From 5715c6e1544bde7b104582de8bb01fc03cb57620 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Wed, 12 Mar 2025 17:07:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-03-12 17:02:24 --- .../23/03C72319818355D98A847886304EEAF3.xml | 157 +++++----- .../B0/6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73.xml | 271 ++++++++++++++++++ .../77/BAD57780344C55DB9250906F289B2192.xml | 151 +++++----- 3 files changed, 421 insertions(+), 158 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/65/43/B0/6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73.xml diff --git a/data/03/C7/23/03C72319818355D98A847886304EEAF3.xml b/data/03/C7/23/03C72319818355D98A847886304EEAF3.xml index 9adac1837e2..531be04ff75 100644 --- a/data/03/C7/23/03C72319818355D98A847886304EEAF3.xml +++ b/data/03/C7/23/03C72319818355D98A847886304EEAF3.xml @@ -1,78 +1,80 @@ - - - -Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses reveal three new branched species of Clavaria (Clavariaceae, Agaricales) from China + + + +Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses reveal three new branched species of Clavaria (Clavariaceae, Agaricales) from China - - -Author + + +Author -Yan, Jun -0000-0002-2832-8046 -College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China & Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China +Yan, Jun +0000-0002-2832-8046 +College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China & Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China - - -Author + + +Author -Xiong, Li -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3568-7737 -Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China +Xiong, Li +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3568-7737 +Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China - - -Author + + +Author -Yang, Li-Xun -https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3086-4424 -Bureau of Forestry, Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua 418500, China +Yang, Li-Xun +https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3086-4424 +Bureau of Forestry, Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua 418500, China - - -Author + + +Author -He, Zheng-Mi -0000-0001-8754-3427 -College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China +He, Zheng-Mi +0000-0001-8754-3427 +College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Ping -0000-0002-8751-704X -College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China +Zhang, Ping +0000-0002-8751-704X +College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China - - -Author + + +Author -Liao, Ke -Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China +Liao, Ke +Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China -text - - -MycoKeys +text + + +MycoKeys - -2025 - -2025-03-12 + +2025 + +2025-03-12 - -115 + +115 - -137 -153 + +137 +153 -journal article -10.3897/mycokeys.115.145774 +journal article +308564 +10.3897/mycokeys.115.145774 +e32a8f6b-dbe4-4c70-ad1e-37e2dd49da60 - + @@ -94,11 +96,10 @@ P. Zhang & Ju. Yan Etymology. - + orientalis -(Latin) -, meaning eastern, refers to the occurrence of the species in +(Latin), meaning eastern, refers to the occurrence of the species in East Asia . @@ -111,23 +112,23 @@ P. Zhang & Ju. Yan - + China • Hunan Province : Shimen County , -Hupingshan Nature Reserve +Hupingshan Nature Reserve , alt. 1828 m , -30 ° 02 ' 58.50 " N +30°02'58.50"N , -110 ° 31 ' 24.90 " E +110°31'24.90"E , @@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ wide, 1–4 times, dichotomous; branch tips obtuse, broadly rounded, or narrowly Basidiomata of - + Clavaria orientalis a @@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ Basidiospores (Fig. Microscopic features of - + Clavaria orientalis (MHHNU 7767) @@ -222,23 +223,23 @@ Gregarious to caespitose in humus layers of soil under broadleaved forests, coni Additional specimens examined. - + China • Hunan Province : Sangzhi County , -Badagongshan National Nature Reserve +Badagongshan National Nature Reserve , alt. 1500 m , -29 ° 46 ' 58.17 " N +29°46'58.17"N , -110 ° 4 ' 51.68 " E +110°4'51.68"E , @@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ Gregarious to caespitose in humus layers of soil under broadleaved forests, coni ) ; • - + Shimen County , Hupingshan Nature Reserve @@ -261,9 +262,9 @@ Gregarious to caespitose in humus layers of soil under broadleaved forests, coni , -30 ° 02 ' 58.50 " N +30°02'58.50"N , -110 ° 31 ' 24.90 " E +110°31'24.90"E , @@ -276,32 +277,32 @@ Gregarious to caespitose in humus layers of soil under broadleaved forests, coni ) ; • - + 26 September 2011 -, P. -Zhang +, +P. Zhang ( MHHNU 7586 ) . • - + Hubei Province : Hefeng County , -Mulinzi National Nature Reserve +Mulinzi National Nature Reserve , alt. 1413 m , -30 ° 03 ' 32.17 " N +30°03'32.17"N , -110 ° 12 ' 34.35 " E +110°12'34.35"E , diff --git a/data/65/43/B0/6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73.xml b/data/65/43/B0/6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6709c2073d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/65/43/B0/6543B0777B16CF2931DBFA31FAD0FC73.xml @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ + + + +A first ecological description of the lichen-clad larva of Eublemmistis chlorozonea Hampson, 1902 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from a southern Afrotemperate