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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.700.11784" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30d1c76a-41e1-4f66-9fb5-460bf381f752" ID-PMC="PMC5711039" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-700-1" ID-PubMed="29358897" ID-ZBK="EBA4322720AD4CFFA04E8D2542DDA3D6" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-700-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 700" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the ant genus Melophorus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1506009303549" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Heterick, Brian E., Castalanelli, Mark &amp; Shattuck, Steve O." docDate="2017" docId="157A035CA03EB7C050FFA188CE59D277" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 700: 1-420" docOrigin="ZooKeys 700" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.700.11784" docTitle="Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus Heterick, Castalanelli &amp; Shattuck, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="A819AB8E-CAB1-4DAA-8A58-54F700A0715D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="289" masterDocId="FF93E60CA711CB7BFF95D521FFFDFF9A" masterDocTitle="Revision of the ant genus Melophorus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="420" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="286" updateTime="1668164819442" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision of the ant genus Melophorus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heterick, Brian E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Castalanelli, Mark</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Shattuck, Steve O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>700</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>420</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.700.11784</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.700.11784</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-700-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">EBA4322720AD4CFFA04E8D2542DDA3D6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EBA4322720AD4CFFA04E8D2542DDA3D6</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="150814525" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A819AB8E-CAB1-4DAA-8A58-54F700A0715D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/157A035CA03EB7C050FFA188CE59D277" lastPageId="288" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="285" pageNumber="286">
<subSubSection pageId="285" pageNumber="286" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="285" pageNumber="286">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/A819AB8E-CAB1-4DAA-8A58-54F700A0715D" authority="Heterick, Castalanelli &amp; Shattuck" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="285" pageNumber="286" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caeruleoviolaceus">Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus Heterick, Castalanelli &amp; Shattuck</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="285" pageNumber="286">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="286" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="285" pageNumber="286" type="types">
<paragraph pageId="285" pageNumber="286">Types.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="286" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="285" pageNumber="286">
Holotype minor worker (middle ant) from 53 km E of Vokes Hill, Victoria Desert, South Australia, 9 October 1976, P.J.
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="285" pageNumber="286" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
Greenslade, (11) [ANIC32-900183] (ANIC). Paratypes: media worker and minor worker on same pin and with same details as holotype (ANIC); 4 minor workers from Emily Gap, Northern territory, 18
<pageBreakToken pageId="286" pageNumber="287" start="start">May</pageBreakToken>
1978, Zhakharov, nest N65 [ANIC32-0133892] (BMNH); 2 major workers from 16 km W of Mt Aloysius
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-26.015">26.015S</geoCoordinate>
, 128.26'E, Western Australia, 16 November 1977, J. E. Feehan, associated collector T. A. Weir [ANIC32-900182] (MCZ); 3 minor workers from Wilgena Hill E. Tarcoola, South Australia, 2 October 1976, P.J.
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
Greenslade, (3)a. (SAM); minor worker from 146.8 km SSE of Newman
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-24.589167">24°35'21&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="120.26111">120°15'40&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, Western Australia, April 1997, S. van Leeuwen &amp; R. N. Bromilow, Perm. Invert. pitfall trap B1. Mulga woodland [JDM32-004943] (WAM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="286" pageNumber="287" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="286" pageNumber="287">Other material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="286" pageNumber="287">
New South Wales: Acacia Vale, near Broken Hill (Greenslade, P.J.
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
[ANIC32-900052]). Northern Territory: Emily Gap (Zakharov), Queensland: Ernest Henry Mine (Sanders,
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
). South Australia: 80 km W Emu, Victoria Desert (Greenslade, P.J.
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
), 85 km W Mabel Creek (Greenslade, P.J.
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
), 8 mi E Wilgena (Greaves, T. [ANIC32-900051]), Mt Davies turnoff, Victoria Desert (Greenslade, P.J.
