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data/15/3D/06/153D064AFC54E1410A637E6722F4BA35.xml
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<mods:title id="2EAFAB304D03780AB4A59D6C28F49D94">Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae.</mods:title>
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3.
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<taxonomicName id="FCCEA3D5789E4CE22E822A54F9FC4E8D" ID-CoL="4BQY7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33382" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla striata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata">Pachycondyla striata</taxonomicName>
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. B.M.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="BEF4314D9A80E71D93423D2750FA8D66" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" type="description">
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<paragraph id="880057DAE895FCFFCD9439BBC07CAEDC" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">Worker. Length 6 1/4 lines.-Black, subopake. Head very delicately striated longitudinally; the mandibles bent, and crossing at their apex, having a few elongate scattered punctures, and their inner margin denticulate. Thorax oblong, the sides flattened, the disk slightly convex, and longitudinally striated, the oblique truncation of the metathorax transversely so; the apical joints of the tarsi rufo-piceous; the anterior tarsi and the tibiae beneath, clothed with ferruginous pubescence; the legs with a few short scattered ferruginous hairs, the calcaria ferruginous. Abdomen: the node of the peduncle incrassate, elevated to a level with the first segment of the abdomen, rounded above; when closely applied to the abdomen, forming apparently the basal segment; the apical segment with thin pale pubescence, and having an elongate naked shining narrow space in the middle; the abdomen thinly sprinkled with erect ferruginous hairs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A3324C9A6847F4168E97049D1A11C63C" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">Hab. Rio. (Coll. Rev. Hamlet Clark.)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2DC8319E9965AA57DEF10C16B4BCFC3B" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9252226092A83BE699455F49E7C933AB" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">
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||||
This species resembles the
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||||
<taxonomicName id="B487878C072B58B52F03B286A0E61B11" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33253" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pachycondyla crassinoda (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassinoda">crassinoda</taxonomicName>
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of Latreille, but is at once distinguished by its smaller size, its striated head and thorax, and by the lateral margins of the latter having a sharp edge.
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||||
</paragraph>
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data/15/3D/65/153D654AB240FF850996A87309B0FB0D.xml
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<mods:namePart id="E240DE2EB7F5E3545DEE86B6330C9AB1">FERRÃO, R. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A33C577C08F2FF16D6EA8E649990759E">FONSECA, A. F. A. da.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06D530688AE4ED245AD6EE64D3901762">DE MUNER, L. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="379BC6FABC8ECA6F2A2B64EFAB1FD44F">Conilon coffee - The Coffea canephora produced in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:url id="48B667C1D1BC5FCB4E4E1BB26BC03CEC">https://biblioteca.incaper.es.gov.br/digital/bitstream/123456789/3514/1/book-conilon-coffee-3rd-edition-2019-Incaper.pdf</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="18B35A9A0598B9C87A012EF406226073">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="153D654AB240FF850996A87309B0FB0D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="215904942" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D654AB240FF850996A87309B0FB0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/153D654AB240FF850996A87309B0FB0D" lastPageNumber="2029" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB240FF850996A8730AE5FDC9" ID-CoL="98RPV" authority="Walker, 1856" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1856" box="[204,723,516,546]" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Eacles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imperialis" subSpecies="magnifica">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB240FF850996A8730A13FDC9" box="[204,549,516,546]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">Eacles imperialis magnifica</emphasis>
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Walker, 1856
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB240FF850BBBA8730BBFFDC9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[737,905,516,546]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB240FF850AC9A8730C1BFDC9" authorityName="Allen & F. Hannah" authorityYear="1986" box="[915,1069,516,546]" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
|
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)
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B240FF850996A82B09B0FB0D" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB240FF850996A82B0A14FD91" blockId="40.[150,1400,604,1018]" box="[204,546,604,634]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB240FF850996A82B0A14FD91" bold="true" box="[204,546,604,634]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">Description and Biology</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB240FF850996A8F00A41FC11" blockId="40.[150,1400,604,1018]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">
|
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Adult imperial moth caterpillars are yellow moths many dark spots on the wings, cut by two bands of violet-black color, with two circular spots of the same color. They present sexual dimorphism, with females being larger (135 mm wingspan) and wings less stained than males (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B240FF8509C4A9700914FCCE" box="[158,290,775,805]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="40.[721,805,1500,1527]" captionTargetBox="[718,1398,1026,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-362@40.[724,1394,1023,1479]" captionText="Figure 10. Imperial Moth Caterpillar, Eacles imperialis magnifica species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072593/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Each female places about 250 eggs, which are lay in groups on the leaves, from where the caterpillars hatch. The incubation period is 6 to 12 days and the caterpillars, which can reach 80 to 100 mm in length and show color variation of green, orange, yellow and brown. This larval stage has a variable lenght of 30 to 37 days, and the chrysalis transformation occurs in the soil. Under favorable conditions, this last stage lasts from 30 to 40 days, and may last for some months in adverse conditions.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB240FF850996AE6A091FFBD0" blockId="40.[151,685,1053,1254]" box="[204,297,1053,1083]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB240FF850996AE6A091FFBD0" bold="true" box="[204,297,1053,1083]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">Losses</emphasis>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB240FF850996AE3F09B0FB0D" blockId="40.[151,685,1053,1254]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029">This pest destroys the leaf blade and can completely defoliate the plant. However, productivity damage has not been determined.</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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data/15/3D/65/153D654AB240FF850996AF100D0EF886.xml
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data/15/3D/65/153D654AB240FF850996AF100D0EF886.xml
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145
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145
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB241FF840996A9E20A92FC58" ID-CoL="6BKKC" authority="Milliere, 1867" authorityName="Milliere" authorityYear="1867" box="[204,676,917,947]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Cryptoblabes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gnidiella">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB241FF840996A9E209DDFC58" box="[204,491,917,947]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">Cryptoblabes gnidiella</emphasis>
|
||||
Millière, 1867
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB241FF840BEBA9E20B6FFC58" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[689,857,917,947]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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)
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB241FF840996A99A0A14FBE0" bold="true" box="[204,546,1005,1035]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">Description and Biology</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB241FF840996AE6009D3FB5E" blockId="41.[150,1399,1005,1205]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">
|
||||
The caterpillars are dark brown and live in small groups weaving a small silk web between the fruits and the conilon coffee rosettes; entangle the remaining residues of flowering (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B241FF840C7BAE35088DFB60" captionStart="Figure12" captionStartId="41.[151,235,1692,1719]" captionTargetBox="[151,1399,1243,1675]" captionTargetId="figure-166@41.[541,987,1244,1674]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure12.Young form and pupa of the honeydewmoth caterpillar and damages the coffee tree rosette." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072597/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
).They reach from 10 to 11 mm in length. The adults are small moths of 7.5 to 8 mm wingspan, predominantly dark gray.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB241FF8409CDACEB0D41F95C" blockId="41.[151,1399,1692,1719]" box="[151,1399,1692,1719]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB241FF8409CDACEB0926F95C" bold="true" box="[151,272,1692,1719]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">Figure 12</emphasis>
|
||||
.Young form and pupa of the honeydew moth caterpillar and damages the coffee tree rosette.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB241FF840996AC9A0941F8DE" blockId="41.[151,1399,1773,1845]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">They occur throughout the productive cycle, from the emission of the flower buds until near the harvest.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB241FF840996AD2E091FF89C" blockId="41.[204,1398,1881,1953]" box="[204,297,1881,1911]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">
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<heading id="C6636330B241FF840996AD2E091FF89C" bold="true" box="[204,297,1881,1911]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030" reason="6">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB241FF840996AD2E091FF89C" bold="true" box="[204,297,1881,1911]" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">Losses</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB241FF870996ADF40913FEC5" blockId="41.[204,1398,1881,1953]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1399,229,302]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="2031" pageId="41" pageNumber="2030">
|
||||
The caterpillars mainly damage the bark of the base and the fruits peduncle, leading to their fall. It has been an important pest in the conilon coffee culture of Espírito Santo (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB242FF870DE3AA92092CFEC5" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & PERINI, J. L. & De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & MAZZO, G." pageId="42" pageNumber="2031" pagination="161" refId="ref23702" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; PERINI, J. L.; De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; MAZZO, G. Ocorrencia da lagarta das rosetas do cafeeiro, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) em Coffea canephora no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 161, 2000 d." title="Ocorrencia da lagarta das rosetas do cafeeiro, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) em Coffea canephora no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">FORNAZIER et al., 2000d</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB242FF870996AB2609FBFE84" blockId="42.[151,1401,337,751]" box="[204,461,337,367]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">
|
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<heading id="C6636330B242FF870996AB2609FBFE84" bold="true" box="[204,461,337,367]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031" reason="6">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB242FF870996AB2609FBFE84" bold="true" box="[204,461,337,367]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">Method of control</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB242FF870996AB0B0D2FFE04" blockId="42.[151,1401,337,751]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">
|
||||
The caterpillars control should be done when they are small, in initial instars, because as larger they become, more difficult is their control. In the initial stage, satisfactory results have been obtained with the microbial insecticide based on
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB242FF870A28ABA60C48FE04" authorityName="Berliner" authorityYear="1915" box="[882,1150,465,495]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thuringiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB242FF870A28ABA60C48FE04" box="[882,1150,465,495]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">Bacillus thuringiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(0.5 kg/ha).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB242FF870996AB8B0BF9FD04" blockId="42.[151,1401,337,751]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">
|
||||
For honeydew moth caterpillar efficient control, one should be aware of its occurrence, especially in the initial stages of flowering and the fruits development in order to start the spraying on the attacked terrains. The application technology is of fundamental importance, because this caterpillar is protected between the grains and the silk web that surrounds the floral residues. It is important that a high volume of syrup is used in order to make the product to get in contact with the insect (MARTINS;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB242FF870B8CA8A60BF2FD04" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S." box="[726,964,721,751]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031" pagination="107" refId="ref22808" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S. Controle da cochonilha branca da roseta, Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), em cafe Conilon irrigado. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 2002, Manaus, AM. Anais ... Manaus, AM: p. 107, 2002." title="Controle da cochonilha branca da roseta, Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), em cafe Conilon irrigado" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 2002, Manaus, AM. Anais ... Manaus, AM" year="2002">FORNAZIER, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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101
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101
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<treatment id="153D654AB242FF870996AE470AA8FB48" ID-GBIF-Taxon="215904898" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D654AB242FF870996AE470AA8FB48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/153D654AB242FF870996AE470AA8FB48" lastPageNumber="2031" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB242FF870996AE4709CFFBA5" box="[204,505,1072,1102]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">Pantomorus leucoloma</emphasis>
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|
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:
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adult insects measure about 8 mm in length, have a light brown color with white spots on the elytra and the characteristic face of the
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||||
family. The larvae are white and can live in the soil.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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||||
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||||
118
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118
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:
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There are other species of
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and
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB242FF870A5DAF470B9FFAA5" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1840" box="[775,937,1328,1358]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pantomorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pantomorus</taxonomicName>
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with varying sizes and colors that attack the coffee trees, whose species have not yet been identified.
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB242FF870996AFEB091FFA51" bold="true" box="[204,297,1436,1466]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">Losses</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB242FF870996AFB10A91F9D1" blockId="42.[151,1399,1436,1594]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">The adult insects feed by destroying the edge of new leaves, giving them a serrated appearance. They occur in the summer and in severe attacks, they even cause the plants death by the destruction of leaves and shoots.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB242FF870996AC2A09FBF990" bold="true" box="[204,461,1629,1659]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">Method of control</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB242FF870996ACFF0AD2F94D" blockId="42.[204,740,1629,1702]" box="[204,740,1672,1702]" pageId="42" pageNumber="2031">Occasional insects rarely require control.</paragraph>
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142
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB243FF860996ABEC099FFE52" box="[204,425,411,441]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">Oligonychus ilicis</emphasis>
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(McGregor, 1917)
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(Acari:
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The coffee mite females are about 0.4 mm long and have orange-colored legs and body, but with large dark spots on the back of the body. Males are smaller than females, lighter in color and occur in fewer numbers. The eggs, bright red, almost spherical, slightly flattened, are lay in a group of 10 to 15 on the upper face of the leaves. The larvae hatch after six to ten days, and can become adults in only seven days. However, the main form of reproduction of this species is Thelytokous parthenogenesis, in which the offspring are composed only of females. Its biological cycle is completed in an interval of 11 to 17 days (REIS; ALVES;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB243FF860D2EA9690D10FCD7" author="SOUZA, J. C. & REIS, P. R." bookContentInfo="40 p." box="[1140,1318,798,828]" journalOrPublisher="Belo Horizonte: EPAMIG" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032" refId="ref28212" refString="SOUZA, J. C.; REIS, P. R. Broca-do-cafe: historico, reconhecimento, biologia, prejuizos, monitoramento e controle. 2. ed. Belo Horizonte: EPAMIG, 40 p. 1997. (EPAMIG, Boletim Tecnico 50)." title="Broca-do-cafe: historico, reconhecimento, biologia, prejuizos, monitoramento e controle. 2. ed" type="book" year="1997">SOUZA, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
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). They live on the upper face of the coffee tree leaves, where they shelter under thin layer of web. Periods of more prolonged drought favor its occurrence, because in rainy seasons, the mites are easily washed.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB243FF860996A9A8091FFC16" blockId="43.[149,1401,991,1363]" box="[204,297,991,1021]" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">
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<heading id="C6636330B243FF860996A9A8091FFC16" bold="true" box="[204,297,991,1021]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032" reason="6">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB243FF860996A9A8091FFC16" bold="true" box="[204,297,991,1021]" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">Losses</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB243FF860996AE7D0BC0FAB8" blockId="43.[149,1401,991,1363]" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">
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In intense attacks, the leaves lose their characteristic brightness and become yellowish at first until they become tanned (
|
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<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B243FF860B74AE420A9BFBB8" box="[558,685,1077,1107]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="43.[150,234,1769,1796]" captionTargetBox="[151,1402,1404,1752]" captionTargetId="graphics-317@43.[151,1398,1403,1752]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 13. Plant attacked by red mite (A); and detail of the characteristic luster loss of the infested leaf (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072599/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In dry and hot winter years or in pronounced summer, mites can cause coffee tree defoliation. These mites attacks usually occur in "reboleiras̎ from where they are dispersed throughout the crop. So far, no work has been found reporting the effect of this attack on coffee conilon productivity. For Arabica coffee this damage can reach 65% of productivity (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB243FF8608F0AEA80AFCFB16" author="SAN JUAN, R. C. C. & FIORELLI, J. H. & MATIELLO, J. B. & PAIVA, R. N. & REIS, R. P. & ANDRADE, R. J. & RAMOS, S. V." box="[426,714,1247,1277]" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032" pagination="72 - 73" refId="ref27458" refString="SAN JUAN, R. C. C.; FIORELLI, J. H.; MATIELLO, J. B.; PAIVA, R. N.; REIS, R. P.; ANDRADE, R. J.; RAMOS, S. V. Quantificacao do nivel de dano pelo ataque do acaro vermelho do cafeeiro no sul de Minas. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 33., 2007. Lavras. Anais ... Rio de Janeiro: MAPA / PROCAFE. p. 72 - 73. 2007." title="Quantificacao do nivel de dano pelo ataque do acaro vermelho do cafeeiro no sul de Minas" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 33., 2007. Lavras. Anais ... Rio de Janeiro: MAPA / PROCAFE" year="2007">SAN JUAN et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In field conditions, the development of these mites populations is rapid, particularly in growing fields in summer.This attack causes total defoliation of the plants, with consequent delay in the conilon crop growing.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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<caption id="C9EB84D4B243FF8609CCAC9E0970F8CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072599/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032" startId="43.[150,234,1769,1796]" targetBox="[151,1402,1404,1752]" targetPageId="43" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB243FF8609CCAC9E0970F8CC" blockId="43.[150,1397,1769,1831]" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB243FF8609CCAC9E0927F8EF" bold="true" box="[150,273,1769,1796]" pageId="43" pageNumber="2032">Figure 13</emphasis>
|
||||
. Plant attacked by red mite (A); and detail of the characteristic luster loss of the infested leaf (B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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</caption>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996AA9209FBFEE8" blockId="44.[151,1399,229,473]" box="[204,461,229,259]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
|
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<heading id="C6636330B244FF810996AA9209FBFEE8" bold="true" box="[204,461,229,259]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033" reason="6">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB244FF810996AA9209FBFEE8" bold="true" box="[204,461,229,259]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">Method of control</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996AB6709BDFE32" blockId="44.[151,1399,229,473]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
|
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The control is done by the use of specific acaricides in the "reboleiras̎ (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB244FF810D2EAB670D5AFEC5" author="COSTA, J. N. M. & TEIXEIRA, C. A. D. & GARCIA A. & SOUZA, M. S. & GAMA, F. C." bookContentInfo="4 p." box="[1140,1388,272,302]" journalOrPublisher="Porto Velho: EMBRAPA-CPAF Rondonia" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033" refId="ref21844" refString="COSTA, J. N. M.; TEIXEIRA, C. A. D.; GARCIA A.; SOUZA, M. S.; GAMA, F. C. Eficiencia de acaricidas no controle do acaro-vermelho em cafe Conilon. Porto Velho: EMBRAPA-CPAF Rondonia, 2003. 4 p. (EMBRAPA - CPAF Rondonia. Comunicado Tecnico, 270)." title="Eficiencia de acaricidas no controle do acaro-vermelho em cafe Conilon" type="book" year="2003">COSTA et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). It is important to inspect the terrains to detect pest infestation, particularly in periods that favor their population development. Copper fungicides applied to combat coffee rust
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB244FF810C5EAB1209ABFE45" authority="Berk & Br." authorityName="Berk & Br." class="Pucciniomycetes" family="Mikronegeriaceae" genus="Hemileia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pucciniales" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="vastatrix">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB244FF810C5EAB120930FE45" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">Hemileia vastatrix</emphasis>
|
||||
Berk & Br.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can contribute to increase the population of these mites (REIS; SILVA; CARVALHO, 1974).
