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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.72842" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3e3ca27b-44ad-4ea2-af6b-516245293ccf" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-87-323" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D03A96052A8550F9918BB08ACA344FB9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811493" ID-ZooBank="E343379ED04447ABA1ED47B3F01F3E59" ModsDocID="1314-2607-87-323" checkinTime="1640348264987" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Talamas, Elijah J., Bremer, Jonathan S., Moore, Matthew R., Bon, Marie-Claude, Lahey, Zachary, Roberts, Cheryl G., Combee, Lynn A., McGathey, Natalie, van Noort, Simon, Timokhov, Alexander V., Hougardy, Evelyne &amp; Hogg, Brian" docDate="2021" docId="15F6663DC7FC5034B4F3C1879829DC1A" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 87: 323-480" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87" docPubDate="2021-12-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.72842" docTitle="Gryon nitens" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="D03A96052A8550F9918BB08ACA344FB9" lastPageNumber="323" masterDocId="D03A96052A8550F9918BB08ACA344FB9" masterDocTitle="A maximalist approach to the systematics of a biological control agent: Gryon aetherium Talamas, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)" masterLastPageNumber="480" masterPageNumber="323" pageNumber="323" updateTime="1678757109313" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A maximalist approach to the systematics of a biological control agent: Gryon aetherium Talamas, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Talamas, Elijah J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">elijah.talamas@fdacs.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bon, Marie-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lahey, Zachary</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Roberts, Cheryl G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Timokhov, Alexander V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="3HHHJ" LSID="15F6663D-C7FC-5034-B4F3-C1879829DC1A" authority="(Szabo)" baseAuthorityName="Szabo" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Gryon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gryon nitens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitens">
Gryon nitens (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szabó">Szabo</normalizedToken>
)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="323" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szabo" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Sundholmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sundholmia nitens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitens">Sundholmia nitens</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szabó">Szabo</normalizedToken>
, 1966: 439 (original description. Synonymized by Mineo &amp; Caleca (1987b)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Szabo" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Gryon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gryon nitens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitens">Gryon nitens</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Szabó">Szabo</normalizedToken>
): Mineo, 1980a: 200 (generic transfer, description); Johnson, 1992: 392 (cataloged, type information).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="323" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="323">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="323">
Most of the diagnostic characters that place this species in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Gryon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gryon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="323">Gryon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are visible in the holotype but the specimen is not entirely clean. In lateral view, the subgenual spines are apparent and the metapleuron is not dorsoventrally divided by a change in sculpture or setation. In dorsal view, the striation is visible in the anterior portion of the axillar crescent and the foveae along the anterior margin of T1 are uniform in size, ending sublaterally in a carina. The lateral pit on T1 is obscured. The anterolateral view of the head illustrates that the frons does not have macrosculpture.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<document id="8017DB9A3E2DD8A540C186C9AABA51F0" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e28937" ID-PMC="PMC6160799" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--28937" ID-PubMed="30271255" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e28937" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="Macrobenthic fauna from an upwelling coastal area of Peru (Warm Temperate South-eastern Pacific province -Humboldtian ecoregion)" checkinTime="1553125796142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tasso, Vicente, El Haddad, Mustapha, Assadi, Carolina, Canales, Remy, Aguirre, Luis &amp; Velez-Zuazo, Ximena" docDate="2018" docId="15F6C51AFCF245BE362C6391C591FBE2" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 6: e28937" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 6" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e28937" docTitle="Diopatra obliqua Hartman 1944" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="28937" masterDocId="FFE9462AFFC2FFA2FF9DC4708463FFDB" masterDocTitle="Macrobenthic fauna from an upwelling coastal area of Peru (Warm Temperate South-eastern Pacific province - Humboldtian ecoregion)" masterLastPageNumber="28937" masterPageNumber="28937" pageNumber="28937" updateTime="1668124834212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<paragraph id="C9596FE449D3F7B2253CC5B6E33D8B69" pageId="0" pageNumber="28937">
<taxonomicName id="2268F75DEE034C1F8A217AAF1C843185" ID-CoL="36BFX" authority="Hartman, 1944" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1944" class="Polychaeta" family="Onuphidae" genus="Diopatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diopatra obliqua" order="Eunicida" pageId="0" pageNumber="28937" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="obliqua">Diopatra obliqua Hartman, 1944</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8723CBB79AE17A1C47936B319BF25E6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="28937" type="notes">
