading id="D0D481AFD734F531FF615F16FDEA5777" box="[192,602,353,376]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF615F16FDEA5777" bold="true" box="[192,602,353,376]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE9D5F16FDEA5777" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[316,602,353,376]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Urodacinae">
Urodacinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FE675F16FDEA5777" author="POCOCK" box="[454,602,353,376]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515F08FE7257DC" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515F08FDCB5799" blockId="120.[192,802,353,621]" box="[240,635,383,406]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus id="54988861D734F531FF515F08FE955799" box="[240,293,383,406]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FE215F08FDC75799" ID-CoL="8586" authority="Peters, 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[384,631,383,406]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Urodacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FE215F08FE595799" box="[384,489,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Urodacus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FE515F08FDC75799" author="PETERS" box="[496,631,383,406]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515FE9FE7257DC" blockId="120.[192,802,353,621]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515FE9FE3257BA" bold="true" box="[240,386,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic subfamily includes a single genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FEF35FCBFE0B57DC" ID-CoL="8586" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[338,443,444,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Urodacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FEF35FCBFE0B57DC" box="[338,443,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Urodacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515FACFC9157FD" box="[240,801,475,498]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515FACFC9157FD" blockId="120.[192,802,353,621]" box="[240,801,475,498]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515FACFECC57FD" bold="true" box="[240,380,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Distribution.</emphasis>
The subfamily is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D734F531FD195FACFCAD57FD" box="[696,797,475,498]" name="Australia" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515F8DFD545420" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515F8DFD545420" blockId="120.[192,802,353,621]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515F8DFEEE541E" bold="true" box="[240,350,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D734F531FE025F8DFDE0541E" author="PRENDINI" box="[419,592,506,529]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this subfamily (as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FDF85C6FFD695420" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[601,729,536,559]" class="Arachnida" family="Urodacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Urodacidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D734F531FF515C40FF5C5462" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D734F531FF515C40FF5C5462" blockId="120.[192,802,353,621]" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D734F531FF515C40FED85441" bold="true" box="[240,360,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="117">Discussion</emphasis>
. See discussion under family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D734F531FD625C40FF585462" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Urodacidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="120" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Urodacidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="CF577C9374EAEB05E45A323D86D51591">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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Family
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Extinct.
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Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FE375950FCB05131" authority="Lourenco, 2001" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[406,768,1831,1854]" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeobuthidae" genus="Archaeobuthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FE375950FD885131" box="[406,568,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Archaeobuthus</emphasis>
Lourenço, 2001
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.
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Extinct.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5EB0FBB056D1" bold="true" box="[878,1024,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic family includes a single monotypic genus,
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.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5F73FBD85714" bold="true" box="[878,1128,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Geological occurrence</emphasis>
. Lower Cretaceous of
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(amber), ca. 125Ma.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5F35FBFF5756" bold="true" box="[878,1103,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. Lourenço (2001c, 2002b) placed
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in superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FAA65F17FAC85778" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1287,1400,352,375]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
. In our opinion, there is no current data which confirms placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FC735FE9FB3857BA" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[978,1160,414,437]" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeobuthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Archaeobuthidae</taxonomicName>
either in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FB505FE9FAD157BA" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1265,1377,414,437]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
, or in parvorder
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FC0C5FCBFBB457DC" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[941,1028,444,467]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" parvOrder="Buthida" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="parvOrder">Buthida</taxonomicName>
, as defined here.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5FACFC6C57FD" bold="true" box="[878,988,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Lourenço (2001c) for details on the diagnosis of this family.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5C6FFC565420" bold="true" box="[878,998,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Discussion</emphasis>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FC5A5C6FFB2D5420" box="[1019,1181,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Archaeobuthus</emphasis>
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is an important fossil since it is the oldest known orthostern taxon since Carboniferous.
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indicated that the reported trichobothrial data places
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as a sister group to all Recent scorpions. Lourenço (2002b: 38) objected that the observed trichobothrial pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FC9F5CA7FC5054E8" authorityName="Lourenco" authorityYear="2001" box="[830,992,720,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeobuthidae" genus="Archaeobuthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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could be incomplete. However, this pattern was originally reported by Lourenço (2001c: 643) as “neobothriotaxy minorante”, i.e. a completely observed set with some “fundamental trichobothria” missing. This implies that the entire set of trichobothria was visible, as assumed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D735F530FBE65D1DFAD7558E" author="SOLEGLAD" box="[1095,1383,874,897]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref97606" refString="SOLEGLAD, M. E. &amp; V. FET. 2001. Evolution of scorpion orthobothriotaxy: a cladistic approach. Euscorpius, 1: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2001">Soleglad &amp; Fet (2001: 4)</bibRefCitation>
. Another fossil genus,
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FB845DFFFAA25590" box="[1061,1298,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Palaeoburmesebuthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, could also belong to this family (see below).
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Family
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Extinct.
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF5A6DFC5A5242" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<typeStatus id="54988861D735F530FCCF5A6DFC13523E" box="[878,931,1050,1073]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FBB55A6DFCC75242" authority="Petrunkevitch, 1913" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1913" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeopisthacanthidae" genus="Palaeopisthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FBB55A6DFB44523E" box="[1044,1268,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Palaeopisthacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D735F530FAA45A6DFCC75242" author="PETRUNKEVITCH" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref95538" refString="PETRUNKEVITCH, A. 1913. A monograph of the terrestrial Paleozoic Arachnida of North America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 18: 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1913">Petrunkevitch, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FC205A41FC3E5242" bold="true" box="[897,910,1078,1101]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118"></emphasis>
Extinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF5A25FA8E52AD" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5A25FBB05266" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Composition.</emphasis>
The family includes three genera (Jeram, 1994a, 1994b, 1998; Fet, 2000e):
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FAB35A18FBAD52AD" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FAB35A18FCDD52AD" authorityName=", Kjellesvig-Waering" authorityYear="1986" class="Arachnida" genus="Compsoscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Compsoscorpius</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FCD95AFCFBAD52AD" authorityName="Jeram" authorityYear="1994" box="[888,1053,1163,1186]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeopisthacanthidae" genus="Cryptoscorpius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptoscorpius</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FBF65AFCFA8752AD" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1913" box="[1111,1335,1163,1186]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeopisthacanthidae" genus="Palaeopisthacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FBF65AFCFA8752AD" box="[1111,1335,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Palaeopisthacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF5ADDFBD852D0" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5ADDFBC952CE" bold="true" box="[878,1145,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Geological occurrence.</emphasis>
Upper Carboniferous of Europe and North America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF5A90FB895398" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5A90FBF452F1" bold="true" box="[878,1092,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This family was assigned by Kjellesvig-Waering (1986) to his superfamily “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FAEE5B72FC255334" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
” in a very broad sense, equivalent to the current infraorder
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FC125B34FB805355" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1911" box="[947,1072,1347,1370]" class="Arachnida" infraOrder="Orthosterni" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Orthosterni</taxonomicName>
. We emphatically do not include it either in our
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FC425B16FB305377" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[995,1152,1377,1400]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="197" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Scorpionoidea">Scorpionoidea</taxonomicName>
, or in any other extant superfamily or parvorder.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF5BE8FAEA50C5" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF5BE8FBDE53B9" bold="true" box="[878,1134,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Palaeopisthacanthids, the first known orthostern scorpions, inhabited a wet, humid, tropical flood-basin forest (Jeram, 2001). The European and North American Carboniferous record of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D735F530FC9F586EFB9B503F" authorityName="Kjellesvig-Waering" authorityYear="1986" box="[830,1067,1561,1584]" class="Arachnida" family="Palaeopisthacanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Palaeopisthacanthidae</taxonomicName>
has no particular biogeographic importance for further evolution of orthostern scorpions. The age of these fossils corresponds to the beginning of Pangea formation, and it was in Pangea for the next 100 Ma in Permian/Triassic that orthostern lineages evolved and dispersed, surviving as four extant parvorders.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D735F530FCCF58A6FC3B5129" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF58A6FC3B5129" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF58A6FC6C50E7" bold="true" box="[878,988,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See Kjellesvig-Waering (1986: 232) and Jeram (1994a: 523) for details on the diagnosis of this family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D735F533FCCF595AFD7F57BA" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="121" pageNumber="118" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D735F530FCCF595AFA10516C" blockId="121.[830,1441,993,1891]" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D735F530FCCF595AFC56514B" bold="true" box="[878,998,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="118">Discussion</emphasis>
. Absence of Carboniferous orthostern fossils from southern continents is due to a much better
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D736F533FF615EB0FD7F57BA" blockId="122.[192,802,199,437]" pageId="122" pageNumber="119">
representation and knowledge of coal deposits in the northern continents. The exclusively preserved, rich Carboniferous fossils of Europe and North America (Jeram, 2001) include
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D736F533FE155F54FD9E5735" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1911" box="[436,558,291,314]" class="Arachnida" infraOrder="Orthosterni" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="122" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Orthosterni</taxonomicName>
as well as many other scorpion lineages, which did not survive to our time. Palaeopisthacanthids are the sister group to all extant scorpions (Jeram, 1994a;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D736F533FE475F08FD525799" author="SOLEGLAD" box="[486,738,383,406]" pageId="122" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref97606" refString="SOLEGLAD, M. E. &amp; V. FET. 2001. Evolution of scorpion orthobothriotaxy: a cladistic approach. Euscorpius, 1: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2001">Soleglad &amp; Fet, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), and therefore the key taxon for rooting extant groups.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFC9F5F8DFADB541E" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" box="[830,1387,506,529]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<heading id="D0D481AFD738F53DFC9F5F8DFADB541E" box="[830,1387,506,529]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFC9F5F8DFADB541E" bold="true" box="[830,1387,506,529]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC1B5F8DFAAD541E" authority="Fet &amp; Bechly, 2001" authorityName="Fet &amp; Bechly" authorityYear="2001" box="[954,1309,506,529]" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Liochelinae">Liochelinae Fet &amp; Bechly, 2001</taxonomicName>
(1879)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFCCF5C6FFBE455F4" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5C6FFB285462" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<typeStatus id="54988861D738F53DFCCF5C6FFC135420" box="[878,931,536,559]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFBA05C6FFA905420" ID-CoL="5F2D" authority="Sundevall, 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[1025,1312,536,559]" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Liocheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFBA05C6FFBD75420" box="[1025,1127,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Liocheles</emphasis>
Sundevall, 1833
</taxonomicName>
;
<typeStatus id="54988861D738F53DFA8D5C6FFAEA5420" box="[1324,1370,536,559]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC9F5C40FBCE5441" ID-CoL="8WGQ3" authority="C. L. Koch, 1837" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[830,1150,567,590]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ischnurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFC9F5C40FC175441" box="[830,935,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Ischnurus</emphasis>
C.L. Koch, 1837
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFB195C40FCC75462" ID-CoL="5F2D" authority="Sundevall, 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Liocheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFB195C40FAAE5441" box="[1208,1310,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Liocheles</emphasis>
Sundevall, 1833
</taxonomicName>
); see Fet &amp; Bechly (2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5C03FC565484" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" box="[878,998,628,651]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5C03FC6F5484" bold="true" box="[878,991,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Synonyms</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFC3F5CE4FAA854C6" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
Hormurini Laurie, 1896;
<typeStatus id="54988861D738F53DFB155CE4FB5254A5" box="[1204,1250,659,682]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFA935CE4FC6054C6" ID-CoL="62V9C" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Hormurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFA935CE4FA1054A5" box="[1330,1440,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Hormurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFC9F5CC5FC6054C6" author="THORELL" box="[830,976,690,713]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC4F5CC5FABC54C6" ID-CoL="5F2D" authority="Sundevall, 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[1006,1292,690,713]" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Liocheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFC4F5CC5FBE454C6" box="[1006,1108,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Liocheles</emphasis>
Sundevall, 1833
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFC3F5CA7FBC05509" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
Opisthacanthinae Kraepelin, 1905;
<typeStatus id="54988861D738F53DFA895CA7FAE654E8" box="[1320,1366,720,743]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC9F5C98FBC05509" ID-CoL="694T" authority="Peters, 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[830,1136,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Opisthacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFC9F5C98FC555509" box="[830,997,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Opisthacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFC4C5C98FBC05509" author="PETERS" box="[1005,1136,751,774]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFC3F5D79FBC0554C" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC3F5D79FB9B552A" authorityName="Soleglad &amp; Fet" authorityYear="2003" box="[926,1067,782,805]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Hadogeninae">Hadogeninae</taxonomicName>
Lourenço, 1999;
<typeStatus id="54988861D738F53DFABD5D79FAFA552A" box="[1308,1354,782,805]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC9F5D5BFBDD554C" ID-CoL="4SBM" authority="Kraepelin, 1894" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1894" box="[830,1133,812,835]" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Hadogenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFC9F5D5BFC06554C" box="[830,950,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Hadogenes</emphasis>
Kraepelin, 1894
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5D3CFBE4556D" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" box="[878,1108,843,866]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5D3CFBE4556D" bold="true" box="[878,1108,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Non-available name.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFC3F5D1DFAFB558E" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" box="[926,1355,874,897]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC3F5D1DFBAA558E" box="[926,1050,874,897]" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ischnurinae">Ischnurinae</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFB835D1DFB19558E" author="SIMON" box="[1058,1193,874,897]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="79 - 115" refId="ref96627" refString="SIMON, E. 1879. 3 e Ordre. - Scorpiones. Pp. 79 - 115 in: Les Arachnides de France. VII. Contenant les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Paris: Roret." type="book chapter" year="1879">Simon, 1879</bibRefCitation>
(ICZN, 2003).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5DFFFBE455F4" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5DFFFBB05590" bold="true" box="[878,1024,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Composition.</emphasis>
This subfamily includes nine genera, predominantly from the Old World (only some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFCC15DB1FBB755D2" ID-CoL="694T" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[864,1031,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Hormuridae" genus="Opisthacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCC15DB1FBB755D2" box="[864,1031,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Opisthacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in the New World) (Fet, 2000c; Lourenço, 2001b).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFCCF5A74FC7B529A" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5A74FAA75236" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5A74FC4A5215" bold="true" box="[878,1018,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Distribution.</emphasis>
Asia, Africa,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D738F53DFB635A74FA975215" box="[1218,1319,1027,1050]" name="Australia" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Oceania, North America, Central and South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5A37FC7B529A" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5A37FBF85258" bold="true" box="[878,1096,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFBC15A37FAA25258" author="PRENDINI" box="[1120,1298,1088,1111]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
provided a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the liocheline taxa (as
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFC9F5A09FC70529A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[830,960,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFCCF5AEBFAD452DD" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5AEBFAD452DD" blockId="116.[830,1440,506,1234]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5AEBFC6C52BC" bold="true" box="[878,988,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFB835AEBFB7F52BC" author="PRENDINI" box="[1058,1231,1180,1203]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this subfamily (as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFB765ACCFAE952DD" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[1239,1369,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
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<mods:title id="95EEBDB2D559C87538AE9605FB362B08">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFF615B83FD3A5004" box="[192,650,1524,1547]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFF615B83FD3A5004" blockId="116.[192,802,1524,1915]" box="[192,650,1524,1547]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<heading id="D0D481AFD738F53DFF615B83FD3A5004" box="[192,650,1524,1547]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFF615B83FD3A5004" bold="true" box="[192,650,1524,1547]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFE9D5B83FD3A5004" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[316,650,1524,1547]" class="Arachnida" family="Hemiscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hemiscorpiinae">
Hemiscorpiinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFE575B83FD3A5004" author="POCOCK" box="[502,650,1524,1547]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFF515865FD5F508A" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFF515865FD165026" blockId="116.[192,802,1524,1915]" box="[240,678,1554,1577]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<typeStatus id="54988861D738F53DFF515865FE955026" box="[240,293,1554,1577]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFE215865FD135026" ID-CoL="4VDD" authority="Peters, 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[384,675,1554,1577]" class="Arachnida" family="Hemiscorpiidae" genus="Hemiscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFE215865FDA45026" box="[384,532,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Hemiscorpius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFDBA5865FD135026" author="PETERS" box="[539,675,1554,1577]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFF515846FD5F508A" blockId="116.[192,802,1524,1915]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFF515846FE325047" bold="true" box="[240,386,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Composition.</emphasis>
This taxon is downgraded here from family to subfamily rank under
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFDBC5827FD2F5068" authorityName="Fet &amp; Bechly" authorityYear="2001" box="[541,671,1616,1639]" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liochelidae</taxonomicName>
. The family includes two genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFE045819FDA7508A" authorityName="Vachon" authorityYear="1974" box="[421,535,1646,1669]" genus="Habibiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFE045819FDA7508A" box="[421,535,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Habibiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFDEA5819FD6F508A" ID-CoL="4VDD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[587,735,1646,1669]" class="Arachnida" family="Hemiscorpiidae" genus="Hemiscorpius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFDEA5819FD6F508A" box="[587,735,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Hemiscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFF5158FAFB3E5735" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFF5158FAFE9850CC" blockId="116.[192,802,1524,1915]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFF5158FAFECC50AB" bold="true" box="[240,380,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Distribution.</emphasis>
Asia (Middle East), Africa (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D738F53DFD7058FAFCAE50AB" box="[721,798,1677,1700]" name="Eritrea" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D738F53DFF6158DBFEAC50CC" box="[192,284,1708,1731]" name="Somalia" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Somalia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFF5158BDFC925174" blockId="116.[192,802,1524,1915]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFF5158BDFE7550EE" bold="true" box="[240,453,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This subfamily was traditionally listed under
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFEDC589EFD2E510F" authority="(Fet, 2000 c)" baseAuthorityName="Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[381,670,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae (Fet, 2000c)</taxonomicName>
. Its transfer to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFF7F597FFEEA5110" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[222,346,1800,1823]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFE05597FFD945110" authorityName="Fet &amp; Bechly" authorityYear="2001" box="[420,548,1800,1823]" class="Arachnida" family="Liochelidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liochelidae</taxonomicName>
) was first suggested in the unpublished classification of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFD9C5951FCB05132" author="STOCKWELL" box="[573,768,1830,1853]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. It was elevated to the family level simultaneously by Lourenço (2000a) who did not provide any justification,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFC9F5EB0FB3E5735" blockId="116.[830,1441,199,467]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
and by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFC325EB0FB8D56D1" author="PRENDINI" box="[915,1085,199,222]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
who provided a detailed phylogenetic analysis; both papers were published in
<date id="FF9D1003D738F53DFAFA5E91FCC75714" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" value="2000-03">March 2000</date>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFC205F73FB995714" author="PRENDINI" box="[897,1065,260,283]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFB565F73FA105714" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1271,1440,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Hemiscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hemiscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
is a sister group of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFBAB5F54FB3A5735" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1879" box="[1034,1162,291,314]" class="Arachnida" family="Ischnuridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ischnuridae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFCCF5F35FA215778" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5F35FA215778" blockId="116.[830,1441,199,467]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5F35FC6C5756" bold="true" box="[878,988,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D738F53DFB835F35FB7F5756" author="PRENDINI" box="[1058,1231,322,345]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this subfamily (as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D738F53DFB765F17FA355778" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[1239,1413,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Hemiscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hemiscorpiidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D738F53DFCCF5F08FC1057DC" pageId="116" pageNumber="113" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D738F53DFCCF5F08FC1057DC" blockId="116.[830,1441,199,467]" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFCCF5F08FC565799" bold="true" box="[878,998,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Discussion</emphasis>
. Highly derived features of this subfamily include unusually toxic hemolytic venom of
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D738F53DFAFC5FE9FC2957DC" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="113">Hemiscorpius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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Tribe
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, new rank
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Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC5E5B53FB875334" box="[1023,1079,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Nebo</emphasis>
Simon, 1878
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.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5B34FBB05355" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic tribe is established here, and corresponds to the former subfamily
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; it includes a single genus,
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.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5BE8FC4A53B9" bold="true" box="[878,1018,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Distribution.</emphasis>
Asia (Middle East).
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5BCAFBD653DB" bold="true" box="[878,1126,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Species of the genus
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFAC95BCAFA1053DB" box="[1384,1440,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Nebo</emphasis>
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are found mainly in the Arabian Peninsula. Santiago-Blay &amp;
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reported an undescribed Oligocene fossil from
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(
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amber) belonging to “subfamily
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”, i.e. our tribe
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, which currently has only Middle East distribution.
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. See
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for details on the diagnosis of this tribe (as subfamily
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).