|
||||
</paragraph>
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132
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(Banks, 1904)
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(Acari:
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996A8AB0D35FC24" blockId="44.[151,1400,689,975]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">These mites were observed occurring in the coffee tree for the first time in Brazil, in Espírito Santo (CHIAVEGATO et al., 1974). It is known as a broad mite, tropical mite or white mite. It is white in color and measures 0.17 mm in length. Their eggs are of white color and placed isolated in the inferior face of the new leaves, where they spend their whole life. This species does not weave web and its population development is favored by high temperatures and rainy weather, being able to complete a generation in the period of three to five days.</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996A984091FFBFA" blockId="44.[151,1400,1011,1254]" box="[204,297,1011,1041]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
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|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB244FF810996A984091FFBFA" bold="true" box="[204,297,1011,1041]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">Losses</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996AE6A0B9CFB0D" blockId="44.[151,1400,1011,1254]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
|
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As a consequence of these mites attack, the new leaves become coriaceous and depressed in the central part with the edges facing downwards (
|
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<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B244FF810A05AE3F0BD7FB8D" box="[863,993,1096,1126]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="44.[151,235,1670,1697]" captionTargetBox="[151,1398,1293,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-334@44.[643,845,1292,1654]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 14. Coffee tree leaves with the broad mite attack symptoms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072601/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||||
), due to the uneven growth of the leaf blade, evolving to necrosis and tearing. When these symptoms manifest themselves, no mites are found in these leaves. It is important in nurseries with excessive irrigation and in plantations, in which the seedlings are infested by the pest.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF8109CDACF10BFDF94A" blockId="44.[151,971,1670,1697]" box="[151,971,1670,1697]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB244FF8109CDACF10924F94A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1670,1697]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">Figure 14</emphasis>
|
||||
. Coffee tree leaves with the broad mite attack symptoms.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996ACA809FBF916" blockId="44.[150,1399,1759,1959]" box="[204,461,1759,1789]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
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<heading id="C6636330B244FF810996ACA809FBF916" bold="true" box="[204,461,1759,1789]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033" reason="6">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB244FF810996ACA809FBF916" bold="true" box="[204,461,1759,1789]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">Method of control</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB244FF810996AD7E0ACCF84C" blockId="44.[150,1399,1759,1959]" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033">
|
||||
The broad mite is polyphagous and can be found in planted cultures intercropped with conilon coffee, mainly in beans and papaya (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB244FF810B81AD430BE7F8B9" author="GALLO, D. & NAKANO, O. & SILVEIRA NETO, S. & CARVALHO, R. P. L. & BAPTISTA, G. L. & PARRA, J. R. P. & ZUCCHI. R. A. & ALVES, S. B. & VENDRAMIM, J. D. & MARCHINI, L. C. & LOPES, J. R. S. & OMOTO, C." bookContentInfo="920 p." box="[731,977,1844,1874]" journalOrPublisher="Piracicaba: FEALQ" pageId="44" pageNumber="2033" refId="ref24909" refString="GALLO, D.; NAKANO, O.; SILVEIRA NETO, S.; CARVALHO, R. P. L.; BAPTISTA, G. L.; PARRA, J. R. P.; ZUCCHI. R. A.; ALVES, S. B.; VENDRAMIM, J. D.; MARCHINI, L. C.; LOPES, J. R. S.; OMOTO, C. Entomologia Agricola. Piracicaba: FEALQ. 2002. 920 p." title="Entomologia Agricola" type="book" year="2002">GALLO et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Thus, intercropped plantations of conilon with papaya may imply higher levels of damage for both crops, especially for papaya because it is more sensitive to this pest attack.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB245FF800996AA920D67FEE8" blockId="45.[204,1361,229,259]" box="[204,1361,229,259]" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">The chemical control can be carried out with specific acaricides in localized application.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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||||
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||||
127
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB245FF800996ABF309CAFE49" box="[204,508,388,418]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">Xylosandrus compactus</emphasis>
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(Eichhoff, 1875)
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB245FF800B84ABF30B40FE49" box="[734,886,388,418]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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)
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B245FF800996ABB20D29F988" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" type="biology_ecology">
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Known in the English-speaking countries as
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB245FF800A1EABB20C5CFE08" box="[836,1130,453,483]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">black ambrosia beetle</emphasis>
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(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B245FF800DDAABB20D3EFE08" box="[1152,1288,453,483]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="45.[153,237,1115,1142]" captionTargetBox="[151,1398,659,1100]" captionTargetId="graphics-304@45.[152,1398,660,1101]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figure 15. Adult stem borer of the coffee tree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072603/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">Figure 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
), it is a polyphagous pest originating in Asia and attacks more than 200 shrub and tree species, cultivated and wild, and is one of the few ambrosia beetles infesting healthy plants (COGNATO, 2005).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B245FF8009C3AE2C0AFEFB9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072603" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072603" box="[153,712,1115,1142]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072603/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" startId="45.[153,237,1115,1142]" targetBox="[151,1398,659,1100]" targetPageId="45" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB245FF8009C3AE2C0AFEFB9D" blockId="45.[153,712,1115,1142]" box="[153,712,1115,1142]" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB245FF8009C3AE2C0927FB9D" bold="true" box="[153,273,1115,1142]" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">Figure 15</emphasis>
|
||||
. Adult stem borer of the coffee tree.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB245FF800996AEEC0D29F988" blockId="45.[149,1401,1179,1635]" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">
|
||||
Its worldwide distribution was reported by Tenbrink and Hara (2006). It is widespread in all areas of coffee cultivation worldwide, being considered a serious pest in French Guiana. It is also widely distributed in tropical areas of West and East Africa, Fiji, India, Java, Madagascar, Malaysia and Sumatra (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB245FF800891AF6C0A47FAD2" author="DAVIS, C. J." box="[459,625,1307,1337]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" pagination="197" part="23" refId="ref22521" refString="DAVIS, C. J. Notes and Exhibitions. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, v. 23, n. 2, p. 197, 1963" title="Notes and Exhibitions" type="journal article" year="1963">DAVIS, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, NELSON; DAVIS, 1972), including Brazil and Cuba (DIXON; WOODRUFF,1982).The main hosts are avocado, anthurium, cocoa, arabica coffee, citrus,cypress, eucalyptus, guava, hibiscus, lychee, macadamia, mango, mahogany and orchids (TENBRINK; HARA, 2006). In Brazil,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB245FF8008EDAFEC0A57FA52" baseAuthorityName="Eichhoff" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[439,609,1435,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactus">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB245FF8008EDAFEC0A57FA52" box="[439,609,1435,1465]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">X. compactus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is reported among the main species of Scolytinae in primary forest in the State of Amazonas (ABREU; FONSECA; MARQUES, 1997). It is reported to occur in robusta coffee trees in the southern state of Bahia (MATIELLO; NEVES; SILVA, 1999) and conilon coffee in the northern region of Espírito Santo (DARÉ;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB245FF800A2CAC6C0C53F9D2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & FREITAS, J. L. & De MUNER, L. H." box="[886,1125,1563,1593]" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" pagination="103" refId="ref23202" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; FREITAS, J. L.; De MUNER, L. H. Adjuvantes e produtos quimicos no controle da cochonilha da roseta em cafe Conilon. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 31., 2005, Guarapari, ES. Anais ... Guarapari, ES: p. 103, 2005." title="Adjuvantes e produtos quimicos no controle da cochonilha da roseta em cafe Conilon" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 31., 2005, Guarapari, ES. Anais ... Guarapari, ES" year="2005">FORNAZIER, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; MATIELLO; FREITAS, 2005). In conilon coffee, this pest attacks the branches and lead them to dry (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B245FF800DC8AC320D24F988" box="[1170,1298,1605,1635]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="46.[151,235,800,827]" captionTargetBox="[151,1398,433,786]" captionTargetId="figure-333@46.[564,987,433,787]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 16. Coffee tree branches attacked by the black twig borer." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072605/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
118
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118
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(Wasmann, 1896)
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB245FF800B85AC930C30F8E9" ID-CoL="8P6WW" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1911" box="[735,1030,1764,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" genus="Coptotermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">C. havilandi Holmgren</taxonomicName>
|
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) (Isoptera:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB245FF800DCFAC930D46F8E9" ID-CoL="8NKQ8" authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1897" box="[1173,1392,1764,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Rhinotermitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhinotermitidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B245FF830996AD5209FDFA68" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="2035" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB245FF830996AD5208CBFE68" blockId="45.[152,1400,1829,1945]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1399,229,387]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="2035" pageId="45" pageNumber="2034">Termites cover more than 2 thousand species described in the world, and in Brazil, there are about 200 species. Although the importance of termites is known worldwide, especially in relation to the Neotropical regions fauna, little or no attention has been given to numerically estimating their populations and behavioral habits (foraging). Studies on biology, ecology and population dynamics have been conducted almost everywhere in the world, however our country, one of the largest places where the Isoptera order occurs, needs basic and applied studies.</paragraph>
|
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<caption id="C9EB84D4B246FF8309CDA9570B99FCD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072605" box="[151,943,800,827]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072605/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="2035" startId="46.[151,235,800,827]" targetBox="[151,1398,433,786]" targetPageId="46" targetType="figure">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB246FF8309CDA9570924FCD0" bold="true" box="[151,274,800,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="2035">Figure 16</emphasis>
|
||||
. Coffee tree branches attacked by the black twig borer.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB246FF830996A9120C59FBB2" blockId="46.[149,1401,869,1411]" pageId="46" pageNumber="2035">
|
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Also known as Philippine milk termite, it can be found mainly in urban areas, it primarily attacks wood and building furniture, but it does not attack only dead wood. The species reaches many living plant tissues such as avocados, white angicos, cashew trees, sugarcane, casuarina trees, eucalyptus, imperial palm trees, ironwoods, oiti, cork trees and several other plants in urban and rural areas. It was reported for the first time by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB246FF830A9AAE670CFFFBC5" author="MATTOS, R. J. & MIRANDA, G. B. & DIOGO, A. S. & CONCEICAO, R. G. & MENEZES, E. B. & AGUIAR-MENEZES, E. L. & AZEVEDO, P. J. C." box="[960,1225,1040,1070]" pageId="46" pageNumber="2035" pagination="91 - 92" refId="ref26167" refString="MATTOS, R. J.; MIRANDA, G. B.; DIOGO, A. S.; CONCEICAO, R. G.; MENEZES, E. B.; AGUIAR-MENEZES, E. L.; AZEVEDO, P. J. C. Danos causados por Coptotermes havilandi (H., 1911) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) em raizes de cafe robusta (Coffeea canephora) no estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG: p. 91 - 92, 2001." title="Danos causados por Coptotermes havilandi (H., 1911) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) em raizes de cafe robusta (Coffeea canephora) no estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG" year="2001">Mattos et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
in attack on conilon coffee roots in a rural area in the northern region of Espírito Santo.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB246FF830996AE1209FDFA68" blockId="46.[149,1401,869,1411]" pageId="46" pageNumber="2035">Unlike mound building termites, they construct their colonies in inaccessible places and have the habit of foraging underground. They attack the roots of conilon coffee from newly planted seedlings to plants about two years old, leading to their fall. Attacks of this pest can lead to the plants death, including the oldest ones, with destruction of the roots and heartwood. The symptoms of its attack can be confused with nutritional deficiency or attack of other subterranean pests, being necessary the careful uprooting of the plants and roots examination to verify its occurrence.</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
|
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128
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128
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DeGeer, 1775
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(
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB247FF820996AFA00A14FA1E" bold="true" box="[204,546,1495,1525]" pageId="47" pageNumber="2036">Description and Biology</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB247FF820996AC750960F94B" blockId="47.[151,1401,1495,1952]" pageId="47" pageNumber="2036">It is a cosmopolitan pest, distributed in tropical regions and causing damage to many stored products. It is an important pest of stored coffee and attacks both coffee beans and processed coffee. Its initial attack can occur in the crop, in fruits in phase of drying and persist in the storage.</paragraph>
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The adult is a beetle that is light brown to gray or brown in color, shiny and silky hairy. It has three elongated yellowish spots on the elytra, as well as light and dark punctiform spots in poorly defined alignment. This beetle measures about 5 mm long and 3 mm wide and is different from the coffee berry borer for being much larger (
|
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<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B247FF820AE2AD5B0C0CF8A1" box="[952,1082,1836,1866]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="48.[151,235,1292,1319]" captionTargetBox="[151,1398,562,1275]" captionTargetId="figure-275@48.[154,966,561,1276]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 17. Coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072607/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="2036">Figure 17</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Each female can place 130 to 140 eggs, which are placed in the mellow or already dried coffee pulp, in the field or in the barn, from where the larva that feeds on the mucilage hatches and then penetrates the seed. The larvae are white in color, apodas and cylindrical in shape. When fully developed, are approximately 5 mm long and 2.5 mm wide. The pupal stage occurs within the seed, from where the adult emerges through an orifice of about 2 to 3 mm in diameter. Their cycle varies from 46 to 62 days, with about five to eight days until the larvae hatch, 35 to 45 days of larvae to pupae and six to nine days for the emergence of adults. The insect continues its reproduction, when the coffee is left stored for a long time and causes serious damages. It can present from six to seven annual generations (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB258FF9D0B12AB920B09FDE8" author="GALLO, D. & NAKANO, O. & SILVEIRA NETO, S. & CARVALHO, R. P. L. & BAPTISTA, G. L. & PARRA, J. R. P. & ZUCCHI. R. A. & ALVES, S. B. & VENDRAMIM, J. D. & MARCHINI, L. C. & LOPES, J. R. S. & OMOTO, C." bookContentInfo="920 p." box="[584,831,485,515]" journalOrPublisher="Piracicaba: FEALQ" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037" refId="ref24909" refString="GALLO, D.; NAKANO, O.; SILVEIRA NETO, S.; CARVALHO, R. P. L.; BAPTISTA, G. L.; PARRA, J. R. P.; ZUCCHI. R. A.; ALVES, S. B.; VENDRAMIM, J. D.; MARCHINI, L. C.; LOPES, J. R. S.; OMOTO, C. Entomologia Agricola. Piracicaba: FEALQ. 2002. 920 p." title="Entomologia Agricola" type="book" year="2002">GALLO et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB258FF9D09CDAF7B0927FACC" bold="true" box="[151,273,1292,1319]" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037">Figure 17</emphasis>
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. Coffee bean weevil,
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB258FF9D0B4BAF7B0B21FACC" authorityName="DeGeer" authorityYear="1775" box="[529,791,1292,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" genus="Araecerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciculatus">Araecerus fasciculatus</taxonomicName>
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.
