diff --git a/data/03/94/E9/0394E934FFB1FF831869FC30FD0850CE.xml b/data/03/94/E9/0394E934FFB1FF831869FC30FD0850CE.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a896a43c57f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/94/E9/0394E934FFB1FF831869FC30FD0850CE.xml @@ -0,0 +1,813 @@ + + + +Redescription and anatomical investigation of Schroederichthys maculatus Springer, 1966 and S. saurisqualus Soto, 2001 with comments on their systematics (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Atelomycteridae) + + + +Author + +Soares, Karla D. A. +Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociˆencias, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, n 101, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508 - 900, Brazil + + + +Author + +Zanini, Flávia +Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências e Saúde, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941 - 902, Brazil + +text + + +Zoologischer Anzeiger + + +2023 + +2023-01-31 + + +302 + + +224 +238 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.003 + +journal article +304128 +10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.003 +6b151d11-143c-45e5-ab71-e2696a3161df +1873-2674 +10375904 + + + + + +3.1.2. + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +Soto, 2001 + + + + + + +( +Figs. 4 +, +5 +, +6 +, +7 +, +8 +and +10 +, 112B, 13C, D; +Tabs. 2 +, +3 +, +6 +, +7 +). + + + + +3.1.3. Common names: lizard catshark (English), tubarao-lagartixa +˜ +(Portuguese) + + + + + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +Soto, 2001: 37–52 + +, +Figs. 1–15 +(original description, +type +locality: +Santa Catarina +, +Brazil +); +Compagno et al., 2005:245 +, pl. 41 (checklist); +Ebert et al., 2013:376 +(checklist); +Weigmann 2016:879 +(checklist); +Gomes et al., 2019:240 +, fig. 138 (catalogue, +Rio de Janeiro +, +Brazil +); +Soares +2020: 1–17, +Figs. 7c +and +16c +(clasper morphology); +Soares and de Carvalho, 2020:379 +(phylogeny). + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +MOVI +05949 +, +male +, +582 mm +TL ( +Santa Catarina +, +Brazil +, + +27 +◦ +30 +′ +16 +′′ +S + + +47 +◦ +36 +′ +03 +′′ +W + +, + +122–130 m +depth + +). + + + +Material examined. + +MZUSP +52903 +, +male +, +406.7 mm +TL (no locality data); + + +MZUSP +86545 +, +female +, +328.5 mm +TL, +female +, +293.8 mm +TL (no locality data); + + +UERJ +uncatalogued, +male +, +582.7 mm +TL, adult +male +, +587.5 mm +TL, adult +male +, +601.2 mm +TL [D], +male +, +574.2 mm +TL, +male +, +532 mm +TL, +male +, +607.6 mm +TL, +female +, +606.2 mm +TL ( +Santos +, +Sao ˜ Paulo +, +Brazil +) + +; + +UERJ +uncatalogued, adult +male +, +597.5 mm +TL, +female +, +626.9 mm +TL [D] ( +Ilha de Moleque do Sul +, +Santa Catarina +, +Brazil +) + +; + +UERJ +uncatalogued, +male +, +542.4 mm +TL ( +Ilha de Bom Abrigo +, +S˜ao Paulo +, +Brazil +); + + +UERJ +1857 +, +male +, adult +597 mm +TL ( +Paranagu´a +, +Paran´a +, +Brazil +); + + +UERJ +1568 +, +male +, +587 mm +TL, +male +, +578 mm +TL ( +Paran´a +, +Brazil +); + + +UERJ +1887 +, +female +, +568 mm +TL (no locality data); + + +UERJ +1231 +, +male +, adult +592 mm +TL (no locality data); + + +ZMH +106492 +, +female +, +576.8 mm +TL ( + +30 +◦ +7 +′ +S + +, + +47 +◦ +58 +′ +W + +, + +520 m + +depth). + + + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Schroedericthys saurisqualus + + +distinguishes from its congeners by the following combination of characters: color pattern composed by dark and light spots ( +vs +. no dark spots in + +S. maculatus + +; no light spots in + +S. tenuis + +); adult males and females measuring +580 mm +and +690 mm +TL, respectively ( +vs +. +530 mm +and +400 mm +TL in + +S. bivius + +; +560–620 mm +TL in + +S. chilensis + +; +280 mm +and +342 mm +TL in + +S. maculatus + +; +400–470 mm +and +370–460 mm +TL in + +S. tenuis + +); dorsal terminal 2 cartilage absent ( +vs +. present in + +S. bivius + +, + +S. maculatus + +and + +S. tenuis + +); anterior nasal flaps lobelike with posterior margins deeply notched ( +vs +. nasal flaps triangular and slightly notched in + +S. chilensis + +and + +S. maculatus + +). + + + + +External morphology. +Body slender and cylindrical, tapering considerably posterior to cloaca ( +Fig. 4 +). Prepectoral length 0.4–0.5 times the prepelvic length ( +Table 2 +). Trunk shorter than tail region; vent-caudal length 1.9–2.1 times vent-caudal length. Pectoral-pelvic space 0.7–0.9 times the pelvic-anal space. Interdorsal space 1.3–1.9 times the dorsal-caudal space. No interdorsal, postdorsal or postanal ridges. Head narrow and depressed; head length 1.5–1.6 times head width. Snout relatively short, preoral length 0.4–0.6 times mouth width and 1.1–1.8 times smaller than preorbital length. Prenasal length 0.8–1.1 times internarial space; preorbital length 0.7–1.0 times interorbital space. + + +Eye large and slitlike, eye length 2.1–2.5 times its height and 3.9–4.2 times smaller than head length ( +Fig. 5 +). Eye dorsolateral on head, with lower edge medial to horizontal head rim in dorsal view; subocular ridge strong. Nictitating lower eyelid of rudimentary +type +, with shallow subocular pouch and secondary lower eyelid free from upper eyelid. Spiracle close behind but well separated from eye, dorsolaterally on head and somewhat lower than level of eye notch. Spiracle diameter goes 4.7–7.2 times in eye length and 6–11.2 times in interorbital distance. First two gill openings about equally wide; first one twice as long as fifth. All gill openings slightly concave and not elevated on the dorsolateral surface of head. + + +Nostril with broad incurrent aperture, without nasoral groove or nasal barbel, and small and oval excurrent aperture ( +Fig. 5 +). Anterior nasal flap divided in two portions, lobelike and elongated laterally and subrectangular medially, partially covering the excurrent aperture but not the posterior nasal flap, and distant from mouth. Mesonarial ridge distinct but not exceeding the posterior edge of the anterior nasal flap. Posterior nasal flap rectangular, situated on the posterior edge of the excurrent aperture. Mesonarial superior and inferior flaps conical and similar in size to the posterior nasal flap. Internarial distance 1.4–2.4 times smaller than interorbital distance. + + +Mouth arched, wider than long, its length 1.4–2.2 times the mouth width ( +Fig. 5 +). Labial furrows present and discontinuous ( +sensu +Soares and de Carvalho, 2020 +); upper furrow slightly greater than the lower one. Lower labial furrow slender than the upper one, 2.8–4 times smaller than mouth width. Tongue flat and rounded, light-colored, with oral papillae hardly detectable. + +Pectoral base 0.6–0.8 times mouth width. Pectoral anterior margin 2.5–3.2 times its base and 1.4–1.7 times the posterior margin. Pelvic fin trapezoidal; pelvic anterior margin 0.9–1.3 times the posterior margin and 1–1.6 times the pelvic base. Pelvic inner margins not fused in males and claspers surpassing the pelvic inner margin in adult males. Clasper inner length 1.0–2.5 times its outer length and 4.6–5.8 times its base width. +First dorsal fin triangular, with nearly straight anterior margin, rounded apex and angular free rear tip. First dorsal fin origin slightly posterior to the insertion of pelvic fin. Anterior margin 1.1–2.2 times first dorsal fin base; first dorsal fin height similar in size to its base. Second dorsal fin somewhat similar in size to the first, slightly smaller in some specimens (Figs.). Second dorsal fin origin opposite to the posterior third of anal base and insertion opposite to the posterior end of the anal fin. Anterior margin 1.3–1.7 times base of second dorsal fin; second dorsal base 1.1–1.6 times its height and 0.4 times the dorsal-caudal distance. + + +Fig. 7. +Teeth of a female specimen of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +, UERJ + +uncatalogued, female, 564 mm TL. Scale bars =100 um. Abbreviations: a, anterior; c, commissural; lp, lateroposterior; ps, parassymphysial; s, sympshysial. + + + + +Fig. 8. +Teeth of a male specimen of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +, UERJ + +uncatalogued, male, 580 mm TL. Scale bars =100 um. Abbreviations: a, anterior; c, commissural; lp, lateroposterior; ps, parassymphysial; s, sympshysial. + + + + +Table 6 + + +Measurements of tooth in percentages of crown height for specimens of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus + +. Values referred to the male specimen are presented in parentheses. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Measurements + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus + +
Spsalpc
Crown height (in millimeters)0.60.58–0.620.81–1.020.60–0.770.36–0.49
(0.5)(0.68–0.74)(0.89–1.06)(0.74–0.82)(0.62–0.65)
Basal crown width80.781.0–122.687.7–100102.7–112.2169.4–222.2
(66.7)(67.6–81.1)(74.2–114.2)(149.4–156.7)(177.4–187.7)
Mid-crown width29.831.0–33.927.2–31.436.5–36.644.9–47.2
(29.6)(29.4–40.5)(27.0–41.5)(58.3–58.4)(56.5–60.0)
Proximal cusplets height43.9–63.269.0–71.060.5–63.747.3–75.675.0–87.8
(77.8)(55.9–56.8)(57.3–60.4)(65.0–72.7)(74.2–81.5)
Marginal cusplets height–44.8–50.027.2–33.318.9–63.458.3–67.3
()()(49.4–51.7)(46.8–76.9)