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Tribe
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Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC5E5CF8FAA854A9" ID-CoL="4674" authority="Peters, 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[1023,1304,655,678]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Diplocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC5E5CF8FB3A54A9" box="[1023,1162,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Diplocentrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFB305CF8FAA854A9" author="PETERS" box="[1169,1304,655,678]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5CDBFC735517" blockId="117.[830,1441,627,1247]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5CDBFBB054CC" bold="true" box="[878,1024,684,707]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Composition.</emphasis>
This tribe is established here, and corresponds to the former subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFB7E5CBFFA3154D0" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" box="[1247,1409,712,735]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocentrinae">Diplocentrinae</taxonomicName>
. It includes seven genera, with most species found in the New World.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53CFCCF5D69FC1652AD" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5D69FB54555E" blockId="117.[830,1441,627,1247]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5D69FC4A553A" bold="true" box="[878,1018,798,821]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Distribution.</emphasis>
Asia (Middle East), North America, Caribbean, Central and South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5D2FFC1652AD" blockId="117.[830,1441,627,1247]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5D2FFBDC5560" bold="true" box="[878,1132,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The most diverse genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC9F5D00FC795581" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[830,969,887,910]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Diplocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC9F5D00FC795581" box="[830,969,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Diplocentrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, includes numerous species in the deserts of North America, exhibiting an extensive arid radiation (analogous to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFB905DC3FB1A55C4" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1073,1194,948,971]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
in North America, or
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC9F5DA4FC7A55E5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[830,970,979,1002]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpioninae">Scorpioninae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFBA15DA4FBD055E5" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[1024,1120,979,1002]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
in Asia and Africa). Disjunct range of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFBBB5D85FB285206" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1899" box="[1050,1176,1010,1033]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Heteronebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFBBB5D85FB285206" box="[1050,1176,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Heteronebo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
between the Caribbean and Middle East is not yet clearly explained (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFA905A67FC1C5249" author="NENILIN &amp; FET" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="3 - 31" refId="ref95029" refString="NENILIN, A. B. &amp; V. FET. 1992. Zoogeographical analysis of the world scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arthropoda Selecta, 1 (2): 3 - 31 (in Russian, with an English summary)." type="journal article" year="1992">Nenilin &amp; Fet, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Lourenço &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFBF35A58FB5B5249" author="SISSOM" box="[1106,1259,1071,1094]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000">Sissom, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Sissom &amp; Fet, 2000b). Santiago-Blay &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFBFA5A39FB57526A" author="CRAIG" box="[1115,1255,1102,1125]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="20 - 23" refId="ref96166" refString="SANTIAGO-BLAY, J. A. &amp; P. R. CRAIG. 1998. The family Diplocentridae (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in the amber fossil record. P. 89 in: World Congress on Amber Inclusions (Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava). 180 pp. October 20 - 23, 1998. Vitoria- Gasteiz, Basque Country, Alava." type="book chapter" year="1998">Craig (1998)</bibRefCitation>
reported an Oligocene
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC375A1BFB8F528C" box="[918,1087,1132,1155]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Heteronebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC375A1BFBA4528C" box="[918,1044,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Heteronebo</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from the amber of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D739F53CFA8B5A1BFC1252AD" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53CFCCF5ADDFAC152D0" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5ADDFAC152D0" blockId="117.[830,1441,627,1247]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5ADDFC6C52CE" bold="true" box="[878,988,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFB835ADDFB7F52CE" author="PRENDINI" box="[1058,1231,1194,1217]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this tribe (as subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFB635ABFFAD652D0" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" box="[1218,1382,1224,1247]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocentrinae">Diplocentrinae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFF615B00FD315381" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" box="[192,641,1399,1422]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<heading id="D0D481AFD739F53CFF615B00FD315381" box="[192,641,1399,1422]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFF615B00FD315381" bold="true" box="[192,641,1399,1422]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFE9D5B00FD315381" authority="Karsch, 1880" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" box="[316,641,1399,1422]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocentrinae">Diplocentrinae Karsch, 1880</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53CFF515BE1FD685064" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFF515BE1FD2D53A2" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" box="[240,669,1430,1453]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<typeStatus id="54988861D739F53CFF515BE1FE9553A2" box="[240,293,1430,1453]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFE215BE1FD2A53A2" ID-CoL="4674" authority="Peters, 1861" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[384,666,1430,1453]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Diplocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFE215BE1FDBB53A2" box="[384,523,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Diplocentrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFDB25BE1FD2A53A2" author="PETERS" box="[531,666,1430,1453]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="507 - 516" refId="ref95496" refString="PETERS, W. 1861. (Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen). Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861: 507 - 516." type="journal article" year="1861">Peters, 1861</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFF515BC2FED853C3" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" box="[240,360,1461,1484]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFF515BC2FED153C3" bold="true" box="[240,353,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Synonyms</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFE815BA2FE135002" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFE815BA2FEC953E3" box="[288,377,1493,1516]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nebinae">Nebinae</taxonomicName>
Kraepelin, 1905,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFDC85BA2FC9153E3" bold="true" box="[617,801,1493,1516]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457AAD739F53CFDC85BA2FC9153E3" box="[617,801,1493,1516]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">new synonymy</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(valid as tribe name).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFF515860FD685064" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFF515860FE325021" bold="true" box="[240,386,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Composition.</emphasis>
This taxon is downgraded here from family to subfamily rank. The subfamily includes two tribes,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFEA95823FE265064" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" box="[264,406,1620,1643]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diplocentrini">Diplocentrini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFE6B5823FDA55064" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[458,533,1620,1643]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nebini">Nebini</taxonomicName>
, and eight genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53CFF515804FADB541E" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFF515804FDD650A6" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFF515804FECC5085" bold="true" box="[240,380,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Distribution.</emphasis>
Asia (Middle East), North America, Caribbean, Central and South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFF5158C7FC91516E" blockId="117.[192,803,1399,1889]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFF5158C7FE7750C8" bold="true" box="[240,455,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. Interestingly, this taxon was originally established as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFD2F58B8FCAF50E9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[654,799,1743,1766]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
. Kraepelin (1905) elevated it to the family rank, and it was treated for almost 100 years as a family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFD16597BFDB7514D" authority="(Sissom &amp; Fet, 2000 b)" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diplocentridae (Sissom &amp; Fet, 2000b)</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFDB5595CFD70514D" author="PRENDINI" box="[532,704,1835,1858]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
in a detailed phylogenetic analysis demonstrated its position as
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFC9F5EB0FCC456F2" blockId="117.[830,1441,199,590]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
a sister group to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC545EB0FB3256D1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1013,1154,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
(our subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFA8E5EB0FCD756F2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpioninae">Scorpioninae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5F73FADB541E" blockId="117.[830,1441,199,590]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5F73FBD65714" bold="true" box="[878,1126,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The disjunct range of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFACE5F73FC055735" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocentrinae">Diplocentrinae</taxonomicName>
includes Middle East and New World. Lamoral (1980: 443) suggested that its origin could be Mesozoic (after fragmentation of Laurasia). It is hardly possible to explain this range by Gondwanaland fragmentation. The subsequent radiation of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFAA35FE9FA1157BA" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1880" box="[1282,1441,414,437]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocentrinae">Diplocentrinae</taxonomicName>
could be Cenozoic, both in tropics and, especially, in the arid zones of North America and the Middle East (burrowing forms of
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC525F8DFB73541E" box="[1011,1219,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC525F8DFB9E541E" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1878" box="[1011,1070,506,529]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Nebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nebo</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFB995F8DFB73541E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[1080,1219,506,529]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Diplocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplocentrus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFB5F5F8DFAEB541E" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1968" box="[1278,1371,506,529]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" genus="Bioculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFB5F5F8DFAEB541E" box="[1278,1371,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Bioculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53CFCCF5C6FFA365441" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5C6FFA365441" blockId="117.[830,1441,199,590]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5C6FFC6C5420" bold="true" box="[878,988,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFB835C6FFB7F5420" author="PRENDINI" box="[1058,1231,536,559]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this subfamily (as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFB765C40FACB5441" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1239,1403,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Diplocentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diplocentridae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53CFC9F58A5FB4B50E6" box="[830,1275,1746,1769]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFC9F58A5FB4B50E6" blockId="117.[830,1440,1746,1891]" box="[830,1275,1746,1769]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<heading id="D0D481AFD739F53CFC9F58A5FB4B50E6" box="[830,1275,1746,1769]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC9F58A5FB4B50E6" bold="true" box="[830,1275,1746,1769]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC1B58A5FB4B50E6" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[954,1275,1746,1769]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpioninae">Scorpioninae Latreille, 1802</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D739F53FFCCF5887FEAD5756" lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5887FAB45108" blockId="117.[830,1440,1746,1891]" box="[878,1284,1776,1799]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<typeStatus id="54988861D739F53CFCCF5887FC135108" box="[878,931,1776,1799]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC5E5887FAB05108" ID-CoL="644VW" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1023,1280,1776,1799]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFC5E5887FBE25108" box="[1023,1106,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Scorpio</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D739F53CFCCF5978FA10516C" blockId="117.[830,1440,1746,1891]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D739F53CFCCF5978FBB05129" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="114">Composition.</emphasis>
This taxon corresponds to the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC33595AFBAF514B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[914,1055,1837,1860]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpioninae">Scorpioninae</taxonomicName>
as listed by Fet (
<quantity id="4CDB9B26D739F53CFB5A595AFAF1514B" box="[1275,1345,1837,1860]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" unit="g" value="2000.0">2000g</quantity>
) and to family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D739F53CFC30593BFBAE516C" ID-CoL="G5G" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[913,1054,1868,1891]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
as listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D739F53CFB1F593BFADC516C" author="PRENDINI" box="[1214,1388,1868,1891]" pageId="117" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73AF53FFF615EB0FEAD5756" blockId="118.[192,803,199,1207]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFF615EB0FE1656D1" author="PRENDINI" box="[192,422,199,222]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" pagination="149 - 172" refId="ref95908" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2003 a. A new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with a reanalysis of bothriurid phylogeny and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of Lisposoma Lawrence. Systematic Entomology, 28: 149 - 172." type="journal article" year="2003">Prendini et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. It includes four Old World genera:
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF615E91FD3B56F2" box="[192,651,230,253]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFF615E91FEE556F2" ID-CoL="4WJC" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[192,341,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Heterometrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heterometrus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFEC05E91FDAA56F2" ID-CoL="697B" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[353,538,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Opistophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Opistophthalmus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFD875E91FD3B56F2" ID-CoL="63JDT" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[550,651,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Pandinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pandinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFD695E91FCAB56F2" ID-CoL="644VW" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[712,795,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFD695E91FCAB56F2" box="[712,795,230,253]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Scorpio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We also provisionally include here the fossil genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFF615F54FDC85735" authority="Kjellesvig-Waering, 1986" authorityName="Kjellesvig-Waering" authorityYear="1986" box="[192,632,291,314]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Mioscorpio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF615F54FE8B5735" box="[192,315,291,314]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Mioscorpio</emphasis>
Kjellesvig-Waering, 1986
</taxonomicName>
(Miocene of Europe).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73AF53FFF515F17FD2B5279" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73AF53FFF515F17FDBB5778" blockId="118.[192,803,199,1207]" box="[240,523,352,375]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF515F17FECC5778" bold="true" box="[240,380,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Distribution.</emphasis>
Asia, Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73AF53FFF515F08FDAF57DC" blockId="118.[192,803,199,1207]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF515F08FE725799" bold="true" box="[240,450,383,406]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFE705F08FD0A5799" author="PRENDINI" box="[465,698,383,406]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" pagination="149 - 172" refId="ref95908" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2003 a. A new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with a reanalysis of bothriurid phylogeny and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of Lisposoma Lawrence. Systematic Entomology, 28: 149 - 172." type="journal article" year="2003">Prendini et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
provided a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the scorpionine taxa (treated as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFE205FCBFDA357DC" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[385,531,444,467]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73AF53FFF515FACFD2B5279" blockId="118.[192,803,199,1207]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF515FACFE5957FD" bold="true" box="[240,489,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFE5A5FACFD3857FD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[507,648,475,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpioninae">Scorpioninae</taxonomicName>
are likely an eastern Gondwanaland group by origin (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFD245F8DFCAE541E" author="SISSOM" box="[645,798,506,529]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" refId="ref96823" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 1990. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp. 64 - 160 in G. A. Polis (ed.), Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press." type="book" year="1990">Sissom, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFF615C6FFE1A5420" author="PRENDINI" box="[192,426,536,559]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" pagination="149 - 172" refId="ref95908" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2003 a. A new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with a reanalysis of bothriurid phylogeny and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of Lisposoma Lawrence. Systematic Entomology, 28: 149 - 172." type="journal article" year="2003">Prendini et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Four scorpionine genera exhibit vigorous radiation in the deserts of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73AF53FFDE85C40FD645441" box="[585,724,567,590]" name="South Africa" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFD475C40FEF45462" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Opistophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFD475C40FEF45462" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Opistophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), deserts of North Africa and Middle East (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFF685C03FEAC5484" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[201,284,628,651]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF685C03FEAC5484" box="[201,284,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Scorpio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), tropics of Africa (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFDA45C03FDDA5484" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[517,618,628,651]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Pandinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFDA45C03FDDA5484" box="[517,618,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Pandinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and tropics of Asia (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFEA45CE4FE2854A5" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[261,408,659,682]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Heterometrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFEA45CE4FE2854A5" box="[261,408,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Heterometrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see Couzijn, 1978, 1981;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFD6F5CE4FF4A54C6" author="SISSOM" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" refId="ref96823" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 1990. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp. 64 - 160 in G. A. Polis (ed.), Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press." type="book" year="1990">Sissom, 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFEAC5CC5FE4654C6" author="PRENDINI" box="[269,502,690,713]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" pagination="149 - 172" refId="ref95908" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2003 a. A new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with a reanalysis of bothriurid phylogeny and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of Lisposoma Lawrence. Systematic Entomology, 28: 149 - 172." type="journal article" year="2003">Prendini et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
discussed in detail the biogeographic history of this group. They treated distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFEB55C98FEC95509" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[276,377,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Pandinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFEB55C98FEC95509" box="[276,377,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Pandinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFE145C98FDF85509" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[437,584,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Heterometrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFE145C98FDF85509" box="[437,584,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Heterometrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the result of vicariance induced by the Cretaceous separation of the Indian plate from Africa. Phylogenetic positions of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFF615D3CFEC6556D" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[192,374,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Opistophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF615D3CFEC6556D" box="[192,374,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Opistophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFE105D3CFDB4556D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[433,516,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFE105D3CFDB4556D" box="[433,516,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Scorpio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found to be basal to the (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFF565D1DFE3A558E" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[247,394,874,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Heterometrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF565D1DFE3A558E" box="[247,394,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Heterometrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFE125D1DFDA8558E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[435,536,874,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Pandinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFE125D1DFDA8558E" box="[435,536,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Pandinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) group.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFD215D1DFEB75590" author="PRENDINI" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" pagination="149 - 172" refId="ref95908" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2003 a. A new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with a reanalysis of bothriurid phylogeny and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of Lisposoma Lawrence. Systematic Entomology, 28: 149 - 172." type="journal article" year="2003">Prendini et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
also suggested that the initial divergence of the common ancestor of (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFE105DD0FDD755B1" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[433,615,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Opistophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFE105DD0FDD755B1" box="[433,615,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Opistophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFD285DD0FD6C55B1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[649,732,935,958]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Scorpio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFD285DD0FD6C55B1" box="[649,732,935,958]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Scorpio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the common ancestor of the (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFDA05DB1FD2455D2" authorityName="Hemprich and Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" box="[513,660,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Heterometrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFDA05DB1FD2455D2" box="[513,660,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Heterometrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFD155DB1FCA955D2" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[692,793,966,989]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" genus="Pandinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFD155DB1FCA955D2" box="[692,793,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Pandinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) group must have occurred in eastern Gondwanaland, presumably under semi-arid conditions that already existed before its breakup, i.e., the “Gondwana Desert” and surrounding semi-arid areas.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFDAB5A37FD275258" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[522,663,1088,1111]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpioninae">Scorpioninae</taxonomicName>
are notably absent from
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73AF53FFEE45A28FE765279" box="[325,454,1119,1142]" name="Madagascar" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(Lourenço, 1996a).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73AF53FFF515A09FD4652B8" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73AF53FFF515A09FD4652B8" blockId="118.[192,803,199,1207]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73AF53FFF515A09FEEE529A" bold="true" box="[240,350,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="115">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73AF53FFE025A09FDE0529A" author="PRENDINI" box="[419,592,1150,1173]" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref95824" refString="PRENDINI, L. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the superfamily Scorpionoidea Latreille 1802 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones): An exemplar approach. Cladistics, 16: 1 - 78. (March 2000)." type="journal article" year="2000">Prendini (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for details on the diagnosis of this subfamily (as family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73AF53FFDF85AD7FD5B52B8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[601,747,1184,1207]" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="118" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scorpionidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FC9F5B04FAFA5385" box="[830,1354,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FC9F5B04FAFA5385" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" box="[830,1354,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<heading id="D0D481AFD73CF539FC9F5B04FAFA5385" box="[830,1354,1395,1418]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC9F5B04FB615385" bold="true" box="[830,1233,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC735B04FB615385" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[978,1233,1395,1418]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">
Iuroidea
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FB9B5B04FB615385" author="Thorell" box="[1082,1233,1395,1418]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB7E5B04FAFA5385" bold="true" box="[1247,1354,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">new rank</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FCCF5BE5FBF6506E" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5BE5FB6653A6" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" box="[878,1238,1426,1449]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FCCF5BE5FC1353A6" box="[878,931,1426,1449]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC5E5BE5FB6353A6" ID-CoL="55X8" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1023,1235,1426,1449]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" genus="Iurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC5E5BE5FB8753A6" box="[1023,1079,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Iurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FB9F5BE5FB6353A6" author="Thorell" box="[1086,1235,1426,1449]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5BC7FBF6506E" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5BC7FBB053C8" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Composition.</emphasis>
This superfamily is established here. It includes two families:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBE95BB8FB2453E9" ID-CoL="BGX" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1096,1172,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB695BB8FAC053E9" ID-CoL="7Q7" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[1224,1392,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
(the latter is elevated here to family rank). Our
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FAB55B99FADD500A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1300,1389,1518,1541]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</taxonomicName>
corresponds to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBE2587BFB3F502C" ID-CoL="BGX" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1091,1167,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
as treated by Sissom &amp; Fet (2000b), excluding the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB0C585CFA85504D" ID-CoL="XWJ" box="[1197,1333,1579,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB0C585CFA85504D" box="[1197,1333,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC75583DFBF2506E" ID-CoL="622L7" baseAuthorityName="Stahnke" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[980,1090,1610,1633]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF538FCCF581FFDE254E8" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF581FFC1250AE" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF581FFC435070" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe, Asia, North America, South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF58DBFA105174" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF58DBFBF350CC" bold="true" box="[878,1091,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The taxonomic history of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FA2058DBFC3150EE" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</taxonomicName>
is complicated (see Sissom &amp; Fet, 2000b). Iurinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FCCF589EFBA5510F" authorityName=", Stockwell" authorityYear="1989" box="[878,1045,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
were treated as subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FACD589EFC3D5110" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
by Kraepelin (1905), then as subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FAD0597FFCD35132" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
by Francke &amp; Soleglad (1981).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FB695951FADE5132" author="Stahnke" box="[1224,1390,1830,1853]" firstAuthor="Stahnke" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="107 - 141" refId="ref97788" refString="STAHNKE, H. L. 1974. Revision and keys to the higher categories of Vejovidae. Journal of Arachnology, 1 (2): 107 - 141." type="journal article" year="1974">Stahnke (1974)</bibRefCitation>
created the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB935932FB1A5153" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" box="[1074,1194,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">Hadrurinae</taxonomicName>
(under
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FAB65932FA255153" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1303,1429,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
), which included
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC555913FBEC5174" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1012,1116,1892,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Hadruridae" genus="Hadrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC555913FBEC5174" box="[1012,1116,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Hadrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB3B5913FA925174" box="[1178,1314,1892,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB3B5913FA925174" box="[1178,1314,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FA945913FA105174" author="Stockwell" box="[1333,1440,1892,1915]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FF615EB0FE655735" blockId="113.[192,802,199,1081]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
(1992) recognized family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FE7D5EB0FD9856D1" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[476,552,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
with three subfamilies (Iurinae,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FE8A5E91FE6556F2" authorityName=", Stockwell" authorityYear="1989" box="[299,469,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FD815E91FD2D56F2" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" box="[544,669,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">Hadrurinae</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73DF538FD165E91FEB85714" author="Stockwell" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and Lourenço (2000a) included
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FD275F73FD615714" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[646,721,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
in the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FEE75F54FE615735" box="[326,465,291,314]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Vaejovoidea">Vaejovoidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FF515F35FDE254E8" blockId="113.[192,802,199,1081]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FF515F35FE565756" bold="true" box="[240,486,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. A significant range disjunction between Old World iuroids (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FDF35F17FD115778" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[594,673,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
) and New World ones (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FEF65F08FDB35799" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[343,515,383,406]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
, both Nearctic and Neotropical), suggests that this ancient lineage probably existed already in the Pangean times. Francke &amp; Soleglad (1981) indicated that its modern vicariance could be created by a series of events starting from the Jurassic opening of the North Atlantic. The separation and isolation of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FE8B5C40FE615441" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[298,465,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
subfamilies between South America and North America could result from the decoupling of the North American and South American plates, which played a prominent role in formation of the Caribbean region in late Mesozoicearly Tertiary (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73DF538FD4F5CC5FEAF54E8" author="Rosen" firstAuthor="Rosen" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" pagination="431 - 464" refId="ref96142" refString="ROSEN, D. E. 1976. A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 24: 431 - 464." type="journal article" year="1976">Rosen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
; Francke &amp; Soleglad, 1981).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73DF538FF515C98FE785236" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FF515C98FE785236" blockId="113.[192,802,199,1081]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FF515C98FEEE5509" bold="true" box="[240,350,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger with one large denticle; ventral surface of leg tarsus with median row of spinule clusters; stigma oval in shape; chela trichobothrial series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FF615D1DFF4D558E" box="[192,253,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">dbdt</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FE9B5D1DFEC3558E" box="[314,371,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">ebet</emphasis>
found on distal half of finger; patella ventral trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FE6B5DFFFE6F55AE" box="[458,479,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
v
<subScript id="17A73486D73DF538FE775DE5FE6F55AE" attach="left" box="[470,479,914,929]" fontSize="6" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
found on external surface; Important Symplesiomorphies. Median denticle row (MD) of pedipalp chelal finger arranged in
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FD735DB1FC9255D2" box="[722,802,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">oblique</emphasis>
groups; pedipalp chelae exhibits “8-carinae” configuration; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with single subdistal denticle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF615B6AFD83533B" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[192,563,1309,1332]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<heading id="D0D481AFD73CF539FF615B6AFD83533B" box="[192,563,1309,1332]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF615B6AFD83533B" bold="true" box="[192,563,1309,1332]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FEB65B6AFD83533B" ID-CoL="HR9" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[279,563,1309,1332]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Vaejovidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE3C5B6AFD83533B" author="Thorell" box="[413,563,1309,1332]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FF515B4BFD9D5047" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515B4BFD2D535C" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[240,669,1340,1363]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FF515B4BFE95535C" box="[240,293,1340,1363]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE215B4BFD29535C" ID-CoL="85MN" authority="C. L. Koch, 1836" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[384,665,1340,1363]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FE215B4BFE6C535C" box="[384,476,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
C.L. Koch, 1836
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515B2CFED7537D" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[240,359,1371,1394]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515B2CFED7537D" bold="true" box="[240,359,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Synonyms.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FE815B0EFDEB539F" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[288,603,1401,1424]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515BEFFD9D5047" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515BEFFE3253A0" bold="true" box="[240,386,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Composition.</emphasis>
The family includes nine genera, which are outlined in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FDB55BC1FD7053C2" author="Sissom" box="[532,704,1462,1485]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">Sissom (2000c)</bibRefCitation>
. No subfamilies or tribes are currently recognized. The content of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF405B83FEEA5004" ID-CoL="HR9" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[225,346,1524,1547]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
is changed here as the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD105B83FC925004" ID-CoL="857X" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[689,802,1524,1547]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Uroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FD105B83FC925004" box="[689,802,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Uroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(North America) is moved to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FDA55865FDDF5026" ID-CoL="622L7" baseAuthorityName="Stahnke" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[516,623,1554,1577]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
(under the reestablished subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE395846FD915047" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1934" box="[408,545,1585,1608]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Uroctoninae">Uroctoninae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FF515827FA845420" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515827FD675068" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" box="[240,727,1616,1639]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515827FEC55068" bold="true" box="[240,373,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FD935827FD385068" box="[562,648,1616,1639]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FD335827FD7C5068" box="[658,716,1616,1639]" name="United States of America" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515819FA3556F2" blockId="112.[192,802,1309,1915]" lastBlockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515819FE71508A" bold="true" box="[240,449,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The taxonomic history of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD4F5819FEBE50AB" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