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB258FF9D0996AF26091FFA84" blockId="48.[151,1399,1361,1477]" box="[204,297,1361,1391]" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB258FF9D0996AF26091FFA84" bold="true" box="[204,297,1361,1391]" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037">Losses</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB258FF9D0996AF0B0B2BFA2E" blockId="48.[151,1399,1361,1477]" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037">It damages a part of the dry coffee beans in all its forms: coconut, pulped and processed, being able to cause loss of up to 30% in weight.</paragraph>
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<mods:dateIssued id="8439B20440CC3007F656497DF7C16513">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="8B95B4F940878F416A47384A9D9FB05E" type="pubDate">2019-05-28</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="6DB565B00FE76F5D284EE2989F75FDE7">Incaper - Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension</mods:publisher>
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<mods:namePart id="92CB919C83612D03BA9B6118E4751990">FERRÃO, R. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="722FE2448AAAAA174C35C22C2011629A">FONSECA, A. F. A. da.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="56AB136C4A22BA645A795158439497EB">FERRÃO, M. A. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B82F21D99F45A8395C47A9AEEA60FD36">DE MUNER, L. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="971B9746F4A41077515B3D16EB597D20">Conilon coffee - The Coffea canephora produced in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:url id="95BF9706000F880E8F74254D4AC666F9">https://biblioteca.incaper.es.gov.br/digital/bitstream/123456789/3514/1/book-conilon-coffee-3rd-edition-2019-Incaper.pdf</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B248FF8D0996AC6C0D3AF9D2" box="[204,1292,1563,1593]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB248FF8D0996AC6C0B9EF9D2" ID-CoL="944HD" baseAuthorityName="Guerin-Meneville" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[204,936,1563,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Leucoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeella">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB248FF8D0996AC6C09FAF9D2" box="[204,460,1563,1593]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">Leucoptera coffeella</emphasis>
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(Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842
|
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB248FF8D0AECAC6C0C68F9D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[950,1118,1563,1593]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB248FF8D0D3DAC6C0D32F9D2" box="[1127,1284,1563,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lyonetiidae</taxonomicName>
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)
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B248FF8E0996AC040993F8E2" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="2024" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" type="biology_ecology">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB248FF8D0996AC040A14F97A" bold="true" box="[204,546,1651,1681]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">Description and Biology</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8D0996ACEA0CB0F8FA" blockId="32.[150,1400,1651,1937]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">
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The African continent is considered as the region of origin of the coffee leaf miner, which has spread throughout the world and is present in all regions where coffee is grown. In Brazil, the coffee leaf miner presence was observed from 1850 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB248FF8D0AD9AC840C4DF8FA" author="GALLO, D. & NAKANO, O. & SILVEIRA NETO, S. & CARVALHO, R. P. L. & BAPTISTA, G. L. & PARRA, J. R. P. & ZUCCHI. R. A. & ALVES, S. B. & VENDRAMIM, J. D. & MARCHINI, L. C. & LOPES, J. R. S. & OMOTO, C." bookContentInfo="920 p." box="[899,1147,1779,1809]" journalOrPublisher="Piracicaba: FEALQ" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" refId="ref24909" refString="GALLO, D.; NAKANO, O.; SILVEIRA NETO, S.; CARVALHO, R. P. L.; BAPTISTA, G. L.; PARRA, J. R. P.; ZUCCHI. R. A.; ALVES, S. B.; VENDRAMIM, J. D.; MARCHINI, L. C.; LOPES, J. R. S.; OMOTO, C. Entomologia Agricola. Piracicaba: FEALQ. 2002. 920 p." title="Entomologia Agricola" type="book" year="2002">GALLO et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
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).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8C0996AD6A09A7FD68" blockId="32.[150,1400,1651,1937]" lastBlockId="33.[150,1400,229,643]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="2022" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">
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The moth is very small, presenting 6.5 mm of wingspan; the wings are silver-white in the dorsal part with a dark circular patch of yellow halo at the ends (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B248FF8D0A82AD3F0C6AF88D" box="[984,1116,1864,1894]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="33.[151,235,1399,1426]" captionTargetBox="[270,1308,661,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-341@33.[686,1138,684,1024]" captionText="Figure 6. Moth (A); coffee leaf damage (B and C); caterpillar at the beginning of pupal stage (D); and the characteristic X-shaped cocoon of coffee tree miner (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072585/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). During the day, they hide on the lower part of the leaves and at dusk, leave the hiding place and begin their activities. The lay is performed on the upper face of the leaves (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB249FF8C0A12AA920C27FEE8" author="MORAES, J. C." bookContentInfo="74 p." box="[840,1041,229,259]" journalOrPublisher="Lavras: UFLA / FAEPE" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022" refId="ref26440" refString="MORAES, J. C. Pragas do cafeeiro: importancia e metodos alternativos de controle. Lavras: UFLA / FAEPE, 1998. 74 p." title="Pragas do cafeeiro: importancia e metodos alternativos de controle" type="book" year="1998">MORAES, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and the average per night is seven eggs. They do not usually put more than one egg in the same place. To this point, several points of the same leaf or different leaves are visited by the female. The hatching of the caterpillars takes, in average, from 5 to 21 days, according to the conditions of temperature and humidity. They penetrate directly into the leaf mesophyll without coming in contact with the external environment; lodge between the two epidermis, causing the parenchyma destruction, forming the "mine̎. The destroyed regions are drying up, and the attacked area increases with the caterpillars development and the junction of the various "mines̎. The dry parts are easily detachable, being common to find a large number of caterpillars being found on the same leaf (
|
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<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B249FF8C09C4A81209B3FD68" box="[158,389,613,643]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="33.[151,235,1399,1426]" captionTargetBox="[270,1308,661,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-341@33.[686,1138,684,1024]" captionText="Figure 6. Moth (A); coffee leaf damage (B and C); caterpillar at the beginning of pupal stage (D); and the characteristic X-shaped cocoon of coffee tree miner (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072585/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022">Figure 6B and 6C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B249FF8C09CDAF000B9FFA5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072585" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072585/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022" startId="33.[151,235,1399,1426]" targetBox="[270,1308,661,1381]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB249FF8C09CDAF000B9FFA5D" blockId="33.[151,1399,1399,1462]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB249FF8C09CDAF000936FA79" bold="true" box="[151,256,1399,1426]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022">Figure 6</emphasis>
|
||||
. Moth (A); coffee leaf damage (B and C); caterpillar at the beginning of pupal stage (D); and the characteristic X-shaped cocoon of coffee tree miner (E).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB249FF8C0996AF920B66F868" blockId="33.[149,1400,1509,1923]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022">
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||||
The larval stage lasts between 9 and 40 days. At the end of this period, the caterpillars leave the interior of the leaves,leaving the lower part, where they weave silk thread and descend to the downer part of the coffee tree, where they will make a characteristic "X̎ shaped cocoon (
|
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<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B249FF8C0C44AC4C0929F968" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="33.[151,235,1399,1426]" captionTargetBox="[270,1308,661,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-341@33.[686,1138,684,1024]" captionText="Figure 6. Moth (A); coffee leaf damage (B and C); caterpillar at the beginning of pupal stage (D); and the characteristic X-shaped cocoon of coffee tree miner (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072585/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2022">Figure 6D and 6E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In this place, which provides the insect with proper moisture, pupae transformation occurs in most of the caterpillars. The pupal stage lasts from 5 to 26 days. After its completion, new moths appear, whose average longevity is 15 days. The evolutionary cycle varies from 19 to 87 days, being able to obtain from 7 to 9 annual generations. The climate exerts a great influence on the coffee leaf miner population. Higher temperatures and summer periods favor its development. These factors cause a great variation of the pest infestations from year to year and in the same crop (SOUZA; REIS; RIGITANO, 1998).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AA92091FFEE8" blockId="34.[149,1401,229,1198]" box="[204,297,229,259]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
|
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<heading id="C6636330B24AFF8F0996AA92091FFEE8" bold="true" box="[204,297,229,259]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0996AA92091FFEE8" bold="true" box="[204,297,229,259]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Losses</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AB670B8FFB45" blockId="34.[149,1401,229,1198]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
|
||||
Until 1970, the coffee leaf miner was considered a problem only in the dry season, and coffee farmers lived with the insect without major problems. However, from then on, the plague began to occur indiscriminately in the dry and rainy seasons.The insects arrived in certain areas of São Paulo, causing serious damage and became the main pest of coffee in some regions. Its losses result from the reduction of the photosynthetic capacity by the leaves destruction and, mainly, by their fall. The symptoms are more visible in the upper part of the plant, where great defoliation is observed when the attack is intense. The coffee tree drastic defoliation caused by high pest infestations can affect the fruiting, with malformation of the floral buds and low survival of the fruits. It is considered one of the main pests of robusta coffee in the State of Rondônia, where 77% of the upper third leaves were infested by the coffee leaf miner (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24AFF8F0C41A8E7091AFD32" author="COSTA, J. N. M. & RIBEIRO, P. A. & SILVA, R. B. & TREVISAN, O. & SANTOS, J. C. F." pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" pagination="134" refId="ref21691" refString="COSTA, J. N. M.; RIBEIRO, P. A.; SILVA, R. B.; TREVISAN, O.; SANTOS, J. C. F. Incidencia do bicho-mineiro Perileucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) em cafe Conilon no estado de Rondonia. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL. 2., Anais ... Vitoria, ES: p. 134. 2001" title="Incidencia do bicho-mineiro Perileucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) em cafe Conilon no estado de Rondonia" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL. 2., Anais ... Vitoria, ES" year="2001">COSTA et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, conilon coffee is considered to be moderately resistant to the pest, and the level of economic damage, defined as 30% of mined leaves with live caterpillars, for arabica coffee (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24AFF8F09A2A96709E3FCC5" author="REIS, P. R. & SOUZA, J. C. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & SILVA, R. A. & ZACARIAS, M. S." box="[248,469,784,814]" editor="Reis, P. R. & Cunha, R. L." pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" pagination="572 - 688" part="1" refId="ref27225" refString="REIS, P. R.; SOUZA, J. C.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; SILVA, R. A.; ZACARIAS, M. S. Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro. In: Reis, P. R.; Cunha, R. L. (Eds.). Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita. v. 1, p. 572 - 688. 2010." title="Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita" year="2010">REIS et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), is hardly reached in commercial coffee plantations (MEDINA FILHO; CARVALHO; MONACO, 1977; FERREIRA; MATIELLO; PAULINI, 1979;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24AFF8F0D58A94C0CC0FCB2" author="AVILES, D. P. & MATIELLO, J. B. & PAULINI, A. E. & PINHEIRO, M. R." box="[1026,1270,827,857]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" pagination="324 - 325" refId="ref20978" refString="AVILES, D. P.; MATIELLO, J. B.; PAULINI, A. E.; PINHEIRO, M. R. Infestacao de bicho mineiro em Catuai e Conilon em lavouras intercaladas e isoladas. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 10., Anais ... Pocos de Caldas, MG: p. 324 - 325, 1983." title="Infestacao de bicho mineiro em Catuai e Conilon em lavouras intercaladas e isoladas" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 10., Anais ... Pocos de Caldas, MG" year="1983">AVILÉS et al., 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24AFF8F0C5BA94C0902FC68" author="PAULINO, A. J. & MATIELLO, J. B. & PAULINI, A. E. & BRAGANCA J. B." bookContentInfo="32 p." journalOrPublisher="Rio de Janeiro: MIC / IBC" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" refId="ref26747" refString="PAULINO, A. J.; MATIELLO, J. B.; PAULINI, A. E.; BRAGANCA J. B. Cultivo do cafe Conilon: instrucOes tecnicas sobre a cultura de cafe no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: MIC / IBC, 1984. 32 p." title="Cultivo do cafe Conilon: instrucOes tecnicas sobre a cultura de cafe no Brasil" type="book" year="1984">PAULINO et al., 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Coffee trees conducted at wider spacing tend to be more infested. Increased infestations have been observed associated with intensive summers, common in the months of January and February. The hot, dry climate, characteristic of the northern region of Espírito Santo, may favor an increase in the pest population throughout the year, accentuating itself in the months of prolonged drought. But the densification of crops that are being adopted in the State favors the maintenance of higher humidity and may disadvantage the population development of this pest. However, until now no reports of economic damages caused by the coffee leaf mines in conilon coffee in Brazil have been found.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AEA609ECFB04" blockId="34.[204,474,1233,1263]" box="[204,474,1233,1263]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
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<heading id="C6636330B24AFF8F0996AEA609ECFB04" bold="true" box="[204,474,1233,1263]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0996AEA609ECFB04" bold="true" box="[204,474,1233,1263]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Methods of control</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AF640908FADA" blockId="34.[150,1399,1299,1585]" box="[204,318,1299,1329]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
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<heading id="C6636330B24AFF8F0996AF640908FADA" bold="true" box="[204,318,1299,1329]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" reason="6">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0996AF640908FADA" bold="true" box="[204,318,1299,1329]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Cultural</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AF4A0D5FF9DA" blockId="34.[150,1399,1299,1585]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
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Bands of vegetation between fields allow an increase in the population of natural enemies, and it is recommended the rational management of the weeds, the use of mulch and intercropping in the growth of conilon coffee plantations, among other guidance based on the principles of agroecology. Plant resistance is a genetic method of pest control and a factor that has been observed by Incaper in the evaluation of available genetic material of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0DF9AF9F0D7CF9ED" box="[1187,1354,1512,1542]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coffea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canephora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0DF9AF9F0D7CF9ED" box="[1187,1354,1512,1542]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">C. canephora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
for identification of resistance sources that can be used in the improvement of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0D26AC640D53F9DA" authority="conilon" authorityName="CONILON" box="[1148,1381,1555,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Bahita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2003" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capixaba">Capixaba conilon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AC23096CF999" blockId="34.[150,1401,1620,1949]" box="[204,346,1620,1650]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B24AFF8F0996AC23096CF999" bold="true" box="[204,346,1620,1650]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0996AC23096CF999" bold="true" box="[204,346,1620,1650]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Biological</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AC080A41F919" blockId="34.[150,1401,1620,1949]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
|
||||
The coffee leaf mine has a great number of parasite insects. However, the indiscriminate use of insecticides can alter the complex of parasitoids and predators and, consequently, cause population explosions of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F08B3ACA30A59F919" baseAuthorityName="Guerin-Meneville" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[489,623,1748,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Leucoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F08B3ACA30A59F919" box="[489,623,1748,1778]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">L. coffeella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24AFF8F0996AC880CDCF876" blockId="34.[150,1401,1620,1949]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">
|
||||
The main parasitoids reported associated with the coffee leaf miner belong to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F09CDAD5E091BF8AC" box="[151,301,1833,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
families [
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F08E1AD5E0AD8F8AC" authority="(Mann)" baseAuthorityName="Mann" box="[443,750,1833,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Colastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="letifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F08E1AD5E0A4AF8AC" box="[443,636,1833,1863]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Colastes letifer</emphasis>
|
||||
(Mann)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0A5BAD5E0CADF8AC" authority="(Redolfi)" baseAuthorityName="Redolfi" box="[769,1179,1833,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Eubadizon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0A5BAD5E0C2EF8AC" box="[769,1048,1833,1863]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Eubadizon punctatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Redolfi)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0DF7AD5E0D1BF8AC" box="[1197,1325,1833,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Mirax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0DF7AD5E0CC0F8AC" box="[1197,1270,1833,1863]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Mirax</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F09CDAD230918F899" box="[151,302,1876,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
[
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0867AD230AD4F899" authority="(Ihering)" baseAuthorityName="Ihering" box="[317,738,1876,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Closterocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeellae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0867AD230A5EF899" box="[317,616,1876,1906]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Closterocerus coffeellae</emphasis>
|
||||
(Ihering)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0BB0AD230B46F899" box="[746,880,1876,1906]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Citrospilus</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0AFCAD230D45F899" authority="(Ashemead)" baseAuthorityName="Ashemead" box="[934,1395,1876,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Horismenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeneicollis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0AFCAD230CFFF899" box="[934,1225,1876,1906]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Horismenus aeneicollis</emphasis>
|
||||
(Ashemead)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F09CCAD080A7EF876" authority="(Ihering)" baseAuthorityName="Ihering" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[150,584,1919,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F09CCAD0809F8F876" box="[150,462,1919,1949]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Neochrysocharis coffeae</emphasis>
|
||||
(Ihering)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24AFF8F0BD2AD080B79F876" box="[648,847,1919,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24AFF8F0BD2AD080B17F876" box="[648,801,1919,1949]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2023">Tetrastichus</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
] (REIS; SOUZA; VENZON, 2002).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996AA9208DEFE32" blockId="35.[150,1399,229,473]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">
|
||||
The main predators are from the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0BF1AA920B12FEE8" box="[683,804,229,259]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
family [
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0AC0AA920D45FEE8" authority="(Latreille)" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[922,1395,229,259]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Brachygastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lecheguana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0AC0AA920CD0FEE8" box="[922,1254,229,259]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Brachygastra lecheguana</emphasis>
|
||||
(Latreille)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E09CDAB670901FEC5" box="[151,311,272,302]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Eumenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E09CDAB67093DFEC5" box="[151,267,272,302]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Eumenes</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0864AB670A91FEC5" authority="(Olivier)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[318,679,272,302]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0864AB670A0FFEC5" box="[318,569,272,302]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Polybia occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||||
(Olivier)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0BF7AB670B91FEC5" authority="(Ihering)" baseAuthorityName="Ihering" box="[685,935,272,302]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paulista">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0BF7AB670B1AFEC5" box="[685,812,272,302]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">P.paulista</emphasis>
|
||||
(Ihering)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0AF6AB670C99FEC5" authority="(White)" baseAuthorityName="White" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[940,1199,272,302]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutellaris">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0AF6AB670C74FEC5" box="[940,1090,272,302]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">P.scutellaris</emphasis>
|
||||
(White)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0DE9AB6709AFFEB2" authority="(Saussure)" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Protonectarina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylveirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0DE9AB670933FEB2" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Protonectarina sylveirae</emphasis>
|
||||
(Saussure)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E08BBAB4C0AE6FEB2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[481,720,315,345]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Synoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="surinama">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E08BBAB4C0AE6FEB2" box="[481,720,315,345]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Synoeca surinama</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(L.)]. These species of predators are social insects that destroy the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E082AAB1209C1FE68" baseAuthorityName="Guerin-Meneville" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[368,503,357,387]" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Leucoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E082AAB1209C1FE68" box="[368,503,357,387]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">L. coffeella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