<paragraph id="377EB958315CD5C750BA9A2B9C2B316C" pageId="0" pageNumber="28937">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="221DCF973C2C79494ABE58C02B4B5BD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="28937">Types of substrate: hard and soft bottoms. Depth / bathymetric range: 8-15 m. Station code: BT1N(10); BT1S(8, 10, 12, 15); BT2N(8, 10); BT2S(8, 10, 12); BT3S(8, 10); MU(17).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:number>395</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/76578F35-0BE9-4C66-BEAB-94A69C8E6B72" authority="Mueller" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">
Philiris petriei
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="35">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1-4, 61, 88-92, 97
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
Holotype ♂ (Figs 1-3): Papua New Guinea, Whiteman Range, West New Britain Province, 1050 m, Ex-pupa,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.9833336">5°59'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="150.58333">150°35'E</geoCoordinate>
, 20 Oct, 2013, Chris J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, genitalia dissected and held in vial pinned to specimen, pupal exuvia pinned to specimen (ANIC), Registration: ANIC Database No. 31-023122. Paratypes (8 ♂♂): 4 ♂♂ labelled Papua New Guinea, Whiteman Range, West New Britain Province, 950 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.9666667">5°58'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="150.48334">150°29'E</geoCoordinate>
, 10-18 Dec, 2005, Chris J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
(2 ♂♂ BMNH; 1 ♂ NARI; 1 ♂ EAPC); 3 ♂♂ labelled Mt. Otto summit, West New Britain Province, 1320 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.55">5°33'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="150.4">150°24'E</geoCoordinate>
, 19-22 Dec, 2006, Chris J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
(2 ♂♂ CJMC; 1 ♂ AM); 1 ♂ labelled Bainings Mts., East New Britain Province, 1000 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.633333">4°38'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="152.03334">152°02'E</geoCoordinate>
, xii.2008, L. Wills leg. (UFL).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
Figures 1-15.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philiris</taxonomicName>
adults (left side upperside and right side underside, where halved) and label data. 1
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ upperside 2
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ male underside 3
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ label data 4
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
paratype ♂ (halved) 5
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti subsp. harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="harterti" subSpecies="harterti">Philiris harterti harterti</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ (halved) 6
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti subsp. harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="harterti" subSpecies="harterti">Philiris harterti harterti</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ label data 7
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti subsp. leucoma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="harterti" subSpecies="leucoma">Philiris harterti leucoma</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ (halved) 8
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti subsp. leucoma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="harterti" subSpecies="leucoma">Philiris harterti leucoma</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ label data 9
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
neoallotype ♂ (halved) 10
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
neoallotype ♂ label data 11
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
holotype ♀ (halved) 12
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
holotype ♀ label data 13
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris bubalisatina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubalisatina">Philiris bubalisatina</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ upperside 14
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris bubalisatina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubalisatina">Philiris bubalisatina</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ underside 15
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris bubalisatina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bubalisatina">Philiris bubalisatina</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ label data. Scale bar = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
Males of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
sp. n. are readily distinguished from other species in the genus.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is a large species with a forewing length that surpasses that of its putative congeners,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
(Grose-Smith, 1894) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
(Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
occurs widely in mainland New Guinea (nominate in northern and western NG mainland; subspecies leucoma Tite, 1963 in eastern NG mainland). The holotypes of both taxa are illustrated here-in (see Figs 5-8).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
also occurs on Yapen Island, where it is known by ssp. melanoma Tite, 1963.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the Schouten Islands (Biak and Mefor). Since the holotype is a female specimen (Figs 11, 12),
<bibRefCitation author="Tite, GE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), London, Entomology" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="197 - 259" title="A revision of the genus Candalides and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." volume="14" year="1963">Tite (1963)</bibRefCitation>
designated one of two known males of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
as a neallotype (Figs 9, 10).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
The shape of the fore wing in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="36" start="start">Philiris</pageBreakToken>
petriei
</taxonomicName>
is slightly rounded at the apex, whereas it is pointed in the other species, particularly so in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
. The hind wing termen is weakly serrated near the tornus in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
, unlike in related species and the cilia on the underside of the hindwing tornal area is continuously black, as in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
, whereas the cilia are mostly white in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
