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<taxonomicName id="56373626820A3A8B4705EB4840A05EAE" ID-CoL="7CRKK" authority="Walker, 1839" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Trichomalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomalus coryphe" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8013" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coryphe">Trichomalus coryphe (Walker, 1839)</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1839
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<taxonomicName authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">Pachycondyla wasmannii (Forel)</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="132" type="description">
<paragraph box="[118,339,1281,1300]" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" type="mainText">(Figures 9, 11, 50-51,64)</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="132" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph box="[118,1122,1337,1525]" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Forel 1887" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1887" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">
Bothroponera wasmannii
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A." box="[118,1122,454,495]" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="39" pageNumber="140" pagination="381 - 389" part="7" title="Fourmis recoltees a Madagascar, par le Dr. Conrad Keller" type="journal article" year="1887">Forel 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 383. Lectotype worker, present designation, Madagascar, Antsiranana, Nosy Be (C. Keller) AntWeb specimen code CASENT0101039 (MHNG) [examined]. Paralectotype workers, with the same data but coded as CASENT0101040, CASENT0101041 (MHNG) [examined]. [Redescription:
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A." box="[118,1122,502,543]" editor="Grandidier, A." journalOrPublisher="Hachette et Cie, Paris" pageId="39" pageNumber="140" pagination="v + 237 pp" title="Les Formicides. [part]" type="book" volumeTitle="1891. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule)" year="1891">Forel, 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 128, pl. 4, fig. 4;
<bibRefCitation author="Dalla Torre, K. W." box="[118,1121,1273,1314]" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="289 pp" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum Hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W" type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 37. Misspelled as
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmanni">wasmanni</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C." box="[118,1122,1368,1410]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="336 - 345" part="39" title="Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire de Diego-Suarez (Madagascar-Nord). (Avril-aout 1893)" type="journal article" year="1895">Emery, 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 336,
<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A." box="[118,1122,621,687]" journalOrPublisher="Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="39" pageNumber="140" pagination="185 - 208" part="21" title="Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A" type="journal article" year="1897">Forel, 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 188, 196 with description of queen and male castes. Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bothroponera">Ponera (Bothroponera)</taxonomicName>
and additional note on queen by
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C." box="[118,1124,1416,1457]" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="263 - 290" part="31" title="Formiche di Madagascar raccolte dal Sig. A. Mocquerys nei pressi della Baia di Antongil (1897 - 1898)" type="journal article" year="1899">Emery, 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 267; in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bothroponera">Pachycondyla (Bothroponera)</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C." box="[118,1122,1464,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="32 - 54" part="45" title="Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides)" type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 45,
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C." box="[118,938,1512,1530]" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 125" part="118" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae" type="journal article" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
: 78; Combination in
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[118,1122,1005,1046]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="141" pagination="1005 - 1055" part="45" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region" type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 1008; in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B." box="[118,1122,913,954]" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="504 pp" title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World" type="book" year="1995">Bolton, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 311].
</paragraph>
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<caption box="[118,1122,1527,1592]" pageId="32" pageNumber="133" type="caption">
<paragraph box="[118,1122,1527,1592]" pageId="32" pageNumber="133" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="133" start="start">FIGURES</pageBreakToken>
53-58. Distributional maps of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii-group">Pachycondyla wasmannii-group</taxonomicName>
from the Malagasy region. Figs 53-57:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambouei">P. cambouei</taxonomicName>
: Fig. 53: Form 1, Fig. 54: Form 2 (full square), Form 4 (full triangle), Form 5 (full circle); Fig. 55: Form 3, Fig. 56: Form 6, Fig. 57: Form 7; Fig. 58:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoala">P. masoala</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[118,1122,1515,1556]" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" type="caption">