+ +Anal fin low, subtriangular, apically narrow, and not falcate; anal fin base 1.2–1.5 times the second dorsal fin base. Anal fin anterior margin nearly straight, apex narrowly rounded, free rear tip acutely pointed, posterior margin concave, and inner margin straight. Anal fin base 0.3–0.4 times the interdorsal distance and 0.6–0.7 times the dorsal-caudal distance. Anal anterior margin 0.8–1.1 times the posterior margin; anal fin height 0.2–0.6 times its base. +Caudal fin narrow-lobed and asymmetrical, lower caudal fin not produced as a lobe. Dorsal caudal lobe 2–2.8 times larger than preventral lobe; subterminal caudal margin 0.8–1.6 times the terminal margin. Caudal crest of enlarged denticles absent on caudal fin margins. + +Coloration. +Dorsolateral surfaces dark grey to dark brown covered by dark spots smaller than the spiracle and randomly distributed throughout the body; light spots present only within intersaddles or less numerous within saddles. Pectoral, caudal and dorsal fins with dark spots up to their distal margins; pelvic and anal fins with no spots. Ten to twelve darker brown primary saddles without definite edging; 4 saddles anterior to the first dorsal fin and 6–8 posterior to it. Secondary saddles situated posteriorly to the first dorsal fin more conspicuous than in anterior regions. Saddles and spots surpassing the lateral line ventrally only anterior to the first dorsal fin. Belly and ventral surface cream and uniform, with no spots. + + +Dermal denticles. +Lateral trunk denticles with flat and teardropshaped crowns, 0.9–1.3 times longer than wide; cusplets absent ( +Fig. 6 +). Ectodermal pits extending up to the half-length of crown in dermal denticles above the pectoral and restricted to the anterior margin in denticles of more posterior regions. Crown with six to eight prominent ridges extending its entire length onto principal cusp in anterior regions and not surpassing the half-length of crown in posterior regions. + + + +Table 7 + + +Angle of tooth basal concavity and principal cusp deviation for specimens of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus + +. Values referred to the male specimen are presented in parentheses. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Measurements + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus + +
Spsalpc
Basal concavity000–8.8811.47–11.050–13.16
(7.65-19-14)(10.51–15.37)(11.77–21.25)
Principal cusp deviation3.732.07–10.440.24–0.349,84–29.6712.34–31.29
(6.13(0–2.77)(3.19–10.13)(2.23–18.26)(0–14.25)
+ + + +Fig. 9. +Neurocranium of + +Schroederichthys maculatus +, USNM + +187690, male, 325 mm TL. A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, lateral views. Scale bar =10 mm. + + + +Teeth. +Monognathic heterodonty gradual and dignathic heterodonty weak ( +Figs. 7 +and +8 +). Upper teeth row and series distributed in an alternated pattern and lower teeth alternate from symphysial to anteriors, then diagonal file from latero-posteriors to commissurals; adjacent teeth along series independently arranged. Sexual heterondonty observed; characters of female specimens are described first and males within parentheses, when different. + + +Tooth counts (28–31)-1-(28–33)/(18–24)-1-(18–25). Symphyseal teeth similar in length to parasymphyseal ( +vs. +smaller), with a principal cusp flanked by two cusplets at each side ( +vs +. one cusplet). Proximal cusplets half to two thirds the height of principal cusp and marginal ones half the height of the adjacent cusplet ( +Table 6 +). Crown base straight ( +Table 7 +). Protuberances defined on the crown base in females ( +vs +. undefined). Striae extending through almost the entire crown and more prominent in females. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. + + +Parasymphyseal teeth smaller than anteriors. Lower teeth with one to three cusplets on each side; proximal cusplets half the height of the principal cusp, medial ones half the height of the proximals and marginal cusplets half the height of adjacent medial cusplet ( +vs +. cusplets poorly developed); crown base varying from straight to concave. Protuberances on the crown base ( +vs +. undefined); striae and ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. Upper teeth with a principal cusp flanked by two cusplets on each side ( +vs +. one cusplet). Proximal cusplet half the height of principal cusp and marginal ones half the height of adjacent cusplet. Crown base straight. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through the entire crown ( +vs +. half the crown). Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. + + +Anterior teeth in lower jaw with a principal cusp flanked by three cusplets on each side ( +vs +. two cusplets). Proximal cusplet half the height of principal cusp, medial cusplet half the height of the proximal cusplet; marginal cusplet half the height of adjacent medial cusplet. Crown base varying from straight to concave. Protuberances on the crown base; striae restricted to the crown base ( +vs +. only at the central portion). Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base (vs. absent). Upper anterior teeth with three or four cusplets ( +vs +. two in males). Proximal cusplet half the height of the principal cusp; marginal cusplet half the height of adjacent proximal cusplet. Principal cusp slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base straight (vs. slightly concave). Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending to half the crown. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base ( +vs +. only at the lateral portion). + + + +Fig. 10. +Neurocranium of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +, UERJ + +uncatalogued, male, 580 mm TL. A, dorsal, B, ventral, C, lateral views. Abbreviations: Scale bar = 10 mm. + + + + +Fig. 11. +Dorsal view of the neurocranium of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +, UERJ. A, UERJ + +uncatalogued, female, 564 mm TL. B, UERJ uncatalogued, male, 580 mm TL. Scale bar =10 mm. + + + + +Fig. 12. +Ventral view of jaws. A, + +Schroederichthys maculatus +, USNM + +187690, male, 325 mm TL; B, + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +, UERJ + +uncatalogued, male, 580 mm TL. Scale bar =20 mm. + + + + +Fig. 13. +Hyoid and gill arches. A, B, + +Schroederichthys maculatus +, USNM + +187690, male, 325 mm TL; C, D, + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus +, UERJ + +uncatalogued, male, 580 mm TL. A-C, dorsal view; B-D, ventral view. Scale bar =10 mm. + + + +Lateroposterior teeth become smaller distally, except upper teeth in male that are smaller than anteriors. Lower teeth similar to anterior in females, flanked by two or three cusplets on each side ( +vs +. two cusplets). Proximal cusplet varying from half to two thirds the height of principal cusp; medial cusplet half to two third the height of adjacent proximal cusplet; marginal cusplets one third to half the height of adjacent cusplet. Principal cusp erect or slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base slightly concave. Protuberances on the crown base ( +vs +. less defined); striae restricted to the crown base and more prominent in females. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base ( +vs +. only at the lateral portion). Upper lateroposterior teeth with four or five cusplets ( +vs +. three or four). Proximal cusplet half the height of principal cusp; medial cusplets half to two-third the height of adjacent proximal cusplet; marginal cusplets one-third to half the height of adjacent cusplet. Principal cusp slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base straight. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending to half the crown ( +vs +. less prominent). Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base ( +vs +. only at the lateral portion). + + + +Fig. 14. +Parsymphyseal teeth diferences between + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +, represented by circles, and + +S. saurisqualus + +represented by triangles. Abbreviations: BCW, basal crown width; CH, crown height; DPCPH, distal proximal cusplet height; MCW, mid-crown width; MPCPH, mesial proximal cusplet height. + + + +Comissural teeth smaller than lateroposteriors, multicuspidate with five to nine cuspids. Lower teeth cusplets half to two-third the height of adjacent cusplet. In males, principal cusp erect or slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base varying from straight to slightly concave. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through almost the entire crown ( +vs +. restricted to the crown base). Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base ( +vs +. only at the lateral portion). Upper teeth with not well defined cusplets ( +vs +. cusplets half to two-third the height of adjacent cusplet). Principal cusp slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base straight. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through almost the entire crown, and more numerous than lower teeth ( +vs +. extending to half the crown). Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base ( +vs +. only at the lateral portion). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/94/E9/0394E934FFB5FF8E1869F88DFD115560.xml b/data/03/94/E9/0394E934FFB5FF8E1869F88DFD115560.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4325fad0c47 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/94/E9/0394E934FFB5FF8E1869F88DFD115560.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1832 @@ + + + +Redescription and anatomical investigation of Schroederichthys maculatus Springer, 1966 and S. saurisqualus Soto, 2001 with comments on their systematics (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Atelomycteridae) + + + +Author + +Soares, Karla D. A. +Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociˆencias, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, n 101, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508 - 900, Brazil + + + +Author + +Zanini, Flávia +Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências e Saúde, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941 - 902, Brazil + +text + + +Zoologischer Anzeiger + + +2023 + +2023-01-31 + + +302 + + +224 +238 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.003 + +journal article +304128 +10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.003 +6b151d11-143c-45e5-ab71-e2696a3161df +1873-2674 +10375904 + + + + + +3.1.1. + +Schroederichthys maculatus +Springer, 1966 + + + + + + +( +Figs. 2 +and +3 +, 92A, 13A, B; +Tabs. 1 +, +3 +, +4 +, +5 +). + + + +Common name: narrowtail catshark. + + + + +Schroederichthys maculatus +Springer, 1966: 605 + +, +Fig. 4A +(original description, +type +locality: +Cape +Gracias a Dios +, +Honduras +, +Caribbean Sea +); +Springer 1979: 120–121 +, fig. 75 (taxonomic review); +Compagno 1984: 353 +(FAO catalogue); +Compagno 1988: 107–109 +, fig. 13.7 (systematic account); +Compagno 1999: 480 +(checklist); +Compagno +2003:453; +Compagno