is traced in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE5A58FAFD1650AB" author="Sissom" box="[507,678,1677,1700]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">Sissom (2000c)</bibRefCitation>
. For a long time, subfamilies Iurinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FDA358DBFD3F50CC" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[514,655,1708,1731]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD0D58DBFF5E50EE" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Scorpiopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopsinae">Scorpiopsinae</taxonomicName>
) were included here (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE4D58BDFD2050EE" author="Stahnke" box="[492,656,1738,1761]" firstAuthor="Stahnke" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="107 - 141" refId="ref97788" refString="STAHNKE, H. L. 1974. Revision and keys to the higher categories of Vejovidae. Journal of Arachnology, 1 (2): 107 - 141." type="journal article" year="1974">Stahnke, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Later, both Iurinae (including what is now
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FD9A589EFD54510F" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[571,740,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF61597FFEFD5110" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[192,333,1800,1823]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
were elevated to the family rank (Francke &amp; Soleglad, 1981;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FE2E5951FD935132" author="Sissom" box="[399,547,1830,1853]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref96823" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 1990. Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. Pp. 64 - 160 in G. A. Polis (ed.), Biology of Scorpions. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press." type="book" year="1990">Sissom, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FD905951FD545132" author="Stockwell" box="[561,740,1830,1853]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE925932FE705153" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[307,448,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scorpiopinae">Scorpiopinae</taxonomicName>
later was placed as a subfamily in
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF415913FD185174" authority="(Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soleglad &amp; Sissom" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[224,680,1892,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Euscorpiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Euscorpiidae (Soleglad &amp; Sissom, 2001)</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FD165913FC3656D1" author="Stockwell" box="[695,902,199,1915]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
introduced two subfamilies, four tribes, and three new genera, but all these changes remain unpublished.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5F73FA845420" blockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5F73FBD75714" bold="true" box="[878,1127,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBD95F73FB415714" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1144,1265,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
are a predominantly arid group found in the desert regions of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FAEE5F54FA105735" box="[1359,1440,291,314]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FC395F35FC605756" box="[920,976,322,345]" name="United States of America" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
, exhibiting a number of xeric adaptations. It is reasonable to assume that at least recent (late Tertiary) radiation of this family is connected to aridization on the North American continent (Morafka et al., 1994). Santiago-Blay et al. (2001) reported a presumably vaejovid Oligocene fossil from
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FBD75FACFB7857FD" box="[1142,1224,475,498]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D73CF539FB795FACFA9757FD" box="[1240,1319,475,498]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Puebla</collectingRegion>
). Lourenço &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FCFB5F8DFC45541E" author="Sissom" box="[858,1013,506,529]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref96906" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 a. Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 287 - 322 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000">Sissom (2000)</bibRefCitation>
considered vaejovids a group of Laurasian origin, based on their modern distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FCCF5C40FA9A55D2" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5C40FA9A55D2" blockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5C40FC6C5441" bold="true" box="[878,988,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Patella trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC9F5C21FCE35460" box="[830,851,598,623]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
v
<subScript id="17A73486D73CF539FCEB5C17FCE35460" attach="left" box="[842,851,608,623]" fontSize="6" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
situated on external surface; single ventral distal spinule (VDS) pair found on leg tarsus; laminar “hook” present on hemispermatophore lamina base; dorsal lateral carinae of metasomal segment IV terminates in conspicuous flared projection; overall shape of pedipalp chela rounded; patellar carina
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB005C98FB6A5507" box="[1185,1242,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<subScript id="17A73486D73CF539FB005C98FB6A5507" attach="left" box="[1185,1242,751,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">DPSc</subScript>
</emphasis>
present; pectinal tooth numbers relatively large. Important Symplesiomorphies. Dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC9F5D3CFCD4556D" box="[830,868,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">two</emphasis>
subdistal denticles; ventral surface of leg tarsus configured with moderately developed setal pairs and median spinule row; hemispermatophore capsule present, weak to significant; genital papillae of male visible at posterior edge of genital operculum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FCCF5D93FC5A5342" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5D93FC5A5342" blockId="112.[830,1441,199,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5D93FC5655F4" bold="true" box="[878,998,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Discussion</emphasis>
. Further taxonomic division of this family is contingent on a revision of the large (ca. 70 species) genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC7D5A55FB885236" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[988,1080,1058,1081]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC7D5A55FB885236" box="[988,1080,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is not monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FCE75A37FBB45258" author="Stockwell" box="[838,1028,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell, 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FBBA5A37FBE45258" author="Stockwell" box="[1051,1108,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FBCA5A37FAA85258" author="Sissom" box="[1131,1304,1088,1111]" firstAuthor="Sissom" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97042" refString="SISSOM, W. D. 2000 c. Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876. Pp. 503 - 552 in Fet, V., W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe &amp; M. E. Braunwalder. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York, NY: New York Entomological Society, 690 pp." type="book" year="2000" yearSuffix="c">Sissom, 2000c</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FA945A37FC365279" author="Stockwell" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
separated
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC5D5A28FBE85279" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[1020,1112,1119,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC5D5A28FBE85279" box="[1020,1112,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into three genera but this decision was never published. Ponce &amp; Beutelspacher (2001: 88) presented unpublished diagnoses and names for Stockwells genera “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBE75ACCFB1F52DD" authorityName="Ponce Saavedra &amp; Beutelspacher" authorityYear="2001" box="[1094,1199,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Sissomius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FBE75ACCFB1F52DD" box="[1094,1199,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Sissomius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” and “
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB5C5ACCFA3D52DD" authorityName="Ponce Saavedra &amp; Beutelspacher" authorityYear="2001" box="[1277,1421,1211,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Lissovaejovis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB5C5ACCFA3D52DD" box="[1277,1421,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Lissovaejovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”; these names, however, cannot be considered published by Ponce &amp; Beutelspacher according to ICZN (1999) since these diagnoses neither list
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FB1F5B60FB5C5321" box="[1214,1260,1303,1326]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
species nor fix
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FC9F5B41FCDC5342" box="[830,876,1334,1357]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF615CE4FD1154A5" bold="true" box="[192,673,659,682]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE9D5CE4FD1154A5" authority="Mitchell, 1971" authorityName="Mitchell" authorityYear="1971" box="[316,673,659,682]" class="Arachnida" family="Typhlochactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Typhlochactinae">
Typhlochactinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FDA15CE4FD1154A5" author="Mitchell" box="[512,673,659,682]" firstAuthor="Mitchell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref94826" refString="MITCHELL, R. W. 1971. Typhlochactas ellioti, a new eyeless cave scorpion from Mexico (Scorpionida, Chactidae). Annales de Speleologie, 26 (1): 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1971">Mitchell, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FF515CC5FE9554C6" box="[240,293,690,713]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FE215CC5FDAC54C6" box="[384,540,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Typhlochactas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FD825CC5FD7254C6" author="Mitchell" box="[547,706,690,713]" firstAuthor="Mitchell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref94826" refString="MITCHELL, R. W. 1971. Typhlochactas ellioti, a new eyeless cave scorpion from Mexico (Scorpionida, Chactidae). Annales de Speleologie, 26 (1): 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1971">Mitchell, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515CA7FD1E5509" blockId="112.[192,802,659,1265]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515CA7FE3254E8" bold="true" box="[240,386,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Composition.</emphasis>
This subfamily includes three genera (
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF685C98FE785509" box="[201,456,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FF685C98FE925509" ID-CoL="RCF" authorityName="Francke" authorityYear="1982" box="[201,290,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Typhlochactidae" genus="Alacran" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alacran</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE8D5C98FE785509" ID-CoL="63SGC" authorityName="Francke" authorityYear="1986" box="[300,456,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Typhlochactidae" genus="Sotanochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sotanochactas</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FDA35C98FD2D5509" ID-CoL="8489" authorityName="Mitchell" authorityYear="1971" box="[514,669,751,774]" class="Arachnida" family="Typhlochactidae" genus="Typhlochactas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FDA35C98FD2D5509" box="[514,669,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Typhlochactas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FF515D79FD2B558E" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515D79FD25552A" blockId="112.[192,802,659,1265]" box="[240,661,782,805]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515D79FEC5552A" bold="true" box="[240,373,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73CF539FD935D79FD3A552A" box="[562,650,782,805]" name="Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515D5BFD2B558E" blockId="112.[192,802,659,1265]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515D5BFE75554C" bold="true" box="[240,453,812,835]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. This taxon was originally introduced as a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FE4F5D3CFDEC556D" baseAuthorityName="Stahnke" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[494,604,843,866]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
. It corresponds to the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FEBE5D1DFE71558E" box="[287,449,874,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Typhlochactini">Typhlochactini</taxonomicName>
of Francke (1982a).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FF515DFFFCB752FE" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FF515DFFFCB752FE" blockId="112.[192,802,659,1265]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FF515DFFFEEE5590" bold="true" box="[240,350,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Ventral surface of leg tarsus with setal pairs, ventral spinules minimal or obsolete; number of leg pedal spurs varies from zero to two; sternum length equal to or greater than width; sternum apex rounded, with minimal depression, lateral lobes flat; hemispermatophore lamina terminus spatulate in shape; pectinal fulcra absent. Important Symplesiomorphies. Chelal finger median denticle (MD) row groups aligned obliquely; chelal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCB25A09FC92529A" box="[787,802,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">it</emphasis>
positioned at extreme base of fixed finger; chelal trichobothria
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FEF55ACCFEC552DD" box="[340,373,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Db</emphasis>
basal and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FE505ACCFDBC52DD" box="[497,524,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Dt</emphasis>
situated at base of fixed finger; lateral carinae of metasomal segment V absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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View file

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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FC9F5BE5FACF53A6" bold="true" box="[830,1407,1426,1449]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
Family
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, new rank
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FCCF5BC7FA8553C8" blockId="113.[830,1441,1426,1908]" box="[878,1333,1456,1479]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
<typeStatus id="54988861D73DF538FCCF5BC7FC1353C8" box="[878,931,1456,1479]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FC5E5BC7FB2653C8" box="[1023,1174,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Caraboctonus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73DF538FB3C5BC7FA8253C8" author="Pocock" box="[1181,1330,1456,1479]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FCCF5BB8FBB053E9" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Composition.</emphasis>
This new family is established here. It includes two subfamilies:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FBC05B99FAB9500A" authorityName=", Stockwell" authorityYear="1989" box="[1121,1289,1518,1541]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FAE55B99FCD6502C" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">Hadrurinae</taxonomicName>
. Tribes are not recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FCCF585CFC43504D" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Distribution</emphasis>
. North America, South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FCCF583DFC1250D4" blockId="113.[830,1441,1426,1908]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FCCF583DFBD6506E" bold="true" box="[878,1126,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. The family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FB58583DFA11506E" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[1273,1441,1610,1633]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
has a disjunct range, with subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FB7B581FFA315070" authorityName=", Stockwell" authorityYear="1989" box="[1242,1409,1640,1663]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
in South America (with two disjunct genera), and subfamily
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with disjunct range in
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73DF538FB7858D1FA9B50B2" box="[1241,1323,1702,1725]" name="Mexico" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and North America.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FCCF5894FC6C50F5" bold="true" box="[878,988,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Chelal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FC9F5976FCEF5115" box="[830,863,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
Et
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positioned on fixed finger; neobothriotaxy present on external surface of patella; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FB8B5948FBE05159" box="[1066,1104,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">two</emphasis>
subdistal denticles; leg coxae IV elongated; lateral carinae partially present on
</paragraph>
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metasomal segment IV; chela with “10-carinae” configuration. Important Symplesiomorphies. Ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger with one large denticle; ventral surface of leg tarsus with median row of spinule clusters; stigma oval in shape; chelal trichobothrial series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFED15F17FE1D5778" box="[368,429,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">dbdt</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFE475F17FDAF5778" box="[486,543,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">ebet</emphasis>
found on distal half of finger; patellar ventral trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFD2F5F08FD125797" box="[654,674,383,408]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
v
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found on external surface.
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF615AADFDD952FE" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" box="[192,617,1242,1265]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="D0D481AFD73EF53BFF615AADFDD952FE" box="[192,617,1242,1265]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF615AADFDD952FE" bold="true" box="[192,617,1242,1265]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFE9D5AADFDD952FE" authority="Stahnke, 1974" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" box="[316,617,1242,1265]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">
Hadrurinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFE685AADFDD952FE" author="Stahnke" box="[457,617,1242,1265]" firstAuthor="Stahnke" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" pagination="107 - 141" refId="ref97788" refString="STAHNKE, H. L. 1974. Revision and keys to the higher categories of Vejovidae. Journal of Arachnology, 1 (2): 107 - 141." type="journal article" year="1974">Stahnke, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73EF53BFF515A8FFE5A5342" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515A8FFD375300" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" box="[240,647,1272,1295]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<typeStatus id="54988861D73EF53BFF515A8FFE955300" box="[240,293,1272,1295]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFE215A8FFD345300" ID-CoL="62TPN" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[384,644,1272,1295]" class="Arachnida" family="Hadruridae" genus="Hadrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFE215A8FFE585300" box="[384,488,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Hadrurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFE4E5A8FFD345300" author="Thorell" box="[495,644,1272,1295]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515B60FC925321" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" box="[240,802,1303,1326]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515B60FE325321" bold="true" box="[240,386,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Composition.</emphasis>
This monotypic subfamily includes a
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515B41FE5A5342" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" box="[240,490,1334,1357]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
single genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFEDA5B41FE535342" ID-CoL="62TPN" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[379,483,1334,1357]" class="Arachnida" family="Hadruridae" genus="Hadrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFEDA5B41FE535342" box="[379,483,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Hadrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73EF53BFF515B23FDF05091" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515B23FD4D5364" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" box="[240,765,1364,1387]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515B23FECC5364" bold="true" box="[240,380,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Distribution.</emphasis>
North America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFD915B23FDD75364" box="[560,615,1364,1387]" name="United States of America" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">USA</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFD3A5B23FD415364" box="[667,753,1364,1387]" name="Mexico" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515B04FE1A53E9" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515B04FE755385" bold="true" box="[240,453,1395,1418]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The content of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFD2A5B04FCB35385" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" box="[651,771,1395,1418]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">Hadrurinae</taxonomicName>
is changed here since we transfer the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFDDF5BE5FCB653A6" box="[638,774,1426,1449]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFDDF5BE5FCB653A6" box="[638,774,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFF615BC7FE9B53C8" baseAuthorityName="Stahnke" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[192,299,1456,1479]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
(subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFE105BC7FD8953C8" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1934" box="[433,569,1456,1479]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Uroctoninae">Uroctoninae</taxonomicName>
), so that the subfamily is now monotypic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515B99FDF05091" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515B99FE55500A" bold="true" box="[240,485,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFDCB5B99FD62500A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[618,722,1518,1541]" class="Arachnida" family="Hadruridae" genus="Hadrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFDCB5B99FD62500A" box="[618,722,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Hadrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the largest desert scorpions in North America, and their evolution clearly is connected to aridization of this continent (Morafka et al., 1994). DNA phylogeny of this genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFEAD581FFE005070" author="Fet" box="[268,432,1640,1663]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fet" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" refId="ref96278" refString="SANTIAGO-BLAY, J. A., V. FET, M. E. SOLEGLAD, G. ROMERO &amp; P. CRAIG. 2001. A Tertiary vaejovid scorpion from Mexico and another non-buthid cretaceous scorpion from Brazil. Geological Society of America. Annual Meeting and Exposition Abstracts, November 1 - 10, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts, p. 266." type="proceedings paper" year="2001">Fet et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
) agrees with its Mexican origin as suggested earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFE2358F0FD835091" author="Soleglad" box="[386,563,1671,1694]" firstAuthor="Soleglad" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref97535" refString="SOLEGLAD, M. E. 1976 a. The taxonomy of the genus Hadrurus based on chela trichobothria (Scorpionida: Vejovidae). Journal of Arachnology, 3: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="a">Soleglad, 1976a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73EF53BFF5158D1FC665735" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF5158D1FC665735" blockId="114.[192,802,1242,1910]" lastBlockId="114.[830,1440,199,406]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF5158D1FEEE50B2" bold="true" box="[240,350,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Major neobothriotaxy present on ventral aspect of pedipalpal chela, and on ventral and external aspects of patella; ventral surface of leg tarsus with fused spinule cluster groups; leg tarsus unguicular spur well-developed; genital papillae of male absent. Important Symplesiomorphies. Chelal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFEB5592AFE855179" box="[276,309,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
Et
<subScript id="17A73486D73EF53BFE8D591FFE855179" attach="left" box="[300,309,1896,1910]" fontSize="6" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">5</subScript>
</emphasis>
positioned on fixed finger; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFB3F5EB0FB7456D1" box="[1182,1220,199,222]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">two</emphasis>
subdistal denticles; leg coxae IV elongated; lateral carinae partially present on metasomal segment IV; chela with “10-carinae” configuration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73EF53BFCCF5F35FC6A5799" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFCCF5F35FC6A5799" blockId="114.[830,1440,199,406]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFCCF5F35FC565756" bold="true" box="[878,998,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Discussion</emphasis>
. See discussion above under subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFC9F5F17FC725778" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1934" box="[830,962,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Uroctoninae">Uroctoninae</taxonomicName>
for the reasons for removing
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFAB95F17FA105778" box="[1304,1440,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFAB95F17FA105778" box="[1304,1440,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFCD85F08FC665799" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[889,982,383,406]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
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Subfamily
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</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73EF53BFF515F8DFDAA54A5" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" type="type_taxon">
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<typeStatus id="54988861D73EF53BFF515F8DFE95541E" box="[240,293,506,529]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFE205F8DFD03541E" ID-CoL="3H8L" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[385,691,506,529]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" genus="Caraboctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFE205F8DFDA8541E" box="[385,536,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Caraboctonus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFDBF5F8DFD03541E" author="Pocock" box="[542,691,506,529]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515C6FFED85420" blockId="114.[192,802,475,1203]" box="[240,360,536,559]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515C6FFED15420" bold="true" box="[240,353,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Synonyms</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFE815C40FE575462" blockId="114.[192,802,475,1203]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
Hadruroidinae
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFE645C40FD2B5441" author="Mello-Leitao" box="[453,667,567,590]" firstAuthor="Mello-Leitao" journalOrPublisher="Annaes da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" pagination="75 - 82" part="6" refId="ref94771" refString="MELLO-LEITAO, C. DE. 1934. A proposito de um novo Vejovida do Brasil. Annaes da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 6 (2): 75 - 82." title="A proposito de um novo Vejovida do Brasil" type="journal article" year="1934">Mello-Leitão, 1934</bibRefCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="54988861D73EF53BFD0A5C40FD695441" box="[683,729,567,590]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFF615C21FE535462" ID-CoL="635PM" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[192,483,598,621]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" genus="Hadruroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF615C21FEF95462" box="[192,329,598,621]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Hadruroides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73EF53BFEEE5C21FE535462" author="Pocock" box="[335,483,598,621]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515C03FE325484" bold="true" box="[240,386,628,651]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Composition.</emphasis>
This subfamily includes two genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFF615CE4FEE754A5" ID-CoL="3H8L" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[192,343,659,682]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" genus="Caraboctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF615CE4FEE754A5" box="[192,343,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Caraboctonus</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFE2A5CE4FDA354A5" box="[395,531,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Hadruroides</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515CC5FECC54C6" bold="true" box="[240,380,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Distribution.</emphasis>
South America (
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFDF95CC5FD1A54C6" box="[600,682,690,713]" name="Bolivia" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFD635CC5FCAE54C6" box="[706,798,690,713]" name="Ecuador" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49E7F821D73EF53BFF615CA7FE3554E8" box="[192,389,720,743]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Galapagos Islands</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFE315CA7FE7C54E8" box="[400,460,720,743]" name="Chile" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFE765CA7FDBD54E8" box="[471,525,720,743]" name="Peru" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Peru</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515C98FDAC556D" blockId="114.[192,802,475,1203]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515C98FE575509" bold="true" box="[240,487,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. Of two genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFD615C98FEA1552A" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73EF53BFE875D79FE0D552A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[294,445,782,805]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" genus="Caraboctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFE875D79FE0D552A" box="[294,445,782,805]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Caraboctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has clear adaptations to arid habitats, and is found only in the deserts of
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFD165D5BFD41554C" box="[695,753,812,835]" name="Chile" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Chile</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D73EF53BFE825D3CFEE4556D" box="[291,340,843,866]" name="Peru" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Peru</collectingCountry>
(Lourenço, 1995).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73EF53BFF515D1DFEE752BC" pageId="114" pageNumber="111" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73EF53BFF515D1DFEE752BC" blockId="114.[192,802,475,1203]" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF515D1DFEEE558E" bold="true" box="[240,350,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Ventral surface of leg tarsus with heavily populated spinule cluster groups; leg tarsus unguicular spur blunted; genital papillae of male visible from genital operculum posterior edge; accessory trichobothrium found in patellar external
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFD0F5D93FD7D55F4" box="[686,717,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">em</emphasis>
series. Important Symplesiomorphies. Chelal trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFF615A55FF515235" box="[192,225,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">
Et
<subScript id="17A73486D73EF53BFF795A5BFF515235" attach="left" box="[216,225,1068,1082]" fontSize="6" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">5</subScript>
</emphasis>
positioned on fixed finger; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73EF53BFE0D5A37FE625258" box="[428,466,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="111">two</emphasis>
subdistal denticles; leg coxae IV elongated; lateral carinae partially present on metasomal segment IV; chela with “10-carinae” configuration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -1,72 +1,52 @@
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(
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9FFFE111937A7DFEFAF9A8" box="[159,258,1589,1616]" captionStart-0="Figures 1-2" captionStart-1="Figures 3-9" captionStartId-0="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox-0="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetBox-1="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId-0="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." captionText-1="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Figs 1-9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9FFFE111937A7DFEFAF9A8" box="[159,258,1589,1616]" captionStart-0="Figures 1-2" captionStart-1="Figures 3-9" captionStartId-0="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox-0="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetBox-1="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId-0="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." captionText-1="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237079" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13237079/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Figs 1-9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -120,13 +100,9 @@ male, slide 9888,
</date>
, leg.
<collectionCode id="ED2A3095FF9FFFE1119B7AF4FF48F92E" box="[151,176,1724,1750]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Stolbov. The
<typeStatus id="548016F2FF9FFFE110527AF3FE3CF92E" box="[350,452,1723,1750]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is deposited in the collection of the Institute for
. Stolbov. The holotype is deposited in the collection of the Institute for
<location id="8EE4FE8BFF9FFFE115077AF3FAC1F92E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03921946FF9FFFE2119B7A5CFCCCFBF0:8EE4FE8BFF9FFFE115077AF3FAC1F92E" box="[1035,1337,1723,1750]" country="Chile" county="South America" latitude="-54.070553" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="-68.87862" municipality="Provincia de Tierra del Fuego" name="Biology of Inland Waters" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena">Biology of Inland Waters</location>
(Borok,
<collectingCountry id="F32CE8C0FF9FFFE1119B7A95FF13F900" box="[151,235,1757,1784]" name="Russia" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Russia</collectingCountry>
).
(Borok, Russia).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -138,7 +114,7 @@ Dorsal shield without a ridges on each side medial to the glandularia; median co
located slightly posterior to anterior margin and far medially from anteriolateral corners of coxal plates II; IV-Leg-5 much longer than IV-Leg-6; P-4 with comparatively large ventral pointed projection bearing two small tubercles and three thin setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF44F8D8FF9EFFE0119B787AFAA5FBB2" box="[151,1373,1074,1098]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" startId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" targetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<caption id="DF44F8D8FF9EFFE0119B787AFAA5FBB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237079" box="[151,1373,1074,1098]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237079/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" startId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" targetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9EFFE0119B787AFAA5FBB2" blockId="1.[151,1373,1074,1098]" box="[151,1373,1074,1098]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9EFFE0119B787AFEEFFBB2" bold="true" box="[151,279,1074,1098]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Figures 1-2</emphasis>
.
@ -153,42 +129,42 @@ located slightly posterior to anterior margin and far medially from anteriolater
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9EFFE0119B78DDFDEAFA82" blockId="1.[151,1437,1172,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9EFFE0119B78DDFED0FB57" bold="true" box="[151,296,1173,1199]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Description</emphasis>
(Male). Idiosoma flat oval with small anteriomedian protrusion (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE0155D78DCFB63FB57" box="[1105,1179,1172,1199]" captionStart="Figures 1-2" captionStartId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionTargetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE0155D78DCFB63FB57" box="[1105,1179,1172,1199]" captionStart="Figures 1-2" captionStartId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionTargetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237079/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Dorsal and ventral shields present. Dorsal shield oval but slightly narrowed anteriorly, bearing trichobothria
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9EFFE015B878FFFB29FB29" box="[1204,1233,1207,1233]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Oi</emphasis>
and four pairs of setae associated with glandularia, first three pairs of glandularia associated with long setae, posterior pair of glandularia associated with short, thick setae, and without ridge on each side medial to the glandularia. Dorsal furrow moderately wide, with six pairs of glandularia, five pairs of slit organs and two pairs of minute muscle attachment sclerites in the posterior half. All idiosomal glandularia relatively large, with several comparatively long blades each.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9EFFE011FA79C9FBEDF97F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1172,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
Ventral shields (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE010B679C9FDFAFA64" box="[442,514,1409,1436]" captionStart="Figures 1-2" captionStartId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionTargetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE010B679C9FDFAFA64" box="[442,514,1409,1436]" captionStart="Figures 1-2" captionStartId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionTargetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237079/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) oval but narrowed anteriorly, separate lateral eyes present anteriorly, tips of first coxae not projecting beyond anterior margin of idiosoma. Setae and glandularia
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9EFFE0158C79ECFB5AFA45" box="[1152,1186,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Hv</emphasis>
shifted to the second coxal plate more or less in a line with the posterior end of the V-shaped capitular bay. Median coxal suture line and suture lines between coxal plates I and II distinct. Suture lines between coxal plates II/III and III/IV incomplete obliterated medially; posterior margins of coxal plates IV incomplete, barely distinguishable. Genital field oval with three pairs of acetabula, four pairs of medial and four to five pairs lateral thin setae; anterior two pairs of acetabula oval subequal and larger than posterior triangular pair (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE0159C7A03FB2EF99E" box="[1168,1238,1611,1638]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE0159C7A03FB2EF99E" box="[1168,1238,1611,1638]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Excretory pore subterminal and located between setae
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9EFFE0136E7A25FD86F97F" box="[610,638,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Ci</emphasis>
. Dorsal and ventral shields porous
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9EFFE011FA7AC6FC1DF933" blockId="1.[151,1437,1172,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
Capitulum with convex ventral margin, rostrum comparatively short (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE015637AC6FB38F951" box="[1135,1216,1678,1705]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE015637AC6FB38F951" box="[1135,1216,1678,1705]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Chelicera basal segment strong thickened proximaly, chela small sickle-shaped (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE012837AF8FC2EF933" box="[911,982,1712,1739]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE012837AF8FC2EF933" box="[911,982,1712,1739]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9EFFE011FA7A9AFD99F8AA" blockId="1.[151,1437,1172,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
Pedipalp moderately long (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE0133A7A9AFD78F915" box="[566,640,1746,1773]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE0133A7A9AFD78F915" box="[566,640,1746,1773]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
): P-1 with single dorsodistal seta; P-2 ventral margin straight, with a single ventrolateral seta and six unequal dorsal setae; P-3 ventral margin concave, with four unequal setae; P-4 with large ventral pointed projection bearing two small tubercles and three thin setae, with single spinelike seta and several thin setae distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9EFFE011FA7B12FBB1F803" blockId="1.[151,1437,1172,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
IV-Legs with swimming setae, all other legs without swimming setae. Shape and arrangement of setae on I-Leg as show in figure 8. I-Leg-1-5 mainly with some thick setae, I-Leg-6 with thin setae. I-III- Legs claws with two unequal clawlets (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE013797BD4FD47F84F" box="[629,703,1948,1975]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
IV-Legs with swimming setae, all other legs without swimming setae. Shape and arrangement of setae on I-Leg as show in figure 8. I-Leg-1-5 mainly with some thick setae, I-Leg-6 with thin setae. I-III-Legs claws with two unequal clawlets (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE013797BD4FD47F84F" box="[629,703,1948,1975]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), claws absent from fourth legs. IV-Leg-5 much longer than IV-Leg-6 (IV-Leg-5/IV-Leg-6 L ratio 1.57) with two long swimming setae, IV-Leg-6 with three thick unequal distal setae, one short, thin seta and short terminal peg-like seta (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE012FE7BA8FBC0F803" box="[1010,1080,2016,2043]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9EFFE012FE7BA8FBC0F803" box="[1010,1080,2016,2043]" captionStart="Figures 3-9" captionStartId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-18@2.[183,1405,189,1929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figures 3-9. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 3 genital field; 4 capitulum, lateral view, 5 chelicera, 6 pedipalp, 7 IV-Leg-5-6, 8 I-Leg-4-6; 9 leg claw. Scale bars: 3-9 = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF44F8D8FF9DFFE3119B7BE0FC25F827" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" startId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" targetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<caption id="DF44F8D8FF9DFFE3119B7BE0FC25F827" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237081/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" startId="2.[151,237,1960,1984]" targetBox="[191,1382,189,1917]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B84A850FF9DFFE3119B7BE0FC25F827" blockId="2.[151,1436,1960,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9DFFE3119B7BE0FEE0F838" bold="true" box="[151,280,1960,1984]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Figures 3-9</emphasis>
.