<paragraph box="[118,1122,1515,1556]" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="134" start="start">FIGURES</pageBreakToken>
59-64. Distributional maps of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii-group">Pachycondyla wasmannii-group</taxonomicName>
from the Malagasy region. Fig. 59:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">P. comorensis</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 60:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perroti">P. perroti</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 61:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planicornis">P. planicornis</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 62:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavaratra">P. tavaratra</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 63:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vazimba">P. vazimba</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 64:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">P. wasmannii</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph box="[118,290,118,137]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="135" start="start">Worker</pageBreakToken>
diagnosis:
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1122,147,334]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">With head in full-face view, antennal scape not surpassing the posterior cephalic margin; dorsum of head and mesosoma not finely striate; basal half of antennal scape rounded; dorsum of mesosoma and petiole node with short and thin erect hairs; junction of propodeal dorsum and declivitous surface at a distinct angle; mesopleural suture distinct; antennal segments 6, 7, and 8 nearly as wide as long; with petiole in dorsal view, the posterior margin straight or with weak median notch; anterior half of fourth abdominal tergite (gastral tergite 2) covered with numerous and very dense small punctures between larger ones, mesosoma and petiole node with moderate such sculpture; outer surface of hind tibia usually with erect hairs; integument matte.</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1120,343,390]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Worker measurements (n=12): HL: 1.96-2.37, HW: 1.72-2.21, CI: 87-94, SL: 1.32-1.78, SI: 76-83, PW: 1.28-1.79, WL: 2.50-3.36, NL: 0.94-1.20, NW: 1.07-1.48, NH: 1.27-1.64, DNI: 105-132, LNI: 124-159.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="description">
<paragraph box="[118,233,428,446]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Description:</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1121,456,728]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Worker. In full-face view, head broadest behind level of eyes, the sides slightly convex throughout their length; the posterior margin feebly concave; eyes quite large, maximum diameter nearly equal to greatest width of antennal scape. Scape subcylindrical, relatively short, not surpassing posterior cephalic margin; segments 6, 7, and 8 almost as long as broad. Anteromedian margin of clypeus truncate and either straight or very weakly emarginated medially. Mandibles triangular, masticatory margins armed with seven to eight teeth and denticles. In profile, dorsal outline of mesosoma without uninterrupted convexity; propodeal dorsum meeting declivitous surface in a distinct angle; mesopleural sulcus distinct and complete. Hind legs with rounded basitarsus. Petiole nodiform and thick, with anterior and posterior margins that in dorsal view are respectively broadly convex and straight with weak median notch. Head finely reticulate-punctate to finely ruguloreticulate, interspersed with large punctures behind level of eyes.</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1122,737,925]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Mandibles striate, with sparse punctures from which hairs arise. Dorsum of mesosoma, petiole node, and first gastral tergite covered with large punctures, the spaces between which are reticulate-punctate. Lateral portion of pronotum, mesopleuron, and lower half of propodeum generally finely reticulate-rugulose or with dense, fine rugulation. Second gastral tergite particularly with very dense, piligerous, small pits between large punctures. Standing erect hairs present on dorsum of the body, with very abundant pubescence; outer surface of hind tibiae covered with erect hairs. Dark brown to black in color with usually lighter appendages. Most specimens fairly matte except those collected from rainforest habitats.</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1122,934,1066]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">
Queen. Measurements (n=7): HL: 2.20-2.39, HW: 2.08-2.24, CI: 92-95, SL: 1.62-1.82, SI: 77-84, EL: 0.39-0.41, OI: 17-19, PW: 1.63-1.87, WL: 3.31-3.71, NL: 0.99-1.16, NW: 1.34-1.48, NH: 1.31-1.51, DNI: 127-148, LNI: 125-136. Winged queens are very similar to workers, but have a body modified with the general characteristics of the queen caste. Winged queen has a much broader head. Ergatoid queens also present in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">P. wasmannii</taxonomicName>
, which look comparable to worker caste but have one ocellus and reduced thoracic sclerites.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
<paragraph box="[118,224,1103,1121]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Discussion:</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1121,1131,1206]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">
Although
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">P. wasmannii</taxonomicName>
is very similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vazimba">P. vazimba</taxonomicName>