galleries to feed on their caterpillars.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24BFF8E0ABEAB120D1FFE68" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[996,1321,357,387]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Brachygastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lecheguana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0ABEAB120D1FFE68" box="[996,1321,357,387]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Brachygastra lecheguana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the most frequent species, and in certain places, does a good pest control (SOUZA; REIS; RIGITANO, 1998).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996AB8B0979FDF1" blockId="35.[153,1400,508,623]" box="[204,335,508,538]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B24BFF8E0996AB8B0979FDF1" bold="true" box="[204,335,508,538]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0996AB8B0979FDF1" bold="true" box="[204,335,508,538]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Chemical</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996A8500D4EFD84" blockId="35.[153,1400,508,623]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">To carry out any kind of chemical treatment in order to control the coffee leaf miner, it is necessary to know the pest infestation and its natural enemies in the area planted with coffee.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996A8E409DEFD5A" blockId="35.[149,1400,659,1030]" box="[204,488,659,689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Population sampling:</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996A8CA08D6FCB0" blockId="35.[149,1400,659,1030]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0996A8CA08EDFD32" bold="true" box="[204,219,701,729]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">•</emphasis>
|
||||
The area should be divided into homogeneous terrains of 3 thousand to 5 thousand plants and, fortnightly, mainly in the summer periods, the random collection of about 200 leaves in 20 holes between the second and fifth pairs of leaves of the middle and higher thirds of coffee trees;
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996A91F093DFBED" blockId="35.[149,1400,659,1030]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E0996A91F08EDFC6F" bold="true" box="[204,219,872,900]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">•</emphasis>
|
||||
after the collection, one should count the total number of sampled leaves and the number of mined leaves, determining the percentage of those which have been attacked, with the presence of live caterpillars. Observe the number of preyed mines and the parasitism in the samples.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996AE5E097FFBAC" blockId="35.[149,1399,1065,1351]" box="[204,329,1065,1095]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Spraying:</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996AE2309E6FAAC" blockId="35.[149,1399,1065,1351]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Growing crops should be monitored for identification of early pest outbreaks,which must be quickly fought.The control can be carried out using several insecticides after finding infestation index higher than 25-30% of leaves infested with live caterpillars. In seedling nurseries and in plantations up to two years old, the control of the coffee leaf miner must be initiated when the onset symptoms of live caterpillars appear in the foci where the initial development of the pest population is observed.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996AF1C099CFA62" blockId="35.[149,1400,1387,1801]" box="[204,426,1387,1417]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">Systemic via soil:</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24BFF8E0996AFE20993F8E2" blockId="35.[149,1400,1387,1801]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">
|
||||
The systemic granulated insecticides applied via soil have efficiency to control the coffee leaf miner; however, its use was extremely low with the emergence of the neonicotinoid insecticides group that have greater safety for the applicator and the environment and are efficient for several pests control associated with coffee. The WG formulation of these new products allows the application in
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24BFF8E08D9AC3709EAF9B5" box="[387,476,1600,1630]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2024">drench</emphasis>
|
||||
, liquid way. The use of insecticides via soil in a preventive way requires a perfect knowledge of the pest history and its losses to the terrain to be treated, in order to avoid that its use becomes uneconomical. The minimum use of insecticides and in a localized way, will help the preservation of the beneficial entomofauna that acts efficiently in the natural control of the miner.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
140
data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24CFF880996ACCC0CAEFA68.xml
Normal file
140
data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24CFF880996ACCC0CAEFA68.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
|||
<document id="149C8CF2D30BD3DCF68F43B8369C1388" ID-CLB-Dataset="275275" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.10072573" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f2fb95b4-c217-4690-b8f6-f3d494c1d4c0" ID-ISBN="978-85-89-274-31-9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072573" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1698655243636" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Fornazier, M. J., Martins, D. S., Fanton, C. J. & Benassi, V. L. R. M." docDate="2019" docId="153D654AB24CFF880996ACCC0CAEFA68" docLanguage="en" docName="Incaper.3.493-533.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Conilon coffee - The Coffea canephora produced in Brazil, Vitória, ES, Brasil: Incaper - Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension" docSource="https://biblioteca.incaper.es.gov.br/digital/bitstream/123456789/3514/1/book-conilon-coffee-3rd-edition-2019-Incaper.pdf" docTitle="Planococcus citri" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="2026" masterDocId="E9041D32B268FFAD095AAA770836FFEB" masterDocTitle="INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE" masterLastPageNumber="533" masterPageNumber="493" pageNumber="2025" updateTime="1699699037035" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||||
<mods:mods id="63B29B69F45B4C8EE3EB74389DEC3262" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D3791DEE97CC2FCD0905A3822E065E56">
|
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<mods:title id="260DE09815DBA1B4C89852912FA20A3E">INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CONILON COFFEE</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<mods:namePart id="8229E2B54B6A72EDABCC14084DAAC146">Martins, D. S.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="52DFF7FF2CBF557A2855288E52D94796" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6B92A8100BED6389971777055F7883DC">Fanton, C. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F11D882FA4B0E720DDEBD330CBC568DE">Benassi, V. L. R. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="023E276554F22BE7C337DDCB6901D074">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="18F06FEA2CDEC68A8A92988DD41D910E" type="pubDate">2019-05-28</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="456378334F9FE7A979F4269427E42216">Incaper - Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="903D5008CF3E9CA248552220F77FD2CE">Vitória, ES, Brasil</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9388E25C9C0A6B9AF582C612CC3440B9">FERRÃO, R. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2200017D755E2299C34C5B9F047EF93F">FONSECA, A. F. A. da.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="164FFD481B72B7E5A5073F72C2E1143C">FERRÃO, M. A. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C83979452254A836343A0464F4CA61FB">DE MUNER, L. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3FECDBF98A5837D5B9C294F6CEE2734C">Conilon coffee - The Coffea canephora produced in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:url id="FE5EB6D466A0EBF9EBEB6C54C106C1AD">https://biblioteca.incaper.es.gov.br/digital/bitstream/123456789/3514/1/book-conilon-coffee-3rd-edition-2019-Incaper.pdf</mods:url>
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<treatment id="153D654AB24CFF880996ACCC0CAEFA68" ID-GBIF-Taxon="215904913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D654AB24CFF880996ACCC0CAEFA68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/153D654AB24CFF880996ACCC0CAEFA68" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="2026" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24CFF890996ACCC0A6FF932" blockId="36.[149,1401,699,1967]" box="[204,601,1723,1753]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24CFF890996ACCC0992F932" ID-CoL="4JK9T" baseAuthorityName="Risso" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[204,420,1723,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Planococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citri">Planococcus citri</taxonomicName>
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and
|
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24CFF8908B3ACCC0A64F932" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[489,594,1723,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Planococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">P. minor</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24CFF880B39ACCC0BEBFDC5" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="2026" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24CFF880B39ACCC0BEBFDC5" blockId="36.[149,1401,699,1967]" lastBlockId="37.[150,1401,229,558]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="2026" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">
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they are very similar species and are part of a complex of mealybugs known as citrus mealybug. The females have an oval shape, with a length of 3 to 5 mm, the young forms have pink coloration; the adults are yellow-brown and the body is covered with a whitish powdery secretion. They characterize for having 18 side appendages, powdery white on each side and two more terminal appendages, larger than the lateral ones.Throughout life, these coccidians can lay about 400 eggs for 90 days. They secrete a white woolly substance that serves to protect the eggs next to the insect body. The eggs are yellow-orange in color and the nymphs appear after 10 to 20 days of laying. Inhabiting a small cocoon, they reach adulthood in about ten days. They live in colonies made up of individuals at various stages of development. Both nymphs and adults suck sap in flower buds and underdevelopment fruits (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B24DFF8809C5ABE70938FE45" box="[159,270,400,430]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="37.[150,234,895,922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1398,599,879]" captionTargetId="figure-447@37.[567,986,598,879]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 7. Flower bud (A), branches (B) and rosette (C) of the coffee tree infested with citrus mealybug." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072587/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The complete evolutionary cycle is 25 days, on average.The are registered in different agroecological regions of Espírito Santo (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24DFF880BEAABCC0BC0FE32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & PERINI, J. L. & De MUNER, L. H. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & MAZZO, G. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & DAUN, S. C." box="[688,1014,443,473]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref24005" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; PERINI, J. L.; De MUNER, L. H.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; MAZZO, G.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; DAUN, S. C. Cochonilha branca da roseta em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 176 - 177, 2000 g." title="Cochonilha branca da roseta em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">FORNAZIER et al., 2000g</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24DFF880D5AABCC0C62FE32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & CARMO, G. O. & De MUNER, L. H. & SANTA CECILIA, L. V. C." box="[1024,1108,443,473]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" pagination="250 - 251" refId="ref24107" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; CARMO, G. O.; De MUNER, L. H.; SANTA CECILIA, L. V. C. Ocorrencia de Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cafe na regiao sul do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., 2001. Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG: p. 250 - 251, 2001 a." title="Ocorrencia de Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cafe na regiao sul do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., 2001. Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG" year="2001">2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; SANTA-CECÍLIA; REIS; SOUZA, 2002;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24DFF88080CAB920A8BFDE8" author="SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & SOUZA, B. & PRADO, E. & SOUZA, J. C. & FORNAZIER, M. J." bookContentInfo="4 p." box="[342,701,485,515]" journalOrPublisher="Circular Tecnica 189" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" refId="ref27658" refString="SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; SOUZA, B.; PRADO, E.; SOUZA, J. C.; FORNAZIER, M. J. Cochonilhas-farinhentas em cafeeiros: reconhecimento e controle. Circular Tecnica 189, 2005, 4 p. (EPAMIG / CTSM)." title="Cochonilhas-farinhentas em cafeeiros: reconhecimento e controle" type="book" year="2005">SANTA-CECÍLIA et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), where its detection occurred in the 1970's, causing losses of up to 100% of coffee production (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24DFF880B96A8670BE7FDC5" author="PAULINI, A. E. & NAKANO, O. & FERREIRA, A. J. & MATIELLO, J. B. & D'ANTONIO, A. M." box="[716,977,528,558]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref26674" refString="PAULINI, A. E.; NAKANO, O.; FERREIRA, A. J.; MATIELLO, J. B.; D'ANTONIO, A. M. Cochonilha branca (Planococcus sp.) causa graves prejuizos em cafeeiros do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 5., Anais ... Guarapari, ES: p. 285 - 287. 1977." title="Cochonilha branca (Planococcus sp.) causa graves prejuizos em cafeeiros do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 5., Anais ... Guarapari, ES" year="1977">PAULINI et al., 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B24DFF8809CCA9080D5EFC71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072587" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072587" box="[150,1384,895,922]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072587/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" startId="37.[150,234,895,922]" targetBox="[151,1398,599,879]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24DFF8809CCA9080D5EFC71" blockId="37.[150,1384,845,922]" box="[150,1384,895,922]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24DFF8809CCA90808C9FC71" bold="true" box="[150,255,895,922]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">Figure 7</emphasis>
|
||||
. Flower bud (A), branches (B) and rosette (C) of the coffee tree infested with citrus mealybug.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24DFF880996A9CC0CAEFA68" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24DFF880996A9CC09D1FC32" box="[204,487,955,985]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24DFF880996A9CC09D6FC32" ID-CoL="389S6" authority="(Tinsley, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Tinsley" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[204,480,955,985]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Dysmicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24DFF880996A9CC09D6FC32" box="[204,480,955,985]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">Dysmicoccus texensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24DFF8808AAA9CC0CAEFA68" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
They are insects with aptera adult female, oval body and pinkish color, covered with finely grained white wax, which gives it the appearance of flour and about 2.5 mm in length. They have 34 filamentous appendages around the body, with 17 on each side, the latter two being longer (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24DFF880BB2AE4C0C55FBB2" author="SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & SOUZA, B. & SOUZA, J. C. & PRADO, E. & MOINO JR., A. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & CARVALHO, G. A." bookContentInfo="48 p." box="[744,1123,1083,1113]" journalOrPublisher="Belo Horizonte: EPAMIG" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" refId="ref27713" refString="SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; SOUZA, B.; SOUZA, J. C.; PRADO, E.; MOINO JR., A.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; CARVALHO, G. A. Cochonilhas-farinhentas em cafeeiros: bioecologia, danos e metodos de controle. Belo Horizonte: EPAMIG, 2007. 48 p. (EPAMIG. Boletim Tecnico, 79)." title="Cochonilhas-farinhentas em cafeeiros: bioecologia, danos e metodos de controle" type="book" year="2007">SANTA-CECÍLIA et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Its reproduction is parthenogenetic, being able to generate up to 253 individuals during period of 52 to 87 days. The most favorable temperature to the population development is of 20 to 25
|
||||
<superScript id="6AE17914B24DFF880C44AEF90D0CFB45" attach="right" box="[1310,1338,1166,1198]" fontSize="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">oC</superScript>
|
||||
and associated to the high relative humidity, with up to five annual generations (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24DFF880DC1AECC0D5BFB32" author="NAKANO, O." box="[1179,1389,1211,1241]" journalOrPublisher="Piracicaba: ESALQ-USP." pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" pagination="1972" part="130" refId="ref26468" refString="NAKANO, O. Estudo da cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro, Dysmicoccus cryptus (Hempel, 1919) comb. n. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). 130 f. 1972. (Tese de Livre Docencia). Piracicaba: ESALQ-USP. 1972." title="Estudo da cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro, Dysmicoccus cryptus (Hempel, 1919) comb. n. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)" type="book" year="1972">NAKANO, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The first infestations arise in small colonies right below the neck or collar of new plants. With the development of the population, the insect is spreading to the plant roots, forming nodes called crypts, inside of which live their young and adult forms associated with the fungus of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24DFF88087DAF120993FA68" authorityName="L.Mangin & Viala" authorityYear="1903" box="[295,421,1381,1411]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Meruliaceae" genus="Bornetina" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24DFF88087DAF120993FA68" box="[295,421,1381,1411]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">Bornetina</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which gives a plate appearance on the roots (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B24DFF880D42AF120CBDFA68" box="[1048,1163,1381,1411]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="37.[829,913,1730,1757]" captionTargetBox="[829,1398,1446,1712]" captionTargetId="graphics-461@37.[829,1398,1446,1712]" captionText="Figure 8. Coffee scale root, Dysmicoccus texensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072589/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
97
data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24CFF890996A8910C1BFAEF.xml
Normal file
97
data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24CFF890996A8910C1BFAEF.xml
Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
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<mods:namePart id="B3381E8523704C28C302607B55249AFE">Fornazier, M. J.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24CFF8908D3A8910C1BFAEF" blockId="36.[149,1401,699,1967]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">they are oval-shaped insects, flattened, with length of 2 to 3 mm, of green coloring and that suck the plants sap. They are found fixed on new branches and leaves, most notably on the main vein. They present greater attack intensity in new plants, in nurseries and until the first year of planting, when their presence is easily verified for being generally associated with ants. The young forms have legs and antennae that, over time, are atrophied, once they live in almost complete immobility. Although they reproduce parthenogenetically, sexual intercourse may also occur, both types of reproduction may happen simultaneously or separately. The young forms, of fragile structure, only move on the plants after the hardening of their skin. After its fixation, the insect perforates the leaves with its oral apparatus and begins the suction of the sap. Its appearance is more frequent in the months of November to January, in times of rain and shady terrains. The lay is composed of agglomerated eggs, of reduced size. The oviposition period is 50 days, on average. A female lays around two to three eggs a day and 150 during her lifetime. Pests are important pest in seedlings nursery.</paragraph>
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97
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data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24CFF890996AC660C49F944.xml
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<treatment id="153D654AB24CFF890996AC660C49F944" ID-GBIF-Taxon="215904922" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D654AB24CFF890996AC660C49F944" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/153D654AB24CFF890996AC660C49F944" lastPageNumber="2025" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">
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<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24CFF890996AC6609DEF9C4" ID-CoL="SZTR" authority=": Coccidia" authorityName="Coccidia" box="[204,488,1553,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Cerococcidae" genus="Cerococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catenarius">
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24CFF890996AC6609DEF9C4" box="[204,488,1553,1583]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">Cerococcus catenarius</emphasis>
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:
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24CFF8908AFAC660C49F944" blockId="36.[149,1401,699,1967]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2025">Coccidia is similar to the previous species, but have a hemispherical, less convex and smoother carapace.The lay is made under the carapace, from where the nymphs hatch forming lines; hence the name ‘catenarius'. These nymphs are fixed in the carapace cracks. Its oviposition capacity is very high and each female can lay up to 800 eggs.</paragraph>
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97
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97
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:
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97
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24DFF880996AFE709D9FA45" box="[204,495,1424,1454]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" type="nomenclature">
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|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24DFF880996AFE709DEFA45" box="[204,488,1424,1454]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">Dysmicoccus brevipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24DFF8808A7AFE70C34F8B2" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24DFF8808A7AFE70C34F8B2" blockId="37.[149,794,1424,1838]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2026">known as pineapple mealybug. A polyphagous species, less frequent in coffee tree, can be found in the roots and also in the rosettes of branches that touch the soil. First instar nymphs can move at great distances. The nymph stage is about 40 days. Adult females have pinkish color, oval body and covered with white wax and can lay about 240 eggs (MENEZES, 1973). These colonies may be associated with small nests of symbiotic ants. Outbreaks can be problematic. This species does not induce the formation of crypts.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
97
data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24DFF8B0996AD120AA7FE32.xml
Normal file
97
data/15/3D/65/153D654AB24DFF8B0996AD120AA7FE32.xml
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202
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||||
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|
||||
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<mods:location id="0D3DD225BB4589FEC8D45606DA0EF63C">
|
||||
<mods:url id="8F2CA315C8593431888424AC3B834257">https://biblioteca.incaper.es.gov.br/digital/bitstream/123456789/3514/1/book-conilon-coffee-3rd-edition-2019-Incaper.pdf</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="DE0E190896822493ECDC082AC55818A3">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3D0F5366A583EA88F919D71DCA1AA4ED" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.10072573</mods:identifier>
|
||||
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||||
<mods:identifier id="A35563776BA4A0FD30B40DC5B5E34F63" type="ISBN">978-85-89-274-31-9</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier id="A3C4A3D5E5AF901EA97E769888B5BD09" type="Zenodo-Dep">10072573</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="153D654AB24EFF850996AB920C3BFE68" ID-GBIF-Taxon="215904905" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D654AB24EFF850996AB920C3BFE68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/153D654AB24EFF850996AB920C3BFE68" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="2028" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">