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M." pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="genus">M.</taxonomicName>
), Western Australia: Pannawonica Hill (Bokhari, F. [M152]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="286" pageNumber="287" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="286" pageNumber="287">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="286" pageNumber="287">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caeruleoviolaceus">Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
can be placed in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. biroi" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="species" species="biroi">M. biroi</taxonomicName>
species-group on the basis of characters of the clypeus, propodeum, mandible and palps. The species is also placed in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. wheeleri" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="species" species="wheeleri">M. wheeleri</taxonomicName>
species-complex because it agrees with the following apomorphies possessed by the complex: the minor worker often has more than five teeth, the largest major worker has a short, massive, elbowed mandible directed posteriad; in profile, the maxillary palps are short in the major and generally short in minor workers (in the minor worker, usually only attaining the neck sclerite at their maximum extent when the head is moderately inclined) and, in full-face view, the anterior margin of the clypeus in the large major worker is usually planar or weakly concave (variable in other subcastes but planar or narrowly protuberant anterior clypeal margins predominate). Within its complex,
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. caeruleoviolaceus" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="species" species="caeruleoviolaceus">M. caeruleoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
is characterised as a strongly bicoloured, relatively smooth species with black, brown or variegated brown head, orange mesosoma and black gaster, the gaster and often the head (in darker morphs) with distinct bluish to violet iridescence. This colour pattern is found in all subcastes but the colour pattern and bluish or violet iridescence is not shared by any other member of the
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. wheeleri" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" rank="species" species="wheeleri">M. wheeleri</taxonomicName>
species-complex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="287" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="286" pageNumber="287" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="286" pageNumber="287">Minor worker description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="287" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="286" pageNumber="287">
Head. Head square; posterior margin of head weakly convex; frons shining with superficial shagreenation or microreticulation only; pilosity of frons a mixture of a few well-spaced, erect setae interspersed with appressed setae only. Eye moderate (eye length 0.20-0.49 length of side of head capsule); in full-face view, eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; in profile, eye set anteriad of midline of head capsule; eyes elliptical or slightly reniform. In full-face view, frontal carinae straight, divergent posteriad; frontal lobes straight in front of antennal insertion. Anteromedial clypeal margin broadly and evenly convex; clypeal psammophore set at or above midpoint of clypeus; palp formula 6,4. Five to six mandibular teeth in minor worker; mandibles triangular, weakly incurved; third mandibular tooth distinctly shorter than apical tooth and teeth numbers two and four; masticatory margin of mandibles approximately vertical or weakly oblique. Mesosoma. Integument of pronotum, mesonotum and mesopleuron moderately shining and shagreenate throughout; anterior mesosoma in profile broadly convex; appearance of erect pronotal setae short, (i.e., longest erect setae shorter than length of eye) and unmodified; in profile, metano
<pageBreakToken pageId="287" pageNumber="288" start="start">tal</pageBreakToken>
groove shallow, broadly V or U-shaped; propodeum shining and finely striolate and microreticulate; propodeum smoothly rounded or with indistinct angle, or angulate, propodeal angle blunt; length ratio of propodeal dorsum to its declivity about 4:3; erect propodeal setae present and abundant (greater than 12); appressed propodeal setulae short, separated by more than own length and inconspicuous; propodeal spiracle situated on or beside declivitous face of propodeum, and shorter (length &lt;0.50
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
height of propodeum). Petiole. In profile, petiolar node, squamiform or subcuboidal, vertex bluntly rounded; in full-face view, shape of petiolar node uniformly rounded; node shining and smooth with vestigial sculpture. Gaster. Gaster shining, shagreenate ('LP
<normalizedToken originalValue="record’">record'</normalizedToken>
appearance); pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of a mixture of curved, erect and semi-erect setae and decumbent and appressed setae that form a variable pubescence. General characters. Colour of most of head, and coxae blackish-brown, mesosoma orange tan, gaster black; gaster (and often, head) with violet iridescence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="287" pageNumber="288" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="287" pageNumber="288">Major worker description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="287" pageNumber="288">