, it can be distinguished readily by its larger size, with a distinct and complete mesopleural suture, antennal segments 6, 7, and 8 nearly as wide as long, and more erect hairs on the dorsum of mesosoma and petiole node.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1122,1215,1403]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Apparently there are two forms found within this species. These are geographically isolated due to the presence of high mountain chains in northwestern Madagascar. The first form, in which gastral tergite 2 is densely, finely punctate between larger punctures and has a matte integument, occupies the west and southwest regions of Madagascar. In contrast, the second form is characterized by worker specimens that have a shining integument, and gastral tergite 2 is covered with nearly effaced, closely spaced, small punctures between larger, shallow punctures. This form has been collected in the northwest and northeast of the island. However, workers with intermediate degrees of these phenotypic variations also occur.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="distribution">
<paragraph box="[118,353,1440,1459]" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">Distribution and biology:</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1121,1468,1572][118,1122,118,391]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">Pachycondyla wasmannii</taxonomicName>
is an endemic, widespread species of the Malagasy region. It occurs generally in western Madagascar and in Anjouan of the Comoros Islands (Fig. 64). Most frequently this species has been collected from the dry forests and woodland habitats in the west of Madagascar. However, it is known also from subhumid gallery forests in the western slopes, littoral, transitional, and humid forests in the north and southeast of the island, and
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="136" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
disjunct montane rainforests on the high plateau. This species is also capable of colonizing human-modified habitats. There are two morphological forms; the first occurs in the dry and gallery forest habitats in the west of Madagascar, whereas the second is generally known from the transitional mesic forests and some of the rainforest sites in the north and northeast of the island. Across its distribution range,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">P. wasmannii</taxonomicName>
dominates the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
in dry forest habitats where it is sympatric only with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vazimba">P. vazimba</taxonomicName>
. In its remaining distribution range, other species within the genus co-occur with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">P. wasmannii</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambouei">P. cambouei</taxonomicName>
, which is widely distributed throughout the humid forests, becomes the dominant species.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">Pachycondyla wasmannii</taxonomicName>
nests mainly in rotten logs; however, it can also be found on rotten sticks and branches on the ground, in soil layers, under rocks, beneath litter moss on rocks, and under rotten logs. It typically forages on the forest floor and through leaf litter, and very rarely on low-growing vegetation. Workers of this species usually fake death (thanatosis) after a nest disturbance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1122,400,475]" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" type="mainText">
One interesting geographic point about
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wasmannii">P. wasmannii</taxonomicName>
is its presence on Anjouan Island in the Comoros but not Mayotte Island, although the latter is geographically closer to Madagascar. How it arrived on Comoros could shed light on our understanding of the historical biogeography and the origins of the Malagasy species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph box="[118,361,512,530]" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" type="mainText">Other material examined:</paragraph>
<paragraph box="[118,1122,540,1572][118,1123,118,1572][118,1122,118,1459]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="35" pageNumber="136" type="mainText">
THE COMOROS: Anjouan, Mount Ntringui, -12.19865, 44.41866, 740 m, montane forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Mount Ntringui, -12.19641, 44.41791, 550 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC). MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo: RS Ambohitantely, F d Ambohitantely, 20.9 km 72° NE d Ankazobe, -18.22528, 47.28683, 1410 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Tsinjoarivo, E. Ambatolampy, dry forest (W.L. Brown) (MCZC), Antsiranana: [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nosibé" pageId="35" pageNumber="136">Nosibe</normalizedToken>
] (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Völtzkow" pageId="35" pageNumber="136">Voeltzkow</normalizedToken>
) (MHNG); [Nossi
<normalizedToken originalValue="bé" pageId="35" pageNumber="136">be</normalizedToken>
p. Madagascar] (C. Keller) (MHNG); 14 km W Cap Est, Ambato, -15.29139, 50.33806, 200 m, secondary raiforest (Alpert et al.) (MCZC); 15 km S Sambava, 10 m, coastal forest (J.M. Betsch) (MCZC); 48 km ENE Morondava, -20.06667, 44.65, tropical dry forest (D.M. Olson) (MCZC); 5 km S Antalaha, Ambodikofo Hill (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); 5 km SW Antalaha, -14.93806, 50.26167, 50 m, secondary forest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); 84 km SW Sambava to Andapa, 70-160 m, degraded forest (W.L. and D.E. Brown) (MCZC); Ambanja, -13.68268, 48.45245, 30 m, urban/garden (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Ambondrobe, 41.1 km 175° Vohemar, -13.71533, 50.10167, 10 m, littoral rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); Ampasindava, F d'Ambilanivy, 3.9 km 181° S Ambaliha, -13.79861, 48.16167, 600 m, rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Ankarana, -12.9, 49.1, 100 m (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); F Ambanitaza, 26.1 km 347° Antalaha, -14.67933, 50.18367, 240 