et al., 2005: 245 +, pl. 41 (checklist); +Castro +2011:33 (catalogue, +North America +); +Ebert et al., 2013:376 +(checklist); +Weigmann 2016:879 +(checklist); +Soares +2020: 1–17, +Figs. 7b +and +16b +(clasper morphology). + + + + + + +Holotype +. + +USNM +185556 +, adult +male +, +328 mm +TL ( +Cape Gracias a Dios +, +Honduras +, + +410 m + +depth). + + + + + +Paratype +. + +USNM +185557 +, +female +, +335 mm +TL ( +Cape Gracias a Dios +, +Honduras +, + +410 m + +depth) + +. + + + +Additional material examined. + +Schroederichthys maculatus + + +. + +MCZ +42984 +, +female +, +263.3 mm +TL, +male +, +278.4 mm +TL ( +Honduras +); + + +UF 27958 +, adult +female +, +342.6 mm +TL, +female +, +320 mm +TL (no locality data); + + +UF 229707 +, +female +, +315.6 mm +TL, +female +, +303.3 mm +TL, +female +, +254 mm +TL, +female +, +295.5 mm +TL ( + +14 +◦ +54 +′ +54 +′′ +N + +, + +81 +◦ +23 +′ +12 +′′ +W + +); + + +USNM +187690 +, +female +, +300.6 mm +TL, adult +male +, +324.5 mm +TL [D], +male +, +233.4 mm +TL ( + +14 +◦ +10 +′ +N + +, + +81 +◦ +58 +′ +W + +); + + +USNM +187684 +, adult +male +, +295 mm +TL, adult +male +, +284.1 mm +TL, +female +, +286.3 mm +TL, +female +, +279.7 mm +TL ( + +16 +◦ +01 +′ +N + +, + +81 +◦ +08 +′ +W + +, + +150 m + +depth); + + +USNM +185557 +, +female +, +333 mm +TL ( + +16 +◦ +391 N + +, + +82 +◦ +29 +′ +W + +); + + +USNM +185556 +, adult +male +, +321 mm +TL ( + +16 +◦ +39 +′ +N + +, + +82 +◦ +29 +′ +W + +). + + + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Schroederichthys maculatus + + +distinguishes from its congeners by the color pattern characterized by a tan or light-brown dorsolateral surface ( +vs +. beige to dark brown in + +S. bivius + +, + +S. chilensis + +, + +S. saurisqualus + +and + +S. tenuis + +); no dark spots ( +vs +. present in + +S. bivius + +, + +S. chilensis + +, + +S. saurisqualus + +and + +S. tenuis + +); adult males and females measuring +280 mm +and +342 mm +TL, respectively ( +vs +. +530 mm +and +400 mm +TL in + +S. bivius + +; +560–620 mm +TL in + +S. chilensis + +; +580 mm +and +690 mm +TL in + +S. saurisqualus + +; +400–470 mm +and +370–460 mm +TL in + +S. tenuis + +); ventral terminal 3 cartilage present on clasper ( +vs +. absent in + +S. bivius + +, + +S. saurisqualus + +and + +S. +tenuis + +; unknown for + +S. chilensis + +). The following combination of characters also helps to distinguish the species: light spots around the body ( +vs +. absent in + +S. tenuis + +); anterior nasal flaps triangular with posterior margins slightly notched ( +vs +. nasal flaps lobe like and deeply notched in + +S. bivius + +, + +S. saurisqualus + +and + +S. tenuis + +); ventral terminal 2 cartilage triangular ( +vs +. rodlike in + +S. bivius + +, + +S. saurisqualus + +and + +S. tenuis + +). + + + + +Table 1 + + + + +Table 1 + +( +continued +) + + + +Morphometric and meristic data of + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +. Data presented here are compared with data provided by +Soto (2001) +and +White et al. (2019) +. Total length (TL) in mm, other measurements as percentages of TL. Numbers of specimens examined in parenthesis. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
CharactersHolotype +Soto (2001) +and White et al. (2019) (n =52) +Present study (n =18)
Postventral caudal margin
Subterminal caudal margin3.92.8–3.23.4–4.6
Terminal caudal margin3.83.6–4.33.5–5.1
Head width10.9–8.6–11.8
Head height4.2–3.9–6.8
Caudal peduncle width2.01.21.8–2.6
Caudal peduncle height2.51.7–2.02.3–3.0
+Meristics +
Mandibular pores––5–6
Hyomandibular pores––12–14
Upper tooth rows4449–5444–49
Lower tooth rows3733–5737–41
Monospondylous vertebrae––29–32
Total vertebrae–132–135138–143
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
CharactersHolotype +Soto (2001) +and White et al. (2019) (n =52) +Present study (n =18)
Total length (TL)321145–342233.4–342.6
Precaudal length80.179.3–83.577.1–85.0
Eye-spiracle length0.9–0.8–1.3
Prenasal length2.42.4–3.92.0–2.6
Preoral length4.73.1–4.73.5–5.5
Preorbital length5.63.7–5.24.9–6.8
Prespiracular length9.58.0–9.28.3–12.2
Prebranchial length13.49.9–13.110.9–16.1
Head length17.212.9–17.014.3–19.6
Prepectoral length16.212.0–16.312.2–17.8
Prepelvic length31.728.9–33.629.0–39.8
Snout-vent length33.228.7–36.431.7–42.0
Vent-caudal length69.5–65.9–83.5
Pre-first dorsal length38.434.7–40.835.8–46.9
Interdorsal distance19.217.2–20.015.2–20.5
Dorsal-caudal distance13.613.4–14.29.8–16.5
Pectoral-pelvic distance11.79.6–12.011.5–17.6
Pelvic-anal distance17.314.4–16.114.9–17.9
Anal-caudal distance19.419.2–22.117.6–24.1
Interorbital distance5.85.75.0–6.9
Internarial distance4.5–3.7–4.6
Mouth length4.21.8–3.93.1–4.5
Mouth width7.05.2–7.55.3–8.2
Upper labial furrow length1.20.6–1.20.9–1.8
Lower labial furrow length1.60.8–1.71.4–2.0
Eye length4.02.7–3.53.4–4.8
Eye height1.4–1.2–2.1
Spiracle length0.90.50.8–1.5
First gill slit height2.31.2–2.11.8–2.9
Fifth gill slit height1.00.3–1.00.9–1.4
Pectoral length10.49.7–10.310.3–14.1
Pectoral anterior margin11.410.0–11.010.7–15.0
Pectoral base4.64.1–4.33.9–5.4
Pectoral posterior margin6.56.2–11.85.5–7.5
Pectoral inner margin6.24.7–5.14.8–6.4
Pelvic length11.18.9–10.99.6–14.4
Pelvic anterior margin8.35.0–7.25.9–0.4
Pelvic posterior margin5.05.3–6.74.8–8.0
Pelvic base5.23.8–7.15.2–8.8
Pelvic inner length5.64.5–5.54.9–6.7
Clasper outer length6.56.2–6.51.8–7.3
Clasper inner length9.49.0–9.64.6–10.7
Clasper base width1.61.41.0–1.8
Anal anterior margin7.83.4–6.86.2–8.7
Anal posterior margin5.94.8–7.05.3–7.3
Anal base9.66.6–9.59.1–11.3
Anal height2.92.2–3.02.6–3.6
Anal inner margin2.82.9–4.32.4–3.3
First dorsal anterior margin9.56.1–9.68.9–11.5
First dorsal base7.43.5–6.05.6–7.9
First dorsal height5.54.8–5.64.6–6.5
First dorsal inner margin3.22.5–2.92.7–3.6
Second dorsal anterior margin11.06.8–10.810.4–12.9
Second dorsal base8.05.2–8.17.9–10.3
Second dorsal height5.24.8–5.24.8–6.8
Second dorsal inner margin3.22.8–3.82.9–3.8
Dorsal caudal margin19.915.9–20.718.5–22.9
Preventral caudal margin8.96.4–7.07.0–9.5
8.57.5–10.58.0–10.5
+ + + +External morphology. +Body slender and cylindrical, tapering considerably posterior to cloaca ( +Fig. 2 +). Prepectoral length 1.9–2.4 times the prepelvic length ( +Table 1 +). Trunk shorter than tail region; vent-caudal length 2.0–2.1 times greater than snout-vent length. Pectoral-pelvic space 1.0–1.5 times the pelvic-anal space. Interdorsal space 1.2–1.5 times the dorsal-caudal space. No interdorsal, postdorsal or postanal ridges. Head moderately narrow and depressed; head length 1.6–1.7 times head width. Snout relatively short, preoral length 1.1–1.7 times mouth width and 1.1–1.4 times smaller than preorbital length. Prenasal length 1.8 times internarial space; preorbital length 0.6–1.0 times interorbital space. + + +Eye large and slitlike, eye length 2.8–2.3 times its height and 4.1–4.8 times smaller than head length ( +Fig. 2A and B +). Eye dorsolateral on head, with lower edge medial to horizontal head rim in dorsal view; subocular ridge strong. Nictitating lower eyelid of rudimentary +type +, with shallow subocular pouch and secondary lower eyelid free from upper eyelid. Spiracle close behind but well separated from eye, dorsolaterally on head and at the same level of eye notch. Spiracle diameter goes 3.4–7.0 times in eye length and 6.2–16.4 times in interorbital distance. First two gill openings about equally wide; first two to three times as long as fifth. All gill openings slightly concave posteriorly and not elevated on the dorsolateral surface of the head. + + +Nostril with broad incurrent aperture, without nasoral groove or nasal barbel, and small and oval excurrent aperture. Anterior nasal flap triangular with a medially notched posterior margin, covering the posterior nasal flap and excurrent aperture but distant from the mouth ( +Fig. 2C +). Mesonarial ridge distinct but not exceeding the posterior edge of the anterior nasal flap. Posterior nasal flap rectangular, situated on the posterior edge of the excurrent aperture and corresponding to onefourth of the area of anterior nasal flap. Mesonarial superior and inferior flaps conical and similar in size to the posterior nasal flap. Internarial distance 1.3–1.5 times smaller than interorbital distance. + + + +Table 2 + + + + +Table 2 + +( +continued +) + + + +Morphometric and meristic data of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus + +. Data presented here are compared with data provided by +Soto (2001) +and +Pagnoncelli (2009) +. Total length (TL) in mm, other measurements as percentages of TL. Numbers of specimens examined in parenthesis. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Characters +Soto (2001) +(n =8) +Pagnoncelli (2009) (n =30)Present study (n =19)
Postventral caudal margin
Subterminal caudal margin2.8–3.82.8–6.92.9–6.9
Terminal caudal margin3.2–5.72.8–4.43.3–4.6
Head width––8.2–9.6
Head height––3.0–3.9
Caudal peduncle width––0.8–1.9
Caudal peduncle height––1.2–2.0
+Meristics +
Mandibular pores––
Hyomandibular pores––
Upper tooth rows57–6659–6753–59
Lower tooth rows37–5041–5941–47
Pectoral radial counts–12–1412–15
Monospondylous vertebrae–37–4036
Total vertebrae–155–169153–156
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Characters +Soto (2001) +(n =8) +Pagnoncelli (2009) (n =30)Present study (n =19)
Total length (TL)92.0–692.0320.0–650.0293.8–626.9
Precaudal length77.5–82.480.5–87.578.7–84.1
Eye-spiracle length––0.5–0.7
Prenasal length2.1–4.51.9–3.41.8–3.1
Preoral length3.5–5.93.2–4.22.2–4.4
Preorbital length4.0–6.93.8–4.74.0–5.3
Prespiracular length7.4–13.05.0–7.87.1–9.1
Prebranchial length10.4–16.19.8–12.610.6–12.3
Head length13.4–18.713.9–15.912.5–15.7
Prepectoral length12.4–18.212.0–15.412.7–16.0
Prepelvic length29.5–35.930.2–33.828.5–33.9
Snout-vent length31.3–36.932.2–37.529.0–36.3
Vent-caudal length––61.6–68.3
Pre-first dorsal length34.9–39.735.9–41.132.4–39.2
Interdorsal distance6.8–22.317.2–24.118.9–22.8
Dorsal-caudal distance12.9–16.312.6–17.310.1–14.3
Pectoral-pelvic distance12.9–16.312.7–20.213.6–19.4
Pelvic-anal distance15.4–20.817.9–23.417.1–21.1
