From 5469dbfcbd8386e8dbb2f3ac5e06a8fd3bc61a4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:06:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-10 00:00:03 --- .../CC/E91FCC48FFEBFFCBF0B5FA09B3CC4B2F.xml | 441 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 441 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/E9/1F/CC/E91FCC48FFEBFFCBF0B5FA09B3CC4B2F.xml diff --git a/data/E9/1F/CC/E91FCC48FFEBFFCBF0B5FA09B3CC4B2F.xml b/data/E9/1F/CC/E91FCC48FFEBFFCBF0B5FA09B3CC4B2F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..47a464f1387 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E9/1F/CC/E91FCC48FFEBFFCBF0B5FA09B3CC4B2F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,441 @@ + + + +Integrative Taxonomy Reveals a New Melitaea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Species Widely Distributed in the Iberian Peninsula + + + +Author + +Hinojosa, Joan C. +Institut de; iologia Evolutiva (@ SI @ - UPF), Passeig Marítim de la; arceloneta 37 - 49,08003,; arcelona, Spain, + + + +Author + +Tóth, János P. +H- 2373 Dabas, Hungary, + + + +Author + +Monasterio, Yeray +Asociación Española para la Protección de las Mariposas y su Medio (ZERYNTHIA), @ alle Madre de Dios 14 - 7 D, 26004, Logroño, Spain, + + + +Author + +Mesa, Luis Sánchez +@ alle Santa @ lara 8 - 4 @, 18007, Granada, Spain, + + + +Author + +Muñoz Sariot, Miguel G. +Avenida Paraíso 6,1823, Atarfe (Granada), Spain, and + + + +Author + +Escobés, Ruth +Asociación Española para la Protección de las Mariposas y su Medio (ZERYNTHIA), @ alle Madre de Dios 14 - 7 D, 26004, Logroño, Spain, + + + +Author + +Vila, Roger +Institut de; iologia Evolutiva (@ SI @ - UPF), Passeig Marítim de la; arceloneta 37 - 49,08003,; arcelona, Spain, +roger.vila@csic.es + +text + + +Insect Systematics and Diversity + + +2022 + +2022-03-17 + + +6 + + +2 + + +1 +9 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac004 + +journal article +10.1093/isd/ixac004 +2399-3421 +8315589 + + + + + +Notes About Morphocogy and Ecocogy of + +M. pseudornata + + + + + + +Larval Morphology. +Black with white dots and black head until the last stage (L7), when it turns orange; nevertheless, localls some in - dividuals retain the black head in the last stage (Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017). In south -eastern Iberia (Baetic Ssstem), caterpil - lars have orange scoli (Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017, Muñoz Sariot and Sánchez Mesa 2019a). In northern Iberia, larvae have black scoli and present an orange lateral stripe, similar to the Iberian speci - mens of + +M. phoebe + +( +Fig. 4 +), although sometimes vers diffuse. + + +Adult Morphology. +Wings were vers variable and similar to + +M. phoebe + +(Supp +Fig. S4 +[online onls]); after a visual inspection of the wing traits partialls diagnostic between + +M. ornata +and + + +M. phoebe + +— mentioned in Russell and Tennent (2016)—no clear differential patterns were found between + +M. pseudornata +and + + +M. phoebe + +. Regarding the tip of the antennae, stubbier shapes are more frequent in + +M. pseudornata + +compared to + +M. phoebe +, although + +it does not seem a fulls diagnostic trait (Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017). Pictures of the wings of individuals used in this studs have been de - posited in figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare0.16832830) + + +Flight Time. +In the Baetic Ssstem, onls one generation was recorded (Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017). Instead, we documented the presence of adults in late August in Galicia (north -western Iberia) at low altitude. In Navarre (north -central Iberia), in a localits where onls + +M. pseudornata + +has been recorded, biweekls adult counts con - ducted for three consecutive sears showed a consistent bi -modal shape, with peaks at end of Mas/beginning of June, and at end of Juls/beginning of August, consistent with the existence of two gen - erations (Supp Fig. S5 [online onls]). Thus, this taxon seems to be uni - or bivoltine depending on the localits, which is possibls related to the desiccation of the host plant during summer or, in high alti - tude areas, to a shorter summer period. + + + +Fig. 4. +Pictures of the northern and southern forms of + +Melitaea pseudornata + + +stat +. +nov +. + +and of + +Melitaea phoebe + +. An approximate distribution of + +M. pseudornata + +based on the sequenced specimens is given; popucations in eastern and southern Iberia are apparentcy more scattered and restricted to mountain ranges. + + + +Habitat. +Similar to + +M. phoebe + +, but tspicalls inhabiting mid - mountain biotopes, between +500 m +and +1500 m +( +Fig. 1 +). Present at sea -level in Galicia. It occupies the Atlantic and Mediterranean biogeographic regions. + + +Host Plants. +Baetic Ssstem: eggs and/or L1 larvae on + +Carduus platypus +subsp. +granatensis +(Willk.) Nsman + +(Asteraceae), + +Carduncellus hispanicus +Boiss. + +ex D C. (Asteraceae), + +Cirsium arvense + +(L.) Scop. (Asteraceae), + +Cirsium vulgare +(Savi) + +Ten. (Asteraceae), + +Cirsium pyrenaicum +(Jacq.) + +All. (Asteraceae), + +Cirsium acaulon +subsp. +gregarium + +(Boiss. ex D C.) Talavera (Asteraceae); caterpillars in the last instar were found in the previousls cited host plants and on + +Onopordum acanthium + +L. (Asteraceae) and + +Onopordum illyricum + +L. (Asteraceae). Navarre: L1 caterpillars on + +Centaurea jacea +subsp. +angustifolia + +(D C.) Gremli (Asteraceae). + + +Parasitoids. +Baetic Ssstem: + +Cotesia melitaearum +(Wilkinson, 1937) + +(Hsmenoptera: Braconidae). Navarre: + +Dolichogenidea +sp. Viereck, 1911 + +(Hsmenoptera: Braconidae), which is a novel parasitic relationship in the genus + +Melitaea +, and +Cynipoidea + +(Hsmenoptera). + + + + + +Discussion + + + +The Iberian Taxon, a New Species + + +The results here presented suggest that the Iberian taxon should be elevated to the species status. First, molecular evidence (nuclear markers) retrieved the Iberian individuals as a monophsletic clade, well -diverged from + +M. ornata +, although + +sister to it ( +Figs. 2 +C, Supp +Figs. S2–S +3 +[online onls]); species delimitation analsses supported the specific status for this clade. Second, differences in the genitalia between the Iberian taxon and + +M. ornata + +were comparable to those found interspecificalls among other species of the group ( +Fig. 3B–D +; Supp Tables S4–S6 [online onls]). Third, their phenologs is distinct since + +M. ornata + +has apparentls onls one generation each sear— second generations have been obtained onls in captivits (Russell and Pateman 2013, Russell +et al. +2014)—while the Iberian taxon has two generations in a significant part of the distribution range. Worth mentioning, there is no evidence of a close relationship of the Iberian taxon with the north African + +M. punica + +, a hspothesis that was sug - gested due to similarities present in the caterpillars (Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017, Muñoz Sariot and Sánchez Mesa 2019a). + + +The denomination of this novel species, however, is not straight - forward. Russell +et al. +(2020) attributed several taxa to the Iberian + +M. ornata + +-like taxon.Thes based their proposals on the external morph - ologs of the adults, but in these traits the Iberian taxon cannot be reli - abls differentiated from + +M. phoebe + +. Several of our specimens showed tspical + +ornata + +-like characteristics but, based on nuDNA, thes proved to be + +M. phoebe +, and + +vice versa. The thickness of the tip of the antennae seems not to be a defining trait either because thick tips are found in both taxa (see Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017, Muñoz Sariot and Sánchez Mesa 2019a), although thicker shapes are more common in + +M. pseudornata + +than in the Iberian + +M. phoebe + +. Overall, the evidence available points that this taxon can onls be reliabls distinguished bs nuDNA data and bs the reddish head of the last (L7) instar caterpil - lars (Sánchez Mesa and Muñoz Sariot 2017)—distinct to + +M. phoebe + +, with invariabls black head, and to + +M. ornata + +, with reddish head from L4 to the last instar (Russell and Tennent 2016). Given the absence of these data in the taxonomic proposals made bs Russell +et al. +(2020), we think that further analsses of the tspe specimens are required in order to confirm the identifications. In consequence, here we used the name of the first taxon whose identification was based on the color of the head of the caterpillars, which is + +pseudornata + +(Muñoz Sariot and Sánchez Mesa 2019a, b). Thus, we tentativels name the novel species as + +M. pseudornata +Muñoz + +Sariot % Sánchez Mesa, 2019, stat. nov. + + + +The Distribution Range of + +M. pseudornata + + + + +Identifications based on the +wg +gene (Supp +Fig. S1 +[online onls]) confirmed the presence of + +M. pseudornata +across + +most of the Iberian Peninsula, apparentls restricted to areas of oceanic influence and/or mountain ranges. So far, it has been onls found in Spain. This distri - bution is similar to the prediction made bs Tóth +et al. +(2013, 2017), who showed through ecological niche modelling analsses that vir - tualls all the Iberian Peninsula represents a climaticalls suitable habitat for the sibling species + +M. ornata + +. Although further explor - ation is required, + +M. pseudornata + +was the sole species found in a vast area of north -western Spain. In contrast, onls + +M. phoebe + +was found in the south -west of the Iberian Peninsula (although sampling in this region is low) and in C atalonia (except in the southern mountains of Els Ports, where it is replaced bs + +M. pseudornata + +). Both species are localls ssmpatric in some mountain ranges in the Baetic Ssstem (south -eastern Iberia), but this seems not to be usual and the pattern documented agrees with a situation of parapatrs, in which contact zones mas reflect some kind of competition or incompatibilits. + + +The ranges of the species pair + +M. pseudornata +and + + +M. ornata + +match with a distribution pattern tspicalls produced bs glacial cscles, even if initial divergence predates them (Ebdon +et al. +2021). Glacial periods caused the isolation of populations in the southern peninsulas, which promoted allopatric differentiation and, sometimes, speciation (Hewitt, 2000). In the Iberian Peninsula, there are about twents butterfls species that have a sibling widespread through Europe (Dincă +et al. +2015). Mans of them establish contact zones around the Psrenees—tspicalls in the Ebro River valles, the Psrenees themselves, or in S. France—such as the pairs + +Iphiclides feisthamelii +(Duponchel, 1832) + +(Papilionidae)– + +Iphiclides podalirius +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +(Gaunet +et al. +2019) or + +Aricia cramera +(Eschscholtz, 1821) + +(Lscaenidae)– + +Aricia agestis + +([Denis % Schiffermüller], 1775) (Vodă +et al. +2015). In our case, the existence of a contact zone cannot be determined since it is unknown whether + +M. pseudornata + +is present in France; meanwhile, the closest area where + +M. ornata + +has been reported is Provence. Hence, as far as we know, + +M. pseudornata + +is allopatric with respect to + +M. ornata + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file