@ -229,7 +205,7 @@ is characterized by the slightly convex anterior margin of the idiosoma without
located in the anterolateral corners of coxal plates II, the median coxal suture line and suture lines between coxal plates I and II slightly indicated (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAD5A1FF9CFFE210187E10FE5CFD8B" author="Cook, D. R." box="[276,420,600,627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 356" refId="ref1508" refString="Cook, D. R. (1988) Water mites from Chile. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 42, 1 - 356. Tuzovskij, P. V. (1987) Morfologiya i postembrional'noye razvitiye vodyanykh kleshchey [Morphology and" type="journal article" year="1988">Cook, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, the idiosoma with small anteriomedian protrusion (
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9CFFE215A57E10FAE8FD8B" box="[1193,1296,600,627]" captionStart="Figures 1-2" captionStartId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionTargetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Figs 1-2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="1300B4D5FF9CFFE215A57E10FAE8FD8B" box="[1193,1296,600,627]" captionStart="Figures 1-2" captionStartId="1.[151,237,1074,1098]" captionTargetBox="[193,1389,207,1014]" captionTargetId="figure-7@1.[189,1399,189,1034]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1-2. Anisitsiellides magellanensis sp. n., male: 1 dorsal view; 2 ventral view. Scale bar: 1-2 = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237079/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Figs 1-2</figureCitation>
), the dorsal shield without ridges on each side medial to the glandularia, glandularia
<emphasis id="B94F7442FF9CFFE215137E33FBB9FD6C" box="[1055,1089,635,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Hv</emphasis>
located slightly posterior to anterior margin and far medially from the anteriolateral corners of coxal plates II, the median coxal suture line and suture lines between coxal plates I and II distinct are charactersitic for the new species.

View file

@ -1,33 +1,40 @@
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(
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A-B)
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@ -99,7 +106,7 @@ from Zaragoza Province, northern
given by
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and he does not discuss diagnostic differences between the two species. The figure of the male posterior idiosoma of Walter is very sketchy, but in the description he mentioned the hyaline tube-like petiole with a small tooth in the middle of the dorsal margin (as given in
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). Moreover, the size of
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<figureCitation id="13362A0BFF97FF60DD8275D4FF29FC69" box="[160,235,971,998]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[151,226,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,189,1815]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[159,1428,189,1826]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Neumania fortiventa n. sp., A-E = holotype male. A = venter; B = Genital field; C = palp; D = I-leg-4-6; E = IV-leg-5-6. Scale bars: A = 200 µm, B-E = 50 µm." pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13362A0BFF97FF60DD8275D4FF29FC69" box="[160,235,971,998]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[151,226,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[175,1428,189,1815]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[159,1428,189,1826]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Neumania fortiventa n. sp., A-E = holotype male. A = venter; B = Genital field; C = palp; D = I-leg-4-6; E = IV-leg-5-6. Scale bars: A = 200 µm, B-E = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237324/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="15">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A-E)
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View file

@ -1,44 +1,46 @@
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@ -54,9 +56,9 @@
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<paragraph id="904336BCE62351167FB263DCFDE15887" blockId="2.[344,650,867,924]" box="[389,559,901,924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
(
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167FB963DCFE305887" box="[398,510,901,924]" captionStart-0="Figures 114" captionStart-1="Figures 1517" captionStartId-0="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionStartId-1="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox-0="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetBox-1="[236,1405,168,1830]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetId-1="figure-93@4.[237,1404,169,1829]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." captionText-1="Figures 1517: 15. Female paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 16. Male paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 17. Ethiopia, Awash, Metahara env., 08°54'N 39°54'E, 960-1050 m a.s.l. Type locality of Buthus awashensis sp. n. together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus abyssinicus Birula, 1903 and Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828)." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figs. 517</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167FB963DCFE305887" box="[398,510,901,924]" captionStart-0="Figures 114" captionStart-1="Figures 1517" captionStartId-0="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionStartId-1="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox-0="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetBox-1="[236,1405,168,1830]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetId-1="figure-93@4.[237,1404,169,1829]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." captionText-1="Figures 1517: 15. Female paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 16. Male paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 17. Ethiopia, Awash, Metahara env., 08°54'N 39°54'E, 960-1050 m a.s.l. Type locality of Buthus awashensis sp. n. together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus abyssinicus Birula, 1903 and Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237333" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13237333/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figs. 517</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167C3C63DCFDE95887" box="[523,551,901,924]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167C3C63DCFDE95887" box="[523,551,901,924]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237337/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ env.,
<elevation id="1BD1D18FE62351167C1C63B8FD6358E3" box="[555,685,993,1016]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.005" metricValueMax="1.05" metricValueMin="0.96" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" unit="m" value="1005.0" valueMax="1050.0" valueMin="960.0">960-1050 m</elevation>
</quantity>
. a.s.l. (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167CCA63B8FF155F0C" captionStart="Figures 1517" captionStartId="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[236,1405,168,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-93@4.[237,1404,169,1829]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1517: 15. Female paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 16. Male paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 17. Ethiopia, Awash, Metahara env., 08°54'N 39°54'E, 960-1050 m a.s.l. Type locality of Buthus awashensis sp. n. together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus abyssinicus Birula, 1903 and Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828)." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167CCA63B8FF155F0C" captionStart="Figures 1517" captionStartId="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[236,1405,168,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-93@4.[237,1404,169,1829]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1517: 15. Female paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 16. Male paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 17. Ethiopia, Awash, Metahara env., 08°54'N 39°54'E, 960-1050 m a.s.l. Type locality of Buthus awashensis sp. n. together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus abyssinicus Birula, 1903 and Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237333/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
); the authorś collection (
<collectionCode id="F6EDAE79E62351167FD96459FDF95F0C" box="[494,567,1024,1047]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">FKCP</collectionCode>
)
@ -124,9 +126,9 @@ env.,
a.s.l.
</elevation>
(
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167C7B6405FD545F68" box="[588,666,1116,1139]" captionStart="Figures 1517" captionStartId="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[236,1405,168,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-93@4.[237,1404,169,1829]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1517: 15. Female paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 16. Male paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 17. Ethiopia, Awash, Metahara env., 08°54'N 39°54'E, 960-1050 m a.s.l. Type locality of Buthus awashensis sp. n. together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus abyssinicus Birula, 1903 and Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828)." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167C7B6405FD545F68" box="[588,666,1116,1139]" captionStart="Figures 1517" captionStartId="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[236,1405,168,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-93@4.[237,1404,169,1829]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 1517: 15. Female paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 16. Male paratype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. at the type locality. 17. Ethiopia, Awash, Metahara env., 08°54'N 39°54'E, 960-1050 m a.s.l. Type locality of Buthus awashensis sp. n. together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus abyssinicus Birula, 1903 and Parabuthus leiosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237333/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167CF86405FD245F68" box="[719,746,1116,1139]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167CF86405FD245F68" box="[719,746,1116,1139]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237337/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
),
<specimenCount id="86FAFD35E62351167D366405FCEC5F68" box="[769,802,1116,1139]" count="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
(
@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ and
a.s.l.
</elevation>
(
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167CC0648FFF155E17" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167CC0648FFF155E17" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237337/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
),
<specimenCount id="86FAFD35E62351167ECE64ACFED45E17" box="[249,282,1269,1292]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
(
@ -232,12 +234,12 @@ males.
: The adults are
<quantity id="57049B59E62351167C146765FD6F5C48" box="[547,673,1852,1875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" unit="mm" value="57.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="50.0">5065 mm</quantity>
long. The habitus is shown in
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167FA36703FE365C6A" box="[404,504,1882,1905]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figs. 56</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167FA36703FE365C6A" box="[404,504,1882,1905]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figs. 56</figureCitation>
(male) and 1314 (female).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904336BCE62351167D09633AFC0958EE" blockId="2.[830,1448,867,1504]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167D8A63DBFBDE5882" box="[957,1040,898,921]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167D8A63DBFBDE5882" box="[957,1040,898,921]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
. Sexual dimorphism is minor; the chela of pedipalp is relatively narrow in both sexes, its length to width ratio being 3.5
<quantity id="57049B59E62351167AAB63E6FB1258CD" box="[1180,1244,959,982]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0921999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" unit="in" value="4.3">4.3 in</quantity>
females and
@ -247,15 +249,15 @@ males.
<paragraph id="904336BCE62351167D0963A4FB9E5E12" blockId="2.[830,1448,867,1504]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<smallCapsWord id="96A5A060E62351167D0963A4FC025F08" baselines="1038,1038" box="[830,972,1021,1044]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Coloration" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">COLORATION</smallCapsWord>
. The mesosoma and carapace are dark (grey to black) with orange spots. The mesosoma bears a median black strip. The base color of the metasoma, pedipalps and legs is yellow or yellowish red with dark spots and reticulations on legs, pedipalps and the fifth metsomal segments (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167A1B64CFFB6D5FB6" box="[1068,1187,1174,1197]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figs. 514</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167A1B64CFFB6D5FB6" box="[1068,1187,1174,1197]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figs. 514</figureCitation>
). Carina on the metasoma and pedipalps are dark. The chelicerae are pale yellow, with reticulation only in anterior part, and with reddish denticles (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167A3664ABFB8C5E12" box="[1025,1090,1266,1289]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167A3664ABFB8C5E12" box="[1025,1090,1266,1289]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904336BCE62351167D096548FBB35EFB" blockId="2.[830,1448,867,1504]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<smallCapsWord id="96A5A060E62351167D096548FC7D5E3C" baselines="1314,1314" box="[830,947,1297,1320]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Carapace" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">CARAPACE</smallCapsWord>
(
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167DFC6548FBD85E33" box="[971,1046,1297,1320]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62351167DFC6548FBD85E33" box="[971,1046,1297,1320]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The surface is granulated with granules small along much of the middline and large anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally. The carinae are typical for genus
<taxonomicName id="57FC4D3FE62351167A336535FB805E9F" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1028,1102,1388,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Buthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62351167A336535FB805E9F" box="[1028,1102,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Buthus</emphasis>
@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ males.
<smallCapsWord id="96A5A060E62351167DCD6654FB825D3B" baselines="1563" box="[1018,1100,1549,1568]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="telson" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">TELSON</smallCapsWord>
. The tergites are granulated in posterior parts and bear very strong median carinae. A pair of denticulate lateral carinae is strong on tergites II VI. Tergite VII is pentacarinate, with all carinae strong and granulated. The pectinal tooth count is 2328 (5x23, 13x24, 32x25, 10x26, 4x27, 2x28) in the females and 3035 (5x30, 17x31, 32x32, 11x33, 6x34, 1x35) in the males. The pectinal marginal tips extend to the proximal end between the end of the third and the fronter quarter of the fourth sternite in females and to the proximal end of the fourth sternite in males. The pectines have three marginal lamellae and seven or eight middle lamellae. The lamellae bear numerous dark setae, each fulcrum with three to six dark setae. All sternites are smooth. The seventh sternite bears four strongly developed ventral crenulate carinae. The other sternites bear two or four inconspicious smooth carinae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4836634E62251177EF76773FD265CBE" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" startId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" targetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<caption id="C4836634E62251177EF76773FD265CBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" startId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" targetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="904336BCE62251177EF76773FD265CBE" blockId="3.[192,1440,1834,1957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62251177EF76773FE415C5B" bold="true" box="[192,399,1834,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Figures 114: 14:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57FC4D3FE62251177FA16775FD125C5A" authority="Pocock, 1900" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1900" box="[406,732,1836,1857]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Buthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berberensis">
@ -300,7 +302,7 @@ in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in later
♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C4836634E62551107EF7671BFECE5CBF" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" startId="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" targetBox="[236,1405,168,1830]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<caption id="C4836634E62551107EF7671BFECE5CBF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237333/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" startId="4.[192,278,1858,1882]" targetBox="[236,1405,168,1830]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="904336BCE62551107EF7671BFECE5CBF" blockId="4.[192,1441,1858,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62551107EF7671BFE415C42" bold="true" box="[192,399,1858,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Figures 1517: 15.</emphasis>
Female paratype of
@ -346,7 +348,7 @@ and
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C4836634E62451117EF7674BFCE15CBD" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" startId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" targetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<caption id="C4836634E62451117EF7674BFCE15CBD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237335/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" startId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" targetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="904336BCE62451117EF7674BFCE15CBD" blockId="5.[192,1441,1810,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62451117EF7674BFE6B5C31" bold="true" box="[192,421,1810,1834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figures 1822: 18. S</emphasis>
omaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of
@ -412,7 +414,7 @@ Pocock, 1895
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C4836634E62751127EF76481FC0E5E12" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" startId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" targetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<caption id="C4836634E62751127EF76481FC0E5E12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237337" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237337/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" startId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" targetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="904336BCE62751127EF76481FC0E5E12" blockId="6.[192,1441,1240,1289]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62751127EF76481FEF95FEA" bold="true" box="[192,311,1240,1265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figure 23:</emphasis>
Map of distributions of
@ -477,7 +479,7 @@ from all other species of the genus. The new species is easily distinguished fro
species
</taxonomicName>
known from this region (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137FFB63E9FDD758DC" box="[460,537,944,967]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137FFB63E9FDD758DC" box="[460,537,944,967]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="6.[192,268,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[216,1412,198,1187]" captionTargetId="figure-108@6.[192,1437,173,1212]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 23: Map of distributions of Buthus awashensis sp. n. and Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 with only those localities at which the two species have been found by the author, T. Mazuch and P. Novák." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="57FC4D3FE62651137C0663E9FD0558DC" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1900" box="[561,715,943,967]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Buthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berberensis">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62651137C0663E9FD0558DC" box="[561,715,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">B. berberensis</emphasis>
@ -485,11 +487,11 @@ known from this region (
reaches only
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and differs in coloration, as adult have mainly the chela of pedipalp and chelicerae entirely yellow, without dark reticulations (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137C006453FD555F3A" box="[567,667,1034,1057]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137C006453FD555F3A" box="[567,667,1034,1057]" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137CF86453FCDD5F3A" box="[719,787,1034,1057]" captionStart="Figures 1822" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-188@5.[252,1368,196,1781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1822: 18. Somaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) and Pandinus (Pandinurus) sp. n.. 19. Male of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 20. Female of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 21. Juvenile of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 22. Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus sp. n. and Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895." pageId="7" pageNumber="6">1920</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137CF86453FCDD5F3A" box="[719,787,1034,1057]" captionStart="Figures 1822" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-188@5.[252,1368,196,1781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1822: 18. Somaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) and Pandinus (Pandinurus) sp. n.. 19. Male of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 20. Female of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 21. Juvenile of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 22. Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus sp. n. and Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237335/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">1920</figureCitation>
). However, immatures (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137A67609EFB635BC5" box="[1104,1197,199,222]" captionStart="Figures 1822" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-188@5.[252,1368,196,1781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1822: 18. Somaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) and Pandinus (Pandinurus) sp. n.. 19. Male of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 20. Female of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 21. Juvenile of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 22. Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus sp. n. and Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895." pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137A67609EFB635BC5" box="[1104,1197,199,222]" captionStart="Figures 1822" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-188@5.[252,1368,196,1781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1822: 18. Somaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) and Pandinus (Pandinurus) sp. n.. 19. Male of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 20. Female of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 21. Juvenile of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 22. Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus sp. n. and Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237335/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) and males of
<taxonomicName id="57FC4D3FE62651137BBE609EFC755BE5" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Buthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berberensis">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62651137BBE609EFC755BE5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">B. berberensis</emphasis>
@ -513,7 +515,7 @@ long and
) based on a female
<quantity id="57049B59E62651137B2F61DAFAA85A81" box="[1304,1382,387,410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137D7161FBFC025AA2" box="[838,972,418,441]" captionStart="Figures 1822" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-188@5.[252,1368,196,1781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1822: 18. Somaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) and Pandinus (Pandinurus) sp. n.. 19. Male of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 20. Female of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 21. Juvenile of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 22. Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus sp. n. and Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895." pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1921</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137D7161FBFC025AA2" box="[838,972,418,441]" captionStart="Figures 1822" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1810,1834]" captionTargetBox="[251,1368,195,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-188@5.[252,1368,196,1781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1822: 18. Somaliland, beetwen Berbera and Sheikh, 10°05'49.9&quot;N 45°11'40.1&quot;E, 628 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Hottentotta polystictus (Pocock, 1896) and Pandinus (Pandinurus) sp. n.. 19. Male of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 20. Female of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 21. Juvenile of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 at the locality in Figure 22. 22. Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. Collection locality of Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900 together with Butheolus sp. n., Compsobuthus sp. n. and Parabuthus granimanus Pocock, 1895." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237335/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1921</figureCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F46D4B4DE62651137DD761FBFB665AA2" author="POCOCK R. I." box="[992,1192,418,441]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref2303" refString="POCOCK R. I. 1900. Arachnida. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. London: W. T. Blandford, xii, 279 pp." type="book" year="1900">Pocock, 1900: 56</bibRefCitation>
and Levy &amp; Amitai, 1980: 16).
@ -528,7 +530,7 @@ has a wider and shorter chela of pedipalps than
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9BB57D5E62651137A8561B9FB3C5AE3" box="[1202,1266,480,504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137B3161B8FC4C590C" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figs. 16 and 1314</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="08C72A39E62651137B3161B8FC4C590C" captionStart="Figures 114" captionStartId="3.[192,278,1834,1858]" captionTargetBox="[234,1389,150,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[228,1395,145,1805]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 114: 14: Buthus berberensis Pocock, 1900, Somaliland, near Berbera, 10°15'30.5&quot;N 45°06'04.2&quot;E, 376 m a.s.l. (see Fig. 22), FKCP. Figures 12: ♂ (52 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 34: ♀ (50 mm) in dorsal and ventral views. 514. Buthus awashensis sp. n. 512: ♂ holotype of Buthus awashensis sp. n. in dorsal and ventral views (56), fifth metasomal segment and telson in lateral view (7), carapace with chelicerae (8), movable finger (910), chela in dorsal view (11), and trichobothrial pattern (12). 1314: ♀ allotype, dorsal and ventral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237331/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figs. 16 and 1314</figureCitation>
). Males of
<taxonomicName id="57FC4D3FE62651137A366259FB55590C" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1900" box="[1025,1179,511,535]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Buthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berberensis">
<emphasis id="A288EAAEE62651137A366259FB55590C" box="[1025,1179,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">B. berberensis</emphasis>

View file

@ -1,58 +1,62 @@
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, 2730
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<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CFA6513D204B9FE47" box="[333,445,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 23" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[228,1390,147,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[228,1390,147,1800]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 23: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 2. Behbahan to Gachsaran (Dogonbadan) road, 30º28'36&quot;N 50º30'05&quot;, 498 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-1). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço et Pézier, 2002 and Scorpio maurus townsendi (Pocock, 1900) were documented. 3. Yasuj, Deelaroo Village, 30º33'44&quot;N 50º44'44&quot;E, 820 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-2). Locality where Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hottentotta zagrosensis Kovařík, 1997, Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Orthochirus iranus Kovařík, 2004, Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Figures 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CFA6513D204B9FE47" box="[333,445,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 23" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[228,1390,147,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[228,1390,147,1800]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 23: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 2. Behbahan to Gachsaran (Dogonbadan) road, 30º28'36&quot;N 50º30'05&quot;, 498 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-1). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço et Pézier, 2002 and Scorpio maurus townsendi (Pocock, 1900) were documented. 3. Yasuj, Deelaroo Village, 30º33'44&quot;N 50º44'44&quot;E, 820 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-2). Locality where Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hottentotta zagrosensis Kovařík, 1997, Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Orthochirus iranus Kovařík, 2004, Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237108/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Figures 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CFAE213D204F3FE47" box="[458,503,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 67" captionStartId="10.[192,278,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[215,1392,144,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[215,1392,144,1826]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figures 67: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 6. Dena,Yasuj to Sisakht road, 30º48'15&quot;N 51º28'54&quot;E, 2000 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-3). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented. 7. Yasuj to Mourgah road, Jahanno Village, 30°29'20&quot;N 51°31'38&quot;E, 2153 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-4). Locality where Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880), Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." pageId="15" pageNumber="14">67</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CFAE213D204F3FE47" box="[458,503,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 67" captionStartId="10.[192,278,1851,1875]" captionTargetBox="[215,1392,144,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[215,1392,144,1826]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figures 67: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 6. Dena,Yasuj to Sisakht road, 30º48'15&quot;N 51º28'54&quot;E, 2000 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-3). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented. 7. Yasuj to Mourgah road, Jahanno Village, 30°29'20&quot;N 51°31'38&quot;E, 2153 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-4). Locality where Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880), Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237114/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">67</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CF92B13D20710FE47" box="[515,532,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 89" captionStartId="11.[192,278,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[227,1404,144,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[227,1404,144,1826]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 89: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 8. Basht road, Dehno Village, 30º17'41&quot;N 51º25'08&quot;E, 826 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-5). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) was documented. 9. Cheram, 30º44'23&quot;N 50º44'35&quot;E, 747 m a.s.l. (Locality No.Y-8). Locality where Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903), and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." pageId="15" pageNumber="14">9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CF92B13D20710FE47" box="[515,532,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 89" captionStartId="11.[192,278,1848,1872]" captionTargetBox="[227,1404,144,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[227,1404,144,1826]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 89: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 8. Basht road, Dehno Village, 30º17'41&quot;N 51º25'08&quot;E, 826 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-5). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) was documented. 9. Cheram, 30º44'23&quot;N 50º44'35&quot;E, 747 m a.s.l. (Locality No.Y-8). Locality where Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903), and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237116/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CF90813D20744FE47" box="[544,576,448,474]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="14.[192,268,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[191,1438,191,1492]" captionTargetId="figure-12@14.[192,1437,192,1491]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 14: Map of Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Province showing distribution of Scorpio maurus townsendi and Hemiscorpius lepturus collected in this study." pageId="15" pageNumber="14">14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="309A2A091E56C70CF90813D20744FE47" box="[544,576,448,474]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="14.[192,268,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[191,1438,191,1492]" captionTargetId="figure-12@14.[192,1437,192,1491]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 14: Map of Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Province showing distribution of Scorpio maurus townsendi and Hemiscorpius lepturus collected in this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237122" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237122/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">14</figureCitation>
, 5659
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
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<paragraph id="A81E368C1E5BC701F81614E901BCF88F" blockId="2.[830,1383,1786,1872]" box="[830,1208,1786,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="F35681E01E5BC701F81614E901BCF88F" box="[830,1208,1786,1810]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" reason="5">
Family
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5BC701F8B814E801BCF88F" ID-CoL="7GY" authority="C. L. Koch, 1837" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[912,1208,1786,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5BC701F8B814E806FCF88F" bold="true" box="[912,1016,1786,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Buthidae</emphasis>
C. L. Koch, 1837