and black only at the vein terminals. The underside of the forewing in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
bears a large dark basal patch, not present in either
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
. The frons in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
are black (Fig. 97), while they are rusty red and brown in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 98) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
, respectively. The white area on the forewing above is much more reduced in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
, bearing more resemblance to the pattern in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris bicolor" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">Philiris bicolor</taxonomicName>
(Bethune-Baker, 1904), a species with red frons similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
, the forewing white patch is restricted to the inner margin and does not extend beyond vein 2, only marginally extending beyond 1b, while in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
this white area continues beyond vein 2 and reaches, or exceeds, vein 3 and the edge of the cell. No obvious variation has been noted in the type series of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
, with all specimens similar in size and maculation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 61) also show a relationship to both
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 62) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 71). However, the genitalia of the former species are larger than both
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
, and the sociuncus is narrowly V-shaped dorsally, whereas it is rather rounded in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
and broadly U-shaped in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
. The valva is triangular-shaped at the base in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
, whereas it is bulbous in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
and with conspicuous median lobes in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
. The phallus is long and slender in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 61c) and the vesica is boat shaped at its apex, whereas the phallus of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 62c) is comparatively short and squat and the apex of the vesica is bifurcated symmetrically. The phallus of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris albiplaga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">Philiris albiplaga</taxonomicName>
is not clearly defined in either slide mounts of the Mefor Island male specimens but appears to be heavily sclerotized and the vesica is tongue-shaped (Fig. 71c).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">♂ (Figs 1-3, 97): Forewing length 17.5 mm, antenna 11.5 mm (holotype). Head, palpus, thorax and abdomen black dorsally, white ventrally, frons black with white eye ring; antenna shaft black, ringed weakly with white, apical half of club orange-brown ventrally; legs white with black areas on tibiae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Fore wing termen slightly convex but straight between veins 2 and 4, inner margin slightly convex; upperside with ground colour black, a restricted triangular area of white in the median and postmedian area, extending from the inner margin to midway between veins 1b and 2 and from about one-third along the termen to approximately 3 mm from the termen at the tornus, white area suffused with light grey narrowly towards base, cilia black; underside uniformly white, with apical area and termen broadly suffused with brown, a large rhomboid-shaped patch of dark brown scales extending from base to median area, cilia black.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Hind wing slightly rounded, termen weakly serrated between veins 2 and 4; upperside with ground colour black, apical area broadly white and extending along costa to near base and to the middle of the hind wing, filling distal half of cell and discocellulars, cilia black except in apical area where they are white; underside uniformly white with weak brown suffusion broadly along termen, cilia black and longer in tornal area, white at apex.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">♀: Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
Male genitalia (Fig. 61): Vinculum and tegumen ring broadly oval, sociuncus broad, socii with lateral margin rounded, socii weakly separated by V-shaped sinus,
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="37" start="start">saccus</pageBreakToken>
tapered posteriorly, brachium tapered dorsally and slightly hooked at apex; valva long, symmetrical, triangular-shaped at base and tapered apically; phallus with prezonal section approximately equal in length to postzonal section, slender, with vesica apically flanged.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
This species is named in honour of Edward A. Petrie, Sydney, Australia, renowned for his expertise in Australian
<taxonomicName family="Lycaenidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
, in particular their life histories.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
When compared with those of the related
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
, the flight behaviour of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
males differs in that the latter species generally flies on mountain tops (e.g. Fig. 84) from 1100 hrs until just after midday, whereas
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
does not normally appear in its hill top territories until about 1330. Males of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
fly high, usually above six metres above the ground, whereas those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
generally fly much lower, between 1-4 metres above the ground. There appear to be two broods annually for the life cycle of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
, with adults flying in November and December and again in April and May. Conversely, adults of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
fly throughout the year in mainland New Guinea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation author="Parsons, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Academic Pr., London" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" title="The butterflies of Papua New Guinea. Their systematics and biology." year="1998">Parsons (1998)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the life history of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