Anal-caudal distance14.7–18.815.1–20.314.9–18.1
Interorbital distance4.5–9.14.2–5.64.0–5.4
Internarial distance2.0–3.72.0–3.92.3–4.0
Mouth length2.1–3.52.6–5.72.6–4.6
Mouth width4.7–7.64.0–6.44.9–6.5
Upper labial furrow length1.2–2.31.2–2.81.2–2.7
Lower labial furrow length1.2–2.11.0–2.11.3–2.3
Eye length2.9–4.73.4–5.63.2–3.8
Eye height––1.3–1.8
Spiracle length0.4–0.70.7–1.20.5–1.2
First gill slit height1.2–2.01.5–2.61.5–2.6
Fifth gill slit height0.9–1.30.8–2.10.8–1.4
Pectoral length8.2–11.08.2–10.28.2–11.0
Pectoral anterior margin9.5–11.89.0–12.79.7–12.6
Pectoral base3.7–4.33.4–4.93.0–4.6
Pectoral posterior margin5.5–8.46.2–8.35.7–8.9
Pectoral inner margin4.0–5.34.1–5.74.7–5.8
Pelvic length7.9–9.88.2–10.97.3–10.5
Pelvic anterior margin5.2–6.65.5–6.75.4–7.3
Pelvic posterior margin4.5–7.24.4–5.84.0–6.5
Pelvic base3.2–5.14.9–6.53.7–6.2
Pelvic inner length4.2–5.43.1–4.52.8–7.5
Clasper outer length1.8–7.61.9–8.42.1–8.4
Clasper inner length4.2–10.44.4–11.44.4–11.3
Clasper base width0.6–1.60.9–2.10.6–2.0
Anal anterior margin5.2–6.74.5–7.74.4–8.1
Anal posterior margin4.9–8.55.1–6.45.0–7.1
Anal base7.4–8.77.3–10.46.0–10.1
Anal height1.8–5.01.9–3.02.2–6.5
Anal inner margin1.7–4.11.9–4.21.9–3.2
First dorsal anterior margin7.1–8.36.9–8.47.2–8.3
First dorsal base3.2–7.73.6–5.93.4–5.9
First dorsal height3.0–7.33.1–5.93.8–5.9
First dorsal inner margin2.4–5.32.2–4.82.0–3.1
Second dorsal anterior margin8.3–10.47.2–10.37.9–10.4
Second dorsal base5.8–6.85.4–6.74.6–8.1
Second dorsal height3.7–6.14.4–5.72.8–5.9
Second dorsal inner margin2.6–3.92.2–3.52.5–3.6
Dorsal caudal margin15.6–18.315.3–18.415.9–21.3
Preventral caudal margin5.9–8.95.5–8.65.5–9.2
6.4–11.0–6.7–13.4
+ + + +Table 3 + + +Measurements of neurocrania in percentages of nasobasal length (%NL) for specimens of + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +and + +S. saurisqualus + +. F, number of examined females; M, number of examined males. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Measurements + +S. maculatus + + + +S. saurisqualus + +
M =1M =F =1
1
Nasobasal length (NL)26.450.946.7
Rostral length25.031.825.5
Width across lateral rostral cartilages18.213.015.6
Width across nasal capsules80.268.773.2
Nasal capsule width44.737.739.6
Nasal capsule length47.336.938.7
Distance between nasal apertures15.527.728.3
Nasal aperture width25.420.424.8
Distance between rostral base and posterior edge40.938.139.2
of anterior fontanelle
Anterior fontanelle width20.112.217.3
Width across orbital notches42.731.034.0
Orbit length39.445.444.7
Preorbital process length8.87.36.0
Postorbital process length9.38.08.1
Width across suborbital shelves55.047.951.8
Otic capsules length32.224.724.2
Width across otic capsules55.947.751.6
Width across preorbital processes67.754.454.0
Width across postorbital processes70.365.264.7
+ + +Mouth arched, wider than long, its length 1.7–2.9 times the mouth width ( +Fig. 2C +). Labial furrows present and discontinuous ( +sensu +Soares and de Carvalho, 2020 +); upper labial furrow short, 1.3–1.5 times smaller than the lower one. Lower labial furrow slender than the upper one, 3.8–6.4 times smaller than mouth width. Tongue flat and rounded, light-colored, with oral papillae hardly detectable. + +Pectoral base 0.6–0.8 times mouth width. Pectoral anterior margin 2.5–2.8 times its base and 1.6–2.1 times the posterior margin. Pelvic fin trapezoidal; pelvic anterior margin 0.9–1.7 times the posterior margin and 0.9–1.6 times the pelvic base. Pelvic inner margins not fused in males and claspers surpassing the pelvic inner margin in adult males. Clasper inner length 1.0–2.5 times its outer length and 4.6–5.8 times its base width. +First dorsal fin triangular, with nearly straight anterior margin, rounded apex and angular free rear tip. First dorsal fin origin opposite to the anterior third of the pelvic inner margin. Anterior margin 1.3–1.7 times first dorsal fin base; first dorsal fin height 0.6–1.4 times its base. Second dorsal fin somewhat similar in size to the first, slightly smaller in some specimens. Second dorsal fin origin opposite to the half-length of anal inner margin and insertion opposite to the anterior fourth of analcaudal distance. Anterior margin 1.2–1.4 times base of second dorsal fin; second dorsal base 1.2–1.5 times its height and 0.4–0.8 times the dorsal-caudal distance. + + +Table 4 + + +Measurements of tooth in percentages of crown height for specimens of + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Measurements + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +
psaallpc
Crown height (in millimeters)0.5–0.70.7–0.90.60.50.4–0.50.3–0.5
Basal crown width66.7–78.078.0–81.785.7–96.9147.9102.3–129.6171.7–175.8
Mid-crown width37.9–42.031.9–35.238.1–42.258.339.5–48.158.7–63.6
Proximal cusples height36.4–42.035.2–44.028.6–46.939.6–54.239.5–40.745.5–47.8
Marginal cusplets height–––––48.5
+ + + +Table 5 + + +Angle of tooth basal concavity and principal cusp deviation for specimens of + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Measurements + +Schroederichthys maculatus + +
psaallpc
Basal concavity Principal cusp deviation0–16.1119.7–30.896.56–19.0700–19.710–8
2.15–6.151.14–3.258.96–9.3623.20.45–6.0510.93–17.32
+ + + +Fig. 5. +Close-ups of + +Schroederichthys saurisqualus + +. A, ventral view of head, UERJ uncatalogued, female, 606.2 mm TL; B, ventral view of head, UERJ uncatalogued, male, 580 mm TL; C, lateral view of head, UERJ uncatalogued, female, 606.2 mm TL. Scale bar =10 cm. + + +Anal fin subtriangular, apically narrow and not falcate; anal fin base 1.1–1.3 times the second dorsal fin base. Anal fin anterior margin nearly straight, apex narrowly rounded, free rear tip acutely pointed, posterior margin concave, and inner margin straight. Anal fin base 1.7–2.1 times the interdorsal distance and 1.1–2.0 times the dorsal-caudal distance. Anal anterior margin 0.8–1.3 times the posterior margin; anal fin height 0.3 times its base. +Caudal fin narrow-lobed and asymmetrical, lower caudal fin not produced as a lobe. Dorsal caudal lobe 2.2–2.9 times larger than preventral lobe; subterminal caudal margin 0.7–1.0 times the terminal margin. Caudal crest of enlarged denticles absent on caudal fin margins. + +Coloration. +Dorsolateral surfaces tan to light-brown covered by white or cream-colored spots similar in size or larger than spiracle, randomly distributed throughout the body. Fins with no spots and slightly darker in their proximal region. Nine to eleven darker brown primary saddles without definite edging; 3–4 saddles anterior to the first dorsal fin and 6–7 posterior to it. Secondary saddles situated anteriorly to the first dorsal fin more conspicuous than in more posterior regions. Light spots less numerous or absent within saddles. Saddles and spots surpassing the lateral line ventrally only anteriorly to the first dorsal fin. Belly and ventral surface cream and uniform, with no spots. + + +Teeth. +Monognathic heterodonty gradual and dignathic heterodonty weak ( +Fig. 3 +); teeth row and series distributed in an alternated pattern and adjacent teeth along series independently arranged. Sexual heterondonty not observed, only adult male examined. Tooth counts 48–53/ 36-42. Parasymphyseal teeth smaller than anteriors, with one or two cusplets; cusplets one-third to half the height of the principal cusp ( +Table 4 +). Crown base varying from straight to slightly concave ( +Table 5 +). Undefined protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through the entire crown and more prominent in upper teeth. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. + +Anterior teeth with a principal cusp flanked by one cusplet on each side; cusplets one-third to half the height of the principal cusp. Crown base varying from slightly concave to concave. Protuberances well defined on the crown base in upper teeth; striae extending through almost the entire crown in upper teeth but absent in lower ones. +Antero-lateral teeth observed only in the upper jaw, shorter than anteriors. Principal cusp flanked by one cusplet on each side; cusplets one-third to half the height of the principal cusp. Principal cusp slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base slightly concave or concave. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through almost the entire crown. +Lateral teeth observed only in the upper jaw, larger than anterolaterals. Two to four cusplets, varying from one-third to half the height of the principal cusp. Principal cusp oblique toward the commissure. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through almost the entire crown. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. +Posterior teeth smaller than anterior and lateral teeth, with one to three cusplets; proximal cusplets one-third to half the height of the principal cusp; marginal cusplet, when developed, half the height of the adjacent cusplet. Principal cusp erect or slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base varying from straight to slightly concave. Protuberances on the crown base; striae extending through almost the entire crown and more prominent in upper teeth. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. +Commissural teeth smaller than posteriors, with none to four cusplets; proximal cusplets, when developed, half the height of the principal cusp; marginal cusplet, when developed, two-thirds the height of the adjacent cusplet. Principal cusp erect or slightly oblique toward the commissure. Crown base varying from straight to slightly concave. Protuberances on the crown base; striae can extend through almost the entire crown in upper teeth, and half the height of the principal cusp in lower teeth. Ectodermal pits restricted to the crown base. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/E0/87/03E087BDFF83EB39FF65FEB1FB7FFE7F.xml b/data/03/E0/87/03E087BDFF83EB39FF65FEB1FB7FFE7F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dedf3437f1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E0/87/03E087BDFF83EB39FF65FEB1FB7FFE7F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + + + +A New Record Of The Snapping Shrimp, Alpheus Lobidens, From The Iraqi Coast (Malacostraca, Decapoda, Alpheidae) + + + +Author + +Yasser, A. Gh. +Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq & School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia * Corresponding author + + + +Author + +Naser, M. D. +Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq & School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia * Corresponding author + +text + + +Zoodiversity + + +2023 + +2023-12-31 + + +57 + + +5 + + +461 +464 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2023.05.461 + +journal article +10.15407/zoo2023.05.461 +2707-7268 +10134635 +4674E100-E770-4424-A65E-AED84B90C0B8 + + + + +Description of some morphological characteristics of + +Alpheus lobidens +. + + + + + +Rostrum triangular, extending nearly to the end of the first antennular article. A large chela is 2.4 times as long as it is wide. Sharp distomesial tooth on the meri of the major and minor cheliped situated slightly below the distomesial angle. The male minor cheliped has noticeably slenderer merus. The color of the body is greenish-brown, with faint pale longitudinal stripes on the abdomen, brownish chela, and orange apically violet fingers on the larger chela ( +fig. 2 +). + + + +Habitat. Muddy intertidal, estuaries, mangroves, rocky/cobble intertidal, typically under rocks and big pieces of coral rubble. Usually, this species can be found in the shallow subtidal, between 0 and 4 meters deep. + + + +D i s t r i b u t i o n. Distribution. Indo-West Pacific: from +Japan +, +Australia +, and Hawaii to +South Africa +to Persian-Arabian Gulf and Gulf of +Oman +( +Banner & Banner, 1981 +, +Naderloo et al., 2015 +), and also occurs in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean ( + +Cunha +et al., 2020 + +). + + + + +Remarks. + +Alpheus lobidens + +has a variety of color patterns and is currently a mysterious species. A detailed analysis of the morphology and observable differences in color pattern in this species is required. At least two species may now be distinguished from one another based on whether or not they have prominent black spots on the abdomen and major merus with a spine on it ( +Anker & De Grave, 2016 +, +Anker et al., 2020 +). According to +Al-Maliky et al. (2017) +, + +Alpheus edwardsii +(Audouin, 1826) + +was recorded in the Basrah region of +Iraq +, however, by checking the specimens photographed by them with low resolution ( +Al-Maliky et al., 2017 +: +figs 2 +; 3, A), the dorsal shoulder of the major chela does not overflow the nearby transverse groove, and the main cheliped’s merus appears to be equipped with a sharp distomesial tooth ( +Al-Maliky et al., 2017 +: fig. 3, B, D). So, +Al-Maliky et al. (2017) +, mistakenly described + +A. lobidens + +as + +A. edwardsii + +from Shatt-Al-Basrah and Faw in +Iraq +, the Iraqi material can therefore be tentatively referred to as + +A +. cf. +lobidens + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216261D587C63E77D92647615.xml b/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216261D587C63E77D92647615.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8d4642856cc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216261D587C63E77D92647615.xml @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ + + + +The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA + + + +Author + +Knecht, Richard J. +Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA +rknecht@fas.harvard.edu + + + +Author + +Benner, Jacob S. +Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA + + + +Author + +Dunlop, Jason A. +Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse. 43, D- 10115 Berlin, Germany + + + +Author + +Renczkowski, Mark D. +Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2023-08-11 + + +200 + + +3 + + +690 +704 + + + + +https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7ea5a79f-0d02-3723-9e57-ddee455df19e/ + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088 +0024-4082 +11240366 + + + + + +Inmontibusichnus +igen.nov. + + + + + +Ichnospecies + + + + + +Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri +isp.nov. + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Isolated, bilaterally symmetrical, epichnial trace with an elongate posterior impression, ovate-round in outline with a thin, elongate, singular, median impression extending posteriorly and four pairs (or evidence thereof) of laterally-projecting, anterior appendage imprints that obliquely diverge from the central axis + + + + +Etymology: In Montibus +(Latin), among mountains. The name refers to the intermontane and upland depositional setting of the site and formation from which the fossil was collected. + + + + + +Discussion: +Inmontibusichnus + +is a monospecific ichnogenus. It is distinguished from similar ichnogenera + +Tonganoxichnus + +( + +Mángano +et al. +1997 + +; +emended + +Benner +et al. +2015 + +), +Narragansettichnus +( + +Getty +et al. +2017 + +), and + +Hedriumichnus +( +Braddy and Briggs 2002 +) + +by the number of paired, laterally oriented, anterior appendage imprints; four in + +Inmontibusichnus + +and three in all of the other aforementioned ichnogenera. + +Inmontibusichnus + +also differs from + +Alacranichnus +( + +Lucas +et al. +2013 + +) + +, an arthropod cubichnium, in that it is not associated with +Stiaria +nor does it have a curved posterior, which are defining characters of + +Alacranichnus +. + +Another arthropod resting trace, +Cheliceratichnus +( +Dalman and Lucas 2015 +), interpreted as the full-body impression of a chelicerate arthropod, is partially defined by having a large rounded anterior segment with two pointed, anteriorly-projecting impressions separated by an indentation, characters radically different than those at the anterior of + +Inmontibusichnus + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216261D5C7EC8E425942C75B3.xml b/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216261D5C7EC8E425942C75B3.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..34490d68128 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216261D5C7EC8E425942C75B3.xml @@ -0,0 +1,394 @@ + + + +The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA + + + +Author + +Knecht, Richard J. +Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA +rknecht@fas.harvard.edu + + + +Author + +Benner, Jacob S. +Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA + + + +Author + +Dunlop, Jason A. +Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse. 43, D- 10115 Berlin, Germany + + + +Author + +Renczkowski, Mark D. +Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2023-08-11 + + +200 + + +3 + + +690 +704 + + + + +https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7ea5a79f-0d02-3723-9e57-ddee455df19e/ + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088 +0024-4082 +11240366 + + + + + +Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri +isp.nov. + + + + + + +( +Fig.7A, B +) + + + + + +Material: + +Holotype +(part and counterpart) and only known specimen, +MCZ +:IP:198045(a, b) preserved as a full-body impression (trace fossil) on red shale. + + + +Horizon and locality: +The +type +specimen comes from the +Late Carboniferous +(Mid-Bashkirian) +Wamsutta Formation +of south-eastern +Massachusetts +, [ +Fig. 3 +, see + +Knecht +et al. +(2011) + +for background]. + + + +Figure 7. +The holotype of + +Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri + +igen. nov., isp. nov. +(MCZ:IP:198045a,b). A thelyphonid full-body impression preserved as the mould (Fig. 7A; concave epirelief) and cast (Fig. 7B; convex hyporelief) of an epichnial depression representing the ventral views of the tracemaker and their corresponding line drawings (Fig. 7A +1 +,Fig. 7B +1 +). Image in Figure 7B, 7B +1 +has been flipped horizontally to match the same image orientation seen in Figure 7A,7A +1 +. Keys to the anatomical abbreviations used can be found under the +Material and Methods +section. + + + + +Figure 8. +Tracks associated with the body impression. Left: photo of slab whitened and greyscale inverted to accentuate tracks. Inset is magnified view of best series of wedge-like tracks, some with bifid extensions. Right: same field of view as left photograph with all tracks likely associated with body impression highlighted in red. Inset is sketch after +Gallant and Hochberg (2017) +SEM image of a thelyphonid tarsus (sans setae) highlighting two major claws and one minor claw (black scale bar in inset = 200 +μm +). + + + +Collector: +This specimen was collected by author R.J.K.. + + + + +Etymology: +This species is named in honour of the late African American zoologist Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923), best known for his work as an early pioneer in the field of social insect behaviour. Dr Turner earned a B.S. (1891) and a M.S. (1892) in Biology from the University of Cincinnati and was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1907 (magna cum laude, Zoology). Dr Turner faced numerous obstacles due to racism, including restrictions and access to laboratories and research libraries, not being allowed to have students at the undergraduate or graduate level, limited academic employment opportunities, and low pay. Despite the many challenges, he managed to publish more than 70 papers including three in +Science +(the first African American to be published in this journal). He was also a leader and voice in the civil rights movement in St. Louis, +Missouri +, first publishing on the issue in 1897. He strongly believed that education was the key to eliminating racism and through his studies in comparative psychology and behaviour he identified two forms of racism: unconditioned response to the unfamiliar and learned or imitated behaviour. Despite a young death at the age of 56, exactly a century ago, Dr Charles Henry Turner had made many significant contributions in his lifetime, all while facing the hardships of racism and for this we name this new ichnospecies in his honour. + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Inmontibusichnus + +with an additional pair of robust, anteriorly-projecting appendage impressions that emerge from the anterior end of the larger, main impression. + + + + +Description: +The specimen is on a ~1-cm thick slab of red, fine sandstone with thin shale drapes ( +Fig. 7A, B +). The trace is preserved as a negative epirelief and a corresponding positive hyporelief and is bilaterally symmetrical overall and +15.6 mm +in total length [including anteriormost impressions and telson; +9.59 mm +in total length of prosoma and opisthosoma regions (excluding telson)]. It is divided into two main sections longitudinally that are equivalent to the tagmata of the arachnida body plan, i.e. cephalothorax (=prosoma) and opisthosoma ( +Fig. 7A, B +). Most anteriorly, there is a set of anterior appendage imprints (~7.0 mm in total length), representing the pedipalps of the tracemaker, oriented at ~45° from the midline of the impression (~ +4.5 mm +in length) before sharply turning towards the midline at a perpendicular angle (~ +2.5 mm +in length). Between the anterior appendage impression is a thin horizontal impression, ~2.0 mm in length likely representing the coxae of the two pedipalps including endite impressions. + + +The cephalothorax region is +4.61 mm +in length (from anteriormost pedipalp coxae impression to anteriormost impression of the opisthosoma). Along the length of this tagma, four narrow impressions diverge and taper distally, representing impressions of the coxae. The first coxa impression (~ +0.53 mm +in length, ~ +0.35 mm +at greatest width), which is the thinnest of all the coxae impressions, is only present on the left side of the trace and is directed anteriorly. The first coxa also has a significant portion of the leg impression preserved, including the trochanter, femur, and part of the patella ( +Fig. 7 +: I) in epirelief (MCZ:IP:198045a) but appears to be fully preserved in hyporelief on the counterpart (MCZ:IP:198045b). This is interpreted as the non-walking, antenniform leg of the thelyphonid tracemaker. Movement of this first leg is seen in +Figure 7A, A + +1 + +(MCZ:IP:198045b) leaving two impressions at time one (T +1 +) and time two (T +2 +). It is ~ +1.27 mm +from the midline of the first coxa impression to the midline of the second coxae impressions. The second set of coxae impressions (~ +1.83 mm +in length, ~ +0.49 mm +at greatest width) are directed anterolaterally ( +Fig. 7A, B +: II). Part of the trochanter impressions is preserved on both sides and a possible fragment of the femur may have been imprinted on the left side. It is ~ +1.24 mm +from the midline of the second coxae impressions to the midline of the third coxae impressions. The third set of coxae impressions (~ +2.15 mm +in length, ~ +0.58 mm +at greatest width) are directed anterolaterally ( +Fig. 7A, B +: III). Full trochanter and incomplete portions of femoral impressions are preserved on both sides. It is ~ +1.22 mm +from the midline of the third set of coxae impressions to the midline of the fourth coxae impressions. The fourth set of coxae impressions (~ +2.66 mm +in length, ~ +0.81 mm +at greatest width) are directed posterolaterally ( +Fig. 7A, B +: IV). A partial trochanter impression is preserved on the left side. It is ~ +0.88 mm +from the midline of the fourth set of coxae impressions to the anteriormost edge of the opisthosoma impression. Distal to the coxae impression are five short and narrow impressions interpreted to represent tarsal impressions of the tracemaker while in a natural standing posture ( +Fig. 7A A + +1 + +: tar). + + +The opisthosomal region ( +Fig. 7A, B +: op) is represented by an ovate impression, ~ +4.88 mm +in length and ~ +2.59 mm +in width at its greatest point (L/W ratio ~1.88). Abdominal sternites or segmentation can only be discerned in hyporelief on the counterpart (MCZ:IP:198045b). Close examination reveals nine distinct sternites. Discoloration near the posterior and scalloped edges are interpreted to be taphonomic artefacts caused by the body overprinting both plant material and the animal’s own deeply impressed tracks (see +Fig. 8 +). A small, compact impression coming off the central posterior edge of the opisthosoma impression is interpreted as the impression of the pygidium ( +Fig. 7A, B +: py). Segmentation of the pygidium cannot be discerned in either part or counterpart of the specimen. Central and posterior to the likely pygidium impression is a long and narrow posteriorly oriented furrow ( +Fig. 7A, B +: te; ~ +3.45 mm +in length, ~ +0.37 mm +in width near the base and ~ +0.25 mm +in width at the terminus), which represents the telson. Variation in thickness of the telson is interpreted to be a reflection of appendage movement and not actual differences in width, which is uniform in most thelyphonid telsons. There appears to be some possible segmentation in the telson impression but the sedimentary fabric surrounding the trace fossil makes this delicate character difficult to discern. + + +Associated trackway: +A series of tracks that may constitute a trackway or a portion of one, are closely associated with the bodily impression on MCZ:IP:198045(a, b). The surface preserved is palimpsest, or at least affected by faint undertracks of amphibians, which is not uncommon in the fossiliferous Wamsutta Fm. units. The timing of vertebrate track production can be distinguished from that of the thelyphonid body impression and its associated tracks by the relative depth and definition of the two. Amphibian tracks are shallowly impressed and difficult to distinguish aside from digital pads ( +Fig. 8 +), which indicates that they are either undertracks made on a surface above, or they were made when the surface had experienced some loss of water content. If the impressions of the two animals had been made simultaneously, it is likely that the amphibian producer would have made impressions at least as deep as the thelyphonid, which is presumed to have had low density and mass. + + +Modern thelyphonid walking legs bear paired, relatively large tarsal claws and a third smaller ‘spike’ that are together used for grasping. The two major claws diverge distally, and the distal portions of the claws and small spike beneath are the main points of contact with a substrate when walking ( +Gallant and Hochberg 2017 +). This arrangement of tarsal claws produces a wedge-like impression, widening opposite the direction of travel (e.g. + +Schmerge +et al. +2013 + +). + + +Each individual track on MCZ:IP:198045(a, b) is wedge-like in form, and in some cases displays shallow bifid imprints at the terminus ( +Fig. 8 +). The best-preserved tracks on the specimen of interest are +0.35 mm +at the widest point and taper proximally, well within range of the distance between the distal portion of tarsal claws in modern thelyphonids as measured from photographic records ( +Gallant and Hochberg 2017 +). Collectively, the tracks form a loose pathway moving toward the bodily impression. Directionality of tracks is indicated by the wedge-like morphology made by the paired tarsal claws pushing into the substrate opposite the direction of movement. Tracks on this slab have no clear pattern or track cycle and, therefore, may not qualify as a trackway ( +sensu + +Minter +et al. +2007 + +), but all individual tracks indicated are similar enough that they can be confidently related to the activities of one individual whose limbs repeatedly made contact with the substrate. + + +Studies of track-making in whip scorpions are rare. + +Schmerge +et al. +(2013) + +published one detailed study comparing trackways made by modern vinegaroons to examples of trackways made by modern and fossil arthropods. No fossil track or trackway, or burrow, definitively attributable to a whip scorpion has ever been recorded ( +Hembree 2013 +, + +Schmerge +et al. +2013 + +). This paper represents the first trace fossils that can be directly attributed to a thelyphonid producer. + + + + +Discussion: +Specimen MCZ:IP:198045(a, b) and associated trackway were likely made by an individual thelyphonid that was alive when the ichnofossils were produced. Possible behaviours that could explain full-body impressions of arthropods intergrading with trackways include end-of-life trackways and trails (Mortichnia; +Seilacher 2007 +), moulting behaviour (Ecdysichnia; + +Vallon +et al. +2015 + +), and ‘resting’ (Cubichnia; +Seilacher 1953 +). + + +Distinguishing trace fossils of living animals that incorporate a full-body impression from all possible taphonomic scenarios can be challenging. True Mortichnia are rare and most commonly preserved in subaqueous dysoxic to anoxic settings. + +Vallon +et al. +(2016) + +discouraged application of the category and found that some specimens classified as such actually record ecdysis ( + +Vallon +et al. +2015 + +). Many so-called ‘resting traces’ (Cubichnia of +Seilacher 1953 +; ‘Volichnia’ of +Walter 1978 +) or Full-body impressions (e.g. + +Knecht +et al. +2011 + +) made by a living arthropod may lack associated tracks or trackways entirely for a variety of reasons ( +Martin 2006 +). + +Criteria for establishing a full-body impression of a dead organism include: +1. Lying in an orientation other than upright, or in a ‘death pose’ (i.e. coiled, curled). +2. Entire impressions of limbs or other appendages that would have been held aloft in life, such as wings or antennae. +3. Limbs or other appendages folded beneath or over the body, disarticulated, or dislocated from the body. + +Bodily impressions of organisms, especially those associated with trackways that do not exhibit the above features should not be treated as Mortichnia and also cannot be treated as ‘body moulds’ ( +sensu + +Minter +et al. +2007 + +). Indications that the causative organism was alive include: + +1. An impression made solely by the ventral surfaces of the body and/or limbs. +2. Limb impressions that include only those portions of limbs or other appendages normally in contact with the substrate in life (i.e. tarsi rather than complete femora