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="E0BB65071E5BC707F846150B07E1FE6F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="A81E368C1E5BC701F846150B06B3F8CD" blockId="2.[830,1383,1786,1872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5BC701F846150B0029F8AC" authority="(Olivier, 1807)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1807" box="[878,1325,1817,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Androctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassicauda">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5BC701F846150B0181F8AC" bold="true" box="[878,1157,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Androctonus crassicauda</emphasis>
(Olivier, 1807)
</taxonomicName>
(first report)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5AC700FBE81562042EF815" bold="true" box="[192,298,1904,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Figure 1:</emphasis>
Map of southwestern Asia highlighting Iran (top) and closeup of Iran showing provinces, the Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Province depicted in black (bottom).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A81E368C1E5DC707FBD812D4043DFF60" blockId="4.[240,796,198,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5DC707FBD812D407C7FF43" ID-CoL="XHG2" authority="(Birula, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Birula" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[240,707,198,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Compsobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matthiesseni">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5DC707FBD812D40721FF43" bold="true" box="[240,549,198,222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Compsobuthus matthiesseni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CC304B7D1E5DC707F91B12D507B8FF43" author="BIRULA" box="[563,700,199,222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="445 - 450" refId="ref9815" refString="BIRULA, A. A. 1905 b. 4. Skorpiologische Beitrage, 1. - 3. Microbuthus littoralis (Pavesi), Anomalobuthus rickmersi Kraepelin und Buthus zarudnianus n. nom. Zoologisher Anzeiger, 29 (14): 445 - 450." type="journal article" year="1905">Birula, 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(first report)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A81E368C1E5DC707FBD813160477FE0B" blockId="4.[240,796,198,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5DC707FBD813160765FE86" ID-CoL="3MQY9" authority="(Simon, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[240,609,259,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Hottentotta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saulcyi">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5DC707FBD8131604C4FE86" bold="true" box="[240,448,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Hottentotta saulcyi</emphasis>
(Simon, 1880)
</taxonomicName>
(first report)
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5DC707FBD813310796FEA7" ID-CoL="3MQYQ" authority="Kovarik, 1997" authorityName="Kovarik" authorityYear="1997" box="[240,658,290,314]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Hottentotta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zagrosensis">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5DC707FBD8133104F5FEA7" bold="true" box="[240,497,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Hottentotta zagrosensis</emphasis>
Kovařík, 1997
</taxonomicName>
(first report)
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5DC707FBD8135307D8FEC4" authority="(Pocock, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[240,732,321,345]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Mesobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eupeus" subSpecies="phillipsii">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5DC707FBD813530735FEC4" bold="true" box="[240,561,321,345]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii</emphasis>
(Pocock, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5DC707FBD8134D061CFEEA" ID-CoL="48P66" authority="Lourenco et Pezier, 2002" authorityName="Lourenco et Pezier" authorityYear="2002" box="[240,792,351,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Odontobuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5DC707FBD8134D0702FEEA" bold="true" box="[240,518,351,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Odontobuthus bidentatus</emphasis>
Lourenço et Pézier, 2002
</taxonomicName>
(first report)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A81E368C1E5DC707FBD8138F0799FE4E" blockId="4.[240,796,198,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="6FA14D0F1E5DC707FBD8138F0761FE28" ID-CoL="6T95R" authority="Kovarik, 2004" authorityName="Kovarik" authorityYear="2004" box="[240,613,413,437]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" genus="Orthochirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iranus">
<emphasis id="9AD5EA9E1E5DC707FBD8138F04C1FE28" bold="true" box="[240,453,413,437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Orthochirus iranus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="CC304B7D1E5DC707FAE4138C0761FE28" author="KOVARIK" box="[460,613,414,437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref11385" refString="KOVARIK, F. 2004. Revision and taxonomic position of genera Afghanorthochirus Lourenco &amp; Vachon, Baloorthochirus Kovarik, Butheolus Simon, Nanobuthus Pocock, Orthochiroides Kovarik, Pakistanorthochirus Lourenco, and Asian Orthochirus Karsch, with descriptions of twelve new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius, 16: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2004">Kovařík, 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(first report)
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<figureCitation id="309A2A091E5FC705F8D611CE016AFC6B" box="[1022,1134,988,1014]" captionStart="Figures 23" captionStartId="5.[192,278,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[228,1390,147,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[228,1390,147,1800]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 23: Iran, Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Prov. 2. Behbahan to Gachsaran (Dogonbadan) road, 30º28'36&quot;N 50º30'05&quot;, 498 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-1). Locality where Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço et Pézier, 2002 and Scorpio maurus townsendi (Pocock, 1900) were documented. 3. Yasuj, Deelaroo Village, 30º33'44&quot;N 50º44'44&quot;E, 820 m a.s.l. (Locality No. Y-2). Locality where Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hottentotta zagrosensis Kovařík, 1997, Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889), Orthochirus iranus Kovařík, 2004, Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 were documented." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237108" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237108/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="309A2A091E5FC705FF5311CE0188FC6B" box="[1147,1164,988,1014]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[192,268,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[191,1438,191,1492]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[192,1437,192,1491]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4: Map of Kohgilouyeh &amp; Boyer Ahmad Province showing distribution of Androctonus crassicauda, Compsobuthus matthiesseni, Hottentotta saulcyi, and H. zagrosensis collected in this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13237110" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13237110/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">4</figureCitation>
, 2326
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05F925FCF5F8D1" box="[151,776,1769,1800]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05F925FCF5F8D1" blockId="33.[151,1436,1769,2013]" box="[151,776,1769,1800]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05F925FD0DF8DC" bold="true" box="[151,752,1769,1797]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
171.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3015C6AFF5DF924FE14F8DC" ID-CoL="GHCJ" authority="(E. A. Smith, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[207,489,1770,1797]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Argopecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="noronhensis">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF5DF924FE14F8DC" bold="true" box="[207,489,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Argopecten noronhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFDA9F925FD37F8DD" author="Smith, E. A." box="[571,714,1770,1796]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3015C6AFDA9F925FD79F8DD" box="[571,644,1770,1796]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1885
</bibRefCitation>
) ★
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05F8C1FB6FF894" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05F8C1FD71F8F0" blockId="33.[151,1436,1769,2013]" box="[151,652,1806,1833]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05F8C1FE3CF8F1" bold="true" box="[151,449,1806,1832]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3015C6AFE42F8C0FDBCF8F0" box="[464,577,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="80.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="20.0">20140 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05F8FDFB6FF894" blockId="33.[151,1436,1769,2013]" box="[151,1170,1842,1869]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05F8FDFE33F895" bold="true" box="[151,462,1842,1868]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: North (AP, PA), Northeast
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3015C6AFC9BF8FCFCB0F894" box="[777,845,1843,1869]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(including FN), and SC—B.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05F898FBA2F804" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05F898FBA2F804" blockId="33.[151,1436,1769,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05F898FEF9F8A8" bold="true" box="[151,260,1879,1905]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species was only described from Brazilian waters, including from the northernmost Brazilian State of
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3015C6AFF24F8B4FEF7F84C" box="[182,266,1915,1941]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Amapá</collectingRegion>
, which suggests its occurrence in the Caribbean province. However, it was not noticed from the West Indian, Central America and Florida by
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFDCFF850FCFDF860" author="Abbott, R. T." box="[605,768,1951,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref55433" refString="Abbott, R. T. (1974) American Seashells: The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, New York, 663 pp." type="book" year="1974">Abbott (1974)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFC9FF850FC41F860" author="Redfern, C." box="[781,956,1951,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref68434" refString="Redfern, C. (2001) Bahamian Seashells. A Thousand species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamas seashells. com, Boca Raton, Florida, 280 pp." type="book" year="2001">Redfern (2001)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFC5BF850FAFDF860" author="Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R." box="[969,1280,1951,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref64640" refString="Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R. (2007) Seashells of Southern Florida: living marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and adjacent regions. Bivalves. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 503 pp." type="book" year="2007">Mikkelsen &amp; Bieler (2007)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFA9EF850FF19F804" author="Tunnel, J. W. Jr. &amp; Andrews, J. &amp; Barrera, N. C. &amp; Moretzsohn, F." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref71765" refString="Tunnel, J. W. Jr., Andrews, J., Barrera, N. C. &amp; Moretzsohn, F. (2010) Encyclopedia of Texas seashells: identification, ecology, distribution, and history. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas, 512 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Tunnel
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFAF1F850FA68F860" box="[1379,1429,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFE8DF80CFDF2F804" author="Turgeon, D. D. &amp; Lyons, W. G. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. &amp; Rosenberg, G. &amp; Moretzsohn, F. &amp; Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K." box="[287,527,1987,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="711 - 744" refId="ref71822" refString="Turgeon, D. D., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P., Rosenberg, G., Moretzsohn, F., Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K. (2009) Bivalvia (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity, Gulf of Mexico: Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A &amp; M University Press, Corpus Christi, pp. 711 - 744." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Turgeon
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFE11F80CFE49F804" box="[387,436,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
, and so it is here considered as endemic from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3015C6AFB81F80CFBA6F804" box="[1043,1115,1987,2013]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3025C69FF05FF59FE82FF0C" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3025C69FF05FF59FE82FF0C" blockId="34.[151,1436,150,213]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3025C69FF05FF59FEE4FF69" bold="true" box="[151,281,150,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3025C69FEB5FF58FE41FF68" author="Smith, E. A." box="[295,444,150,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3025C69FEB5FF58FE97FF68" box="[295,362,151,177]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1885)
</bibRefCitation>
, FisherPiette &amp; Testud (1967a),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3025C69FCA2FF58FB9EFF68" author="Matthews, H. R. &amp; Coelho, A. C. S." box="[816,1123,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="121 - 125" refId="ref63877" refString="Matthews, H. R. &amp; Coelho, A. C. S. (1979) Contribuicoes ao conhecimento da representacao dos Pectinoidea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) no Brasil. I - A familia Pectinidae no Norte e Nordeste. Anais do V Encontro dos Malacologistas Brasileiros, 121 - 125." type="book chapter" year="1979">Matthews &amp; Coelho (1979)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3025C69FBFCFF58FB16FF68" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1134,1259,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3025C69FB67FF58FACCFF68" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1269,1329,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
), AgudoPadrón
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3025C69FF7CFF74FEE2FF0C" box="[238,287,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. (2009).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
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<mods:namePart id="2C4AE9DF9282FBF165E049E43D9FE6CD">Passos, Flávio Dias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DECCD364C87D9151D82C8A8F7C5089D8">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05FA4DFD3DFA45" box="[151,704,1410,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FA4DFD3DFA45" blockId="33.[151,1432,1410,1545]" box="[151,704,1410,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FA4DFD3DFA45" bold="true" box="[151,704,1410,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
169.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3015C6AFF5DFA4CFE1EFA44" ID-CoL="64YTH" authority="(d´Orbigny, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[207,483,1410,1437]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Aequipecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tehuelchus">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF5DFA4CFE1EFA44" bold="true" box="[207,483,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Aequipecten tehuelchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(d´Orbigny, 1842)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05FA69FB90FA3C" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FA69FD71FA18" blockId="33.[151,1432,1410,1545]" box="[151,652,1446,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FA69FE3CFA19" bold="true" box="[151,449,1446,1472]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FA05FB90FA3C" blockId="33.[151,1432,1410,1545]" box="[151,1133,1482,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FA05FE33FA3D" bold="true" box="[151,462,1482,1508]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3015C6AFE4EFA04FDDDFA3C" box="[476,544,1483,1509]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(AP, ES to RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3015C6AFD60FA04FC9CFA3C" box="[754,865,1483,1509]" name="Argentina" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Guelfo Nuevo)—B/A.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05FA21FA65F9D0" box="[151,1432,1518,1545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FA21FA65F9D0" blockId="33.[151,1432,1410,1545]" box="[151,1432,1518,1545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FA21FEEEF9D1" bold="true" box="[151,275,1518,1544]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">References</emphasis>
: FischerPiette &amp; Testud (1967a),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFD1AFA20FCFDF9D0" author="Rios, E. C." box="[648,768,1519,1545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFC99FA20FCB9F9D0" author="Rios, E. C." box="[779,836,1519,1545]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
), Viana &amp;
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3015C6AFC27FA20FC04F9D0" box="[949,1017,1519,1545]" country="Uruguay" name="Rocha" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Rocha</collectingRegion>
Barreira (2005),
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Amaral
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFA9FFA20FAC1F9D0" box="[1293,1340,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
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168.
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:? - SW.
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:
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,
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,
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—WGD.
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:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFEBAFB48FDD4FB78" author="Cavaleiro, N. P. &amp; Lazoski, C. &amp; Tureck, C. R. &amp; Melo, C. M. &amp; do Amaral, V. S. &amp; Lomovasky, B. J. &amp; Absher, T. M. &amp; Sole-Cava, A. M." box="[296,553,1159,1185]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref58686" refString="Cavaleiro, N. P., Lazoski, C., Tureck, C. R., Melo, C. M., do Amaral, V. S., Lomovasky, B. J., Absher, T. M. &amp; Sole-Cava, A. M. (2019) Crassostrea talonata, a new threat to native oyster (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) culture in the Southwest Atlantic. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 511, 91 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2018.11.011" type="journal article" year="2019">
Cavaleiro
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFE0EFB48FE30FB78" box="[412,461,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
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.
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166.
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d´Orbigny, 1842 ★
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05FD7DFB86FD28" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FD7DFD71FD14" blockId="33.[151,1147,653,789]" box="[151,652,690,717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FD7DFE3CFD15" bold="true" box="[151,449,690,716]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3015C6AFE42FD7CFDBCFD14" box="[464,577,691,717]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="55.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="10.0">10100 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FD19FB86FD28" blockId="33.[151,1147,653,789]" box="[151,1147,726,753]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FD19FE33FD29" bold="true" box="[151,462,726,752]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3015C6AFE4EFD18FDDDFD28" box="[476,544,727,753]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(AP to RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3015C6AFD57FD18FCC9FD28" box="[709,820,727,753]" name="Argentina" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Golfo San Matias)—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3015C6AFF05FD35FC54FCCC" box="[151,937,762,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3015C6AFF05FD35FC54FCCC" blockId="33.[151,1147,653,789]" box="[151,937,762,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFF05FD35FEE4FCCD" bold="true" box="[151,281,762,788]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">References</emphasis>
: Orbigny (1842),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFE77FD34FD99FCCC" author="Rios, E. C." box="[485,612,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFDFDFD34FD56FCCC" author="Rios, E. C." box="[623,683,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3015C6AFD2EFD34FC59FCCC" author="Amaral, A. C. Z. &amp; Rizzo, A. E. &amp; Arruda, E. P." box="[700,932,763,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref56623" refString="Amaral, A. C. Z., Rizzo, A. E. &amp; Arruda, E. P. (2006) Manual de identificacao dos invertebrados marinhos da regiao Sudeste - Sul do Brasil. EdUSP, Sao Paulo, 287 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Amaral
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3015C6AFC85FD34FCB4FCCC" box="[791,841,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
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<mods:title id="ED5F433DDAC6E1F7C9F2CA30E020407E">Checklist of marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) from Brazil, with descriptive analyses of their bathymetric and geographical distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C91EE95D213B9331C9BFA204F91D41E9">Passos, Flávio Dias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F19CEE90CFF7FC790DDAA73A57F00AB">Batistão, Alan Rodrigo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="432FA3121F5A87A9DDF0BB37190E73F2">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="73CA5B6AF5189E080CC8CE2277E028E1">Lima, Luan Lucas Cardoso</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3035C68FF05FE79FC79FE09" box="[151,900,438,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3035C68FF05FE79FC79FE09" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,681]" box="[151,900,438,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FF05FE79FC79FE09" bold="true" box="[151,900,438,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
182.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3035C68FF5DFE79FE13FE08" ID-CoL="6Z6ZT" authority="(Verrill &amp; Bush, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill &amp; Bush" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[207,494,438,465]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Spathochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="benedicti">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FF5DFE79FE13FE08" bold="true" box="[207,494,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spathochlamys benedicti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Verrill &amp; Bush [in Verrill], 1897)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3035C68FF05FE15FA74FDC0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3035C68FF05FE15FD83FE2C" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,681]" box="[151,638,474,501]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FF05FE15FE3CFE2D" bold="true" box="[151,449,474,500]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3035C68FE42FE14FDCEFE2C" box="[464,563,475,501]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="65.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="40.0">4090 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3035C68FF05FE31FA74FDC0" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,681]" box="[151,1417,510,537]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FF05FE31FE33FDC1" bold="true" box="[151,462,510,536]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3035C68FE4EFE30FDEFFDC0" box="[476,530,511,537]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3035C68FDB3FE30FD30FDC0" box="[545,717,511,537]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3035C68FD6BFE30FCC0FDC0" box="[761,829,511,537]" name="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(AP to ES; Abrolhos and Trindade islands)—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3035C68FF05FDECFB05FD5C" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3035C68FF05FDECFB05FD5C" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FF05FDECFEF9FDE4" bold="true" box="[151,260,547,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species was refereed from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3035C68FD17FDECFD34FDE4" box="[645,713,547,573]" name="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Brazil</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3035C68FD61FDECFBABFDE4" authority="(Reeve, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[755,1110,546,573]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="munda">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FD61FDECFC56FDE4" box="[755,939,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Chlamys munda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FC2EFDECFBB0FDE4" author="Reeve, L. A." box="[956,1101,546,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref68605" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1853) Monograph of the genus Amphidesma. In: Reeve, L. A. (Ed.), Conchologia iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 8. L. Reeve &amp; Co., London, pp. 1 - 7, unpaginated text." type="book" year="1853">Reeve, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FB33FDECFAD0FDE4" author="Bavay, A." box="[1185,1325,547,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="25 - 26" refId="ref57446" refString="Bavay, A. (1913) Note au sujet des Pecten de la plage de Bahia recoltes par M. Serre, Consul de France. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 19, 25 - 26." type="journal article" year="1913">Bavay 1913</bibRefCitation>
; FischerPiette &amp; Testud 1967a;
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FE08FD88FDF2FDB8" author="Rios, E. C." box="[410,527,582,609]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref68840" refString="Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">Rios 1985</bibRefCitation>
), a species considered a homonym of
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3035C68FC23FD88FB2DFDB8" authority="(M'Coy, 1844)" baseAuthorityName="M'Coy" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[945,1232,583,609]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mundus">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FC23FD88FC39FDB8" box="[945,964,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FC43FD88FBD5FDB8" box="[977,1064,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">mundus</emphasis>
(M'Coy, 1844)
</taxonomicName>
(this latter a fossil species from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3035C68FEBEFDA4FE7DFD5C" box="[300,384,619,645]" name="Ireland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ireland</collectingCountry>
).
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FE01FDA4FDD3FD5C" author="Waller, T. R." box="[403,558,619,645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="195 - 249" refId="ref72826" refString="Waller, T. R. (1993) The evolution of &quot; Chlamys &quot; (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in the tropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. American Malacological Bulletin, 10 (2), 195 - 249." type="journal article" year="1993">Waller (1993)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3035C68FD27FDA4FC35FD5C" authority="(Reeve, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[693,968,618,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="munda">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FD27FDA4FD35FD5C" box="[693,712,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FD44FDA4FCDFFD5C" box="[726,802,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">munda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FCA3FDA4FC3DFD5C" author="Reeve, L. A." box="[817,960,618,645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref68605" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1853) Monograph of the genus Amphidesma. In: Reeve, L. A. (Ed.), Conchologia iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 8. L. Reeve &amp; Co., London, pp. 1 - 7, unpaginated text." type="book" year="1853">Reeve, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3035C68FBFCFDA4FB0CFD5C" baseAuthorityName="Verrill &amp; Bush" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1134,1265,619,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Spathochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="benedicti">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FBFCFDA4FB0CFD5C" box="[1134,1265,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">S. benedicti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3035C68FF05FD41FAF7FD70" box="[151,1290,654,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3035C68FF05FD41FAF7FD70" blockId="35.[151,1437,438,681]" box="[151,1290,654,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3035C68FF05FD41FEE4FD71" bold="true" box="[151,281,654,680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FEBAFD40FE3EFD70" author="Bavay, A." box="[296,451,655,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="25 - 26" refId="ref57446" refString="Bavay, A. (1913) Note au sujet des Pecten de la plage de Bahia recoltes par M. Serre, Consul de France. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 19, 25 - 26." type="journal article" year="1913">Bavay (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, FischerPiette &amp; Testud (1967a),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FCDBFD40FC3AFD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[841,967,654,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref68840" refString="Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">Rios (1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FC41FD40FBF3FD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[979,1038,655,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FB8BFD40FBA8FD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1049,1109,655,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3035C68FBF5FD40FAFAFD70" author="Waller, T. R." box="[1127,1287,655,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="195 - 249" refId="ref72826" refString="Waller, T. R. (1993) The evolution of &quot; Chlamys &quot; (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in the tropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. American Malacological Bulletin, 10 (2), 195 - 249." type="journal article" year="1993">Waller (1993)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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190.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF5DFD7DFE53FD15" bold="true" box="[207,430,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spondylus gussonii</emphasis>
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O. G.
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, 1830
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:
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—WBD.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF05FD35FE2EFCCD" bold="true" box="[151,467,762,788]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFE74FD35FDE4FCCD" box="[486,537,762,788]" name="Italy" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
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), Azores,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFD7FFD35FCB5FCCD" box="[749,840,762,788]" name="Senegal" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Senegal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFCCAFD35FC1EFCCD" box="[856,995,762,788]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cabo Verde</collectingCountry>
, Yucatan Strait,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFB3AFD35FA65FCCD" box="[1192,1432,762,788]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFF05FCD1FF26FCE1" box="[151,219,798,824]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Nevis</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFF75FCD1FEB2FCE1" box="[231,335,798,824]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">St. Lucia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFEC8FCD1FD4AFCE1" box="[346,695,798,824]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFD51FCD1FCCDFCE1" box="[707,816,798,824]" name="Barbados" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Barbados</collectingCountry>
,
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(CE)—WGD.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF05FC8DFEE4FC85" bold="true" box="[151,281,834,860]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3045C6FFEBAFC8DFE4DFC85" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,432,834,860]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">Rios (2009)</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3045C6FFE29FC8DFDFEFC85" box="[443,515,834,860]" country="Uruguay" name="Rocha" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Rocha</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFD98FC8CFDC6FC85" box="[522,571,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (2015).
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188.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF5DFF59FE50FF68" bold="true" box="[207,429,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Similipecten nanus</emphasis>
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(Verrill &amp; Bush [in Verrill], 1897)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3045C6FFF05FF75FD5BFEC5" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3045C6FFF05FF75FD5BFF0C" blockId="36.[151,1209,150,285]" box="[151,678,186,213]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF05FF75FE3CFF0D" bold="true" box="[151,449,186,212]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3045C6FFE42FF75FDBCFF0C" box="[464,577,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.925" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="0.35" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="292.5" valueMax="550.0" valueMin="35.0">35550 m</quantity>
—WBD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3045C6FFF05FF11FD5BFEC5" blockId="36.[151,1209,150,285]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF05FF11FE33FF21" bold="true" box="[151,462,222,248]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFE4EFF11FDEFFF21" box="[476,530,222,248]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3045C6FFDB3FF11FD6DFF21" box="[545,656,222,248]" country="United States of America" name="Delaware" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Delaware</collectingRegion>
) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3045C6FFD29FF11FD02FF21" box="[699,767,222,248]" name="Brazil" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(AP to RS; FN and Abrolhos)—WGD.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFF05FECDFEE4FEC5" bold="true" box="[151,281,258,284]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3045C6FFEBAFECDFE52FEC5" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,431,258,284]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3045C6FFE2BFECDFD5CFEC5" author="Amaral, A. C. Z. &amp; Rizzo, A. E. &amp; Arruda, E. P." box="[441,673,258,285]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref56623" refString="Amaral, A. C. Z., Rizzo, A. E. &amp; Arruda, E. P. (2006) Manual de identificacao dos invertebrados marinhos da regiao Sudeste - Sul do Brasil. EdUSP, Sao Paulo, 287 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Amaral
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3045C6FFD86FECCFDBBFEC5" box="[532,582,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
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206.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3065C6DFF5DF8E8FE0EF89B" ID-CoL="Z6G6" authority="E. A. Smith, 1880" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1880" box="[207,499,1831,1858]" class="Bivalvia" family="Crassatellidae" genus="Crassatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="uruguayensis">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF5DF8E8FE0EF89B" bold="true" box="[207,499,1831,1858]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Crassatella uruguayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