on saplings of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea callophyllantha" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="callophyllantha">Litsea callophyllantha</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName genus="Lauraceae" lsidName="Lauraceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="genus">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
). A pupal exuvia of a
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philiris</taxonomicName>
, presumed to be
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
, was located in the Whiteman Range, New Britain, by the author during January 2013 on a small plant of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Litsea</taxonomicName>
species. Some months later two eggs were located on the same plant and one was sleeved. Both eggs hatched after some days and developed very slowly through the winter months, reaching final instar during August. One of the larva pupated in late September (larval duration 121 days), emerging in early Oct (pupal duration 14 days). Owing to the lack of florescence (flowers and/or fruit), it has not been possible to identify the
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Litsea</taxonomicName>
species on which the new species feeds, although similarly to
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea callophyllantha" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="callophyllantha">Litsea callophyllantha</taxonomicName>
, it appears to grow very slowly and remain as a sapling for years until an opening in the canopy creates an opportunity for the plant to flourish. The food plant of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
is very different from the large leaved
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litsea guppyi" order="Laurales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guppyi">Litsea guppyi</taxonomicName>
(F. Muell) F. Muell. Ex Forman., the food plant of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris siassi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siassi">Philiris siassi</taxonomicName>
Sands, 1979 (
<bibRefCitation author="Mueller, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Entomologist" pageId="15" pageNumber="48" pagination="29 - 36" title="New butterfly taxa from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae)." volume="29" year="2002">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
), which flies in the same habitats as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
The early stages of both
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
(Figs 93-96) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
(Figs 88-92) are exceptionally well camouflaged on their foodplant, with those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
even more so than the larvae and pupae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
. The early stages are quite distinct between the two taxa, with the pupa of the new species being much less speckled and with more irregular dark patches than in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
. The anterior of the pupa of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
lacks the very long setae present in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
. The mature larvae of the two taxa differ in that that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
is brown while the larva of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
is greenish and the setae are much coarser in the latter species. The early stages of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
are described below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
Egg (Not illustrated): Approximately 0.5 mm diameter, white, domed, wider than high, intricately sculptured. Similar to those of other
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philiris</taxonomicName>
taxa examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">First Instar (Not illustrated): c. 1.0 mm long, grass green, with long translucent setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Second Instar (Fig. 88): c. 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, deep green centrally with light green-brown margins, with long translucent setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Third Instar (Not illustrated): c. 7.0 mm in length, 1.5 mm wide, similar to second instar but with lateral margin brown rather than green.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="38" start="start">Fourth</pageBreakToken>
Instar (Fig. 89): c. 10.0 mm in length, 2.5 mm wide, flattened, flanged laterally, centrally deep green with broad light brown margins, finely speckled with white, with long light brown setae on margins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Final Instar (Fig. 90): c. 15 mm in length, 4.5 mm wide, flattened, flanged laterally, light red-brown, weakly speckled with white, with long light brown setae on margins.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Pupa (Figs 91, 92): 13 mm in length, 4.5 mm wide, light brown with dark brown irregular mottled patches, particularly on eyes and surrounding the wing cases, fine short setae (&lt;1 mm long) anteriorly and on abdomen.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
Similarly to the larva of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris harterti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harterti">Philiris harterti</taxonomicName>
, the first two instars feed on the underside epidermis of the leaf of the food plant, sheltering concealed within these shallow depressions which become feeding scars on the foliage. The third instar larvae chews troughs from the stem of the food plant, within which it eventually rests, progressively increasing the size of the trough to accommodate the sheltering larva. At this stage the larva also chews right through the leaf, creating holes. Eventually, the larva pupates within the trough, where it is remarkably well concealed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Philiris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philiris petriei" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="petriei">Philiris petriei</taxonomicName>
may possibly be restricted to the island of New Britain within the Bismarck Archipelago. Substantial surveying of pristine habitats by the author in New Ireland from sea level to the highest elevations has not yielded any specimens of this taxon. The insect may also be confined to upland habitats, with all specimens taken above 950 m. It appears to be a rather rare species, possibly due to the scarcity of its larval food plant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>