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F Ambato, 26.6 km 33° Ambanja, - 13.4645, 48.55167, 150 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F d' Andavakoera, 21.4 km 75° ENE Ambilobe; 4.6 km 356° N Betsiaka, -13.11833, 49.23, 425 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F d' Antsahabe, 11.4 km 275° W Daraina, -13.21167, 49.55667, 550 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F d'Ampombofofo, - 12.09949, 49.33874, 25 m, littoral forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F d'Ampondrabe, 26.3 km 10° NNE Daraina, -12.97, 49.7, 175 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); PN Sahamalaza, F d'Anabohazo, 21.6 km 247° WSW Maromandia, -14.30889, 47.91433, 120 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); F d'Analabe, 30.0 km 72° ENE Daraina, -13.08333, 49.90833, 30 m, littoral rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F de Bekaraoka, 6.8 km 60° ENE Daraina, -13.16667, 49.71, 150 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F de Binara, 7.5 km 230° SW Daraina, -13.255, 49.61667, 375 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F de Binara, 9.1 km 233° SW Daraina, -13.26333, 49.60333, 650-800 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F d'Orangea, 3.6 km 128° SE Remena, -12.25889, 49.37467, 90 m, littoral rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) CASC; Marojejy RNI #12, -14.44533, 49.78564, 375 m, rainforest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); Montagne des
<normalizedToken originalValue="Français" pageId="35" pageNumber="136">Francais</normalizedToken>
, 7.2 km 142° SE Antsiranana (=Diego Suarez), -12.32278, 49.33817, 180 m, tropical dry forest (Alpert et al.) (CASC); Nosy Be, 4 km ESE Andoany (=Hellville), -13.41667, 48.3, 200 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); Nosy Be, Lokobe Forest, - 13.41639, 48.30722, 20 m (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); Nosy Be, RNI Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, -13.41933, 48.33117, 30 m, rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, -14.43667, 49.775, 450 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); PN Montagne d'Ambre, 3.6 km 235° SW Joffreville, -12.53444, 49.1795, 925 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Montagne d'Ambre, Antomboka, -12.50035, 49.175, 885 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Montagne d'Ambre, Antomboka, -12.51269, 49.17807, 970 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Montagne d'Ambre, Pic Bades, -12.5186, 49.18625, 900 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RS Manongarivo, 10.8 km 229° SW Antanambao, -13.96167, 48.43333, 400 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Manongarivo, 12.8 km 228° SW Antanambao, -13.97667, 48.42333, 780 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher)
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="137" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
CASC); RS Manongarivo, 14.5 km 220° SW Antanambao, -13.99833, 48.42833, 1175 m, montane rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Ankarana, 7 km SE Matsaborimanga, -12.9, 49.11667, 150 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (MCZC); RS Analamerana, 16.7 km 123° Anivorano-Nord, -12.80467, 49.37383, 225 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Analamerana, 28.4 km 99° Anivorano-Nord, -12.74667, 49.49483, 60 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Ankarana, -12.90056, 49.14722, 150 m, dry forest (Alpert et al.) (MCZC); RS d'Ambre, 3.5 km 235° SW Sakaramy, -12.46889, 49.24217, 325 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); RS Ankarana, 13.6 km 192° SSW Anivorano Nord, -12.86361, 49.22583, 210 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); RS Ankarana, 22.9 km 224° SW Anivorano Nord, -12.90889,49.10983, 80 m, tropical dry forest (Alpert et al.) (CASC); PN Marojejy, 8 km NW Manantenina, -14.43333, 49.78333, 450 m, montane rainforest (E.L. Quinter) (CASC); Vohemar, -13.37723, 50.0205, 25 m, cultivated land (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makirovana Forest: -14.1604, 49.9522, 550 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makirovana Forest, - 14.17066, 49.95409, 415 m and 225 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makirovana Forest, -14.10295, 50.01984, 390 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Fianarantsoa: 15 km E Sakaraha, -22.9, 44.68333, 760 m, tropical dry forest (P.S. Ward) (MCZC); 30 km NNW Ranohira, Isalo Nat. Park, -22.31722, 45.29333, 455 m, canopy forest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); F d'Analalava, 29.6 km 280° W Ranohira, -22.59167, 45.12833, 700 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); F d'Atsirakambiaty, 7.6 km 285° WNW Itremo, -20.59333, 46.56333, 1550 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Isalo, Ranohira, Canyon de Sinze, - 22.48333, 45.55, 800 m, rainforest (E. Rajeriarison) (MCZC); PN Ranomafana, -21.01667, 47.01667, 700 m, montane forest (E. Rajeriarison) (MCZC); PN Befotaka-Midongy, Papango 27.7 km S Midongy-Sud, Mount Papango, -23.83517, 46.96367, 940 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Isalo, 9.1 km 354° N Ranohira, - 22.48167, 45.46167, 725 m, gallery forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) CASC; PN Isalo, Ambovo Springs, 29.3 km 4° N Ranohira, -22.29833, 45.35167, 990 m, Uapaca woodland (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Isalo, Sahanafa River, 29.2 km 351° N Ranohira, -22.31333, 45.29167, 500 m, gallery forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); 9 km NNW Ranohira, PN Isalo, -22.48333, 45.38333, 800 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (MCZC); Tsaranoro, 32.8 km 229° Ambalavao, -22.08483, 46.77633, 950 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Mahajanga: 124 km SE Mahajanga (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); Ampamakiambato, 45 km SW Ambanja, -13.97545, 48.15929, 145 m, disturbed forest in tsingy (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F Ambohimanga, 26.1 km 314° Mampikony, -15.96267, 47.43817, 250 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F de Tsimembo, 11.0 km 346° NNW Soatana, - 18.99528, 44.4435, 50 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); F de Tsimembo, 8.7 km 336° NNW Soatana, -19.02139, 44.44067, 20 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); Mahavavy River, 6.2 km 145° SE Mitsinjo, -16.05167, 45.90833, 20 m, gallery forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Manerinerina, 76.6 km N Antsohihy, -14.10744, 48.11046, 247 m, disturbed forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); PN Ankarafantsika, SF Ampijoroa, 5.4 km 331° NW Andranofasika, -16.29889, 46.813, 70 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) CASC; PN Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa SF, 40 km 306° NW Andranofasika, - 16.32083, 46.81067, 130 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Ankarafantsika, F de Tsimaloto, 18.3 km 46° NE de Tsaramandroso, -16.22806, 47.14361, 135 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) CASC; PN Baie de Baly, 12.4 km 337° NNW Soalala, -16.01, 45.265, 10 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Namoroka, 16.9 km 317° NW Vilanandro, -16.40667, 45.31, 100 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Namoroka, 17.8 km 329° WNW Vilanandro, -16.37667, 45.32667, 100 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Namoroka, 9.8 km 300° WNW Vilanandro, -16.46667, 45.35, 140 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); PN Tsingy de Bemaraha, 10.6 km ESE 123° Antsalova, -18.70944, 44.71817, 150 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); PN Tsingy de Bemaraha, 2.5 km 62° ENE Bekopaka, Ankidrodroa River,-19.13222, 44.81467, 100 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); PN Tsingy de Bemaraha, 3.4 km 93° E Bekopaka, Tombeau Vazimba, -19.14194, 44.828, 50 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve" pageId="36" pageNumber="137">Reserve</normalizedToken>
d'Ankoririka, 10.6 km 13° NE de Tsaramandroso, -16.26722, 47.04861, 210 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); RF Beanka, 50.2 km E Maintirano, -18.02649, 44.05051, 250 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RF Beanka, 52.7 km E Maintirano, -18.0622, 44.52587, 300 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RF Beanka, 53.6 km E Maintirano, -18.04014, 44.53394, 272 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RF Beanka, 54.3 km E Maintirano, -18.06009, 44.54086, 262 m, tropical dry forest on tsingy (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RS Bemarivo, 23.8 km 223° SW Besalampy, - 16.925, 44.36833, 30 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); RS Marotandrano, Marotandrano
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="138" start="start">48.3</pageBreakToken>
km S Mandritsara, -16.28322, 48.81443, 865 m, transitional humid forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Toamasina: 1 km W Andampibe, Cap Masoala, -15.69361, 50.18139, 125 m, rainforest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); 8 km SW Cap Est, -15.30694, 50.45417, 15 m, littoral forest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); Toliara: 29 km NNW Ranohira, PN Isalo, -22.31614, 45.29625, 490 m, canopy forest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); 48 km ENE Morondava, Kirindy, - 20.06667, 44.65, 30 m, tropical dry forest (D.M. Olson) (CASC); 48 km ENE Morondava, Kirindy Forest, - 20.07444, 44.67611, 100 m, tropical dry forest (P. Rabeson) (MCZC); 50 kms N Morondava, -20.06667, 44.58333, primary dry forest (A. Pauly) (CASC); 9 km NNW Ranohira, P.N. Isalo, -22.48333, 45.38333, 800 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (BMNH); Andohahela, Parcel #1 versante E, 300 m, rainforest (L. Bartolozzi, S. Tiati &amp; C. Raharimina) (MCZC); Bekonazy = 0.5 km S (n. of Morondava), forest with baobab (W.L. Brown) (MCZC); Beza Mahafaly, 27 km E Betioky, -23.65, 44.63333, 135 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); Fiherenana, - 23.17694, 43.96083, 100 m, gallery forest (Frontier Project) (CASC); FC Analavelona, 29.2 km 343° NNW Mahaboboka, -22.675, 44.19, 1100 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); FC Analavelona, 33.2 km 344° NNW Mahaboboka, -22.64333, 44.17167, 1300 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); F de Beroboka, 5.9 km 131° SE Ankidranoka, -22.23306, 43.36633, 80 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); F de Kirindy, 15.5 km 64° ENE Marofandilia, -20.06855, 44.65956667, 30 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F de Mite, 20.7 km 29° WNW Tongobory, -23.52417, 44.12133, 75 m, gallery forest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); F de Petriky, 12.5 km W 272° Tolagnaro, -25.06167, 46.87, 10 m, littoral rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F de Zombitse near Sakaraha, 650 m (E.S. Ross) (MCZC); F Ivohibe 55.0 km N Tolagnaro, -24.569, 47.204, 200 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F Vohidava 88.9 km N Amboasary, -24.24067, 46.28783, 500 m, spiny forest/dry forest transition (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.227, 45.33222, 475 m, gallery forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.22336, 45.32628, 480 m, gallery forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.22344, 45.3135, 550 m, gallery forest with bamboo (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.31664, 45.1296, 620 m, dry forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.21836, 45.3106, 510 m, gallery forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.20978, 45.34184, 525 m, gallery forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.30997, 45.12946, 590 m, dry forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., -21.21761, 45.33917, 500 m, gallery forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Makay Mts., - 21.23343, 45.32913, 460 m, gallery forest with bamboo (B.L. Fisher