Head. Head horizontally rectangular, broader than wide; posterior margin of head planar or weakly concave; cuticle of frons matt or with weak sheen, indistinctly shagreenate; pilosity of frons a mixture of many short, erect, bristly setae interspersed with regularly spaced appressed setae. Eye moderate (eye length 0.20-0.49 length of head capsule); in full-face view, eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; in profile, eye set anteriad of midline of head capsule; roughly ovoid, eye narrowed posteriad. In full-face view, frontal carinae straight, divergent posteriad; frontal lobes curved inward in front of antennal insertion. Anterior clypeal margin straight; clypeal psammophore set at or above midpoint of clypeus; palp formula 6,4. Four distinct mandibular teeth in major worker; mandibles weakly incurved; third mandibular tooth distinctly shorter than apical tooth and teeth numbers two and four; masticatory margin of mandibles approximately aligned vertically or weakly oblique. Mesosoma. Integument of pronotum, mesonotum and mesopleuron moderately shining and shagreenate throughout; anterior mesosoma in profile broadly convex; erect pronotal setae short, (i.e., shorter than length of eye) and unmodified; in profile, metanotal groove shallow, broadly V- or U-shaped; propodeum shining, with multiple hair like striolae; propodeum angulate, propodeal angle blunt; length ratio of propodeal dorsum to its declivity between 1:1 and 1:2; erect propodeal setae present and abundant (at least a dozen); appressed propodeal setae short, separated by more than own length and inconspicuous; propodeal spiracle situated at least twice its width from the declivitous face of propodeum, and shorter (length less than 0.50
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
height of propodeum). Petiole. In profile, petiolar node narrowly conical, vertex blunt; in full-face view, shape of petiolar node uniformly rounded; node shining and faintly shagreenate-microreticulate. Gaster. Gaster weakly shining with indistinct shagreenation; pilosity of first gastral tergite consisting of well-spaced, short, thick, erect setae interspersed with minute, appressed setae. General characters. Colour of head, mesosoma and coxae variegated blackish-brown and orange tan, gaster black; gaster (and, often, head) with violet iridescence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="287" pageNumber="288" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="287" pageNumber="288">Measurements.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="287" pageNumber="288">Worker (n = 6): CI 108-125; EI 21-31; EL 0.22-0.30; HL 0.68-1.15; HW 0.73-1.44; ML 0.97-1.54; MTL 0.59-0.86; PpH 0.11-0.18; PpL 0.40-0.63; SI 66-97; SL 0.71-0.95.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="288" pageNumber="289" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="288" pageNumber="289">
<pageBreakToken pageId="288" pageNumber="289" start="start">Comments</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="288" pageNumber="289">
Although the overall appearance of this species is typical of many of the
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. biroi" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="biroi">M. biroi</taxonomicName>
species-group, the violet iridescence on the gaster, and, in some instances, bluish iridescence on the head and body of the ant, make even old museum specimens strikingly attractive and serve to distinguish this ant from other
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melophorus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Melophorus</taxonomicName>
. The taxon is morphologically similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. setosus" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="setosus">M. setosus</taxonomicName>
, and the minor worker shares the same protuberant clypeus, square vertex and porrect, rounded node.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melophorus setosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setosus">Melophorus setosus</taxonomicName>
, however, is visibly covered in short, markedly modified erect setae, while the setae in
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. caeruleoviolaceus" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="caeruleoviolaceus">M. caeruleoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
are only slightly spatulate at their ends. Moreover, the major worker of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. setosus" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="setosus">M. setosus</taxonomicName>
has the characteristic mandible of the
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. fieldi" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="fieldi">M. fieldi</taxonomicName>
complex, unlike the crushing
<taxonomicName lsidName="wheeleri" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="wheeleri">wheeleri</taxonomicName>
-type mandible found in major workers of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. caeruleoviolaceus" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="caeruleoviolaceus">M. caeruleoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
. Sequencing has been carried out on one worker collected in hummock grassland near Pannawonica, WA. On a five-gene tree the WA specimen is placed near to
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. parvimolaris" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="parvimolaris">M. parvimolaris</taxonomicName>
, but is sister to
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. chauliodon" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" rank="species" species="chauliodon">M. chauliodon</taxonomicName>
on a three-gene tree, and this is likely to be the more accurate placement. Although the species is found in remote desert and semi-arid areas in (at the least) NSW, NT, SA and WA, ecological data are wanting.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="288" pageNumber="289" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="288" pageNumber="289">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="288" pageNumber="289">
Latin caeruleus (
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘sky-blue’">'sky-blue'</normalizedToken>
) plus violaceus (
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘violet’">'violet'</normalizedToken>
); referring to the attractively bicoloured appearance of this species; adjective in the nominative singular.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="288" pageNumber="289">
<paragraph pageId="288" pageNumber="289">
Figure 77.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Melophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="288" pageNumber="289" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caeruleoviolaceus">Melophorus caeruleoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
sp. n.: major worker paratype (ANIC32-900182-bottom ant) frons (a), profile (b) and dorsum (c); minor worker holotype (ANIC32-900183-middle ant) frons (d), profile (e) and dorsum (f); distribution map for the species (g). Low resolution scale bars: 0.5 mm (
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–f">a-f</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>