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<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24EFF8B0996AB920A76FDE8" box="[204,576,485,515]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24EFF8B0996AB920A76FDE8" blockId="38.[150,1400,229,942]" box="[204,576,485,515]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24EFF8B0996AB920A0FFDE8" ID-CoL="4M8KM" authority="(Douglas, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Douglas" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[204,569,485,515]" class="Insecta" family="Ortheziidae" genus="Praelongorthezia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praelonga">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24EFF8B0996AB920A0FFDE8" box="[204,569,485,515]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Praelongorthezia praelonga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D58E87D7B24EFF850B17AB920C3BFE68" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="2029" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24EFF8B0B17AB9209CBFC45" blockId="38.[150,1400,229,942]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">
|
||||
Also known as citrus orthezia. The adult female measures about 2.5 mm and has the body covered by white wax plates, presenting on the back two small greenish areas without wax. The head is covered by two protruding plates. In the posterior part of the body are found several elongated wax rods that unite to form the egg sac where the females accommodate newly hatched eggs and nymphs (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B24EFF8B0A87A8E70C53FD45" box="[989,1125,656,686]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="38.[151,235,1705,1732]" captionTargetBox="[144,839,983,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-431@38.[158,839,978,1383]" captionText="Figure 9. Orthezia colony (Praelongorthezia praelonga) on coffee leaves (A); leaf covered with dark- colored fungus, commonly referred to as sooty mold (B); and coffee plant with high defoliation caused by the pest (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072591/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Figure 9A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Both adult females and nymphs move in the plant. In 1988, a large outbreak was observed, with the pest spread in most of the northern region of Espírito Santo's municipalities (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24EFF8B0A8BA8920CDFFCE8" author="MARTINS, D. dos S. & BRAGANCA, S. M." box="[977,1257,741,771]" journalOrPublisher="IBC" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" pagination="11 - 16" refId="ref25423" refString="MARTINS, D. dos S.; BRAGANCA, S. M. Ocorrencia de Perigonia lusca (Fabricius, 1777) em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Norte do estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 15., 1989, Maringa, PR. Resumos ... Maringa, PR: IBC, p. 11 - 16, 1989." title="Ocorrencia de Perigonia lusca (Fabricius, 1777) em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Norte do estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 15., 1989, Maringa, PR. Resumos ... Maringa, PR" year="1989">MARTINS et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; MARTINS; PAULINI; GALVÃO, 1989). Dry and cold periods, in consecutive years of low precipitation, favor their population development. At high infestations, the leaves are covered with sooty mold (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B24EFF8B09C4A9120917FC68" box="[158,289,869,899]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="38.[151,235,1705,1732]" captionTargetBox="[144,839,983,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-431@38.[158,839,978,1383]" captionText="Figure 9. Orthezia colony (Praelongorthezia praelonga) on coffee leaves (A); leaf covered with dark- colored fungus, commonly referred to as sooty mold (B); and coffee plant with high defoliation caused by the pest (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072591/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and the pest can cause the plant to die (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24EFF8B0A0EA9120C46FC68" author="MARTINS, D. dos S. & BRAGANCA, S. M." box="[852,1136,869,899]" journalOrPublisher="IBC" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" pagination="11 - 16" refId="ref25423" refString="MARTINS, D. dos S.; BRAGANCA, S. M. Ocorrencia de Perigonia lusca (Fabricius, 1777) em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Norte do estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 15., 1989, Maringa, PR. Resumos ... Maringa, PR: IBC, p. 11 - 16, 1989." title="Ocorrencia de Perigonia lusca (Fabricius, 1777) em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Norte do estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 15., 1989, Maringa, PR. Resumos ... Maringa, PR" year="1989">MARTINS et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; MARTINS; PAULINI; GALVÃO, 1989) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B24EFF8B0837A9E709C4FC45" box="[365,498,912,942]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="38.[151,235,1705,1732]" captionTargetBox="[144,839,983,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-431@38.[158,839,978,1383]" captionText="Figure 9. Orthezia colony (Praelongorthezia praelonga) on coffee leaves (A); leaf covered with dark- colored fungus, commonly referred to as sooty mold (B); and coffee plant with high defoliation caused by the pest (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072591/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Figure 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24EFF8B0A37A9A60BFCFC04" blockId="38.[870,1400,977,1946]" box="[877,970,977,1007]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24EFF8B0A37A9A60BFCFC04" bold="true" box="[877,970,977,1007]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Losses</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24EFF8A0AF8A98B092AFDB2" blockId="38.[870,1400,977,1946]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1400,229,771]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="2028" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Scale insects cause direct damage by the continuous sucking of sap, contributing to the plant depletion. Indirect damages are also caused because they are sap-feeding insects and the excess sugary secretion that covers the leaves facilitates the occurrence of sooty mold. This fungus covers the foliage in black layer, damaging the photosynthesis and respiration of the plant, mainly in the nurseries. In addition, they provide food to the ants that give them protection, and can sometimes damage the coffee tree root with the anthill construction. The successive stings in the plants can also favor the penetration of microorganisms. Green scales cause growth retardation of seedlings in the nursery and in the newly planted ones. In the case of the chain cochineal, in addition to the losses already mentioned, it can cause the coffee trees drying. The scale root forms nodosities and sucks sap from the coffee tree roots causing the plants depletion, yellowing and almost total leaf fall, and it may be necessary to replant the affected area. The recognition is done by digging up part of the soil around the plant's neck or collar, from which colonies of this cochineal are white, when the infestation is recent or also due to the formation of crypts in colonies that have been installed for a long time. It is noted that the main roots are covered by a leathery wrap, initially yellowish and then dark brown, caused by a fungus that develops at the expense of the sugary substance secreted by the cochineal. The roots present a series of nodes formed by the succession of crypts or popcorn where the insect is housed.</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B24EFF8B09CDACDE0A14F8BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072591" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072591/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" startId="38.[151,235,1705,1732]" targetBox="[144,839,983,1685]" targetPageId="38">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24EFF8B09CDACDE0A14F8BA" blockId="38.[151,839,1704,1873]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24EFF8B09CDACDE0936F92F" bold="true" box="[151,256,1705,1732]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Figure 9</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24EFF8B0851ACDE0942F92F" box="[267,372,1705,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Ortheziidae" genus="Orthezia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Orthezia</taxonomicName>
|
||||
colony (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24EFF8B0882ACDF0B08F92D" box="[472,830,1704,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Ortheziidae" genus="Praelongorthezia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praelonga">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24EFF8B0882ACDF0B08F92D" box="[472,830,1704,1734]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2027">Praelongorthezia praelonga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) on coffee leaves (A); leaf covered with dark- colored fungus, commonly referred to as sooty mold (B); and coffee plant with high defoliation caused by the pest (C).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996A8120B19FCE8" blockId="39.[151,1400,229,771]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
|
||||
The citrus mealybug has increased its responsibility for the direct damages to the conilon coffee productivity (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A08FDA8E70AD1FD45" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & FANTON, C. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & GOMES. W. R. & GOMES, M. A." box="[423,743,656,686]" journalOrPublisher="COOABRIEL - Orgao Informativo da Cooperativa de Sao Gabriel. Sao Gabriel da Palha, ES" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="7" refId="ref24315" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; FANTON, C. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; GOMES. W. R.; GOMES, M. A. Guia do cafeicultor: cochonilha da roseta do cafe Conilon. COOABRIEL - Orgao Informativo da Cooperativa de Sao Gabriel. Sao Gabriel da Palha, ES: p. 7, 2004." title="Guia do cafeicultor: cochonilha da roseta do cafe Conilon" type="journal article" year="2004">FORNAZIER et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Its attack occurs directly to the floral buds and to the underdevelopment fruits, leading to their massive fall. It causes the wilting of more developed fruits (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0824A8920AF5FCE8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & PERINI, J. L. & De MUNER, L. H. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & MAZZO, G. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & DAUN, S. C." box="[382,707,741,771]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="176 - 177" refId="ref24005" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; PERINI, J. L.; De MUNER, L. H.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; MAZZO, G.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; DAUN, S. C. Cochonilha branca da roseta em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 176 - 177, 2000 g." title="Cochonilha branca da roseta em cafe Conilon (Coffea canephora) no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">FORNAZIER et al., 2000g</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0B94A8920B15FCE8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & CARMO, G. O. & De MUNER, L. H. & SANTA CECILIA, L. V. C." box="[718,803,741,771]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="250 - 251" refId="ref24107" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; CARMO, G. O.; De MUNER, L. H.; SANTA CECILIA, L. V. C. Ocorrencia de Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cafe na regiao sul do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., 2001. Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG: p. 250 - 251, 2001 a." title="Ocorrencia de Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cafe na regiao sul do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., 2001. Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG" year="2001">2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996A95009ECFCAE" blockId="39.[204,474,807,837]" box="[204,474,807,837]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B24FFF8A0996A95009ECFCAE" bold="true" box="[204,474,807,837]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A0996A95009ECFCAE" bold="true" box="[204,474,807,837]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Methods of control</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996A91F0908FC6D" blockId="39.[149,1398,872,987]" box="[204,318,872,902]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B24FFF8A0996A91F0908FC6D" bold="true" box="[204,318,872,902]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A0996A91F0908FC6D" bold="true" box="[204,318,872,902]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Cultural</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996A9E40B18FC30" blockId="39.[149,1398,872,987]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">The cultural control is done by observing the infestation of the pest in the acquired seedlings by taking care of lots that may present infestation.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996A988096CFBF6" blockId="39.[151,1399,1023,1266]" box="[204,346,1023,1053]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B24FFF8A0996A988096CFBF6" bold="true" box="[204,346,1023,1053]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A0996A988096CFBF6" bold="true" box="[204,346,1023,1053]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Biological</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996AE5E0C4DFB19" blockId="39.[151,1399,1023,1266]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
|
||||
There are several natural enemies that can efficiently control coccidians. Among them, we highlight ladybugs larvae of the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A0BEFAE230B1EFB99" box="[693,808,1108,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Scymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A0BEFAE230B1EFB99" box="[693,808,1108,1138]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Scymnus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and Hyperaspis (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A0D4CAE230C98FB99" box="[1046,1198,1108,1138]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A0DE6AE230D46FB99" box="[1212,1392,1108,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Coccinellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and chrysopidae larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0A0DAE080CAEFB76" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & TAVARES, M. T. & MARTINS, D. dos S." box="[855,1176,1151,1181]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="215" refId="ref24737" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; TAVARES, M. T.; MARTINS, D. dos S. Inimigos naturais da cochonilha das rosetas em cafe Conilon no estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 32., 2006. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Anais ... Pocos de Caldas, MG: p. 215, 2006." title="Inimigos naturais da cochonilha das rosetas em cafe Conilon no estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 32., 2006. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Anais ... Pocos de Caldas, MG" year="2006">FORNAZIER et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and the micro-
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A09CDAEDE0966FB2C" box="[151,336,1193,1223]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
parasitoids
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A08ADAEDE0BACFB2C" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[503,922,1193,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Leptomastidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abnormis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A08ADAEDE0B0FFB2C" box="[503,825,1193,1223]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Leptomastidea abnormis</emphasis>
|
||||
Girault
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A0AB8AEDE0D40FB2C" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1885" box="[994,1398,1193,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Leptomastix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dactylopii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A0AB8AEDE0D30FB2C" box="[994,1286,1193,1223]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Leptomastix dactylopii</emphasis>
|
||||
Howard
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A09FBAEA30969FB19" box="[161,351,1236,1266]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB24FFF8A0833AEA309CFFB19" box="[361,505,1236,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) (PRADO; SANTA-CECÍLIA; FLOREZI FILHO, 2008).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996AF620979FAD8" blockId="39.[150,1401,1301,1971]" box="[204,335,1301,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B24FFF8A0996AF620979FAD8" bold="true" box="[204,335,1301,1331]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB24FFF8A0996AF620979FAD8" bold="true" box="[204,335,1301,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">Chemical</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF8A0996AF370968FA35" blockId="39.[150,1401,1301,1971]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">For the chemical control of the scale root the application of neonicotinoid insecticide when the first infestations are detected, in a localized way in the "reboleiras̎ and directly at the plant insertion point with the soil, via liquid, is efficient (FORNAZIER; LIMA; ROCHA, 2000; SOUZA; RIBEIRO, 2003).</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB24FFF850996AF9C0C3BFE68" blockId="39.[150,1401,1301,1971]" lastBlockId="40.[151,1399,229,387]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="2029" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028">
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For the citrus mealybug, research developed by Incaper (FORNAZIER;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0DC5AF9C0D45F9E2" author="MARTINS, D. dos S. & FORNAZIER, M. J." box="[1183,1395,1515,1545]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="194" refId="ref25494" refString="MARTINS, D. dos S.; FORNAZIER, M. J. Controle da lagarta das rosetas do cafe, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), em cafe Conilon. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 19. 2002, Manaus, AM. Anais ... Manaus, AM: p. 194. 2002." title="Controle da lagarta das rosetas do cafe, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), em cafe Conilon" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 19. 2002, Manaus, AM. Anais ... Manaus, AM" year="2002">MARTINS, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
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, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c, 2003d;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0B40AC620B56F9D8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & FANTON, C. J. & GOMES, W. R. & MARTINS, D. dos S." box="[538,864,1557,1587]" journalOrPublisher="Incaper" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="89 - 90" refId="ref24384" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; FANTON, C. J.; GOMES, W. R.; MARTINS, D. dos S. Controle da cochonilha da roseta, Planococcus sp., em cafe Conilon irrigado. In: SIMPOSIO INTERNO DE PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVACAO, 1., Vitoria, ES. Resumos ... Vitoria, ES: Incaper, p. 89 - 90, 2005 a. (Incaper. Documentos, 140)." title="Controle da cochonilha da roseta, Planococcus sp., em cafe Conilon irrigado" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO INTERNO DE PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVACAO, 1., Vitoria, ES. Resumos ... Vitoria, ES" year="2005">FORNAZIER et al., 2005a</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0A36AC620BF7F9D8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & FANTON, C. J. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. S. & MENEZES JR., A. O. & GOMES, W. R. & MARTINS, D. S. & VIEIRA, L. P." box="[876,961,1557,1587]" journalOrPublisher="Incaper" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="91 - 92" refId="ref24470" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; FANTON, C. J.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. S.; MENEZES JR., A. O.; GOMES, W. R.; MARTINS, D. S.; VIEIRA, L. P. Flutuacao populacional da cochonilha-da-roseta, e seus inimigos naturais no Espirito Santo. In: SIMPOSIO INTERNO DE PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVACAO, 1., 2005, Vitoria, ES. Resumos ... Vitoria, ES: Incaper, p. 91 - 92, 2005 b. (Incaper. Documentos, 140)." title="Flutuacao populacional da cochonilha-da-roseta, e seus inimigos naturais no Espirito Santo." type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO INTERNO DE PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVACAO, 1., 2005, Vitoria, ES. Resumos ... Vitoria, ES" year="2005">2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A0A94AC620C13F9D8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & GOMES, W. R. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & FANTON, C. J. & De MUNER, L. H." box="[974,1061,1557,1587]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="101 - 102" refId="ref24657" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; GOMES, W. R.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; FANTON, C. J.; De MUNER, L. H. Clorpirifos para controle da cochonilha da roseta em cafe Conilon. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 31., 2005, Guarapari, ES. Anais. .. Guarapari, ES: p. 101 - 102, 2005 d." title="Clorpirifos para controle da cochonilha da roseta em cafe Conilon" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 31., 2005, Guarapari, ES. Anais. .. Guarapari, ES" year="2005">2005d</bibRefCitation>
|
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; FORNAZIER; FREITAS; De MUNER, 2005;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A083AAC370A79F9B5" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & TAVARES, M. T. & MARTINS, D. dos S." box="[352,591,1600,1630]" pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="215" refId="ref24737" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; TAVARES, M. T.; MARTINS, D. dos S. Inimigos naturais da cochonilha das rosetas em cafe Conilon no estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 32., 2006. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Anais ... Pocos de Caldas, MG: p. 215, 2006." title="Inimigos naturais da cochonilha das rosetas em cafe Conilon no estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 32., 2006. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Anais ... Pocos de Caldas, MG" year="2006">FORNAZIER, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) showed that it is necessary to use a high volume of syrup (higher than 1,000 L/ha), use of suitable chemical products and the infestation monitoring to verify the presence of the pest moving or installed in the rosettes. For emergency control,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB24FFF8A09C3ACB7094DF935" author="REIS, P. R. & SOUZA, J. C. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & SILVA, R. A. & ZACARIAS, M. S." box="[153,379,1728,1758]" editor="Reis, P. R. & Cunha, R. L." pageId="39" pageNumber="2028" pagination="572 - 688" part="1" refId="ref27225" refString="REIS, P. R.; SOUZA, J. C.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; SILVA, R. A.; ZACARIAS, M. S. Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro. In: Reis, P. R.; Cunha, R. L. (Eds.). Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita. v. 1, p. 572 - 688. 2010." title="Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita" year="2010">Reis et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
recommend the use of different chemical products, such as methidathion and chlorpyrifos ethyl, registered for other coffee tree pests, by means of foliar spraying. In the observation of the populations increase, carry out the chemical control, preferably per field. In plantations where planting is carried out with the clones of the in-line varieties, it is recommended to monitor the incidence of cochineal in the clones, avoiding the indiscriminate application throughout the area. Preventive chemical intervention with products applied via foliage is not advisable because of the irregular cochineal manifestation in the crops. Products applied via soil have presented variation in the agronomic efficiency to control the pest (FORNAZIER;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB240FF850810AB4C0A2FFEB2" author="MARTINS, D. dos S. & FORNAZIER, M. J." box="[330,537,315,345]" pageId="40" pageNumber="2029" pagination="194" refId="ref25494" refString="MARTINS, D. dos S.; FORNAZIER, M. J. Controle da lagarta das rosetas do cafe, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), em cafe Conilon. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 19. 2002, Manaus, AM. Anais ... Manaus, AM: p. 194. 2002." title="Controle da lagarta das rosetas do cafe, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), em cafe Conilon" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 19. 2002, Manaus, AM. Anais ... Manaus, AM" year="2002">MARTINS, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c, 2003d). Chemicals applied via trunk were ineffective to control this cochineal (FORNAZIER; MARTINS, 2003a).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
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</treatment>
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155
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Stainton, 1865
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(
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Among the moths that can be found attacking stored coffee, the main one is