et al.) CASC); Makay Mts., -21.21985, 45.32396, 500 m, gallery forest on sandy soil (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Manatantely, 8.5 km NW Tolagnaro, - 24.9875, 46.92617, 85 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Manatantely, 8.9 km NW Tolagnaro, -24.9815, 46.92567, 100 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); Manombo, -22.8123, 43.73932, 165 m, gallery forest, TS3 (Frontier Wilderness Project) (CASC); Manombo, -22.80257, 43.76505, 227 m, dry forest, SC2 (Frontier Wilderness Project) (CASC); Manombo, -22.8123, 43.73932, 165 m, gallery forest, TS3 (Frontier Wilderness Project) (CASC); PN Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, - 24.76389, 46.75167, 900 m, montane rainforest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); PN Kirindy Mite, 16.3 km 127° SE Belo sur Mer, -20.79528, 44.147, 80 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); PN Zombitse, 19.8 km 84° E Sakaraha, -22.84333, 44.71, 770 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Réserve" pageId="37" pageNumber="138">Reserve</normalizedToken>
Beza Mahafaly, Parcel 1, -23.65833, 44.62889, 185 m (P. Rabeson) (MCZC); RP Berenty, - 25.01667, 46.3, 25 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RP Berenty, F de Bealoka,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mandraré" pageId="37" pageNumber="138">Mandrare</normalizedToken>
River, 14.6 km 329° NNW Amboasary, -24.95694, 46.2715, 35 m, gallery forest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); RP Berenty, F de Malaza,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mandraré" pageId="37" pageNumber="138">Mandrare</normalizedToken>
River, 8.6 km 314° NW Amboasary, -25.00778, 46.306, 40 m, gallery forest (Fisher-Griswold Arthropod Team) (CASC); RP Berenty, -25.00667, 46.30333, 85 m, gallery forest (Rin'Ha, Irwin) (CASC); RS Ambohijanahary, F d'Ankazotsihitafototra, 35.2 km 312° NW Ambaravaranala, -18.26667, 45.40667, 1050 m, montane rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Sept Lacs, -23.52833, 44.15556, 80 m, gallery forest (Frontier Project) (CASC); Southern Isoky-Vohimena Forest, 59 km NE Sakaraha, -22.46667, 44.85, 730 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); Vohibasia Forest, 59 km NE Sakaraha, -22.46667, 44.85, 780 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); Zombitsy Forest, 15 km NE Sakaraha, -22.8925, 44.67833, 750 m, secondary forest (E. Rajeriarison) (MCZC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29351" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dea3e008-e8b0-4276-9859-d8decf7bcb67" ID-PMC="PMC6323113" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-114-95" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D72DFFAF5309FFDEFFBCFFBFDB1BFFC4" ID-PubMed="30627043" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2533529" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2003-114-95" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="New species of Paullinia (Sapindaceae) from continental tropical America" checkinTime="1553125320867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Acevedo-Rodriguez, Pedro &amp; Somner, Genise Vieira" docDate="2018" docId="15DCA22216FC3ADC3FDB5C12BFE3A6DC" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 114: 95-113" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 114" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29351" docTitle="Paullinia decorticans Acevedo-Rodríguez &amp; Somner 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="D72DFFAF5309FFDEFFBCFFBFDB1BFFC4" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="D72DFFAF5309FFDEFFBCFFBFDB1BFFC4" masterDocTitle="New species of Paullinia (Sapindaceae) from continental tropical America" masterLastPageNumber="113" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1668139151817" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New species of Paullinia (Sapindaceae) from continental tropical America</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Acevedo-Rodriguez, Pedro</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Somner, Genise Vieira</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>114</mods:number>
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<mods:start>95</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29351</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29351</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472483" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:15DCA22216FC3ADC3FDB5C12BFE3A6DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/15DCA22216FC3ADC3FDB5C12BFE3A6DC" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName LSID="80069822-6677-56CD-9598-88874C3D7B41" authority="Somner &amp; Acev. - Rodr." authorityName="Acevedo-Rodríguez &amp; Somner" authorityYear="2018" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia decorticans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decorticans" status="sp. nov.">Paullinia decorticans Somner &amp; Acev.-Rodr.</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="95">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Paullinia decorticans. A Fruiting branch B Detail of abaxial surface of leaflet C Insertion of two basal leaflets showing defoliating rachis and petiole D Axillary shoot with overlapping cataphylls E Bulbous, young axillary shoot covered by cataphylls F Stipule G Staminate flower, lateral view H Posterior petal, dorsal view I Posterior petal with appendage, frontal view J Staminate flower with removed perianth showing nectary lobes and stamens, posterior view K Axillary infructescence with a fruit L Seed, ventral view. A, B, E, G-J from Burnham 1551 (US) C from Ceron &amp; Hurtado 4167 (US) D from Vasquez &amp; Jaramillo 17138 (MO) F from Hurtado 2819 (MO) K, L from Vasquez &amp; Criollo 1804 (US)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.114.29351.