E. A.
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3065C6DFDA9F8E7FD79F89B" box="[571,644,1832,1858]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1880
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3065C6DFF05F883FCE7F853" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05F883FD71F8BF" blockId="38.[151,1437,1831,2039]" box="[151,652,1868,1895]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05F883FE3CF8BF" bold="true" box="[151,449,1868,1894]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3065C6DFE42F883FDBCF8BF" box="[464,577,1868,1895]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.45" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="112.5" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="45.0">45180 m</quantity>
—SW.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05F8BFFCE7F853" blockId="38.[151,1437,1831,2039]" box="[151,794,1904,1931]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05F8BFFE33F853" bold="true" box="[151,462,1904,1930]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3065C6DFE4EF8BFFDDDF853" box="[476,544,1904,1930]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3065C6DFD12F8BFFD19F853" box="[640,740,1904,1930]" name="Uruguay" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
—A.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05F85BFEF9F877" bold="true" box="[151,260,1940,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species was recorded as
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3065C6DFDEBF85BFBE2F877" authority="H. E. Vokes, 1973" authorityName="H. E. Vokes" authorityYear="1973" box="[633,1055,1940,1967]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="riograndensis">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFDEBF85BFCC6F877" box="[633,827,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. riograndensis</emphasis>
H. E. Vokes, 1973
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by
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFBC0F85BFB2BF877" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1106,1238,1940,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFB77F85BFADCF877" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1253,1313,1940,1966]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
), which is considered as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3065C6DFE47F877FD76F80B" authorityName="E. A. Smith" authorityYear="1880" box="[469,651,1976,2003]" class="Bivalvia" family="Crassatellidae" genus="Crassatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="uruguayensis">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFE47F877FE15F80B" box="[469,488,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFE64F876FD76F80B" box="[502,651,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">uruguayensis</emphasis>
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by
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFD27F877FCB8F80B" author="Coan, E. V." box="[693,837,1976,2002]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="153 - 169" refId="ref58902" refString="Coan, E. V. (1984) The Recent Crassatellinae of the eastern Pacific, with some notes on Crassinella. The Veliger, 26 (3), 153 - 169." type="journal article" year="1984">Coan (1984)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05F813FEE4F82F" bold="true" box="[151,281,2012,2038]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFEBAF813FE59F82F" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,420,2012,2038]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref68777" refString="Rios, E. C. (1972) [1973]) Moluscos marinos de la Expedicion Geomar IV. Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologica del Uruguay, 3 (23 - 24), 193 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1972">Rios (1972</bibRefCitation>
73, 1994, 2009),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFDE3F813FCFCF82F" author="Coan, E. V." box="[625,769,2012,2038]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="153 - 169" refId="ref58902" refString="Coan, E. V. (1984) The Recent Crassatellinae of the eastern Pacific, with some notes on Crassinella. The Veliger, 26 (3), 153 - 169." type="journal article" year="1984">Coan (1984)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<mods:namePart id="2D3ED8087612ECBA6576F5C963CA5576">Lima, Luan Lucas Cardoso</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6A70A11192FDE07F0983312E64A3FC0B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8138-6499</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="043264235643C0B319A257DCE3647316">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; lima 177.0 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8138 - 6499 * Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3065C6DFF05FC8DFD5AFC85" box="[151,679,834,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FC8DFD5AFC85" blockId="38.[151,1436,834,1041]" box="[151,679,834,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FC8DFD5AFC85" bold="true" box="[151,679,834,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
202.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF5DFC8DFE43FC84" bold="true" box="[207,446,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cyclocardia velutina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3065C6DFD82FC8DFDA4FC85" box="[528,601,834,860]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1881)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3065C6DFF05FCA9FC13FC7C" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FCA9FD71FC58" blockId="38.[151,1436,834,1041]" box="[151,652,870,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FCA9FE3CFC59" bold="true" box="[151,449,870,896]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3065C6DFE42FCA9FDBCFC58" box="[464,577,870,897]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.335" metricValueMax="2.52" metricValueMin="0.15" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="133.5" valueMax="252.0" valueMin="15.0">15252 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FC45FC13FC7C" blockId="38.[151,1436,834,1041]" box="[151,1006,906,933]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FC45FE33FC7D" bold="true" box="[151,462,906,932]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3065C6DFE4EFC44FDDDFC7C" box="[476,544,907,933]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3065C6DFD12FC44FD40FC7C" box="[640,701,907,933]" name="Chile" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chile</collectingCountry>
(Seno Reloncaví)—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3065C6DFF05FC60FB7DFC34" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FC60FB7DFC34" blockId="38.[151,1436,834,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FC60FEF9FC10" bold="true" box="[151,260,943,969]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFE83FC60FE69FC10" author="Rios, E. C." box="[273,404,943,969]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref68777" refString="Rios, E. C. (1972) [1973]) Moluscos marinos de la Expedicion Geomar IV. Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologica del Uruguay, 3 (23 - 24), 193 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1972">Rios (1972)</bibRefCitation>
recorded it for the first time from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3065C6DFC94FC60FCB7FC10" box="[774,842,943,969]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RS), but this species doesn't appear in his subsequent catalogs (
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFE90FC1CFE84FC34" author="Rios, E. C." box="[258,377,978,1005]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68817" refString="Rios, E. C. (1975) Brazilian marine mollusks iconography. Editora EMMA, Porto Alegre, 331 pp." type="book" year="1975">Rios 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFE16FC1DFE42FC34" author="Rios, E. C." box="[388,447,978,1005]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68840" refString="Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFE58FC1CFDF8FC34" author="Rios, E. C." box="[458,517,979,1005]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFD82FC1CFDB0FC34" author="Rios, E. C." box="[528,589,979,1005]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
). This species is not included in the CTFB (2024).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3065C6DFF05FC39FD31FBC8" box="[151,716,1014,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FC39FD31FBC8" blockId="38.[151,1436,834,1041]" box="[151,716,1014,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FC39FEE4FBC9" bold="true" box="[151,281,1014,1040]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFEBAFC38FE52FBC8" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,431,1015,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref68777" refString="Rios, E. C. (1972) [1973]) Moluscos marinos de la Expedicion Geomar IV. Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacologica del Uruguay, 3 (23 - 24), 193 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1972">Rios (1972)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFE29FC38FD3AFBC8" author="Guller, M. &amp; Zelaya, D. G." box="[443,711,1015,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="201 - 239" refId="ref61608" refString="Guller, M. &amp; Zelaya, D. G. (2013) The families Carditidae and Condylocardiidae in the Magellan and Peru-Chile provinces (Bivalvia: Carditoidea). Zootaxa, 3682 (2), 201 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3682.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Güller &amp; Zelaya (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3065C6DFF05FECDFD37FEF9" box="[151,714,257,288]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FECDFD4FFEC4" bold="true" box="[151,690,257,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
199.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3065C6DFF5DFECDFE6AFEC4" ID-CoL="R64F" authority="(PennaNeme, 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Penna-Neme" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[207,407,258,285]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cardites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="micellus">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF5DFECDFE6AFEC4" bold="true" box="[207,407,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cardites micellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PennaNeme, 1971) ★
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FEE9FD71FE98" blockId="38.[151,714,257,393]" box="[151,652,294,321]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FEE9FE3CFE99" bold="true" box="[151,449,294,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—SW.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3065C6DFF05FE85FD46FEBC" blockId="38.[151,714,257,393]" box="[151,699,330,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FE85FE33FEBD" bold="true" box="[151,462,330,356]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3065C6DFE4EFE84FDDDFEBC" box="[476,544,331,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ, SP)—B.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3065C6DFF05FEA1FEE4FE51" bold="true" box="[151,281,366,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">References</emphasis>
: PennaNeme (1971),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3065C6DFD8FFEA0FD58FE50" author="Rios, E. C." box="[541,677,367,393]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994)</bibRefCitation>
.
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209.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3075C6CFF05FD41FEE4FD71" bold="true" box="[151,281,654,680]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3075C6CFEBAFD40FE40FD71" author="Harry, H. G." box="[296,445,654,681]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="65 - 89" refId="ref61793" refString="Harry, H. G. (1966) Studies on bivalve molluscs of the genus Crassinella in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: anatomy, ecology and systematics. Publisher, Institute of Marine Science University of Texas, 11, 65 - 89." type="journal article" year="1966">Harry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3075C6CFE5BFD41FDB5FD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[457,584,654,680]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3075C6CFDC1FD41FD72FD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[595,655,654,680]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3075C6CFD33FD40FC6FFD71" author="Turgeon, D. D. &amp; Lyons, W. G. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. &amp; Rosenberg, G. &amp; Moretzsohn, F. &amp; Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K." box="[673,914,654,681]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="711 - 744" refId="ref71822" refString="Turgeon, D. D., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P., Rosenberg, G., Moretzsohn, F., Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K. (2009) Bivalvia (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity, Gulf of Mexico: Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A &amp; M University Press, Corpus Christi, pp. 711 - 744." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Turgeon
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3075C6CFC94FD40FCCAFD71" box="[774,823,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3075C6CFC0FFD40FB6BFD71" author="Barroso, C. X. &amp; Rabay, S. G. &amp; de Meirelles, C. A. O. &amp; Matthews-Cascon, H." box="[925,1174,654,681]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="504 - 509" refId="ref57173" refString="Barroso, C. X., Rabay, S. G., de Meirelles, C. A. O. &amp; Matthews-Cascon, H. (2013 a) Mollusks from two estuarine areas in Ceara State, northeastern Brazil, with new state records for four species. Check List, 9 (3), 504 - 509. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.3.504" type="journal article" year="2013">
Barroso
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3075C6CFC6FFD40FBD3FD71" box="[1021,1070,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2013a)
</bibRefCitation>
.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3085C63FF05FE85FD2AFEBC" blockId="40.[151,1436,329,609]" box="[151,727,329,357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FF05FE85FD2AFEBC" bold="true" box="[151,727,329,357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
214.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3085C63FF5DFE85FE2CFEBC" ID-CoL="7QZYZ" authority="(E. A. Smith, 1915)" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[207,465,330,357]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Dallocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cardiida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="delicatula">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FF5DFE85FE2CFEBC" bold="true" box="[207,465,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Dallocardia delicatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FDB0FE85FD4CFEBD" author="Smith, E. A." box="[546,689,330,356]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="61 - 112" refId="ref70829" refString="Smith, E. A. (1915) Mollusca. Part I. Gastropoda Prosobranchia, Scaphopoda, and Pelecypoda. British Antarctic (&quot; Terra Nova &quot;) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report Zoology, 2 (4), 61 - 112." type="journal article" year="1915">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3085C63FDB0FE85FD96FEBD" box="[546,619,330,356]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1915
</bibRefCitation>
) ★
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3085C63FF05FEA1FBC7FE74" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3085C63FF05FEA1FD83FE50" blockId="40.[151,1436,329,609]" box="[151,638,366,393]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FF05FEA1FE3CFE51" bold="true" box="[151,449,366,392]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3085C63FE42FEA1FDCEFE50" box="[464,563,366,393]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="47.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="10.0">1085 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3085C63FF05FE5DFBC7FE74" blockId="40.[151,1436,329,609]" box="[151,1082,402,429]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FF05FE5DFE33FE75" bold="true" box="[151,462,402,428]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3085C63FE4EFE5CFDDDFE74" box="[476,544,403,429]" name="Brazil" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ, SP) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3085C63FD35FE5CFCEBFE74" box="[679,790,403,429]" name="Argentina" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(North Patagonia)—B/A.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3085C63FF05FE78FDD0FDE4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3085C63FF05FE78FDD0FDE4" blockId="40.[151,1436,329,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FF05FE78FEF9FE08" bold="true" box="[151,260,439,465]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Remarks</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FE8BFE78FE49FE08" author="Smith, E. A." box="[281,436,438,465]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="61 - 112" refId="ref70829" refString="Smith, E. A. (1915) Mollusca. Part I. Gastropoda Prosobranchia, Scaphopoda, and Pelecypoda. British Antarctic (&quot; Terra Nova &quot;) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report Zoology, 2 (4), 61 - 112." type="journal article" year="1915">Smith (1915)</bibRefCitation>
originally described this species based on a sample collected by the “Terra Nova” expedition.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FE8CFE14FDDAFE2C" author="Signorelli, J. H. &amp; da Fonseca, M. L. &amp; Scarabino, F. &amp; Passos, F. D." box="[286,551,475,501]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="2753 - 2773" refId="ref69866" refString="Signorelli, J. H., da Fonseca, M. L., Scarabino, F. &amp; Passos, F. D. (2019) The genus Dallocardia (mollusca: bivalvia: cardiidae) in the southwestern atlantic ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 49 (6), 2753 - 2773. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 019 - 01004 - 3" type="journal article" year="2019">
Signorelli
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FE05FE14FE36FE2C" box="[407,459,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that this sample was erroneously assigned to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3085C63FB58FE14FACCFE2C" box="[1226,1329,475,501]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Malvinas</collectingCountry>
/
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3085C63FAABFE14FF14FDC0" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
, instead of
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3085C63FEF9FE30FDECFDC0" box="[363,529,511,537]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3085C63FD8EFE30FD99FDC0" box="[540,612,511,537]" name="Brazil" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Further,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FD5DFE30FC2DFDC0" author="Signorelli, J. H. &amp; da Fonseca, M. L. &amp; Scarabino, F. &amp; Passos, F. D." box="[719,976,511,537]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="2753 - 2773" refId="ref69866" refString="Signorelli, J. H., da Fonseca, M. L., Scarabino, F. &amp; Passos, F. D. (2019) The genus Dallocardia (mollusca: bivalvia: cardiidae) in the southwestern atlantic ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 49 (6), 2753 - 2773. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 019 - 01004 - 3" type="journal article" year="2019">
Signorelli
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FCD7FE30FC8AFDC0" box="[837,887,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3085C63FBD3FE30FF32FDE4" authority="Prado, 1993" authorityName="Prado" authorityYear="1993" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Trachycardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cardiida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="manueli">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FBD3FE30FAB1FDC0" box="[1089,1356,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Trachycardium manueli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FAC6FE30FF32FDE4" author="Prado, A. C. G." pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref68236" refString="Prado, A. C. G. (1993) Uma nova especie de Trachycardium (Cardiidae, Trachycardiinae) para o Brasil (Estado de Sao Paulo). Siratus, 12, 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1993">Prado, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3085C63FE06FDECFDDBFDE4" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[404,550,547,573]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Dallocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cardiida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="delicatula">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FE06FDECFE55FDE5" box="[404,424,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">D</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FE24FDECFDDBFDE4" box="[438,550,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">delicatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3085C63FF05FD89FC8FFDB8" box="[151,882,582,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3085C63FF05FD89FC8FFDB8" blockId="40.[151,1436,329,609]" box="[151,882,582,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FF05FD89FEE4FDB9" bold="true" box="[151,281,582,608]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FEBAFD88FE42FDB8" author="Smith, E. A." box="[296,447,582,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="61 - 112" refId="ref70829" refString="Smith, E. A. (1915) Mollusca. Part I. Gastropoda Prosobranchia, Scaphopoda, and Pelecypoda. British Antarctic (&quot; Terra Nova &quot;) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report Zoology, 2 (4), 61 - 112." type="journal article" year="1915">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3085C63FEBAFD88FE96FDB8" box="[296,363,583,609]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1915)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FE59FD88FD9DFDB8" author="Prado, A. C. G." box="[459,608,583,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref68236" refString="Prado, A. C. G. (1993) Uma nova especie de Trachycardium (Cardiidae, Trachycardiinae) para o Brasil (Estado de Sao Paulo). Siratus, 12, 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1993">Prado (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3085C63FDFEFD88FC93FDB8" author="Signorelli, J. H. &amp; da Fonseca, M. L. &amp; Scarabino, F. &amp; Passos, F. D." box="[620,878,583,609]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="2753 - 2773" refId="ref69866" refString="Signorelli, J. H., da Fonseca, M. L., Scarabino, F. &amp; Passos, F. D. (2019) The genus Dallocardia (mollusca: bivalvia: cardiidae) in the southwestern atlantic ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 49 (6), 2753 - 2773. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 019 - 01004 - 3" type="journal article" year="2019">
Signorelli
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3085C63FD73FD88FCEFFDB8" box="[737,786,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
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<mods:affiliation id="A5EEF09EFBAF77726DC3C319148D3EFD">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3095C62FF05F8FDFE02F895" box="[151,511,1842,1869]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3095C62FF05F8FDFE02F895" blockId="41.[151,1307,1842,1977]" box="[151,511,1842,1869]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3095C62FF05F8FDFE02F895" bold="true" box="[151,511,1842,1869]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
228.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3095C62FF5DF8FDFE02F895" ID-CoL="THT6" authority="Reeve, 1846" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1846" box="[207,511,1842,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Chamidae" genus="Chama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sarda">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3095C62FF5DF8FDFE97F894" bold="true" box="[207,362,1842,1869]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Chama sarda</emphasis>
Reeve, 1846
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</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3095C62FF05F899FC12F84C" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3095C62FF05F899FD8DF8A8" blockId="41.[151,1307,1842,1977]" box="[151,624,1878,1905]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3095C62FF05F899FE3CF8A9" bold="true" box="[151,449,1878,1904]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3095C62FE42F898FDD8F8A8" box="[464,549,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="0.0">027 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3095C62FF05F8B5FC12F84C" blockId="41.[151,1307,1842,1977]" box="[151,1007,1914,1941]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3095C62FF05F8B5FE33F84D" bold="true" box="[151,462,1914,1940]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3095C62FE4EF8B4FDEFF84C" box="[476,530,1915,1941]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USA</collectingCountry>
(Florida) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3095C62FD33F8B4FD18F84C" box="[673,741,1915,1941]" name="Brazil" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(CE to BA, SC)—C/B.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
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223.
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—WBD.
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:
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(Florida), Gulf of Mexico, West Indies to
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(AP)—C.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3095C62FF05FE31FEE4FDC1" bold="true" box="[151,281,510,536]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3095C62FEBAFE30FDCFFDC0" author="Clench, W. J. &amp; Smith, L. C." box="[296,562,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref58823" refString="Clench, W. J. &amp; Smith, L. C. (1944) The family Cardiidae in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1 (13), 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1944">
Clench &amp;
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,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3095C62FDACFE30FD41FDC0" author="Rios, E. C." box="[574,700,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3095C62FD55FE30FCF9FDC0" author="Rios, E. C." box="[711,772,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
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View file

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25.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B32F5C44FF05F9F8FD46F98B" blockId="15.[151,1018,1555,1726]" box="[151,699,1591,1618]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B32F5C44FF05F9F8FE3CF988" bold="true" box="[151,449,1591,1617]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B32F5C44FE42F9F8FD96F98B" box="[464,619,1591,1618]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.953" metricValueMax="5.875" metricValueMin="2.0309999999999997" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="3953.0" valueMax="5875.0" valueMin="2031.0">20315875 m</quantity>
—DW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B32F5C44FF05F994FD7CF9AF" blockId="15.[151,1018,1555,1726]" box="[151,641,1627,1654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B32F5C44FF05F994FE33F9AC" bold="true" box="[151,462,1627,1653]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: Cosmopolitan.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B32F5C44FF05F94FFCDBF943" box="[151,806,1664,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B32F5C44FF05F94FFCDBF943" blockId="15.[151,1018,1555,1726]" box="[151,806,1664,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B32F5C44FF05F94FFEF0F943" bold="true" box="[151,269,1664,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species is not present in the CTFB (2024).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B32F5C44FF05F96CFC07F967" box="[151,1018,1699,1726]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B32F5C44FF05F96CFC07F967" blockId="15.[151,1018,1555,1726]" box="[151,1018,1699,1726]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B32F5C44FF05F96CFEE4F964" bold="true" box="[151,281,1699,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B32F5C44FEB4F96BFDCEF967" author="Allen, J. A. &amp; Hannah, F. J." box="[294,563,1700,1726]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="123 - 171" refId="ref55983" refString="Allen, J. A. &amp; Hannah, F. J. (1989) Studies on the deep sea Protobranchia: the subfamily Ledellinae (Nuculanidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 55 (2), 123 - 171." type="journal article" year="1989">Allen &amp; Hannah (1989)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B32F5C44FDACF96BFCA4F964" author="Allen, J. A. &amp; Sanders, H. L." box="[574,857,1699,1726]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="95 - 153" refId="ref56253" refString="Allen, J. A. &amp; Sanders, H. L. (1996 a). The zoogeography, diversity and origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the epilogue. Progress in Oceanography, 38 (2), 95 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0079 - 6611 (96) 00011 - 0" type="journal article" year="1996">Allen &amp; Sanders (1996a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B32F5C44FCF1F96BFC0BF967" author="Allen, J. A." box="[867,1014,1700,1726]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="57 - 173" refId="ref55941" refString="Allen, J. A. (2008) Bivalvia of the deep Atlantic. Malacologia, 50 (1 - 2), 57 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.4002 / 0076 - 2997 - 50.1.57" type="journal article" year="2008">Allen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
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@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
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32.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3305C5BFF53FB3DFE65FAD5" ID-CoL="4TW5H" authority="(d´Orbigny, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[193,408,1266,1293]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculanidae" genus="Saccella" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitrea">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3305C5BFF53FB3DFEDCFAD4" bold="true" box="[193,289,1266,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Saccella</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3305C5BFEC5FB3DFE65FAD5" bold="true" box="[343,408,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">vitrea</emphasis>
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(d´Orbigny, 1853)
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3305C5BFF05FAD9FE3CFAE9" bold="true" box="[151,449,1302,1328]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—WBD.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3305C5BFF05FAF5FE33FA8D" bold="true" box="[151,462,1338,1364]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: Florida, West Indies,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3305C5BFD59FAF5FCC1FA8D" box="[715,828,1338,1364]" name="Colombia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, and
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(RJ)—C/B.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3305C5BFF05FA91FEE4FAA1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1374,1400]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3305C5BFEB4FA91FE2AFAA1" author="Absalao, R. S." box="[294,471,1374,1400]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 95" refId="ref55506" refString="Absalao, R. S. (2010) Mollusca. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Brasil, A. C. S. (Eds.), Biodiversidade da Regiao Oceanica Profunda da Bacia de Campos: Macrofauna. SAG Serv, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 31 - 95." type="book chapter" year="2010">Absalão (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3325C59FF05FBF1FD8BFB81" box="[151,630,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3325C59FF05FBF1FD8BFB81" blockId="18.[151,1436,1086,1257]" box="[151,630,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FF05FBF1FD8BFB81" bold="true" box="[151,630,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
49.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3325C59FF53FBF1FE4AFB80" ID-CoL="5CS77" authority="(Hidalgo, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Hidalgo" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[193,439,1086,1113]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldiella" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jeffreysi">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FF53FBF1FED8FB80" bold="true" box="[193,293,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Yoldiella</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FEC8FBF1FE4AFB80" bold="true" box="[346,439,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">jeffreysi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3325C59FE54FBF1FDD5FB81" box="[454,552,1086,1112]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
, 1877)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3325C59FF05FBADFE83FB1C" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3325C59FF05FBADFD49FBA4" blockId="18.[151,1436,1086,1257]" box="[151,692,1122,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FF05FBADFE3CFBA5" bold="true" box="[151,449,1122,1148]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3325C59FE42FBACFDB2FBA4" box="[464,591,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.371" metricValueMax="6.703999999999999" metricValueMin="0.038" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="3371.0" valueMax="6704.0" valueMin="38.0">386704 m</quantity>
—WBD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3325C59FF05FB49FE83FB1C" blockId="18.[151,1436,1086,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FF05FB49FE31FB79" bold="true" box="[151,460,1158,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: West European, North American,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3325C59FCDAFB48FC5FFB78" box="[840,930,1159,1185]" name="Guyana" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Guyana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3325C59FC39FB48FC12FB78" box="[939,1007,1159,1185]" name="Brazil" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ),
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3325C59FBBCFB48FB5DFB78" box="[1070,1184,1159,1185]" name="Argentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Argentina</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3325C59FB3BFB48FAD7FB78" box="[1193,1322,1159,1185]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
, Canaries, and
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3325C59FF57FB64FEE5FB1C" box="[197,280,1195,1221]" name="Angola" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Angola</collectingCountry>
—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3325C59FF05FB01FC8FFB30" box="[151,882,1230,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3325C59FF05FB01FC8FFB30" blockId="18.[151,1436,1086,1257]" box="[151,882,1230,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FF05FB01FEE4FB31" bold="true" box="[151,281,1230,1256]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3325C59FEBAFB00FDA8FB30" author="Benaim, N. P. &amp; Absalao, R. S." box="[296,597,1231,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="513 - 529" refId="ref57637" refString="Benaim, N. P. &amp; Absalao, R. S. (2011 b) Deep sea Yoldiella (Pelecypoda: Protobranchia: Yoldiidae) from Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91 (2), 513 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315410001372" type="journal article" year="2011">Benaim &amp; Absalão (2011b</bibRefCitation>
, c), Benaim
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3325C59FD70FB00FCEEFB30" box="[738,787,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2011).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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<mods:title id="DE647AD1FE3D737EC2235408B3290D9A">Checklist of marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) from Brazil, with descriptive analyses of their bathymetric and geographical distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="611BE692779F30AF99B97A0E52DE87F5">Passos, Flávio Dias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE6EB45489408256855808EA421D8DC1">Batistão, Alan Rodrigo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9F25357FAD526C6F2ED3ECF878FD24B8">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1ED7366CA9D6A5516875CD3DCAD852C0">Lima, Luan Lucas Cardoso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="56CEBB93D404086799C8C8B59A72C5B6">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; lima 177.0 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8138 - 6499 * Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3335C58FF05FAF5FD8EFA8D" box="[151,627,1338,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3335C58FF05FAF5FD8EFA8D" blockId="19.[151,1437,1338,1545]" box="[151,627,1338,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FAF5FD8EFA8D" bold="true" box="[151,627,1338,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
58.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3335C58FF53FAF5FE6AFA8C" ID-CoL="39W6T" authority="(d´Orbigny, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[193,407,1338,1365]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Ennucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="puelcha">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF53FAF5FE6AFA8C" bold="true" box="[193,407,1338,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ennucula puelcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(d´Orbigny, 1842)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3335C58FF05FA91FBF7FA44" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3335C58FF05FA91FD83FAA0" blockId="19.[151,1437,1338,1545]" box="[151,638,1374,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FA91FE3CFAA1" bold="true" box="[151,449,1374,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3335C58FF05FA4DFBF7FA44" blockId="19.[151,1437,1338,1545]" box="[151,1034,1410,1437]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FA4DFE33FA45" bold="true" box="[151,462,1410,1436]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3335C58FE4EFA4CFDDDFA44" box="[476,544,1411,1437]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(BA) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3335C58FD16FA4CFD0EFA44" box="[644,755,1411,1437]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Bahia San Blas)—B/A.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3335C58FF05FA68FBFFFA3C" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3335C58FF05FA68FBFFFA3C" blockId="19.[151,1437,1338,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FA68FEF9FA18" bold="true" box="[151,260,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks</emphasis>
: Although this species was recorded as occurring from
<quantity id="645B9B56B3335C58FCFDFA69FBFFFA18" box="[879,1026,1446,1473]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.325" metricValueMax="18.5" metricValueMin="0.15" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="932.5" valueMax="1850.0" valueMin="15.0">15 to 1850 m</quantity>
depth by
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FBE2FA68FB10FA18" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1136,1261,1446,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref68840" refString="Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">Rios (1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FB6AFA68FACEFA18" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1272,1331,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FAACFA68FA87FA18" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1342,1402,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
), it is here considered as a shallow water species (as recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FCDBFA04FC0BFA3C" author="Simone, L. R. L." box="[841,1014,1483,1509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="405 - 457" refId="ref70260" refString="Simone, L. R. L. (2009 a). Comparative morphology among representatives of main taxa of Scaphopoda and basal protobranch Bivalvia (Mollusca). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49 (32), 405 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492009003200001" type="journal article" year="2009">Simone, 2009a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3335C58FF05FA21FD41F9D0" box="[151,700,1518,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3335C58FF05FA21FD41F9D0" blockId="19.[151,1437,1338,1545]" box="[151,700,1518,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FA21FEE4F9D1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1518,1544]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FEBAFA20FE5AF9D0" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,423,1519,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FE20FA20FE13F9D0" author="Rios, E. C." box="[434,494,1519,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FD93FA20FD45F9D0" author="Simone, L. R. L." box="[513,696,1519,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="405 - 457" refId="ref70260" refString="Simone, L. R. L. (2009 a). Comparative morphology among representatives of main taxa of Scaphopoda and basal protobranch Bivalvia (Mollusca). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49 (32), 405 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492009003200001" type="journal article" year="2009">Simone (2009a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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57.