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. The adult is a moth with about 19 mm of wingspan and 9 mm of length, the body and the back gray wings. They have a nocturnal habit and are not adept at flying. Each female can lay about 180 whitish, elliptical eggs that are laid scattered or in groups on the coffee or on the warehouses walls. The caterpillars are white-dirty, cylindrical and have head, thoracic shield and last abdominal brown segment. They reach 12 mm in length when fully developed (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B258FF9C0C7AADEA088DFEE8" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="49.[151,235,997,1024]" captionTargetBox="[152,726,538,980]" captionTargetId="figure-360@49.[151,721,536,984]" captionText="Figure 18. C. cephalonica caterpillar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072609/files/figure.png" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="2038" pageId="48" pageNumber="2037">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The cycle ranges from 45 to 50 days. During the afternoon, it is possible to observe moths flying between the stacks in the warehouses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996AB26091FFE84" blockId="49.[153,1400,337,495]" box="[204,297,337,367]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">
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<heading id="C6636330B259FF9C0996AB26091FFE84" bold="true" box="[204,297,337,367]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB259FF9C0996AB26091FFE84" bold="true" box="[204,297,337,367]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">Losses</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996AB0B0A1CFE04" blockId="49.[153,1400,337,495]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">
|
||||
The sacks are all pierced when the infestation is severe, and its renewal is necessary. The presence of caterpillars, cocoons, and feces on coffee and sacks and harms the quality of the product for export (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B259FF9C08C7ABA60A2BFE04" box="[413,541,465,495]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="49.[829,913,996,1023]" captionTargetBox="[829,1403,534,982]" captionTargetId="figure-350@49.[828,1398,537,984]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figure 19. Damage caused by C. cephalonica." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072611/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B259FF9C09CDA9920A79FBEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072609" box="[151,591,997,1024]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072609/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038" startId="49.[151,235,997,1024]" targetBox="[152,726,538,980]" targetPageId="49" targetType="figure">
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C09CDA9920A79FBEB" blockId="49.[151,591,997,1024]" box="[151,591,997,1024]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB259FF9C09CDA9920924FBEB" bold="true" box="[151,274,997,1024]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">Figure 18</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB259FF9C0844A99209FEFBEB" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1865" box="[286,456,997,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Corcyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalonica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB259FF9C0844A99209FEFBEB" box="[286,456,997,1024]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">C. cephalonica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
caterpillar.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B259FF9C0A67A9930D55FC14" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072611" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072611" box="[829,1379,996,1023]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072611/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038" startId="49.[829,913,996,1023]" targetBox="[829,1403,534,982]" targetPageId="49" targetType="figure">
|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0A67A9930D55FC14" blockId="49.[829,1379,996,1023]" box="[829,1379,996,1023]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB259FF9C0A67A9930B81FC14" bold="true" box="[829,951,996,1023]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">Figure 19</emphasis>
|
||||
. Damage caused by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB259FF9C0DE8A9930D6AFC14" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1865" box="[1202,1372,996,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Corcyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalonica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB259FF9C0DE8A9930D6AFC14" box="[1202,1372,996,1023]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">C. cephalonica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996AE4A09FBFBB0" blockId="49.[149,1402,1085,1969]" box="[204,461,1085,1115]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B259FF9C0996AE4A09FBFBB0" bold="true" box="[204,461,1085,1115]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB259FF9C0996AE4A09FBFBB0" bold="true" box="[204,461,1085,1115]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">Method of control</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996AE1F0CDAFAED" blockId="49.[149,1402,1085,1969]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">A number of measures should be taken to avoid the presence of insects or insect remains in the stored product. It ranges from the awareness of those involved in the production chain to the importance of the presence of insects in the products considering the international sanitary barriers for export until the adoption of prophylactic measures for the pests control.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996AF640C0DF9ED" blockId="49.[149,1402,1085,1969]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">The management of pests in coffee storage begins with the correct management of the coffee berry borer and the coffee bean weevil in the production process and in the harvest, adopting measures to effectively reduce their populations.The observation of the humidity and the appropriate conditions recommended for the coffee grains storage disfavor the population development of the insects. It is also necessary to observe the variations of the grains humidity and take the necessary measures so that they can remain around 11%.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996AC6409B0F96D" blockId="49.[149,1402,1085,1969]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">Preventive measures such as the storage hygiene of the unit should be observed by cleaning and disinfestation of the barns and warehouses in necessary advance, before the harvesting process is started.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9C0996ACE409DDF8ED" blockId="49.[149,1402,1085,1969]" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">The correct identification of the pest insects is a fundamental factor to know the reasons and the origin of the infestations, which allows to take preventive measures to avoid the infestations continuation.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB259FF9F0996AD640CD3FEE8" blockId="49.[149,1402,1085,1969]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1253,229,259]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="2039" pageId="49" pageNumber="2038">The periodic inspection of the warehouses should be carried out, especially in the hot and humid regions and from October to April, when the best conditions for the population of stored coffee pests development are established. If infestations are detected, prophylactic measures should be taken, such as the removal of the grain mass and its protection with recommended insecticides. Storage unit disinfestation should also be performed using water mist.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
438
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(Ferrari, 1867)
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(
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)
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|
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|
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<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB272FFB70996AF9C0C41F962" blockId="26.[149,1399,1472,1972]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2015">
|
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Originating in Africa, coffee berry borer is the conilon main pest, as it has the ability to attack fruits at all maturing stages, from green to ripe (berry) or dry. This pest was first detected in Brazil in 1913, in the municipality of Campinas, São Paulo (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB272FFB70AB2AC370C8FF9B5" author="BERTHET, J. A." box="[1000,1209,1600,1630]" journalOrPublisher="Boletim de Agricultura. Sao Paulo, SP" pageId="26" pageNumber="2015" pagination="312 - 313" part="14" refId="ref21399" refString="BERTHET, J. A. Caruncho do cafe. Boletim de Agricultura. Sao Paulo, SP: v. 14, n. 5, p. 312 - 313, 1913." title="Caruncho do cafe" type="journal article" year="1913">BERTHET, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, its presence was officially registered only in 1924, when it caused great losses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB272FFB70996ACE10B36F862" blockId="26.[149,1399,1472,1972]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2015">
|
||||
The adult of the coffee berry borer is a small black beetle, with a cylindrical body and slightly curved towards the posterior region. The elytron are coated with characteristic pyriform bristles and scales. The males are similar to the females, but are smaller, measuring about a third of their body size and have rudimentary wings. For this reason, males do not fly and do not leave the fruits from which they originated. The proportion in the population is one male to ten females (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB272FFB709C4AD1C09B2F862" author="BERGAMIN, J." box="[158,388,1899,1929]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos do Instituto Biologico" pageId="26" pageNumber="2015" pagination="31 - 72" part="14" refId="ref21357" refString="BERGAMIN, J. Contribuicao para o conhecimento da biologia da broca-do-cafe Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Col. Ipidae). Arquivos do Instituto Biologico, v. 14, p. 31 - 72, 1943." title="Contribuicao para o conhecimento da biologia da broca-do-cafe Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Col. Ipidae)" type="journal article" year="1943">BERGAMIN, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; BENASSI; CARVALHO, 1994).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB272FFB60996ADE10C82FEB2" blockId="26.[149,1399,1472,1972]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1399,229,345]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="2016" pageId="26" pageNumber="2015">
|
||||
Mating occurs within the fruit where the female originated. Right after it, she looks for another fruit and perforates it, usually in the crown region, beginning the excavation of a gallery until reaching the seed parchment (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B273FFB60BBFAB670B64FEC5" box="[741,850,272,302]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="27.[831,916,739,766]" captionTargetBox="[829,1400,383,724]" captionTargetId="graphics-508@27.[829,1399,382,724]" captionText="Figure 1. Rosette with coffee berry borer attack symptom (A); and detail of the pest hole in the crown region of the fruit (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072575/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The female takes about seven hours to fully penetrate the fruit and can attack the fruit since the pellet-like berry stage.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB273FFB60996AB120B26FAE8" blockId="27.[149,793,357,899]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1401,912,1539]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">
|
||||
However, only when the coffee fruit reaches adequate moisture content/dry matter, that is, after the "water̎ period ("green̎ stage), the females initiate oviposition. Inside the seed, it widens the gallery and begins the lay. The eggs are small, white, elliptical and bright. The female initially lays, on average, two eggs per day. After 10 to 20 days, it starts to lay one egg a day, during a period of 10 to 12 days; from there, one egg every two days. A female can live up to 156 days and can lay from 31 to 119 eggs. The larvae are born after 4 to 10 days of egg laying and begin to feed on the seed, disintegrating small particles from the walls of the chamber where they were born. After a few days and under favorable conditions for the female to lay the eggs and larvae hatch, the seed can be fully consumed. The larval stage lasts on average 14 days and the larvae become pupae. At this stage, the vestiges of wings, antennae, eyes, mouth parts and legs of the future adult appear. The pupae initial coloration is white and over time the antennae, wings and mouthparts become darker and have a light brown color. The pupal stage lasts, in average, seven days; the adult is dark yellow in the early days and darkens to the definitive black color. The complete evolution from egg to adult occurs between 22 and 32 days and depends on the temperature (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB273FFB60DD4AECC0D43FB32" author="BERGAMIN, J." box="[1166,1397,1211,1241]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos do Instituto Biologico" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016" pagination="31 - 72" part="14" refId="ref21357" refString="BERGAMIN, J. Contribuicao para o conhecimento da biologia da broca-do-cafe Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Col. Ipidae). Arquivos do Instituto Biologico, v. 14, p. 31 - 72, 1943." title="Contribuicao para o conhecimento da biologia da broca-do-cafe Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Col. Ipidae)" type="journal article" year="1943">BERGAMIN, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; SOUZA;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB273FFB6085CAE9209A7FAE8" author="REIS, P. R. & ALVES, E. B. & SOUZA, J. C." box="[262,401,1253,1283]" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, Lavras" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016" pagination="260 - 266" part="21" refId="ref27056" refString="REIS, P. R.; ALVES, E. B.; SOUZA, J. C. Biologia do acaro-vermelho do cafeeiro Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1919). Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, Lavras: v. 21, n. 3, p. 260 - 266, 1997." title="Biologia do acaro-vermelho do cafeeiro Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1919)" type="journal article" year="1997">REIS, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; LAURENTINO; COSTA, 2004).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B273FFB60A65A8940C4DFC83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072575/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016" startId="27.[831,916,739,766]" targetBox="[829,1400,383,724]" targetPageId="27">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB273FFB60A65A8940C4DFC83" blockId="27.[831,1398,739,872]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB273FFB60A65A8940B84FD15" bold="true" box="[831,946,739,766]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">Figure 1</emphasis>
|
||||
. Rosette with coffee berry borer attack symptom (A); and detail of the pest hole in the crown region of the fruit (B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB273FFB60996AF670B07F9E8" blockId="27.[151,1401,912,1539]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">Adults and immature forms survive from one crop to another, in coffee beans lying on the ground or retained in plants, provided there are favorable conditions of moisture for their survival. Thus, post-harvest rains provide ideal conditions for survival of the coffee berry borer, particularly if associated with intense summer in January and February. The lack of uniformity of flowering also favors the coffee berry borer multiplication because it provides the existence of fruits suitable for its feeding for a longer period.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB273FFB60996AC50091FF9AE" blockId="27.[150,1400,1575,1946]" box="[204,297,1575,1605]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B273FFB60996AC50091FF9AE" bold="true" box="[204,297,1575,1605]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB273FFB60996AC50091FF9AE" bold="true" box="[204,297,1575,1605]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">Losses</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB273FFB60996AC260C4AF8F1" blockId="27.[150,1400,1575,1946]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">
|
||||
High temperatures associated with water factors in the conilon cultivation regions lead to favorable conditions to the greater development of coffee berry borer populations and allow the pest to be responsible for large losses in productivity (BENASSI; CARVALHO, 1994). After the female perforates the fruit and digs the galleries with the respective laying chamber, the larvae appear, which, when feeding, destroy partially or totally the seed (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B273FFB60AA5AC8B0C59F8F1" box="[1023,1135,1788,1818]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="28.[152,236,786,813]" captionTargetBox="[151,721,344,771]" captionTargetId="graphics-476@28.[152,721,344,771]" captionText="Figure 2. Coffee beans damaged by coffee berry borer at different maturation stages." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072577/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB273FFB10988AD500A08FEC5" blockId="27.[150,1400,1575,1946]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1399,229,302]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="2017" pageId="27" pageNumber="2016">In the processing of harvested coffee, the following situations can arise due to the severity with which the seed was damaged: presence of perfect or healthy beans, not affected by the coffee berry borer; drilled beans in which the perforations of the coffee berry borer galleries can be observed; and low quality coffee, resulting from the breaking of the most damaged beans by the coffee berry borer.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB274FFB10A76AB4C0AF6FC32" blockId="28.[756,1400,315,899]" lastBlockId="28.[150,1401,912,1539]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">
|
||||
High infestations of this insect in the production phase decrease the percentage of perfect beans and increase the amount of drilled, low quality and broken beans.Thus,the damages caused by the coffee berry borer can be directly verified in the weight loss of the processed coffee, since the completely destroyed or very damaged beans leave together with the low quality beans and indirectly due to the presence of drilled beans and the depreciation of the processed coffee value, since every five drilled beans, it is considered a defect in the classification by type (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10BA5A94C0C15FCB2" author="NAKANO, O. & COSTA, J. D. & BERTOLOTI. S. J. & OLIVETTI, C. M." box="[767,1059,827,857]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="8 - 10" refId="ref26511" refString="NAKANO, O.; COSTA, J. D.; BERTOLOTI. S. J.; OLIVETTI, C. M. Revisao sobre o conceito de controle quimico da broca-do-cafe - Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS. 4., Anais .... Rio de Janeiro. p. 8 - 10. 1976." title="Revisao sobre o conceito de controle quimico da broca-do-cafe - Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS. 4., Anais .... Rio de Janeiro" year="1976">NAKANO et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; YOKOYAMA et al., 1978;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10BADA9120BD0FC68" author="LUCAS, M. B. & SALGADO, L. O. & REIS, P. R. & SOUZA, L. C." box="[759,998,869,899]" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia e Pratica" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="314 - 321" part="13" refId="ref25351" refString="LUCAS, M. B.; SALGADO, L. O.; REIS, P. R.; SOUZA, L. C. Perdas de peso de cafe no processo de beneficiamento em consequencia do ataque da broca-do-cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ciencia e Pratica, v. 13, p. 314 - 321, 1989." title="Perdas de peso de cafe no processo de beneficiamento em consequencia do ataque da broca-do-cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">LUCAS et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Another problem with coffee quality is the presence of residues composed of feces and part of adult insects, larvae and eggs that remain in roasted and ground coffee.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B274FFB109C2A9650942FC9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072577" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072577/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" startId="28.[152,236,786,813]" targetBox="[151,721,344,771]" targetPageId="28">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB274FFB109C2A9650942FC9F" blockId="28.[152,721,786,884]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB274FFB109C2A965093FFCC6" bold="true" box="[152,265,786,813]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">Figure 2</emphasis>
|
||||
. Coffee beans damaged by coffee berry borer at different maturation stages.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB274FFB10996A9920A9FF9E8" blockId="28.[150,1401,912,1539]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">
|
||||
Information gathering carried out in the state of Espírito Santo showed that in years favorable to infestation, coffee berry borer causes losses up to R$ 40 million per year (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10C15AE670997FBB2" author="De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. S. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="6 p." journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" refId="ref22603" refString="De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. S.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000. 6 p. (Emcaper - folder)." title="Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="book" year="2000">De MUNER et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB108ECAE4C0AD0FBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & ALMEIDA, L. F. & PAGIO, V." box="[438,742,1083,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="759 - 761" refId="ref23403" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; ALMEIDA, L. F.; PAGIO, V. Tipificacao do cafe Conilon produzido no Estado do Espirito Santo - safra 98 / 99. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia; Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN, p. 759 - 761, 2000 a." title="Tipificacao do cafe Conilon produzido no Estado do Espirito Santo - safra 98 / 99" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia; Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN" year="2000">Fornazier et al. (2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10BAEAE4C0B7DFBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & De MUNER, L. H." box="[756,843,1083,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1157 - 1160" refId="ref23521" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; De MUNER, L. H. Caracterizacao da infestacao de campo da broca-do-cafe, em cafe arabica e conilon, no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000, Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN, p. 1157 - 1160, 2000 b." title="Caracterizacao da infestacao de campo da broca-do-cafe, em cafe arabica e conilon, no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000, Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN" year="2000">2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10A03AE4C0B9DFBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & ARLEU, R. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & SOUZA, J. C. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & De MUNER, L. H." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[857,939,1083,1113]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" refId="ref23621" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; ARLEU, R. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; SOUZA, J. C.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; De MUNER, L. H. Manejo da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000 c. 6 p. (Emcaper. Documentos, 104)." title="Manejo da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="2000">2000c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10AE3AE4C0C26FBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & PERINI, J. L. & De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & MAZZO, G." box="[953,1040,1083,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="161" refId="ref23702" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; PERINI, J. L.; De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; MAZZO, G. Ocorrencia da lagarta das rosetas do cafeeiro, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) em Coffea canephora no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 161, 2000 d." title="Ocorrencia da lagarta das rosetas do cafeeiro, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) em Coffea canephora no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">2000d</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10D44AE4C0C44FBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & De MUNER, L. H. & SUNDERHUS, A. B. & BAUTZ, A." box="[1054,1138,1083,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="179 - 180" refId="ref23801" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; De MUNER, L. H.; SUNDERHUS, A. B.; BAUTZ, A. Amostragem de campo da broca-do- cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr., 1867), em pos-colheita de cafe arabica (Coffea arabica) e conilon (Coffea canephora). In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 179 - 180, 2000 e." title="Amostragem de campo da broca-do- cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr., 1867), em pos-colheita de cafe arabica (Coffea arabica) e conilon (Coffea canephora)" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">2000e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10DDBAE4C0CF8FBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & PAGIO, V. & ALMEIDA, L. F." box="[1153,1230,1083,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1164 - 1166" refId="ref23891" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; PAGIO, V.; ALMEIDA, L. F. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe armazenado em nivel de propriedade agricola no Estado do Espirito Santo - Safra agricola 98 / 99. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe MINASPLAN, p. 1164 - 1166, 2000 f." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe armazenado em nivel de propriedade agricola no Estado do Espirito Santo - Safra agricola 98 / 99" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe MINASPLAN" year="2000">2000f</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10D86AE4C0D07FBB2" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & OLIVEIRA, G. M." box="[1244,1329,1083,1113]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1466 - 1470" refId="ref24199" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; OLIVEIRA, G. M. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 1466 - 1470, 2001 b." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB109CDAE120A9CFB68" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H." box="[151,682,1125,1155]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="240 - 242" refId="ref23338" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H., broca-do-cafe no Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 2000 / 2001. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., 2001, Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG. p. 240 - 242, 2001." title="broca-do-cafe no Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 2000 / 2001" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 27., 2001, Uberaba, MG. Anais ... Uberaba, MG" year="2001">Fornazier, Martins and De Muner (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10BECAE120BD1FB68" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & OLIVEIRA, G. M." box="[694,999,1125,1155]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1466 - 1470" refId="ref24199" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; OLIVEIRA, G. M. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 1466 - 1470, 2001 b." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" year="2001">Fornazier et al. (2001b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