forest + + + +Author + +Swart, Rudi C. +Suncana Bradley & Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, 6530 +swartrudolph90@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Bradley, Suncana +and Hermann S. Staude & Dawncliffe, Westville, Durban, 3629, South Africa +suncana.bradley@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Staude, Hermann S. +Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa +staudehermann@gmail.com + +text + + +Metamorphosis + + +2024 + +2024-07-16 + + +35 + + +1 + + +11 +15 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v35i1.3 + +journal article +10.4314/met.v35i1.3 +2307-5031 +14119562 + + + + + + + +RESULTS + + + + + + + +Early Stages: +There were no discernible patterns with regard to season and phenology. Larval forms were observed from late-May to mid-October, whereas cocoons were observed in February, May, July and September ( +Table 1 +). + +Eublemmistis chlorozonea + +seems to primarily utilise indigenous forest but RCS found a cocoon ca. 120 meters from the indigenous forest edge, in transformed forest vegetation with mature trees of the invasive alien Acacia mearnsii. Observations were made on a variety of host tree species, mostly + +Afrocarpus falcatus + +and + +Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus + +. Rather than species of tree, it appears as if the presence of several +types +of lichen determines larval presence ( +Fig. 3 +). + + +The larva of + +E. chlorozonea + +is a semi-looper with only two sets of prolegs, apart from the anal claspers. It covers itself with lichen fragments ( +Fig. 4 +) and forms a cocoon, that hangs on a thin thread from the tree bark, and which is covered in white lichen ( +Fig. 5 +). After an undetermined period of time, the adult emerges from an orange-brown pupa ( +Fig. 6 +). Often, post-emergence, the remaining cocoon is seen pressed up against the bark, not hanging in the air as it does pre-emergence, still containing the split open pupa. + + + +Figure 6 +– Pupa and remaining cocoon post-emergence of adult moth that was reared in captivity. + + + +The colour of the lichen covering the larvae depends on the colour of lichen the individual larva is observed on. These colours include white, off-white, dull green-white, and dull peach-white. In captivity, larvae accepted and fed on all colours and +types +of lichen presented. For example, on the 7 +th +of +October 2022 +, a larva was collected from the Saasveld forest and placed in a glass tank with pieces of bark containing white lichen and kept moist via lightly misting with water once a week. A pupa was formed on the 31 +st +of +October 2022 +, and the cocoon was found dangling vertically on the side of a flowerpot that was placed in the tank. On the 24 +th +of +November 2022 +, an adult emerged. + +The same lichen that the larva feeds on is used as camouflage. This enables it to blend in perfectly within its habitat, as there is no difference in colour or texture with their surroundings. Often the only giveaway is movement, which resembles a bit of lichen in the breeze unless they’re feeding or building their disguise. The process of covering themselves in lichen, as observed by the second author (SB), is slow and meticulous. They use their mandibles to scrape off bits of lichen and transfer it in chunks onto their bodies. As silk is used in attaching their cocoons to bark, we presume that silk is also mixed with lichen to make it adhere to their bodies. By bending their bodies backwards, they can easily reach and cover their whole length. + +Adult: +The forewing measures +8–10 mm +in length, and the sexes are similar in size. The wings are white ground colour and variable mustard to green shading, with zigzag lines on the forewings with two distinct black cell spots, which are merged into one in some specimens ( +Fig. 7 +). Adults have a characteristic resting posture with wings folded over the body and substrate while resting ( +Fig. 7 +). They are nocturnal and attracted to light sources but can be seen resting in the undergrowth of the forest by day where they are easily disturbed. + + + + +Figure 7 +– Adult male in typical resting posture (left) and a set specimen (right). + + + + + + +DISCUSSION + + + + +The use of lichen in larval camouflage is not unique to + +E. chlorozonea + +. A similar strategy is employed by + +Enispa prolectus + +( +Erebidae +) and other members of the + +Enispa + +genus, a widely occurring genus in the Indo-Australian tropics and subtropics ( + +Sugi +et al. +1987 + +; +Pellinen 2017 +). +Wilson & Methven (1997) +noted a lichen camouflage strategy similar to + +E. chlorozonea + +by the neuropteran + +Leucochrysa pavida + +from southern +Illinois +, +United States +. In this species, the lichen fragments, collected from tree surfaces, form a packet of debris, which are also used to form the cocoon during pupation ( +Wilson & Methven 1997 +). The larvae of + +L. pavida + +has dorsal setae on which the lichen fragments are placed. + +Leucochrysa pavida + +uses its pincered jaws to break off small pieces of lichen and rolls these into small balls ( +Wilson & Methven 1997 +). Research suggests preference for certain species of lichen ( +Wilson & Methven 1997 +). Of interest is that + +L. pavida + +is predatory during its larval phase, whereas + +E. chlorozonea + +was