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/253628" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia decorticans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Paullinia decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. martinellii" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="martinellii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">P. martinellii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Acev.-Rodr. &amp; Somner the presence of bulbous axillary buds with large cataphylls and large overlapping bracts. However,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. decorticans" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">P. decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. martinellii" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="martinellii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">P. martinellii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the sericeous-lanate, glabrescent stems with defoliating bark (vs. tomentulose, glabrescent, without defoliating bark), the subulate 3-4 cm long stipules (vs. ovate to cordiform and clasping the stem, 3-5 cm long) and the depressed globose, sessile, puberulous fruits (vs. ellipsoid, long attenuate at the base and hirtellous).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2533685" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.114.29351.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/253628" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia decorticans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Paullinia decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">A</emphasis>
Fruiting branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">B</emphasis>
Detail of abaxial surface of leaflet
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C</emphasis>
Insertion of two basal leaflets showing defoliating rachis and petiole
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">D</emphasis>
Axillary shoot with overlapping cataphylls
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">E</emphasis>
Bulbous, young axillary shoot covered by cataphylls
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">F</emphasis>
Stipule
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">G</emphasis>
Staminate flower, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">H</emphasis>
Posterior petal, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">I</emphasis>
Posterior petal with appendage, frontal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">J</emphasis>
Staminate flower with removed perianth showing nectary lobes and stamens, posterior view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">K</emphasis>
Axillary infructescence with a fruit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">L</emphasis>
Seed, ventral view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
A, B, E,
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Burnham 1551</emphasis>
(US)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">C</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cerón">Ceron</normalizedToken>
&amp; Hurtado 4167
</emphasis>
(US)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">D</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vásquez">Vasquez</normalizedToken>
&amp; Jaramillo 17138
</emphasis>
(MO)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">F</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Hurtado 2819</emphasis>
(MO)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">K, L</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vásquez">Vasquez</normalizedToken>
&amp; Criollo 1804
</emphasis>
(US).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
ECUADOR. Napo;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
National Park, 44-45 km along Maxus Petroleum Road, growing on trees along roadside, terra firme forest,
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.6666667">00°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.38333">76°23'W</geoCoordinate>
, 200-300 m elev., 18 Jan 1998 (fl, fr),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Burnham 1551</emphasis>
(holotype: US!; isotype: F!, QCA!)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
Liana climbing on trees. Young stems sericeous-lanate, with beige, straight, trichomes, 5-8 mm long; mature stems to 3.3 cm diam., sub-terete, furrowed, glabrous, light brown, with lines of lenticels, producing abundant milky latex; bark thin, defoliating in small, rectangular plates; cross section simple, with solid medulla and lobed xylem. Axillary buds bulbous, ovoid, 8-25 mm long; cataphylls numerous, overlapping, acrescent, 5-10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-3 cm, oblong, membranaceous, furfuraceous and sericeous. Stipules subulate 3-4 cm long, abaxially sparsely sericeous, early deciduous. Leaves pinnately 5- or 7-foliolate; petioles and rachis naked, sericeous when young, becoming glabrous and striate, with defoliating, thin epidermal layer; petioles 3-16(24.5) cm long; rachis 3-7.5(17) cm long; distal petiolules 5-15 mm long, lateral and basal petiolules 5-10 mm long; leaflets 9-14 (20)
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-5 cm, chartaceous, elliptic, oblong or less often lanceolate or oblanceolate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely sericeous along primary and secondary veins, attenuate at base on distal leaflet, obtuse or rounded and asymmetrical on lateral leaflets, caudate at apex, with entire or undulate margins, venation brochidodromous, tertiary venation percurrent between secondary veins. Thyrses axillary, spicate, 5-14 cm long, axis robust, shortly flavo-tomentose, without tendrils; bracts 7-10 mm long, deltate-ovate, coriaceous, abaxially shortly flavo-tomentose, overlapping; cincinni 4- to 6-flowered, sessile; bracteoles 3-5 mm long, deltate-lanceolate, coriaceous, abaxially shortly flavo-tomentose; pedicels ca. 3 mm long, shortly flavo-tomentose, articulate in upper third. Sepals 5, shortly flavo-tomentose, concave, coriaceous, the outer sepals ovate, ca. 5.5 mm long, inner sepals suborbicular, 7-7.5 mm long, the two anterior sepals connate ca.