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<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FDDBFB49FD25FB79" author="Smith, E. A." box="[585,728,1158,1184]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
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, 1885
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) ★
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FB65FE3CFB1D" bold="true" box="[151,449,1194,1220]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—DW.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FB01FE33FB31" bold="true" box="[151,462,1230,1256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
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(Florida), Gulf of Mexico,
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and
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3335C58FC2BFB00FBEEFB30" box="[953,1043,1231,1257]" name="Guyana" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Guyana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3335C58FB8CFB00FB98FB30" box="[1054,1125,1231,1257]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3335C58FB0CFB00FAF0FB30" box="[1182,1293,1231,1257]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Argentine</collectingCountry>
Basins.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3335C58FF05FB3DFEE4FAD5" bold="true" box="[151,281,1266,1292]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FEBAFB3CFE42FAD4" author="Smith, E. A." box="[296,447,1266,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">Smith (1885)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FE5BFB3CFD19FAD4" author="Allen, J. A. &amp; Sanders, H. L." box="[457,740,1267,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="95 - 153" refId="ref56253" refString="Allen, J. A. &amp; Sanders, H. L. (1996 a). The zoogeography, diversity and origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the epilogue. Progress in Oceanography, 38 (2), 95 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0079 - 6611 (96) 00011 - 0" type="journal article" year="1996">Allen &amp; Sanders (1996a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3335C58FD7CFB3CFC7CFAD4" author="Allen, J. A." box="[750,897,1267,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="57 - 173" refId="ref55941" refString="Allen, J. A. (2008) Bivalvia of the deep Atlantic. Malacologia, 50 (1 - 2), 57 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.4002 / 0076 - 2997 - 50.1.57" type="journal article" year="2008">Allen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
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65.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3345C5FFF53FA2CFE80FA27" ID-CoL="676KT" authority="d´Orbigny, 1853" authorityName="d´Orbigny" authorityYear="1853" box="[193,381,1507,1534]" class="Bivalvia" family="Anomiidae" genus="Anomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF53FA2CFE80FA27" bold="true" box="[193,381,1507,1534]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Anomia simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
d´Orbigny, 1853
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05F9C8FCA7F99C" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05F9C8FD83F9FB" blockId="20.[151,1436,1507,1750]" box="[151,638,1543,1570]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05F9C8FE3CF9F8" bold="true" box="[151,449,1543,1569]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3345C5FFE42F9C7FDCEF9FB" box="[464,563,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" metricValueMax="12.8" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="64.0" valueMax="128.0" valueMin="0.0">0128 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05F9E4FCA7F99C" blockId="20.[151,1436,1507,1750]" box="[151,858,1579,1606]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05F9E4FE33F99C" bold="true" box="[151,462,1579,1605]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: Eastern
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3345C5FFDA5F9E4FD76F99C" box="[567,651,1579,1605]" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Canada</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3345C5FFD3DF9E4FD09F99C" box="[687,756,1579,1605]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Brazil</collectingCountry>
—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05F99FFD9FF96B" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05F99FFD9FF96B" blockId="20.[151,1436,1507,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05F99FFEF9F9B3" bold="true" box="[151,260,1616,1642]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Remarks</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFE84F980FE50F9B3" author="Smith, E. A." box="[278,429,1615,1642]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">Smith (1885)</bibRefCitation>
refereed the occurrence of &quot;
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3345C5FFD68F99FFBDBF9B0" authority=", Linne" authorityName="Linne" box="[762,1062,1615,1642]" class="Bivalvia" family="Anomiidae" genus="Anomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFD68F99FFC2CF9B0" box="[762,977,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Anomia ephippium</emphasis>
, Linné
</taxonomicName>
, var.&quot; from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3345C5FFB26F980FB05F9B0" box="[1204,1272,1615,1641]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(PE), but this record is probably based on specimens of
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3345C5FFDFFF9BBFD1FF954" box="[621,738,1651,1678]" class="Bivalvia" family="Anomiidae" genus="Anomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFDFFF9BBFD83F957" box="[621,638,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFD1EF9BCFD1FF954" box="[652,738,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; they are probably distinct species, the former being restricted to the Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFE2CF958FDAAF96B" author="Huber, M." box="[446,599,1687,1714]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref61981" refString="Huber, M. (2010 a) Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 901 pp." type="book" year="2010">Huber 2010a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05F974FC17F90F" box="[151,1002,1723,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05F974FC17F90F" blockId="20.[151,1436,1507,1750]" box="[151,1002,1723,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05F974FEE4F90C" bold="true" box="[151,281,1723,1749]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFEBAF974FE5AF90F" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,423,1723,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFE20F973FE13F90F" author="Rios, E. C." box="[434,494,1724,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFD93F973FD0CF90F" author="Turgeon, D. D. &amp; Lyons, W. G. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. &amp; Rosenberg, G. &amp; Moretzsohn, F. &amp; Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K." box="[513,753,1723,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="711 - 744" refId="ref71822" refString="Turgeon, D. D., Lyons, W. G., Mikkelsen, P., Rosenberg, G., Moretzsohn, F., Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K. (2009) Bivalvia (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. &amp; Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity, Gulf of Mexico: Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A &amp; M University Press, Corpus Christi, pp. 711 - 744." type="book chapter" year="2009">
Turgeon
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFDF7F973FD6BF90C" box="[613,662,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFD6FF974FC1BF90F" author="Simone, L. R. L. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R." box="[765,998,1723,1750]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref70688" refString="Simone, L. R. L., Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R. (2015) Comparative anatomy of selected marine bivalves from the Florida Keys, with notes on Brazilian congeners (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Malacologia, 58 (1 - 2), 1 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.4002 / 040.058.0201" type="journal article" year="2015">
Simone
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFCCBF973FC77F90C" box="[857,906,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
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<mods:title id="547A2F138FC77A0C180F04644971B4E4">Checklist of marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) from Brazil, with descriptive analyses of their bathymetric and geographical distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="30E80C76D76A7524C744A26216A6BD63">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="4F9E086045E819AED8F6D94A6C57D590">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; lima 177.0 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8138 - 6499 * Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05FD35FD5CFCCD" box="[151,673,762,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FD35FD5CFCCD" blockId="20.[151,951,762,897]" box="[151,673,762,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FD35FD5CFCCD" bold="true" box="[151,673,762,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
63.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF53FD35FE45FCCD" bold="true" box="[193,440,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Acharax patagonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFD9BFD35FD65FCCD" author="Smith, E. A." box="[521,664,762,788]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3345C5FFD9BFD35FDAFFCCD" box="[521,594,762,788]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1885
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)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05FCD1FC4AFC85" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FCD1FD49FCE0" blockId="20.[151,951,762,897]" box="[151,692,798,825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FCD1FE3CFCE1" bold="true" box="[151,449,798,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—WBD.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FC8DFC4AFC85" blockId="20.[151,951,762,897]" box="[151,951,834,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FC8DFE33FC85" bold="true" box="[151,462,834,860]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
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(RS) to the Magellanic Region—A.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FCA9FE06FC59" blockId="20.[151,951,762,897]" box="[151,507,870,897]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FCA9FEE4FC59" bold="true" box="[151,281,870,896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFEBAFCA9FE5AFC59" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,423,870,896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFE20FCA9FE12FC59" author="Rios, E. C." box="[434,495,870,896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:namePart id="4704A17DC664D7A77B2DA804614069D5">Batistão, Alan Rodrigo</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F22F9C59B0C8C861499C97705AE1A31D" type="ORCID">0000-0003-1260-0946</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DF87E743C2E51FA572BDED7655C6C4FC">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5E99B7D0F491CF898DF80B3037B530F5">Lima, Luan Lucas Cardoso</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="423182170C9C94222F704AA8D1DC508B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8138-6499</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="131C38652D4139C8A6F9F2B82822C420">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; lima 177.0 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8138 - 6499 * Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C5C8424FD1CA120FCD98E11D86AE263D" type="email">lima177.0@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05FEA1FD95FE51" box="[151,616,365,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FEA1FD95FE51" blockId="20.[151,1436,365,537]" box="[151,616,365,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FEA1FD95FE51" bold="true" box="[151,616,365,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
62.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3345C5FFF53FEA1FE62FE51" ID-CoL="6SCXQ" authority="d´Orbigny, 1842" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1842" box="[193,415,366,393]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="semiornata">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF53FEA1FE62FE51" bold="true" box="[193,415,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nucula semiornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
d´Orbigny, 1842
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05FE5DFF1FFE2D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FE5DFD8DFE75" blockId="20.[151,1436,365,537]" box="[151,624,402,429]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FE5DFE3CFE75" bold="true" box="[151,449,402,428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3345C5FFE42FE5DFDD8FE75" box="[464,549,402,429]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="26.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="0.0">052 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FE79FF1FFE2D" blockId="20.[151,1436,365,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FE79FE32FE09" bold="true" box="[151,463,438,464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3345C5FFE4CFE79FDE9FE09" box="[478,532,438,464]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3345C5FFDB6FE79FD2DFE09" box="[548,720,438,464]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
to Florida), Gulf of Mexico,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3345C5FFB8DFE79FB9EFE09" box="[1055,1123,438,464]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Brazil</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3345C5FFB1AFE79FB0AFE09" box="[1160,1271,438,464]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Patagonia)— WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3345C5FFF05FE31FE06FDC1" box="[151,507,510,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3345C5FFF05FE31FE06FDC1" blockId="20.[151,1436,365,537]" box="[151,507,510,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3345C5FFF05FE31FEE4FDC1" bold="true" box="[151,281,510,536]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFEBAFE31FE5AFDC1" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,423,510,536]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3345C5FFE20FE31FE12FDC1" author="Rios, E. C." box="[434,495,510,536]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
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<heading id="F85481DFB3365C5DFF05F9DDFD2FF9F5" bold="true" box="[151,722,1554,1581]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="3">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3365C5DFF05F9DDFD2FF9F5" bold="true" box="[151,722,1554,1581]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
81.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3365C5DFF53F9DDFE17F9F4" ID-CoL="KWHN" authority="(E. A. Smith, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[193,490,1554,1581]" class="Bivalvia" family="Arcidae" genus="Bathyarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arcida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="inaequisculpta">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3365C5DFF53F9DDFE17F9F4" bold="true" box="[193,490,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bathyarca inaequisculpta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3365C5DFDA9F9DDFD37F9F5" author="Smith, E. A." box="[571,714,1554,1580]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3365C5DFDA9F9DDFD79F9F5" box="[571,644,1554,1580]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1885
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)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3365C5DFF05F9F9FC14F9AD" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3365C5DFF05F9F9FD46F988" blockId="22.[151,1001,1554,1725]" box="[151,699,1590,1617]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3365C5DFF05F9F9FE3CF989" bold="true" box="[151,449,1590,1616]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3365C5DFE42F9F9FD96F988" box="[464,619,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5645" metricValueMax="5.165" metricValueMin="1.964" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="3564.5" valueMax="5165.0" valueMin="1964.0">19645165 m</quantity>
—DW.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3365C5DFF05F995FC14F9AD" blockId="22.[151,1001,1554,1725]" box="[151,1001,1626,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3365C5DFF05F995FE33F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,462,1626,1652]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: All Atlantic Ocean except
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3365C5DFC96F995FC67F9AD" box="[772,922,1626,1652]" name="Argentina" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">the Argentine</collectingCountry>
Basin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3365C5DFF05F9B1FCDBF941" box="[151,806,1662,1689]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3365C5DFF05F9B1FCDBF941" blockId="22.[151,1001,1554,1725]" box="[151,806,1662,1689]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3365C5DFF05F9B1FEF0F941" bold="true" box="[151,269,1662,1688]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species is not present in the CTFB (2024).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3365C5DFF05F96DFEE4F965" bold="true" box="[151,281,1698,1724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3365C5DFEBAF96DFDCDF965" author="Oliver, G. &amp; Allen, J. A." box="[296,560,1698,1724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="45 - 76" refId="ref66907" refString="Oliver, G. &amp; Allen, J. A. (1980 a) The functional and adaptive morphology of the deep-sea species of the Arcacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 291 (1045), 45 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1980.0127" type="journal article" year="1980">Oliver &amp; Allen (1980a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3365C5DFDA9F96DFD33F965" author="Allen, J. A." box="[571,718,1698,1724]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="57 - 173" refId="ref55941" refString="Allen, J. A. (2008) Bivalvia of the deep Atlantic. Malacologia, 50 (1 - 2), 57 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.4002 / 0076 - 2997 - 50.1.57" type="journal article" year="2008">Allen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FA91FD48FAA0" bold="true" box="[151,693,1373,1401]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
105.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF5DFA91FE66FAA0" bold="true" box="[207,411,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Limaria thryptica</emphasis>
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(PennaNeme, 1971) ★
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FA4DFE3CFA45" bold="true" box="[151,449,1410,1436]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
: 3.813.5 m—SW.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FA69FE33FA19" bold="true" box="[151,462,1446,1472]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
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(ES to SP)—B.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FA05FEF9FA3D" bold="true" box="[151,260,1482,1508]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Remarks</emphasis>
: Although
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considered
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FD18FA04FCF1FA3D" box="[650,780,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. thryptica</emphasis>
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as a synonym of
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FC5FFA04FBC0FA3D" box="[973,1085,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. locklini</emphasis>
(McGinty, 1955)
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, these species are currently recognized as distinct (MolluscaBase 2023; CTFB 2024).
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FC5FFA21FB49F9D1" author="Tunnel, J. W. Jr. &amp; Andrews, J. &amp; Barrera, N. C. &amp; Moretzsohn, F." box="[973,1204,1518,1545]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref71765" refString="Tunnel, J. W. Jr., Andrews, J., Barrera, N. C. &amp; Moretzsohn, F. (2010) Encyclopedia of Texas seashells: identification, ecology, distribution, and history. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas, 512 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Tunnel
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FBB7FA20FBA4F9D1" box="[1061,1113,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
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recorded
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FABAFA20FA61F9D1" box="[1320,1436,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. locklini</emphasis>
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occurring in the Gulf of
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and West Indies.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05F9F9FEE4F989" bold="true" box="[151,281,1590,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FEBAF9F8FE3CF989" author="Penna, L." box="[296,449,1590,1617]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="155 - 159" refId="ref67712" refString="Penna, L. (1971) Novas especies e registros de Limidae e Carditidae (Pelecypoda) no litoral brasileiro. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 24 (11), 155 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 0031 - 1049.1971.24. p 155 - 159" type="journal article" year="1971">Penna (1971)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FE5EF9F9FDB6F989" author="Rios, E. C." box="[460,587,1590,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FDC4F9F9FD6EF989" author="Rios, E. C." box="[598,659,1590,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
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<treatment id="2B0A87A5B3395C52FF05FE31FCC4FD29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B0A87A5B3395C52FF05FE31FCC4FD29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B0A87A5B3395C52FF05FE31FCC4FD29" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3395C52FF05FE31FDBDFDC1" blockId="25.[151,1436,509,753]" box="[151,576,509,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FE31FDBDFDC1" bold="true" box="[151,576,509,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
102.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3395C52FF5DFE31FE8AFDC0" ID-CoL="6PXZQ" authority="d´Orbigny, 1853" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1853" box="[207,375,510,537]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caribaea">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF5DFE31FE8AFDC0" bold="true" box="[207,375,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lima caribaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
d´Orbigny, 1853
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3395C52FF05FDEDFBA9FDB9" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3395C52FF05FDEDFD83FDE5" blockId="25.[151,1436,509,753]" box="[151,638,546,573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FDEDFE3CFDE5" bold="true" box="[151,449,546,572]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3395C52FE42FDEDFDCEFDE5" box="[464,563,546,572]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="70.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="0.0">0140 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3395C52FF05FD89FBA9FDB9" blockId="25.[151,1436,509,753]" box="[151,1108,582,609]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FD89FE33FDB9" bold="true" box="[151,462,582,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3395C52FE4EFD89FDEFFDB9" box="[476,530,582,608]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3395C52FDB3FD89FD30FDB9" box="[545,717,582,608]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3395C52FD6BFD89FCC0FDB9" box="[761,829,582,608]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(AP to RJ; FN)—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3395C52FF05FDA5FD83FD15" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3395C52FF05FDA5FD83FD15" blockId="25.[151,1436,509,753]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FDA5FEF9FD5D" bold="true" box="[151,260,618,644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species was recorded from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3395C52FD15FDA5FD36FD5D" box="[647,715,618,644]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Brazil</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3395C52FD67FDA4FBCEFD5C" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[757,1075,618,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lima">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FD67FDA4FC94FD5D" box="[757,873,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lima lima</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FBECFDA5FA65FD5D" author="Matthews, H. R. &amp; Rios, E. C." box="[1150,1432,618,644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref63988" refString="Matthews, H. R. &amp; Rios, E. C. (1967 a) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos moluscos marinhos do nordeste brasileiro. Arquivos da Estacao de Biologia Marinha da Universidade Federal do Ceara, 7 (1), 67 - 77." type="journal article" year="1967">Matthews &amp; Rios 1967a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FF05FD41FE43FD71" author="Matthews, H. R. &amp; Kempf, M." box="[151,446,654,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref63932" refString="Matthews, H. R. &amp; Kempf, M. (1970) Moluscos marinhos do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. II Moluscos do Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha (com algumas referencias ao Atol das Rocas). Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 10 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1970">Matthews &amp; Kempf 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FE59FD41FDBFFD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[459,578,654,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68752" refString="Rios, E. C. (1970) Coastal Brazilian seashells. Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 255 pp." type="book" year="1970">Rios 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FDDDFD41FD77FD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[591,650,654,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68817" refString="Rios, E. C. (1975) Brazilian marine mollusks iconography. Editora EMMA, Porto Alegre, 331 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FD05FD41FD2FFD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[663,722,654,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68840" refString="Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FD4CFD41FCE4FD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[734,793,654,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FCB4FD41FC9EFD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[806,867,654,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FCE5FD41FB51FD71" author="Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R." box="[887,1196,654,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref64640" refString="Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R. (2007) Seashells of Southern Florida: living marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and adjacent regions. Bivalves. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 503 pp." type="book" year="2007">Mikkelsen &amp; Bieler (2007)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3395C52FAA4FD40FA7AFD71" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1334,1415,654,681]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lima">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FAA4FD40FABBFD71" box="[1334,1350,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FAC7FD41FA7AFD71" box="[1365,1415,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">lima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a species restricted to the Mediterranean Sea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3395C52FF05FD19FCC4FD29" box="[151,825,726,753]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3395C52FF05FD19FCC4FD29" blockId="25.[151,1436,509,753]" box="[151,825,726,753]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3395C52FF05FD19FEE4FD29" bold="true" box="[151,281,726,752]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FEBAFD19FE5AFD29" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,423,726,752]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FE20FD19FE13FD29" author="Rios, E. C." box="[434,494,726,752]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3395C52FD93FD19FCC9FD29" author="Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R." box="[513,820,726,752]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="667 - 710" refId="ref64583" refString="Mikkelsen, P. M. &amp; Bieler, R. (2003) Systematic revision of the western Atlantic file clams, Lima and Ctenoides (Bivalvia: Limoida: Limidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 17 (5), 667 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 03007" type="journal article" year="2003">Mikkelsen &amp; Bieler (2003)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
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<heading id="F85481DFB33A5C51FF05FD41FD5DFD71" bold="true" box="[151,672,654,681]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FD41FD5DFD71" bold="true" box="[151,672,654,681]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
110.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B33A5C51FF5CFD41FE4AFD70" ID-CoL="72BBT" authority="(E. A. Smith, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="E. A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[206,439,654,681]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Limatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laminifera">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF5CFD41FE4AFD70" bold="true" box="[206,439,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Limatula laminifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FD9BFD41FD65FD71" author="Smith, E. A." box="[521,664,654,680]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B33A5C51FD9BFD41FDAFFD71" box="[521,594,654,680]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1885
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)
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FD7DFE3CFD15" bold="true" box="[151,449,690,716]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33A5C51FE42FD7DFDA0FD14" box="[464,605,690,717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.635" metricValueMax="15.9" metricValueMin="1.3699999999999999" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="863.5" valueMax="1590.0" valueMin="137.0">1371590 m</quantity>
—WBD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33A5C51FF05FD19FDA2FCCC" blockId="26.[151,1436,654,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FD19FE2DFD29" bold="true" box="[151,464,726,752]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33A5C51FE72FD18FDEBFD28" box="[480,534,727,753]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
(Florida) to the West Indies, off the Azores, off Fernandina, off Sombrero and Culebra Islands and
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33A5C51FEEFFD34FE3CFCCC" box="[381,449,763,789]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ)—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B33A5C51FF05FCD1FD0AFCE0" box="[151,759,798,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33A5C51FF05FCD1FD0AFCE0" blockId="26.[151,1436,654,825]" box="[151,759,798,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FCD1FEE4FCE1" bold="true" box="[151,281,798,824]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FEB4FCD0FE44FCE0" author="Allen, J. A." box="[294,441,799,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2591 - 2653" refId="ref55880" refString="Allen, J. A. (2004) The Recent species of the genera Limatula and Limea (Bivalvia, Limacea) present in the Atlantic, with particular reference to those in deep water. Journal of Natural History, 38 (20), 2591 - 2653. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930310001647442" type="journal article" year="2004">Allen (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FE56FCD0FD0EFCE0" author="Oliveira, C. D. C. &amp; Absalao, R. S." box="[452,755,799,825]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="48 - 58" refId="ref66447" refString="Oliveira, C. D. C. &amp; Absalao, R. S. (2008) The genera Limatula and Limea (Mollusca, Pelecypoda, Limidae) from deep waters off Brazil. Zootaxa, 1940 (1), 48 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1940.1.5" type="journal article" year="2008">Oliveira &amp; Absalão (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
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<mods:namePart id="91F75AD7B8FDECED8661307927B657BF">Batistão, Alan Rodrigo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3B2E3FEE6769779A0025A19F8EEF45F7">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="E2E77958B24EEB765A6E5DFA91DEEBA6">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; lima 177.0 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8138 - 6499 * Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="ECC994771118C60AB4A7733038F4DA54" type="email">lima177.0@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33A5C51FF05FECDFD5FFEC4" blockId="26.[151,1436,257,429]" box="[151,674,257,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FECDFD5FFEC4" bold="true" box="[151,674,257,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
108.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF5DFECDFE61FEC5" bold="true" box="[207,412,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Limatula confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E. A.