observed actively feeding on lichen. + + +The species of lichen harvested and utilized by + +L. pavida + +include + +Lecanora strobilina + +, + +Myelochroa aurulenta + +, and a species of + +Lepraria + +. In Afrotemperate forests, lichen research is still in its infancy for the most part, making it extremely difficult to identify local lichens to species. For example, the genus + +Lecanora + +has received little attention and needs revision ( +Fryday 2015 +); although it is certainly present in the southern +Cape +forests. A species of + +Lepraria + +was observed as a common lichen host on which + +E. chlorozonea + +was found. It seems likely, based on our experiments, that + +E. chlorozonea + +does not specialise on a particular species of lichen but will feed on several lichen species. Its distribution, rather than restricted by host species, seems to be restricted to Afromontane forest habitats because these remain moist for most of the year. Lichens in other southern African habitats are dormant (dry) for long periods and it is probable that the larvae of + +E. chlorozonea + +are not able to survive such extended periods of desiccation. Platt (1920) listed the tree + +Albizia adianthifolia + +as a larval host plant of + +E. chlorozonea + +, but it seems likely that this larva (or pupa) was found on the trunk of the tree where it fed on lichens found on that tree rather than on the foliage of the tree itself. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BA/D5/77/BAD57780344C55DB9250906F289B2192.xml b/data/BA/D5/77/BAD57780344C55DB9250906F289B2192.xml index 3cda69f0626..278b70505dc 100644 --- a/data/BA/D5/77/BAD57780344C55DB9250906F289B2192.xml +++ b/data/BA/D5/77/BAD57780344C55DB9250906F289B2192.xml @@ -1,78 +1,80 @@ - - - -Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses reveal three new branched species of Clavaria (Clavariaceae, Agaricales) from China + + + +Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses reveal three new branched species of Clavaria (Clavariaceae, Agaricales) from China - - -Author + + +Author -Yan, Jun -0000-0002-2832-8046 -College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China & Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China +Yan, Jun +0000-0002-2832-8046 +College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China & Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China - - -Author + + +Author -Xiong, Li -https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3568-7737 -Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China +Xiong, Li +https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3568-7737 +Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China - - -Author + + +Author -Yang, Li-Xun -https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3086-4424 -Bureau of Forestry, Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua 418500, China +Yang, Li-Xun +https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3086-4424 +Bureau of Forestry, Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Huaihua 418500, China - - -Author + + +Author -He, Zheng-Mi -0000-0001-8754-3427 -College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China +He, Zheng-Mi +0000-0001-8754-3427 +College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Ping -0000-0002-8751-704X -College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China +Zhang, Ping +0000-0002-8751-704X +College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China - - -Author + + +Author -Liao, Ke -Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China +Liao, Ke +Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seeding Breeding, Changsha 410329, China -text - - -MycoKeys +text + + +MycoKeys - -2025 - -2025-03-12 + +2025 + +2025-03-12 - -115 + +115 - -137 -153 + +137 +153 -journal article -10.3897/mycokeys.115.145774 +journal article +308564 +10.3897/mycokeys.115.145774 +e32a8f6b-dbe4-4c70-ad1e-37e2dd49da60 - + @@ -94,13 +96,10 @@ P. Zhang & Ju. Yan Etymology. - + tongdaoensis -(Latin) -refers to the -type -locality in Tongdao County, +(Latin) refers to the type locality in Tongdao County, Hunan Province , China @@ -115,26 +114,23 @@ locality in Tongdao County, - + China • Hunan Province : Tongdao County , - -Fengshuwan Forest -Park - +Fengshuwan Forest Park , alt. 400 m , -26 ° 09 ' 45.66 " N +26°09'45.66"N , -109 ° 46 ' 31.52 " E +109°46'31.52"E , @@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ and Distinguished from - + Clavaria orientalis and @@ -187,7 +183,7 @@ wide, 1–3 times, dichotomous; branch tips narrowly rounded or awl-shaped. Fert Basidiomata of - + Clavaria tongdaoensis a @@ -209,7 +205,7 @@ Basidiospores (Fig. Microscopic features of - + Clavaria tongdaoensis (MHHNU 11094) @@ -225,9 +221,7 @@ basidia. Habitat, ecology, and distribution. -Gregarious to caespitose in humus layers of soil under broadleaved forests. Basidiomata produced in summer; known only from the -type -locality, +Gregarious to caespitose in humus layers of soil under broadleaved forests. Basidiomata produced in summer; known only from the type locality, China . @@ -237,26 +231,23 @@ locality, Additional specimens examined. - + China • Hunan Province : Tongdao County , - -Fengshuwan Forest -Park - +Fengshuwan Forest Park , alt. 400 m , -26 ° 09 ' 45.66 " N +26°09'45.66"N , -109 ° 46 ' 31.52 " E +109°46'31.52"E ,