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
of their length; petals elliptic, ca. 12 mm long, atrolineate, acuminate at apex; appendages ca. 8 mm long, crest fleshy, bifurcate; nectary 2- or 4-lobed, glabrous, posterior lobes rectangular, brownish, ca. 2 mm long, anterior lobes deltate, ca. 1 mm long, or obsolete; torus flavo-tomentose; filaments densely lanate; gynoecium ca. 5.5 mm long, ovary trilobed-ellipsoid, densely ferruginous-tomentose. Capsule ellipsoid to globose-trilobed, unwinged, reddish, 3-4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.2-3 cm, woody, puberulent or glabrous, sessile, apiculate at apex; pericarp ca. 8 mm thick. Seeds 1 to 3 per capsule, trigono-ellipsoid (with 2 flat sides), ca. 2.5 cm long, testa dark brown, dull, without arillode.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Known from NW Amazonia, in Ecuador and Peru in non-flooded, dense forest 140-400 m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Collected in flower in May, December and January and in fruit from December to January.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">The specific epithet refers to the defoliating bark and epidermis of leaf axes present in the new species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
Although
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia decorticans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Paullinia decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from few collections, they come within an EOO of ca. 80,000 km2, which include the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
National Park and densely forested areas within Loreto, Peru. Given the low level of threats associated with this vast region, this species is here treated as least concern (LC) within IUCN guidelines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
ECUADOR: Napo. Parque Nacional
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
, Pozo petrolero Daimi 2, primary humid, partly flooded forest along river,
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.9166667">00°55'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.183334">76°11'W</geoCoordinate>
, 200 m elev., 26
<normalizedToken originalValue="May–">May-</normalizedToken>
8 Jun 1988 (fl),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cerón">Ceron</normalizedToken>
&amp; Hurtado 4167
</emphasis>
(US). Pastaza. Petroleum well Villano 2 de Arco, primary, humid forest,
<geoCoordinate degrees="01" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.4166666">01°25'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.333336">77°20'W</geoCoordinate>
, 400 m 1-18 Dec 1991 (fl),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Hurtado 2819</emphasis>
(MO), Mun. Puyo; Los Vencedores, Experimental Station ESPOCH, ca. 30 minutes by car, S of Puyo, premontane rainforest,
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.5">1°30'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.933334">77°56'W</geoCoordinate>
, 13 Dec 1995 (fl, fr),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Soerjato et al. 9392</emphasis>
(F). Orellana. Parque Nacional
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
, Parcela permanente de 50 ha del Proyecto &quot;Dinamica del Bosque
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
a 1 km de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="estación">estacion</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Científica">Cientifica</normalizedToken>
del
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
, bosque muy
<normalizedToken originalValue="húmedo">humedo</normalizedToken>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-0.68333334">0°41'00&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-76.40278">76°24'10&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 230 m elev., 31 May 2006 (st),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Romero-Saltos et al., 2583</emphasis>
(QCA). PERU. Loreto. Quebrada Sucursari, (N side tributary of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napo), mature terra firme forest,
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.25">3°15'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.916664">72°55'W</geoCoordinate>
, 140 m elev., 14 Jun 1986 (st),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Gentry et al. 54367</emphasis>
(MO); Maynas. Explorama Lodge
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
way between Indiana and mouth of Napo river, mature forest on lateritic soil,
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.4666667">3°28'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.833336">72°50'W</geoCoordinate>
, 140 m elev., 5 Jan 1991 (st),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Gentry el al 72124</emphasis>
(MO); vicinity of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aguaytía">Aguaytia</normalizedToken>
, woods, 1 Jul 1967 (st),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Mathias &amp; Taylor 5076</emphasis>
(F), Pto Alianza, Tamshiyacu creek, primary forest,
<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.133333">04°08'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.916664">72°55'W</geoCoordinate>
, 160 m elev., 28 May 1981 (fr),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vásquez">Vasquez</normalizedToken>
&amp; Criollo 1804
</emphasis>
(US), Explorama Inn, ca. 2 km W of Indiana on Rio Amazonas, well-drained forest on good soil,
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.5">3°30'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-73.03333">73°02'W</geoCoordinate>
, 130 m elev., 14 Feb 1987 (st),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Gentry et al. 55862</emphasis>
(F, MO), Iquitos, seasonally flooded, primary forest,
<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.1666665">04°10'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-73.5">73°30'W</geoCoordinate>
, 150-180 m elev., 6 Jul 1991 (st),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vásquez">Vasquez</normalizedToken>
&amp; Jaramillo17138
</emphasis>
(MO).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="vernacular name">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Vernacular name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
Equador. Pastaza:
<taxonomicName genus="Chunda" lsidName="Chunda" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Chunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fide
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Hurtado 2819</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName genus="Macote" lsidName="Macote" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Macote</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fide
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Mathias 5076</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia decorticans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Paullinia decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. martinellii" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="martinellii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">P. martinellii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only other species of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Paullinia</taxonomicName>
with bulbous axillary buds with large cataphylls and large overlapping bracts by the features discussed in the diagnosis.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paullinia decorticans" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Paullinia decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species within the genus recorded as having defoliating bark and defoliating leaf rachis epidermis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>