showed infestations of coffee berry borer in Espírito Santo's conilon coffee higher than 25% of drilled grains, after processing. Field infestations were sampled in all conilon coffee producing municipalities, which led to the launching of the State Coffee Berry Borer Management Campaign (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10D06AE920D5DFAE8" author="SOARES, S. F. & DE MUNER, L. H. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. S. & SILVA, A. E. S. & SALGADO, J. S." box="[1116,1387,1253,1283]" journalOrPublisher="Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="2076 - 2079" refId="ref28032" refString="SOARES, S. F.; DE MUNER, L. H.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. S.; SILVA, A. E. S.; SALGADO, J. S. Difusao e transferencia de tecnologia para a cultura do cafeeiro no Estado do Espirito Santo: manejo da broca-do-cafe. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 2076 - 2079, 2001." title="Difusao e transferencia de tecnologia para a cultura do cafeeiro no Estado do Espirito Santo: manejo da broca-do-cafe" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe 2002" year="2001">SOARES et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). As a result of this campaign, it was possible to typify conilon coffee produced in the northern and southern regions of Espírito Santo. It was observed the great influence of coffee berry borer on the reduction of crop productivity, especially of the less-technological ones, on the intrinsic quality of conilon coffee and on the slight increase in the incidence of grain defects (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB109C5AFCC09D2FA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & ALMEIDA, L. F. & PAGIO, V." box="[159,484,1467,1497]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="759 - 761" refId="ref23403" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; ALMEIDA, L. F.; PAGIO, V. Tipificacao do cafe Conilon produzido no Estado do Espirito Santo - safra 98 / 99. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia; Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN, p. 759 - 761, 2000 a." title="Tipificacao do cafe Conilon produzido no Estado do Espirito Santo - safra 98 / 99" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia; Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN" year="2000">FORNAZIER et al., 2000a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB108B4AFCC0A73FA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & De MUNER, L. H." box="[494,581,1467,1497]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1157 - 1160" refId="ref23521" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; De MUNER, L. H. Caracterizacao da infestacao de campo da broca-do-cafe, em cafe arabica e conilon, no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000, Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN, p. 1157 - 1160, 2000 b." title="Caracterizacao da infestacao de campo da broca-do-cafe, em cafe arabica e conilon, no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000, Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN" year="2000">2000b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10B15AFCC0A97FA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & ARLEU, R. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & SOUZA, J. C. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & De MUNER, L. H." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[591,673,1467,1497]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" refId="ref23621" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; ARLEU, R. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; SOUZA, J. C.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; De MUNER, L. H. Manejo da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000 c. 6 p. (Emcaper. Documentos, 104)." title="Manejo da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="2000">2000c</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10BF6AFCC0B35FA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & PERINI, J. L. & De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & MAZZO, G." box="[684,771,1467,1497]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="161" refId="ref23702" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; PERINI, J. L.; De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; MAZZO, G. Ocorrencia da lagarta das rosetas do cafeeiro, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) em Coffea canephora no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 161, 2000 d." title="Ocorrencia da lagarta das rosetas do cafeeiro, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere, 1864) em Coffea canephora no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">2000d</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10A57AFCC0B57FA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & De MUNER, L. H. & SUNDERHUS, A. B. & BAUTZ, A." box="[781,865,1467,1497]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="179 - 180" refId="ref23801" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; De MUNER, L. H.; SUNDERHUS, A. B.; BAUTZ, A. Amostragem de campo da broca-do- cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr., 1867), em pos-colheita de cafe arabica (Coffea arabica) e conilon (Coffea canephora). In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 179 - 180, 2000 e." title="Amostragem de campo da broca-do- cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr., 1867), em pos-colheita de cafe arabica (Coffea arabica) e conilon (Coffea canephora)" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">2000e</bibRefCitation>
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||||
,
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10A31AFCC0B8FFA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & PAGIO, V. & ALMEIDA, L. F." box="[875,953,1467,1497]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1164 - 1166" refId="ref23891" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; PAGIO, V.; ALMEIDA, L. F. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe armazenado em nivel de propriedade agricola no Estado do Espirito Santo - Safra agricola 98 / 99. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe MINASPLAN, p. 1164 - 1166, 2000 f." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe armazenado em nivel de propriedade agricola no Estado do Espirito Santo - Safra agricola 98 / 99" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe MINASPLAN" year="2000">2000f</bibRefCitation>
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||||
,
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10A99AFCC0C2FFA32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & OLIVEIRA, G. M." box="[963,1049,1467,1497]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1466 - 1470" refId="ref24199" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; OLIVEIRA, G. M. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 1466 - 1470, 2001 b." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, FORNAZIER; MARTINS; De MUNER, 2001,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB274FFB10802AF920AABF9E8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & OLIVEIRA, G. M." box="[344,669,1509,1539]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" pagination="1466 - 1470" refId="ref24199" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; OLIVEIRA, G. M. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 1466 - 1470, 2001 b." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" year="2001">FORNAZIER et al., 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB274FFB10996AC500A05F9AE" blockId="28.[151,1401,1575,1946]" box="[204,563,1575,1605]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">
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<heading id="C6636330B274FFB10996AC500A05F9AE" bold="true" box="[204,563,1575,1605]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017" reason="6">
|
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<emphasis id="AFE0084EB274FFB10996AC500A05F9AE" bold="true" box="[204,563,1575,1605]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">Infestation and Sampling</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB274FFB00996AC260B8EFDE8" blockId="28.[151,1401,1575,1946]" lastBlockId="29.[149,1401,229,1283]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="2018" pageId="28" pageNumber="2017">
|
||||
In spite of attacking the fruits at all maturation stages, the coffee berry borer only begins to perforate the fruits when the seeds reach the moisture content and the dry matter weight adequate to the egg laying by the females. When the coffee berry borer attacks fruits still in the pellet stage or very watery, they stop their development and fall later. In conilon, these fruits still underdeveloped to be perforated, in addition to the growth stoppage, present a change in coloration, which varies from yellowish to slightly reddish before falling. When the attack occurs after the pellet stage, the infested fruits continue to develop, but the coffee berry borer is lodged in the fruit crown, without continuing the excavation of the gallery, waiting its development until the seeds reach the content of moisture/matter dry conditions appropriate to oviposition. The identification by the producer of this period in which the coffee berry borer is housed in the crown and does not penetrate the fruit usually occurs between October and December in Espírito Santo and is the determining factor in the success of the chemical control measures adoption. It is in this period that the producer must initiate sampling procedures and infestation calculations (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB0088FABCC0AE1FE32" author="SOARES, S. F. & DE MUNER, L. H. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. S. & SILVA, A. E. S. & SALGADO, J. S." box="[469,727,443,473]" journalOrPublisher="Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="2076 - 2079" refId="ref28032" refString="SOARES, S. F.; DE MUNER, L. H.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. S.; SILVA, A. E. S.; SALGADO, J. S. Difusao e transferencia de tecnologia para a cultura do cafeeiro no Estado do Espirito Santo: manejo da broca-do-cafe. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 2076 - 2079, 2001." title="Difusao e transferencia de tecnologia para a cultura do cafeeiro no Estado do Espirito Santo: manejo da broca-do-cafe" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe 2002" year="2001">SOARES et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00BB8ABCC0C15FE32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J & FANTON, C. J. & PERINI, J. L. & GOMES. W. R. & ZUCATELI, F. & OLIVEIRA, A. & CASAGRANDE, R. P." box="[738,1059,443,473]" journalOrPublisher="COOABRIEL - Orgao Informativo da Cooperativa de Sao Gabriel. Sao Gabriel da Palha, ES" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="7" refId="ref24578" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J; FANTON, C. J.; PERINI, J. L.; GOMES. W. R.; ZUCATELI, F.; OLIVEIRA, A.; CASAGRANDE, R. P. Guia do cafeicultor: tecnicos alertam sobre a broca-do-cafe. COOABRIEL - Orgao Informativo da Cooperativa de Sao Gabriel. Sao Gabriel da Palha, ES: p. 7. nov-dez / 2005 c." title="Guia do cafeicultor: tecnicos alertam sobre a broca-do-cafe" type="journal article" year="2005">FORNAZIER et al., 2005c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In the state of Rondônia, field infestations ranged from 33 to 40% (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00BEDAB920B9BFDE8" author="COSTA, J. N. M. & TEIXEIRA, C. A. D. & RIBEIRO, P. A. & SILVA; R. B. & SILVA; D. A." bookContentInfo="11 p." box="[695,941,485,515]" journalOrPublisher="Porto Velho: Embrapa Rondonia" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" refId="ref21769" refString="COSTA, J. N. M.; TEIXEIRA, C. A. D.; RIBEIRO, P. A.; SILVA; R. B.; SILVA; D. A. Flutuacao da infestacao da broca-do-cafe Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) em Rondonia. Porto Velho: Embrapa Rondonia, 11 p. 2002. (Embrapa Rondonia. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, 11)." title="Flutuacao da infestacao da broca-do-cafe Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) em Rondonia" type="book" year="2002">COSTA et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB275FFB00996A8670BD8FD32" blockId="29.[149,1401,229,1283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">It has not been easy to establish a practical criterion to determine accurately the degree of pest infestation in the coffee crop because the coffee berry borer does not spread uniformly on the lands and in the fruits of the same plant. However, the criterion adopted in the practice is to collect, at random, from each field, a certain quantity of fruits of a certain number of plants beginning in October-November, when the beans are still green.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB275FFB00996A8920D5CFAE8" blockId="29.[149,1401,229,1283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">
|
||||
For the coffee berry borer infestation survey in arabica coffee, it has been recommended to sample 50 plants per field, well distributed throughout the area; collect 100 fruits per plant taking, randomly, 25 of each face of the plant, totaling 5 thousand fruits per field (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00DB6A94C08D6FC68" author="REIS, P. R. & SOUZA, J. C. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & SILVA, R. A. & ZACARIAS, M. S." editor="Reis, P. R. & Cunha, R. L." pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="572 - 688" part="1" refId="ref27225" refString="REIS, P. R.; SOUZA, J. C.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; SILVA, R. A.; ZACARIAS, M. S. Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro. In: Reis, P. R.; Cunha, R. L. (Eds.). Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita. v. 1, p. 572 - 688. 2010." title="Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita" year="2010">REIS et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In order to facilitate, the fruits can be mixed, forming a single sample and counted by separating the drilled ones (with the presence of live insects) from those healthy ones, obtaining the percentage of infestation. It is done in the same way for all fields and determines the average that will provide the infestation. The indication of the infestation percentage is very important, since it is based exclusively on it that the coffee crop treatment can be recommended. However, whenever possible, the control should be performed by field and/or coffee clone when the control levels are reached. Sampling in the Espírito Santo municipalities that are conilon coffee producers was carried out with 500 fruits in fielsd of 3 thousand to 5 thousand plants, where excellent results were obtained (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00B1EAECC0B58FB32" author="De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. S. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[580,878,1211,1241]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" refId="ref22603" refString="De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. S.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000. 6 p. (Emcaper - folder)." title="Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="book" year="2000">De MUNER et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00A2DAECC0C8EFB32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & ALMEIDA, L. F. & PAGIO, V." box="[887,1208,1211,1241]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="759 - 761" refId="ref23403" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; ALMEIDA, L. F.; PAGIO, V. Tipificacao do cafe Conilon produzido no Estado do Espirito Santo - safra 98 / 99. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia; Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN, p. 759 - 761, 2000 a." title="Tipificacao do cafe Conilon produzido no Estado do Espirito Santo - safra 98 / 99" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia; Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN" year="2000">FORNAZIER et al., 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00D98AECC0D2EFB32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & De MUNER, L. H." box="[1218,1304,1211,1241]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="1157 - 1160" refId="ref23521" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; De MUNER, L. H. Caracterizacao da infestacao de campo da broca-do-cafe, em cafe arabica e conilon, no Estado do Espirito Santo. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000, Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN, p. 1157 - 1160, 2000 b." title="Caracterizacao da infestacao de campo da broca-do-cafe, em cafe arabica e conilon, no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000, Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe e MINASPLAN" year="2000">2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00C78AECC0D43FB32" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & ARLEU, R. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & SOUZA, J. C. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & De MUNER, L. H." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[1314,1397,1211,1241]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" refId="ref23621" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; ARLEU, R. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; SOUZA, J. C.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; De MUNER, L. H. Manejo da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000 c. 6 p. (Emcaper. Documentos, 104)." title="Manejo da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="2000">2000c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB009CDAE9208EAFAE8" author="De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. S. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[151,220,1253,1283]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" refId="ref22603" refString="De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. S.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000. 6 p. (Emcaper - folder)." title="Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="book" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB009BCAE92090CFAE8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & De MUNER, L. H. & SUNDERHUS, A. B. & BAUTZ, A." box="[230,314,1253,1283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="179 - 180" refId="ref23801" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; De MUNER, L. H.; SUNDERHUS, A. B.; BAUTZ, A. Amostragem de campo da broca-do- cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr., 1867), em pos-colheita de cafe arabica (Coffea arabica) e conilon (Coffea canephora). In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP: p. 179 - 180, 2000 e." title="Amostragem de campo da broca-do- cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr., 1867), em pos-colheita de cafe arabica (Coffea arabica) e conilon (Coffea canephora)" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS CAFEEIRAS, 26., 2000, Marilia, SP. Anais ... Marilia, SP" year="2000">2000e</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB0081FAE9209A4FAE8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & PAGIO, V. & ALMEIDA, L. F." box="[325,402,1253,1283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="1164 - 1166" refId="ref23891" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; PAGIO, V.; ALMEIDA, L. F. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe armazenado em nivel de propriedade agricola no Estado do Espirito Santo - Safra agricola 98 / 99. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe MINASPLAN, p. 1164 - 1166, 2000 f." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe armazenado em nivel de propriedade agricola no Estado do Espirito Santo - Safra agricola 98 / 99" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., 2000. Pocos de Caldas, MG. Resumos expandidos ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe MINASPLAN" year="2000">2000f</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB008C6AE9209C5FAE8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & OLIVEIRA, G. M." box="[412,499,1253,1283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="1466 - 1470" refId="ref24199" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; OLIVEIRA, G. M. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 1466 - 1470, 2001 b." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; FORNAZIER; MARTINS; De MUNER, 2001;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00D40AE920D69FAE8" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & De MUNER, L. H. & ARLEU, R. J & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & OLIVEIRA, G. M." box="[1050,1375,1253,1283]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" pagination="1466 - 1470" refId="ref24199" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; De MUNER, L. H.; ARLEU, R. J; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; OLIVEIRA, G. M. Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00. In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, p. 1466 - 1470, 2001 b." title="Danos da broca-do-cafe em cafe Conilon, em nivel de propriedade agricola, no estado do Espirito Santo - Safra Agricola 99 / 00" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 2., 2001. Vitoria, ES. Anais ... Brasilia: Embrapa Cafe, 2002. CD-ROM: Consorcio Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras" year="2001">FORNAZIER et al., 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB275FFB00996AF5009ECFAAE" blockId="29.[204,474,1319,1349]" box="[204,474,1319,1349]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B275FFB00996AF5009ECFAAE" bold="true" box="[204,474,1319,1349]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB275FFB00996AF5009ECFAAE" bold="true" box="[204,474,1319,1349]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">Methods of control</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB275FFB00996AF1F0908FA6D" blockId="29.[150,1401,1384,1969]" box="[204,318,1384,1414]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B275FFB00996AF1F0908FA6D" bold="true" box="[204,318,1384,1414]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB275FFB00996AF1F0908FA6D" bold="true" box="[204,318,1384,1414]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">Cultural</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB275FFB30996AFE409FBFEE8" blockId="29.[150,1401,1384,1969]" lastBlockId="30.[151,461,229,259]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="2019" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018">
|
||||
Culture control through "transfer̎, that is, the harvesting of coffee beans that remain in the soil or retained in the plant after harvesting is aimed at reducing outbreaks of pest infestation in the crop. It is one of the most efficient methods of fighting coffee berry borer using "friendlier̎ technology for the management. The withdrawal of the food source and the remaining insects from the previous crop greatly favors the pest population reduction in commercial crops. Abandoned crops should be eradicated not to work as a focus for multiplication and insect dissemination. The very green fruits of the previous crop, coming from late flowering, should also be removed, because when they develop they can be used to multiply the coffee berry borer during the off season. The densification of crops is becoming more and more frequent in conilon coffee cultivation and may favor the coffee berry borer infestation in periods favorable to its development. For the storage of the harvested beans, it is necessary to perform the drying correctly to avoid that the coffee berry borer continues its multiplication, especially in the coffee stored in coconut (FORNAZIER; BENASSI; MARTINS, 1995;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB275FFB00D74ADE40D42F85A" author="FORNAZIER, M. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M. & ARLEU, R. J. & MARTINS, D. dos S. & SOUZA, J. C. & FONSECA, A. F. A. da & De MUNER, L. H." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[1070,1396,1939,1969]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="29" pageNumber="2018" refId="ref23621" refString="FORNAZIER, M. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M.; ARLEU, R. J.; MARTINS, D. dos S.; SOUZA, J. C.; FONSECA, A. F. A. da; De MUNER, L. H. Manejo da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000 c. 6 p. (Emcaper. Documentos, 104)." title="Manejo da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="2000">FORNAZIER et al., 2000c</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB309CDAA9209F4FEE8" author="De MUNER, L. H. & MARTINS, D. S. & FORNAZIER, M. J. & ARLEU, R. J. & BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="6 p." box="[151,450,229,259]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria, ES: Emcaper" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" refId="ref22603" refString="De MUNER, L. H.; MARTINS, D. S.; FORNAZIER, M. J.; ARLEU, R. J.; BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo. Vitoria, ES: Emcaper, 2000. 6 p. (Emcaper - folder)." title="Programa de manejo da broca-do-cafe no Estado do Espirito Santo" type="book" year="2000">De MUNER et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB276FFB30996AB50096CFEAE" blockId="30.[150,1401,295,1178]" box="[204,346,295,325]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B276FFB30996AB50096CFEAE" bold="true" box="[204,346,295,325]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30996AB50096CFEAE" bold="true" box="[204,346,295,325]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Biological</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB276FFB30996AB260B07FD84" blockId="30.[150,1401,295,1178]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