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FE7FFECDFD81FEC5" author="Smith, E. A." box="[493,636,258,284]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B33A5C51FE7FFECDFDCBFEC5" box="[493,566,258,284]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1885
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) ★
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B33A5C51FF05FEE9FE37FE50" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33A5C51FF05FEE9FD49FE98" blockId="26.[151,1436,257,429]" box="[151,692,294,321]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FEE9FE3CFE99" bold="true" box="[151,449,294,320]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33A5C51FE42FEE9FDB2FE98" box="[464,591,294,321]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.354" metricValueMax="2.651" metricValueMin="0.057" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1354.0" valueMax="2651.0" valueMin="57.0">572651 m</quantity>
—WBD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33A5C51FF05FE85FE37FE50" blockId="26.[151,1436,257,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FE85FE2CFEBD" bold="true" box="[151,465,330,356]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<materialsCitation id="13CB3CEEB33A5C51FE70FE84FE3BFE50" collectionCode="RJ, WGD" country="Brazil" county="eastern North Atlantic" location="Florida" municipality="West Indies" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North Carolina">
USA (
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B33A5C51FDB8FE84FD2AFEBC" box="[554,727,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
to
<location id="A67C6068B33A5C51FC93FE84FCABFEBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B0A87A5B33A5C51FF05FECDFB8EFE74:A67C6068B33A5C51FC93FE84FCABFEBC" box="[769,854,331,357]" country="Brazil" county="eastern North Atlantic" municipality="West Indies" name="Florida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="North Carolina">Florida</location>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="4378ACC9B33A5C51FCFEFE84FC09FEBC" box="[876,1012,331,357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">West Indies</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33A5C51FB90FE84FBBBFEBC" box="[1026,1094,331,357]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(PE,
<collectionCode id="C5B2AE76B33A5C51FB19FE84FB50FEBC" box="[1163,1197,331,357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">RJ</collectionCode>
); also,
<collectingCounty id="4A7D4E3FB33A5C51FA90FE84FF0CFE50" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">eastern North Atlantic</collectingCounty>
to Azores—
<collectionCode id="C5B2AE76B33A5C51FE13FEA0FE3BFE50" box="[385,454,367,393]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/w5fw-7f1j" name="Washington Game Department" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">WGD</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33A5C51FF05FE5DFEE4FE75" bold="true" box="[151,281,402,428]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FEBAFE5CFE42FE74" author="Smith, E. A." box="[296,447,402,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 341" refId="ref70756" refString="Smith, E. A. (1885) Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Reports of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. &quot; Challenger &quot; during the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 13 (35), 1 - 341, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1885">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B33A5C51FEBAFE5CFE96FE74" box="[296,363,403,429]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1885)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FE59FE5CFDB4FE74" author="Rios, E. C." box="[459,585,403,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FDC6FE5CFD6DFE74" author="Rios, E. C." box="[596,656,403,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FD30FE5CFCC9FE74" author="Allen, J. A." box="[674,820,403,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="2591 - 2653" refId="ref55880" refString="Allen, J. A. (2004) The Recent species of the genera Limatula and Limea (Bivalvia, Limacea) present in the Atlantic, with particular reference to those in deep water. Journal of Natural History, 38 (20), 2591 - 2653. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930310001647442" type="journal article" year="2004">Allen (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33A5C51FCD2FE5CFB93FE74" author="Oliveira, C. D. C. &amp; Absalao, R. S." box="[832,1134,403,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="48 - 58" refId="ref66447" refString="Oliveira, C. D. C. &amp; Absalao, R. S. (2008) The genera Limatula and Limea (Mollusca, Pelecypoda, Limidae) from deep waters off Brazil. Zootaxa, 1940 (1), 48 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1940.1.5" type="journal article" year="2008">Oliveira &amp; Absalão (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
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120.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33B5C50FF5DFBD4FE37FBEC" bold="true" box="[207,458,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Limopsis janeiroensis</emphasis>
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E. A.
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, 1915
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33B5C50FF05FBF0FE3CFB80" bold="true" box="[151,449,1087,1113]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
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—SW.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33B5C50FF05FBACFE33FBA4" bold="true" box="[151,462,1123,1149]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
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(RJ to RS)—B.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33B5C50FF05FB48FEF9FB78" bold="true" box="[151,260,1159,1185]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks</emphasis>
: This species was only described from Brazilian waters, including from the southernmost Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, which suggests its occurrence in
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province. However, it was not noticed from
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by
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and
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33B5C50FDB3FB00FCDAFB30" author="Scarabino, F. &amp; Zelaya, D. G. &amp; Orensanz, J. L. &amp; Ortega, L. &amp; Defeo, O. &amp; Schwindt, E. &amp; Carranza, A. &amp; Zaffaroni, J. C. &amp; Martinez, G. &amp; Scarabino, V. &amp; Garcia-Rodriguez, F." box="[545,807,1231,1258]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="284 - 301" refId="ref69555" refString="Scarabino, F., Zelaya, D. G., Orensanz, J. L., Ortega, L., Defeo, O., Schwindt, E., Carranza, A., Zaffaroni, J. C., Martinez, G., Scarabino, V. &amp; Garcia-Rodriguez, F. (2016) Cold, warm, temperate and brackish: Bivalve biodiversity in a complex oceanographic scenario (Uruguay, southwestern Atlantic). American Malacological Bulletin, 33 (2), 284 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.4003 / 006.033.0219" type="journal article" year="2016">
Scarabino
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33B5C50FD0BFB1FFD36FB30" box="[665,715,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (2016)
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, nor from
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by
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33B5C50FBA8FB00FB26FB30" author="Zelaya, D. G." box="[1082,1243,1231,1257]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="245 - 262" refId="ref73117" refString="Zelaya, D. G. (2016) Marine bivalves from the Argentine coast and continental shelf: Species diversity and assessment of the historical knowledge. American Malacological Bulletin, 33 (2), 245 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.4003 / 006.033.0204" type="journal article" year="2016">Zelaya (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, and so it is here considered as endemic from
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33B5C50FE4BFB3CFDDCFAD4" box="[473,545,1267,1293]" name="Brazil" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33B5C50FF05FAD8FEE4FAE8" bold="true" box="[151,281,1303,1329]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33B5C50FEBAFAD8FE42FAEB" author="Smith, E. A." box="[296,447,1303,1330]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="61 - 112" refId="ref70829" refString="Smith, E. A. (1915) Mollusca. Part I. Gastropoda Prosobranchia, Scaphopoda, and Pelecypoda. British Antarctic (&quot; Terra Nova &quot;) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report Zoology, 2 (4), 61 - 112." type="journal article" year="1915">
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B33B5C50FEBAFAD8FE96FAE8" box="[296,363,1303,1329]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Smith</collectingRegion>
(1915)
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,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33B5C50FE59FAD8FDB4FAE8" author="Rios, E. C." box="[459,585,1303,1329]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33B5C50FDC6FAD8FD6CFAE8" author="Rios, E. C." box="[596,657,1303,1329]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
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130.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33C5C57FF05F8B5FE3CF84D" bold="true" box="[151,449,1914,1940]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33C5C57FE42F8B4FDD8F84C" box="[464,549,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="5.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="0.0">010 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33C5C57FF05F851FB82F860" blockId="28.[151,1151,1877,2013]" box="[151,1151,1950,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33C5C57FF05F851FE33F861" bold="true" box="[151,462,1950,1976]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33C5C57FE4EF850FDDDF860" box="[476,544,1951,1977]" name="Brazil" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ to RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33C5C57FD52F850FCD2F860" box="[704,815,1951,1977]" name="Argentina" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(north of Patagonia)—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B33C5C57FF05F80DFC0BF804" box="[151,1014,1986,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33C5C57FF05F80DFC0BF804" blockId="28.[151,1151,1877,2013]" box="[151,1014,1986,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33C5C57FF05F80DFEE4F805" bold="true" box="[151,281,1986,2012]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">References</emphasis>
: Orbigny (1842),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33C5C57FE77F80CFD31F804" author="Klappenbach, M. A." box="[485,716,1986,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="327 - 351" refId="ref62406" refString="Klappenbach, M. A. (1965) Lista preliminar de los Mytilidae brasilenos con claves para su determinacion y notas sobre su distribucion. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 37, 327 - 351." type="journal article" year="1965">Klappenbach (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33C5C57FD45F80CFC0FF804" author="Avelar, W. E. P. &amp; Narchi, W." box="[727,1010,1987,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="331 - 359" refId="ref56991" refString="Avelar, W. E. P. &amp; Narchi, W. (1984 a) Anatomia funcional de Brachidontes darwinianus darwinianus (Orbigny, 1846) (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 35 (27), 331 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 0031 - 1049.1983.35. p 331 - 359" type="journal article" year="1984">Avelar &amp; Narchi (1984a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FE31FD74FDC1" bold="true" box="[151,649,509,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
133.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF5DFE31FE50FDC0" bold="true" box="[207,429,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Crenella divaricata</emphasis>
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(d´Orbigny, 1853)
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33D5C56FF05FDEDFD92FDE5" blockId="29.[151,1192,509,681]" box="[151,623,546,573]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FDEDFE3CFDE5" bold="true" box="[151,449,546,572]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33D5C56FE42FDEDFDD9FDE5" box="[464,548,546,572]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="7.0">711 m</quantity>
—SW.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33D5C56FF05FD89FB55FDB9" blockId="29.[151,1192,509,681]" box="[151,1192,582,609]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FD89FE33FDB9" bold="true" box="[151,462,582,608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: South of
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33D5C56FDD1FD89FD83FDB9" box="[579,638,582,608]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">USA</collectingCountry>
, Antilles,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33D5C56FD7CFD89FCCFFDB9" box="[750,818,582,608]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ to RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33D5C56FC40FD89FBB9FDB9" box="[978,1092,582,608]" name="Argentina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
—WGD.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33D5C56FF05FDA5FCDBFD5D" blockId="29.[151,1192,509,681]" box="[151,806,618,645]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FDA5FEF0FD5D" bold="true" box="[151,269,618,644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks:</emphasis>
This species is not present in the CTFB (2024).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33D5C56FF05FD41FD7BFD71" blockId="29.[151,1192,509,681]" box="[151,646,654,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FD41FEE4FD71" bold="true" box="[151,281,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FEBAFD41FE5AFD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[296,423,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref68752" refString="Rios, E. C. (1970) Coastal Brazilian seashells. Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 255 pp." type="book" year="1970">Rios (1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FE20FD41FE10FD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[434,493,654,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref68817" refString="Rios, E. C. (1975) Brazilian marine mollusks iconography. Editora EMMA, Porto Alegre, 331 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FE6AFD41FDCEFD70" author="Rios, E. C." box="[504,563,654,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref68840" refString="Rios, E. C. (1985) Seashells of Brazil. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FDACFD41FD87FD71" author="Rios, E. C." box="[574,634,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
).
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131.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B33D5C56FF5DFF59FE13FF68" ID-CoL="MSSS" authority="(d´Orbigny, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[207,494,150,177]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Brachidontes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytilida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rodriguezii">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF5DFF59FE13FF68" bold="true" box="[207,494,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brachidontes rodriguezii</emphasis>
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(d´Orbigny, 1842)
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FF75FE3CFF0D" bold="true" box="[151,449,186,212]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33D5C56FE42FF75FDD8FF0D" box="[464,549,186,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="0.0">025 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33D5C56FF05FF11FBF8FF21" blockId="29.[151,1029,149,285]" box="[151,1029,222,249]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FF11FE33FF21" bold="true" box="[151,462,222,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33D5C56FE4EFF11FDDDFF21" box="[476,544,222,248]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33D5C56FDEDFF11FD13FF21" box="[639,750,222,248]" name="Argentina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Golfo San Matias)—A.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33D5C56FF05FECDFD13FEC5" blockId="29.[151,1029,149,285]" box="[151,750,258,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33D5C56FF05FECDFEE4FEC5" bold="true" box="[151,281,258,284]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FEBAFECDFDF2FEC4" author="Klappenbach, M. A." box="[296,527,258,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="327 - 351" refId="ref62406" refString="Klappenbach, M. A. (1965) Lista preliminar de los Mytilidae brasilenos con claves para su determinacion y notas sobre su distribucion. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 37, 327 - 351." type="journal article" year="1965">Klappenbach (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FD89FECDFD67FEC5" author="Rios, E. C." box="[539,666,258,284]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33D5C56FD37FECDFD1FFEC5" author="Rios, E. C." box="[677,738,258,284]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
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149.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B33E5C55FF5DF899FE76F8A8" ID-CoL="44QCR" authority="(d´Orbigny, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[207,395,1878,1905]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Musculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytilida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viator">
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33E5C55FF05F8B5FD8DF84C" blockId="30.[151,954,1878,2013]" box="[151,624,1914,1941]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05F8B5FE3CF84D" bold="true" box="[151,449,1914,1940]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33E5C55FE42F8B4FDD8F84C" box="[464,549,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="0.0">040 m</quantity>
—SW.
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33E5C55FF05F851FC47F860" blockId="30.[151,954,1878,2013]" box="[151,954,1950,1977]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05F851FE33F861" bold="true" box="[151,462,1950,1976]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FE4EF850FDDDF860" box="[476,544,1951,1977]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(SP) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FDEEF850FD16F860" box="[636,747,1951,1977]" name="Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(San Blas)—B/A.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05F80DFEE4F805" bold="true" box="[151,281,1986,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">References</emphasis>
:
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,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FD89F80CFD67F804" author="Rios, E. C." box="[539,666,1987,2013]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
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).
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View file

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<mods:namePart id="5D11241686B046190EC48650FB6A37B6">Lima, Luan Lucas Cardoso</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="132AEDADED6EAACAAD185F36FA1912BD" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8138-6499</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CCA2627F8F7382156C3A910111AC66E9">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; lima 177.0 @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8138 - 6499 * Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33E5C55FF05FB49FD8AFB79" blockId="30.[151,1363,1158,1293]" box="[151,631,1158,1185]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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145.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF5DFB49FE67FB78" bold="true" box="[207,410,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lithophaga nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(d´Orbigny, 1853)
</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FB65FE3CFB1D" bold="true" box="[151,449,1194,1220]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33E5C55FE42FB64FDCEFB1C" box="[464,563,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0100 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33E5C55FF05FB01FB42FAD4" blockId="30.[151,1363,1158,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FB01FE33FB31" bold="true" box="[151,462,1230,1256]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FE4EFB00FDEFFB30" box="[476,530,1231,1257]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">USA</collectingCountry>
(Florida) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FD33FB00FD18FB30" box="[673,741,1231,1257]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(MA to RJ; FN, Abrolhos and Trindade islands)—C/B.
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FB3DFEE4FAD5" bold="true" box="[151,281,1266,1292]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FEBAFB3CFDDCFAD4" author="Turner, R. D. &amp; Boss, K. J." box="[296,545,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="81 - 116" refId="ref71926" refString="Turner, R. D. &amp; Boss, K. J. (1962) The genus Lithophaga in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 4 (41), 81 - 116." type="journal article" year="1962">Turner &amp; Boss (1962)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FDBFFB3CFCE9FAD4" author="Klappenbach, M. A." box="[557,788,1266,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="327 - 351" refId="ref62406" refString="Klappenbach, M. A. (1965) Lista preliminar de los Mytilidae brasilenos con claves para su determinacion y notas sobre su distribucion. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 37, 327 - 351." type="journal article" year="1965">Klappenbach (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FCB2FB3CFC1CFAD4" author="Metivier, B." box="[800,993,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="177 - 181" refId="ref64443" refString="Metivier, B. (1967 a). Campagne de la Calypso au large des Cotes Atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). 8. Mollusques Lamellibranches: Mytilidae. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 45, 177 - 181." type="journal article" year="1967">Métivier (1967a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FC7FFB3CFB96FAD4" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1005,1131,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FBE4FB3CFB4EFAD4" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1142,1203,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FC61FD4EFC11" bold="true" box="[151,691,942,969]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
144.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B33E5C55FF5DFC61FE2AFC10" ID-CoL="3VKTX" authority="(d´Orbigny, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[207,471,942,969]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Lithophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytilida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="antillarum">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF5DFC61FE2AFC10" bold="true" box="[207,471,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lithophaga antillarum</emphasis>
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(d´Orbigny, 1853)
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33E5C55FF05FC1DFD8DFC34" blockId="30.[151,1436,942,1113]" box="[151,624,978,1005]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FC1DFE3CFC35" bold="true" box="[151,449,978,1004]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B33E5C55FE42FC1CFDD8FC34" box="[464,549,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="12.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="1.0">123 m</quantity>
—SW.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FC39FE2CFBC9" bold="true" box="[151,465,1014,1040]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FE73FC38FDEAFBC8" box="[481,535,1015,1041]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B33E5C55FDBBFC38FD25FBC8" box="[553,728,1015,1041]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
) to Northeast
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FCEDFC38FC3AFBC8" box="[895,967,1015,1041]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Brazil</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FC47FC38FBE8FBC8" box="[981,1045,1015,1041]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Japan</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FBAFFC38FB0DFBC8" box="[1085,1264,1015,1041]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FACEFC38FA65FBC8" box="[1372,1432,1015,1041]" name="Thailand" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Siam</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33E5C55FF05FBD4FF2FFBEC" box="[151,210,1051,1077]" name="India" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">India</collectingCountry>
—WGD.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33E5C55FF05FBF1FEE4FB81" bold="true" box="[151,281,1086,1112]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FEBAFBF0FDF2FB80" author="Klappenbach, M. A." box="[296,527,1086,1113]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="327 - 351" refId="ref62406" refString="Klappenbach, M. A. (1965) Lista preliminar de los Mytilidae brasilenos con claves para su determinacion y notas sobre su distribucion. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 37, 327 - 351." type="journal article" year="1965">Klappenbach (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FD89FBF0FD67FB80" author="Rios, E. C." box="[539,666,1087,1113]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33E5C55FD37FBF0FD1FFB80" author="Rios, E. C." box="[677,738,1087,1113]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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155.
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d´Orbigny, 1842
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—SW.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33F5C54FF05FA6DFE33FA65" bold="true" box="[151,462,1442,1468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33F5C54FE4EFA6DFDDDFA65" box="[476,544,1442,1468]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RS) to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33F5C54FDEDFA6DFD13FA65" box="[639,750,1442,1468]" name="Argentina" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(Golfo San Matias)—A.
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<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33F5C54FF05FA09FEE4FA39" bold="true" box="[151,281,1478,1504]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">References</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FEBAFA09FDF2FA38" author="Klappenbach, M. A." box="[296,527,1478,1505]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="327 - 351" refId="ref62406" refString="Klappenbach, M. A. (1965) Lista preliminar de los Mytilidae brasilenos con claves para su determinacion y notas sobre su distribucion. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 37, 327 - 351." type="journal article" year="1965">Klappenbach (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FD89FA09FD21FA39" author="Metivier, B." box="[539,732,1478,1504]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="177 - 181" refId="ref64443" refString="Metivier, B. (1967 a). Campagne de la Calypso au large des Cotes Atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). 8. Mollusques Lamellibranches: Mytilidae. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 45, 177 - 181." type="journal article" year="1967">Métivier (1967a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FD7AFA09FC9BFA39" author="Rios, E. C." box="[744,870,1478,1504]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FCE0FA09FC52FA39" author="Rios, E. C." box="[882,943,1478,1504]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
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153.
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: 0 m—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33F5C54FF05FBD9FBEBFBE9" blockId="31.[151,1233,973,1109]" box="[151,1046,1046,1073]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33F5C54FF05FBD9FE33FBE9" bold="true" box="[151,462,1046,1072]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
: East Mexico, Campeche,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33F5C54FD69FBD9FCBFFBE9" box="[763,834,1046,1072]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B33F5C54FCDCFBD9FC4CFBE9" box="[846,945,1046,1072]" name="Uruguay" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
—WGD.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B33F5C54FF05FBF5FB2CFB8D" box="[151,1233,1082,1109]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B33F5C54FF05FBF5FB2CFB8D" blockId="31.[151,1233,973,1109]" box="[151,1233,1082,1109]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B33F5C54FF05FBF5FEE4FB8D" bold="true" box="[151,281,1082,1108]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">References</emphasis>
: Orbigny (1842),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FE77FBF5FD31FB8C" author="Klappenbach, M. A." box="[485,716,1082,1109]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="327 - 351" refId="ref62406" refString="Klappenbach, M. A. (1965) Lista preliminar de los Mytilidae brasilenos con claves para su determinacion y notas sobre su distribucion. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 37, 327 - 351." type="journal article" year="1965">Klappenbach (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FD45FBF5FC0EFB8D" author="Avelar, W. E. P. &amp; Narchi, W." box="[727,1011,1082,1108]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="215 - 237" refId="ref57056" refString="Avelar, W. E. P. &amp; Narchi, W. (1984 b) Functional anatomy of Brachidontes solisianus (Orbigny, 1846) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Boletim de Zoologia, 8, 215 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 3358. bolzoo. 1984.122196" type="journal article" year="1984">Avelar &amp; Narchi (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FC6DFBF5FB80FB8D" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1023,1149,1082,1108]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B33F5C54FB1AFBF5FB38FB8D" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1160,1221,1082,1108]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

View file

@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
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<mods:title id="F85C6CA54572A371D5454278BE476A6A">Checklist of marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) from Brazil, with descriptive analyses of their bathymetric and geographical distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3A8338847A5AA5986F5964F49D494719">Passos, Flávio Dias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="118391657E5463EA4C2E57C6240942D6">Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; Graduate Program in Animal Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil &amp; alan. rodrigob @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1260 - 0946</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3645C0FFF05FCD1FD69FCE1" blockId="68.[151,1437,798,969]" box="[151,660,798,825]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFF05FCD1FD69FCE1" bold="true" box="[151,660,798,825]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
444.
<taxonomicName id="64A34D30B3645C0FFF5DFCD1FD69FCE1" ID-CoL="6PVC2" authority="(Lamarck, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[207,660,798,825]" class="Bivalvia" family="Veneridae" genus="Leukoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subrostrata">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFF5DFCD1FE3BFCE0" bold="true" box="[207,454,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Leukoma subrostrata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3645C0FFE46FCD1FD76FCE1" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[468,651,798,824]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="411 - 612" refId="ref62700" refString="Lamarck, J. B. (1818 - 1819) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Conchifera. 5 &amp; 6. Verdiere, Paris, pp. 411 - 612 &amp; pp. 1 - 343." type="book chapter" year="1818">Lamarck, 1818</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3645C0FFF05FC8DFB05FC59" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="description">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3645C0FFF05FC8DFD83FC85" blockId="68.[151,1437,798,969]" box="[151,638,834,861]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFF05FC8DFE3CFC85" bold="true" box="[151,449,834,860]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Bathymetric distribution</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="645B9B56B3645C0FFE42FC8DFDCEFC85" box="[464,563,834,860]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0100 m</quantity>
—SW.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3645C0FFF05FCA9FB05FC59" blockId="68.[151,1437,798,969]" box="[151,1272,870,897]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFF05FCA9FE33FC59" bold="true" box="[151,462,870,896]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3645C0FFE4EFCA9FDEFFC59" box="[476,530,870,896]" name="United States of America" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">USA</collectingCountry>
(Florida), Caribbean Sea, West Indies to
<collectingCountry id="DBB47623B3645C0FFC70FCA9FBDBFC59" box="[994,1062,870,896]" name="Brazil" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(AL to SP)—C/B.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EBB96538B3645C0FFF05FC45FE21FC10" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="A31C36B3B3645C0FFF05FC45FE21FC10" blockId="68.[151,1437,798,969]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFF05FC45FEE4FC7D" bold="true" box="[151,281,906,932]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">References</emphasis>
: FischerPiette
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFE5FFC44FE00FC7D" box="[461,509,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al</emphasis>
. (1969),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3645C0FFDF3FC45FC80FC7D" author="Narchi, W. &amp; Gabrieli, M. A." box="[609,893,906,932]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="25 - 46" refId="ref65500" refString="Narchi, W. &amp; Gabrieli, M. A. (1980) Sobre a anatomia funcional de Chione subrostrata (Lamarck, 1818). Revista Nordestina de Biologia, 3, 25 - 46." type="journal article" year="1980">Narchi &amp; Gabrieli (1980)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3645C0FFC1AFC45FBF8FC7D" author="Rios, E. C." box="[904,1029,906,932]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref68863" refString="Rios, E. C. (1994) Seashells of Brazil. 2 nd Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, 368 pp." type="book" year="1994">Rios (1994</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3645C0FFB9DFC45FBB6FC7D" author="Rios, E. C." box="[1039,1099,906,932]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref68890" refString="Rios, E. C. (2009) Compendium of Brazilian seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande, 668 pp." type="book" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="C7324B42B3645C0FFBCFFC45FAB7FC7D" author="Denadai, M. R. &amp; Arruda, E. P. &amp; Domaneschi, O. &amp; Amaral, A. C. Z." box="[1117,1354,906,933]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref59614" refString="Denadai, M. R., Arruda, E. P., Domaneschi, O. &amp; Amaral, A. C. Z. (2006) Veneridae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) da costa norte do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 6 (3), 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032006000300011" type="journal article" year="2006">
Denadai
<emphasis id="91D7EAA1B3645C0FFB53FC44FB0CFC7D" box="[1217,1265,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectingRegion id="6167F851B3645C0FFAC7FC45FA60FC7D" box="[1365,1437,906,932]" country="Uruguay" name="Rocha" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Rocha</collectingRegion>
&amp; MatthewsCascon (2015).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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