impressions). +3. An impression that shows movement of limbs or other appendages within tolerances (range of motion) that the animal would produce in life (limbs moving from joint axis; chelicerae probing substrate, etc.). +4. An impression that includes a trackway leading up to it or moving away, or both. + +The bodily impression of a thelyphonid described here is no exception to these criteria, as it contains a number of features that indicate the causative organism was alive when it was made and no positive evidence to support its death. Multiple incomplete impressions of leg 1 representing a reasonable range of movement ( +Fig. 7A, A + +1 + +: T1, T2) and tarsal impressions that suggest a living and natural posture of the tracemaker ( +Fig. 7B, B + +1 + +: tar) are present. The lack of clear tracks or trackways leading away from the body impression may be due to poor preservation in that area, anterior to the body of the slab, where the surface is rough and lacks clarity. + + +The tracks and body impression of the thelyphonid maker were probably made in a transitional zone between subaqueous and subaerial environments as evidenced by the fine detail preserved in the trace fossils. The surface of interest, and most of the track-bearing surfaces in the Wamsutta Fm., are covered variably by a mm-scale layer of siltstone and shale that overlies very fine sandstone, which may represent waning flood deposition. After deposition, the surface dried enough to attain firmground status, yet remained plastic enough to faithfully reproduce the living causative organism’s body and its tracks (i.e. Davis and +et al. +2007, + +Schmerge +et al. +2013 + +) in fine detail. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791.xml b/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9677b9dbf0a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F7/60/03F7605216281D577C4EE000933B7791.xml @@ -0,0 +1,340 @@ + + + +The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA + + + +Author + +Knecht, Richard J. +Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA +rknecht@fas.harvard.edu + + + +Author + +Benner, Jacob S. +Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA + + + +Author + +Dunlop, Jason A. +Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse. 43, D- 10115 Berlin, Germany + + + +Author + +Renczkowski, Mark D. +Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2023-08-11 + + +200 + + +3 + + +690 +704 + + + + +https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7ea5a79f-0d02-3723-9e57-ddee455df19e/ + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088 +0024-4082 +11240366 + + + + + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae +sp.nov. + + + + + + +( +Fig.4A, B +) + + + + + +Material: + +Holotype +(part and counterpart) and only known +specimen +, +MCZ +:IP:198710a (dorsal) and +MCZ +:IP:198710b (ventral) preserved as a compression fossil (body fossil) on grey shale. + + + +Horizon and locality: +Westphalian C +( +Upper Carboniferous +); from +Rhode Island +Fm. of the Narragansett Basin (see Geologic setting and palaeobiological context). + + +Collector: +This specimen was collected by the late Robert G. Sproule and generously donated to Harvard University’s Museum of Comparative Zoology posthumously by his widow, Joyce Sproule. + + + + +Etymology: +This species is named in honour of the late American arachnologist Elizabeth Bangs Bryant (1875–1953). Known for her studies of New +England +and Caribbean spiders, Bryant had worked at the Museum of Comparative Zoology for over 50 years (1898–1950), and made significant contributions to the field of arachnology, authoring 38 publications at a time when women were often discouraged from participating in scientific pursuits. Known for her diligence to the collections and her scientific studies, as well as her mentorship of other women in science, Elizabeth Bryant’s legacy can still be seen and felt today in Harvard’s arachnological collection and beyond. For this, we name this new species in her honour. + + + + +Diagnosis: +As for the genus. + + + + +Description: +The +holotype +( +Fig. 4A, B +) comprises a part (MCZ:IP:198710a) and counterpart (MCZ:IP:198710b) representing the dorsal and ventral views respectively. Total body L +34.18 mm +(excluding telson). Carapace elongate; L +15.91 mm +, + +W +6.70 + +mm (L/W ratio 2.38) and nearly as long as the opisthosoma (carapace/opisthosoma ratio 0.85; +Fig. 5 +). The carapace is entire, rectangular in shape, with a straight posterior margin, and straight posterolateral margins until nearing the coxa of the first set of legs where the anterolateral margins then turn inwards in a straight, nearly 45 angle, to the anterior tip of carapace. The carapace contains several folds suggestive of a more raised or domed position in life with a gentle slope towards the anterior margin. There is also a distinct fovea slightly anterior to mid-centre of the carapace. The coxosternal region is poorly preserved with coxa (left leg I, legs II–IV, and palpal coxae) and some trochanters (legs III, IV, and left pedipalp) identifiable but not in great detail. In dorsal view, both pedipalps appear fully intact although details of the morphology of the right pedipalp are not preserved. Pedipalps are subraptorial; fe L +2.24 mm +, pa L +2.18 mm +, ti L +1.60 mm +, ta L +0.42 mm +. Legs are poorly preserved with some proximal podomeres present in legs I–IV but none exceeding the femur. Femurs are distinguishably robust and inflated. Femur of leg IV is at least +9.20 mm +; other podomeres are incomplete or immeasurable due to lack of preserved morphology showing segment boundaries. Opisthosoma is elongate and suboval, L +16.22 mm +, minimum max + +W +6.53 + +mm (tergites TI–T9, L/W ratio 2.48), with 12 tergites and 12 sternites, the last three forming a squat pygidium (L +2.01 mm +, max. + +W +1.76 + +mm, min. + +W +1.07 + +mm) that is preserved folded back on itself and orientated to the left. Left side of the opisthosoma is not visible and appears covered in matrix. No telson is preserved. + + + + +Discussion: +The erection of the new genus + +Parilisthelyphonus + +is warranted as it differs significantly from the other four Palaeozoic genera (see above). The genus + +Geralinura + +was redefined by +Tetlie and Dunlop (2008) +as a whip scorpion with an elongate opisthosoma ending in an extended pygidium where the 12th opisthosomal segment is longer than the two previous segments combined. + +Parilisthelyphonus + +, in contrast, has a pygidium in which each pygidial segment is shorter in length as you move posteriorly. + +Parageralinura +species + +are short- to medium-sized and have a broad opisthosoma with a rounded pygidum with each pygidial segment nearly equal in length, whereas + +Parilisthelyphonus + +is a genus of large whip scorpions with an elongate and ovate opisthosoma with pygidial segments of decreasing length. + +Proschizomus + +is unique as the only Carboniferous whip scorpion to have pedipalps that articulate in a non-horizontal plane, unlike the pedipalps of + +Parilisthelyphonus + +, which articulate more horizontally as in living species. The closest match in size and habitus is + +Prothelyphonus + +, which, like + +Parilisthelyphonus + +, includes large (30* mm) whip scorpions with a slender opisthosoma and large, robust pedipalps. + +Parilisthelyphonus + +differs from the Czech species in not having the well-developed spination on its pedipalps nor do its pedipalps exceed the length of its carapace as in + +Prothelyphonus + +. + +Parilisthelyphonus + +also has a more robust and somewhat inflated femora and, significantly, a greater carapace: opisthosoma length ratio. Given their overlapping geologic age ranges, the similarity in body length and opisthosomal shape, and differences seen in pedipalp length and structure and carapace morphology between + +Prothelyphonus + +and + +Parilisthelyphonus + +, it cannot be completely ruled out that they may be sexually dimorphic individuals of the same species; a feature seen in some extant thelyphonids ( +Weygoldt 1971 +). + + +The high carapace: opisthosoma (C: O) ratio (0.85) is the best defining characteristic of + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +. The range of all other Carboniferous whip scorpion species fall between 0.43 and 0.56 ( +Fig. 5 +). The full-body impression + +Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri + +(this paper) is not included in these calculations since exact anatomical measurements are not possible given the nature of the trace fossil, but a rough estimate would place it as the species with the second highest C: O between + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +(0.85) and + +Parageralinura marsiglioi + +(0.56). Despite being a significant outlier, there is no evidence to suggest that compression, distortion, or another taphonomic variable is responsible for the high C: O value of + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae +. + +While + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +is nearly double the C: O of + +Geralinura brittanica + +, the Carboniferous species with the smallest ratio, it is not particularly unusual, nor the highest, C: O amongst extant species. + + + +Figure 5. +Carapace to opisthosoma ratios (C: O) of all eight Carboniferous thelyphonid species [body fossils; does not include full-body impression (trace fossil) + +Inmontibusichnus charleshenryturneri + +, see text]. Green boxes represent the opisthosoma (including pygidium but excluding telson) and purple boxes represent the carapace, relative to each other. Measurements only included complete specimens. Averages were taken when data for multiple specimens of a single species were available. + + + +The precise age of + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +cannot be determined beyond the known age of the Rhode Island Formation (Westphalian C–Stephanian B/C). This age range places + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +as one of the youngest Palaeozoic thelyphonids along with + +Geralinura carbonaria + +and an unnamed carapace from +Ukraine +( + +Selden +et al. +2014 + +). + +Parageralinura marsiglioi + +retains its place as possibly the youngest Palaeozoic thelyphonid. While its exact age is also unknown, as it was found associated with a landslide, the geographic range (Kasimovian– Gzhelian) extends younger than that of + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae +. + + + +The Narragansett Basin, in which the RIFn is located and from where + +Parilisthelyphonus + +was recovered, represents only the second site in the western hemisphere, in what was western Laurasia, to have a Palaeozoic thelyphonid. This site is of significant biogeographical importance as it is located between the westernmost Palaeozoic thelyphonid site, the Mazon Creek Formation of +Illinois +, +USA +, and the eastern collection of Palaeozoic thelyphonid sites in Europe ( +Fig. 6 +). + + +Systematic palaeoichnology + + +Data archiving statement +This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered with ZooBank: https://zoobank.org/References/ +ABF4758F-1EC4-42C3-86E7-17EE826B7D41 +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F7/60/03F76052162A1D567EEFE4CE944D7201.xml b/data/03/F7/60/03F76052162A1D567EEFE4CE944D7201.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..14d4ec6ac1f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F7/60/03F76052162A1D567EEFE4CE944D7201.xml @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ + + + +The largest Palaeozoic whip scorpion and the smallest (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida); a new species and a new ichnospecies from the Carboniferous of New England, USA + + + +Author + +Knecht, Richard J. +Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA +rknecht@fas.harvard.edu + + + +Author + +Benner, Jacob S. +Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA + + + +Author + +Dunlop, Jason A. +Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse. 43, D- 10115 Berlin, Germany + + + +Author + +Renczkowski, Mark D. +Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2023-08-11 + + +200 + + +3 + + +690 +704 + + + + +https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7ea5a79f-0d02-3723-9e57-ddee455df19e/ + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad088 +0024-4082 +11240366 + + + + + +Plesion (Genus) +Parilisthelyphonus +gen.nov. + + + + + + +Type +species: +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +sp. nov. +(by monotypy). + + + + +Etymology: +Derived from the Latin noun +parilis +, meaning equal, like, or similar. A reference to the near equal length of the prosoma to the opisthosoma which is here used to diagnose the genus. Masculine. + + + + +Figure 4. +The holotype of + +Parilisthelyphonus bryantae + +gen. nov., sp. nov +.. Part (A; MCZ:IP:198710a) and counterpart (B; MCZ:IP:198710b) representing the dorsal and ventral views respectively and their corresponding line drawings (A +1 +,B +1 +). Image in Figure 4B, 4B +1 +has been flipped horizontally to match the same image orientation seen in Figure 4A, 4A +1 +. Keys to the anatomical abbreviations used can be found under the Material and methods section. + + + + +Diagnosis: +Large-sized Coal Measure whip scorpion (body length> +30mm +.) with slender, nearly parallel-sided opisthosoma; pygidium short and narrow with each segment shorter than the previous moving posteriorly; legs are robust; pedipalps are shorter in length than the carapace; length of the prosoma is nearly equivalent to that of the opisthosoma. + + + + + +Remarks: +Parilisthelyphonus + +differs from the other large Coal Measure whip scorpion genus, + +Prothelyphonus + +, in having more robust legs; shorter and significantly less spinose pedipalps; a pygidium with segments of unequal length; and a much larger carapace, nearly equal in length to the opisthosoma. + + + + +Occurrence: +Pennsylvanian of the +United States +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD0FFEF5A008C49FDCC2079.xml b/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD0FFEF5A008C49FDCC2079.xml index ac196ccb8cd..b3977748498 100644 --- a/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD0FFEF5A008C49FDCC2079.xml +++ b/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD0FFEF5A008C49FDCC2079.xml @@ -1,67 +1,64 @@ - - - -Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A. + + + +Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Burrow, Carole Jan +Burrow, Carole Jan - - -Author + + +Author -Murphy, Michael +Murphy, Michael - - -Author + + +Author -Turner, Susan +Turner, Susan -text - - -PaleoBios +text + + +PaleoBios - -2023 - -2023-06-06 + +2023 + +2023-06-06 - -40 + +40 - -4 + +4 - -1 -32 + +1 +32 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940454153 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940454153 -journal article -10.5070/P940454153 -0031-0298 -10913559 -58312615-0833-432E-BF5D-3DFFBF361AAA +journal article +303770 +10.5070/P940454153 +c9041efa-0589-48a8-8098-21133494ccfe +0031-0298 +10913559 +58312615-0833-432E-BF5D-3DFFBF361AAA - + - -NOSTOVICINA LATICRISTATA -( -VALIUKEVIČIUS, 1994 -) - +NOSTOVICINA LATICRISTATA (VALIUKEVIČIUS, 1994) @@ -70,21 +67,21 @@ ( FIG. 4B–D, 4J ; -TABLE 1 +TABLE 1 ; SUPPL. 1, FIGS. 19) -Nostolepis laticristata +Nostolepis laticristata Valiukevičius, 1994 , 149, 150, fig. 70.1, pl. 18.9, 19.1–19.3. -Nostovicina laticristata +Nostovicina laticristata Valiukevičius and Burrow 2005 , 646. @@ -92,9 +89,8 @@ -Type material -— - +Type material— + Holotype LIGG 30-1569 ; @@ -113,18 +109,16 @@ -Referred specimens -—Scales assigned to this species occur at levels 517–613’ ( +Referred specimens—Scales assigned to this species occur at levels 517–613’ ( 157.6–186.8 m ), and include UCR 10768-6, -10 and thin section UCR 10768-11(level 518.3’= 158 m ): Roberts Mountains Formation. - + -Description -—Small scales up to +Description—Small scales up to 0.4 mm wide, with crowns mostly conforming to two morphotypes, both of which have a smooth flat subtriangular surface with five or six short, usually smoothly rounded and nonbranching, ridges leading back from the anterior crown margin. Posterolateral edges of the crown are straight or slightly convex and lack denticulations, converging at a slightly obtuse angle. One morphotype has several oblique ridges leading back from the posterior corner along the lateral faces of the crown ( Fig. 4B @@ -134,61 +128,43 @@ wide, with crowns mostly conforming to two morphotypes, both of which have a smo Fig. 4J ). + + -Comparison -—This taxon was erected for circa 5000 isolated scales from the Lochkovian of Taimyr by +Comparison—This taxon was erected for circa 5000 isolated scales from the Lochkovian of Taimyr by Valiukevičius (1994) , who originally assigned the species to - -Nostolepis - +Nostolepis ; it was subsequently reassigned to -Nostovicina +Nostovicina Valiukevičius and Burrow (2005) , based on histological structure. Some scales from Timan–Pechora that Valiukevičius (1994) assigned to this species were reassigned to -Nostolepis adzvensis +Nostolepis adzvensis Valiukevičius (2003b) and subsequently by Valiukevičius and Burrow (2005) to - -Pechoralepis adzvensis - +Pechoralepis adzvensis , based once again on histological differences. The two species - -Nostovicina laticristata - +Nostovicina laticristata and - -Pechoralepis adzvensis - +Pechoralepis adzvensis are virtually impossible to differentiate on morphology alone, but histological study of scales confirmed that those from BC II are - -N. laticristata - +N. laticristata . The latter show a similar range in size and morphology to scales from the Lochkovian of the Arctic Canadian Archipelago, which Vieth (1980) assigned to - -Gomphonchus -sp. - +Gomphonchus sp. cf. - -G -. -hoppei - +G. hoppei , and which have since also been assigned to - -N. laticristata - +N. laticristata ( Valiukevičius 1994 , @@ -202,52 +178,37 @@ localities C-8771, C-67653, C-76085). A partial articulated fish from the Lochko ( Hanke 2001 , figs. 82–85: captioned as - -Nostolepis tewonensis - +Nostolepis tewonensis ?) is here considered to be - -Nostovicina laticristata - +Nostovicina laticristata . Lochkovian–Pragian scales from southeastern Australia that are now assigned to -Nostovicina guangxiensis -( +Nostovicina guangxiensis ( Wang, 1992 ) have a very similar or greater range of crown morphotypes ( Burrow 2002 , figs. 4E–I, 5J–M, 12A, C, D), but these scales are on average much larger than those of - -N. laticristata - +N. laticristata . One of the type scales of - -Nostolepis tewonensis - +Nostolepis tewonensis ( Wang et al. 1998 , pl. 1H) from the lower Lochkovian of the Xiaputonggou Formation, Tewo county, China , resembles the simplest variants of - -Nostovicina laticristata - +Nostovicina laticristata , and it seems possible that the Chinese scales from that level should be reassigned to the latter species. The holotype and other paratype scales of - -N. tewonensis - +N. tewonensis were from the much older, upper Wenlockian Miaogou Formation. - -N. laticristata - +N. laticristata is now recorded from the Lochkovian of arctic Canada , diff --git a/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD5FFEB58658C69FF2C239E.xml b/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD5FFEB58658C69FF2C239E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..15c77da4eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B2/1C/D5/B21CD55BFFD5FFEB58658C69FF2C239E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ + + + +Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Burrow, Carole Jan + + + +Author + +Murphy, Michael + + + +Author + +Turner, Susan + +text + + +PaleoBios + + +2023 + +2023-06-06 + + +40 + + +4 + + +1 +32 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940454153 + +journal article +303770 +10.5070/P940454153 +c9041efa-0589-48a8-8098-21133494ccfe +0031-0298 +10913559 +58312615-0833-432E-BF5D-3DFFBF361AAA + + + + + + +TRUNDLELEPIS +BURROW, 1997 + + + + + + + +Type +species + +—Trundlelepis cervicostulata +Burrow, +1997. + + + + \ No newline at end of file