As the coffee berry borer main natural enemies, the African parasitoids stand out:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30C4CAB2609B3FE71" authority="Waterston" authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Prorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30C4CAB2608C6FE71" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Prorops nasuta</emphasis>
|
||||
Waterston
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, known as Uganda Wasp;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30BB2AB0B0CE4FE71" authority="Betrem" authorityName="Betrem" authorityYear="1961" box="[744,1234,380,410]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephanoderis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30BB2AB0B0C53FE71" box="[744,1125,380,410]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Cephalonomia stephanoderis</emphasis>
|
||||
Betrem
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Ivory Coast Wasp;
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB309B6ABD00AA2FE2E" authority="Schemied" authorityName="Schemied" box="[236,660,423,453]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Heterospilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeicola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB309B6ABD00A3CFE2E" box="[236,522,423,453]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Heterospilus coffeicola</emphasis>
|
||||
Schemied
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30B88ABD00C72FE2E" authority="La Salle" authorityName="La Salle" box="[722,1092,423,453]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Phymastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30B88ABD00BEEFE2E" box="[722,984,423,453]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Phymastichus coffea</emphasis>
|
||||
La Salle
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Togo Wasp. In addition to these species, it was documented the presence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30A3AABA60D63FE04" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" box="[864,1365,465,495]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalinipennis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30A3AABA60CE6FE04" box="[864,1232,465,495]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Cephalonomia hyalinipennis</emphasis>
|
||||
Ashmead
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in Mexico (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB30852AB8B0A77FDF1" author="PEREZ-LACHAUD, G." box="[264,577,508,538]" journalOrPublisher="Southwestern Entomologist" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" pagination="287 - 288" part="23" refId="ref26801" refString="PEREZ-LACHAUD, G. A new bethylid attacking the coffee berry borer in Chiapas (Mexico) and some notes on its biology. Southwestern Entomologist, v. 23, p. 287 - 288, 1998." title="A new bethylid attacking the coffee berry borer in Chiapas (Mexico) and some notes on its biology" type="journal article" year="1998">PÉREZ-LACHAUD, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; PÉREZ-LACHAUD; HARDY, 1999) and in Brazil, in the State of São Paulo, municipalities of Ribeirão Preto, Mococa and Campinas (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB30D40A8500CD7FDAE" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="90 p." box="[1050,1249,551,581]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" refId="ref21230" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 2007. 90 p. Tese (Doutorado em entomologia). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 2007." title="Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="book" year="2007">BENASSI, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and in the State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Sooretama.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB276FFB30996A80B0D0BFC2E" blockId="30.[150,1401,295,1178]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30996A80B09B9FD71" authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1923" box="[204,399,636,666]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Prorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30996A80B09B9FD71" box="[204,399,636,666]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Prorops nasuta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was introduced in Brazil by Hempel in 1929, multiplied in laboratory and released in several municipalities of the State of São Paulo With the use of chemicals, from the 1940s, biological control using this wasp was neglected. Currently, this parasitoid can be found in some Brazilian states, such as Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná and São Paulo. Ivory Coast Wasp occurs naturally in several municipalities of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rondônia and São Paulo (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB3083EA9260A1DFC84" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="20 p." box="[356,555,849,879]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria: EMCAPA" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" refId="ref21122" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria: EMCAPA. 1996. 20 p. (EMCAPA. Documentos, 91)." title="Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="1996">BENASSI, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB30B6CA9260B05FC84" author="SOUZA, M. S & TEIXEIRA, C. A. D. & AZEVEDO, C. O. & COSTA, V. A. & COSTA, J. N. M." box="[566,819,849,879]" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" pagination="560 - 562" part="35" refId="ref28357" refString="SOUZA, M. S; TEIXEIRA, C. A. D.; AZEVEDO, C. O.; COSTA, V. A.; COSTA, J. N. M. Ocorrencia de Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) em cafezais da Amazonia Brasileira. Neotropical Entomology, v. 35, n. 4, p. 560 - 562, 2006." title="Ocorrencia de Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) em cafezais da Amazonia Brasileira" type="journal article" year="2006">SOUZA et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Surveys carried out in 19 municipalities of Espírito Santo during the period from 2001 to 2003 detected their presence in 18 of them, with parasitism index in the field varying from 1.3% to 83.0% in the off-season (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB30D30A9D00D04FC2E" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="90 p." box="[1130,1330,935,965]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" refId="ref21230" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 2007. 90 p. Tese (Doutorado em entomologia). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 2007." title="Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="book" year="2007">BENASSI, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB276FFB30996A9A60C14FB71" blockId="30.[150,1401,295,1178]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
The adults of the three species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30BDBA9A60AC1FC04" authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1923" box="[641,759,977,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Prorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30BDBA9A60AC1FC04" box="[641,759,977,1007]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">P. nasuta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B276FFB30A50A9A60BA5FC04" box="[778,915,977,1007]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="30.[831,915,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[830,1398,1217,1833]" captionTargetId="graphics-466@30.[829,1399,1211,1835]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 3. Prorops nasuta - Uganda wasp (A); C. stephanoderis - Ivory Coast Wasp (B); and C. hyalinipennis (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072579/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30AF3A9A60C40FC04" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" box="[937,1142,977,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalinipennis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30AF3A9A60C40FC04" box="[937,1142,977,1007]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">C. hyalinipennis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B276FFB30DD3A9A60D3BFC04" box="[1161,1293,977,1007]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="30.[831,915,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[830,1398,1217,1833]" captionTargetId="graphics-466@30.[829,1399,1211,1835]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 3. Prorops nasuta - Uganda wasp (A); C. stephanoderis - Ivory Coast Wasp (B); and C. hyalinipennis (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072579/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30C04A9A6097BFBF1" authorityName="Betrem" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephanoderis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30C04A9A6097BFBF1" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">C. stephanoderis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B276FFB30804A98B09D5FBF1" box="[350,483,1020,1050]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="30.[831,915,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[830,1398,1217,1833]" captionTargetId="graphics-466@30.[829,1399,1211,1835]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 3. Prorops nasuta - Uganda wasp (A); C. stephanoderis - Ivory Coast Wasp (B); and C. hyalinipennis (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072579/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) are from the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30A5EA98B0C50FBF1" authority="(Hymenoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Hymenoptera" box="[772,1126,1020,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bethylidae (Hymenoptera)</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and resemble color and size: they are black and measure approximately 2.5 mm in length. They can be easily differentiated by the shape of the head, which is triangular in the Uganda Wasp, quadrangular in the Ivory Coast Wasp and rectangular in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30B94AE0B0BA1FB71" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" box="[718,919,1148,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalinipennis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30B94AE0B0BA1FB71" box="[718,919,1148,1178]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">C. hyalinipennis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B276FFB30AFFAE0B0C23FB71" box="[933,1045,1148,1178]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="30.[831,915,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[830,1398,1217,1833]" captionTargetId="graphics-466@30.[829,1399,1211,1835]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 3. Prorops nasuta - Uganda wasp (A); C. stephanoderis - Ivory Coast Wasp (B); and C. hyalinipennis (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072579/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB276FFB20996AED00D25FEC5" blockId="30.[149,794,1191,1946]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1398,229,302]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="2020" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
The development phases length of the two species is similar and depend on temperature, varying the egg period from two to six days and larval stage of four to eight days (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB30BC6AF5008E9FA84" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="20 p." journalOrPublisher="Vitoria: EMCAPA" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" refId="ref21122" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria: EMCAPA. 1996. 20 p. (EMCAPA. Documentos, 91)." title="Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="1996">BENASSI, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB276FFB309B6AF260905FA84" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." box="[236,307,1361,1391]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" pagination="1268 - 1270" refId="ref21166" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Metodologia de criacao da Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, 1961 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), parasitoide da broca-do-cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867). In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., Anais ... Brasilia, DF: p. 1268 - 1270, 2000." title="Metodologia de criacao da Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, 1961 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), parasitoide da broca-do-cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867)" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., Anais ... Brasilia, DF" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). After this period, the larva weaves a cocoon and inside of it begins its pupal stage, later emerging as an adult insect. All the activity of the two species occurs inside the coffee fruits, where the adults penetrate through the gallery made by the coffee berry borer. The females, finding the larvae developed and coffee berry borer pupae, paralyze them by venom injection and place, in most cases, only one egg in the ventral region of the larvae or in the dorsal region of the pupae. After hatching, the wasp larvae penetrate into the coffee berry borer larva (part of their body is exposed) and suck their entire contents (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B276FFB30846AD0B09B8F871" box="[284,398,1916,1946]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="31.[151,235,1308,1335]" captionTargetBox="[189,1428,325,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-194@31.[189,1379,400,1234]" captionText="Figure 4. Parasitism stages of the Ivory Coast Wasp, Cephalonomia stephanoderis from the coffee berry borer larva (top of the figure) and the coffee berry borer pupa (bottom). Source: Benassi (1996)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072581/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The development period of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB277FFB209CDAA92093BFEE8" authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,269,229,259]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Prorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB277FFB209CDAA92093BFEE8" box="[151,269,229,259]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">P. nasuta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB277FFB2080FAA920A1BFEE8" authorityName="Betrem" authorityYear="1961" box="[341,557,229,259]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephanoderis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB277FFB2080FAA920A1BFEE8" box="[341,557,229,259]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">C. stephanoderis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is similar and depend on temperature. The egg period varies from two to six days and the larval from four to eight days (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB277FFB20AF8AB670C5EFEC5" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="20 p." box="[930,1128,272,302]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria: EMCAPA" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" refId="ref21122" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria: EMCAPA. 1996. 20 p. (EMCAPA. Documentos, 91)." title="Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="1996">BENASSI, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB277FFB20D28AB670C81FEC5" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." box="[1138,1207,272,302]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" pagination="1268 - 1270" refId="ref21166" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Metodologia de criacao da Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, 1961 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), parasitoide da broca-do-cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867). In: SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., Anais ... Brasilia, DF: p. 1268 - 1270, 2000." title="Metodologia de criacao da Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, 1961 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), parasitoide da broca-do-cafe, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867)" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="SIMPOSIO DE PESQUISA DOS CAFES DO BRASIL, 1., Anais ... Brasilia, DF" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB277FFB20D9BAB670D3EFEC5" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="90 p." box="[1217,1288,272,302]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" refId="ref21230" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 2007. 90 p. Tese (Doutorado em entomologia). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 2007." title="Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="book" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B276FFB30A65AD4C0CE6F877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072579" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072579/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" startId="30.[831,915,1851,1878]" targetBox="[830,1398,1217,1833]" targetPageId="30">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB276FFB30A65AD4C0CE6F877" blockId="30.[831,1399,1851,1948]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30A65AD4C0B9EF8BD" bold="true" box="[831,936,1851,1878]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">Figure 3</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30AECAD4C0C4FF8BD" box="[950,1145,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30AECAD4C0C5FF8BD" authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1923" box="[950,1129,1851,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Prorops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">Prorops nasuta</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Uganda wasp (A);
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30C3AAD4C0C58F892" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30C3AAD4C0C6BF892" authorityName="Betrem" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephanoderis">C. stephanoderis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
Ivory Coast Wasp (B); and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB276FFB30AB0ADF60C95F877" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" box="[1002,1187,1921,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyalinipennis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB276FFB30AB0ADF60C95F877" box="[1002,1187,1921,1948]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2019">C. hyalinipennis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(C).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B277FFB209CDAF6B09AFFA62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072581" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072581/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" startId="31.[151,235,1308,1335]" subCaptionStartIDs="31.[544,618,1343,1370]" subCaptionStarts="figu" targetBox="[189,1428,325,1299]" targetPageId="31">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB277FFB209CDAF6B0C40FAB1" blockId="31.[151,1397,1308,1417]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB277FFB209CDAF6B0937FADC" bold="true" box="[151,257,1308,1335]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">Figure 4</emphasis>
|
||||
. Parasitism stages of the Ivory Coast Wasp,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB277FFB20A4BAF6B0C5DFADC" authorityName="Betrem" authorityYear="1961" box="[785,1131,1308,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Cephalonomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stephanoderis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB277FFB20A4BAF6B0C5DFADC" box="[785,1131,1308,1335]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">Cephalonomia stephanoderis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the coffee berry borer larva (top of the figure) and the coffee berry borer pupa (bottom).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB277FFB209CDAF0709AFFA62" blockId="31.[151,1397,1308,1417]" box="[151,409,1392,1417]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB277FFB209CDAF0708DEFA62" bold="true" box="[151,232,1392,1417]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">Source</emphasis>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB277FFB209AEAF0709A2FA62" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="20 p." box="[244,404,1392,1417]" journalOrPublisher="Vitoria: EMCAPA" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" refId="ref21122" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe. Vitoria: EMCAPA. 1996. 20 p. (EMCAPA. Documentos, 91)." title="Criacao massal da vespa de Uganda e vespa da Costa do Marfim, parasitoides da broca-do-cafe" type="book" year="1996">Benassi (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB277FFB20996AFCC0BC3F9C5" blockId="31.[150,1399,1467,1881]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">
|
||||
In addition to parasitism by larvae, adults have the predatory characteristic and feed on eggs, small larvae and coffee berry borer adults.When the coffee berry borer adults are attacked, they usually have their head pulled out (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB277FFB20BF9AC670B53F9C5" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="90 p." box="[675,869,1552,1582]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" refId="ref21230" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 2007. 90 p. Tese (Doutorado em entomologia). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 2007." title="Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="book" year="2007">BENASSI, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="05AFC8D9B277FFB20A20AC670BDEF9C5" box="[890,1000,1552,1582]" captionStart="Figure5" captionStartId="31.[827,911,1906,1933]" captionTargetBox="[831,1398,1614,1890]" captionTargetId="figure-144@31.[831,1398,1614,1892]" captionText="Figure5. Adult coffee berry borer beheaded by the Ivory Coast Wasp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072583/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB277FFB20996AC4C09CAF8B2" blockId="31.[150,1399,1467,1881]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">
|
||||
These species of parasitoids both reproduce sexually and asexually, by arrhenotoky parthenogenesis, giving rise only to male individuals. When this type of reproduction occurs, the males mate with the mothers giving rise again to the new generation with females and males (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB277FFB20871AD4C09C7F8B2" author="BENASSI, V. L. R. M." bookContentInfo="90 p." box="[299,497,1851,1881]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" refId="ref21230" refString="BENASSI, V. L. R. M. Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 2007. 90 p. Tese (Doutorado em entomologia). Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 2007." title="Biologia em diferentes temperaturas e ocorrencia de Prorops nasuta Wat. e Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betr. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitando Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)" type="book" year="2007">BENASSI, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB277FF8D0996AD120C7DFE45" blockId="31.[153,792,1893,1966]" lastBlockId="32.[150,1401,229,942]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="2021" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">
|
||||
These wasps can be created in drilled coffee fruits and later released in the coffee plantation to control the coffee berry borer.The Instituto
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB248FF8D0B93AA9208EFFEC5" authority="de Pesquisa, Assistencia Tecnica e Extensao Rural" authorityName="de Pesquisa, Assistencia Tecnica e Extensao Rural" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Bahita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capixaba">Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural</taxonomicName>
|
||||
- Incaper (Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension) has been developing for several years studies on biological control with the coffee berry borer parasitoids, mainly with the Ivory Coast Wasp, multiplying it in the laboratory and releasingthem in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB248FF8D085EABE709D1FE45" box="[260,487,400,430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coffea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canephora">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB248FF8D085EABE709D1FE45" box="[260,487,400,430]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">Coffea canephora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
crops, in the northern region of Espírito Santo.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="C9EB84D4B277FFB20A61AD050C81F85B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10072583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10072583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10072583/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020" startId="31.[827,911,1906,1933]" targetBox="[831,1398,1614,1890]" targetPageId="31">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB277FFB20A61AD050C81F85B" blockId="31.[827,1396,1906,1968]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB277FFB20A61AD050B95F866" bold="true" box="[827,931,1906,1933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2020">Figure 5</emphasis>
|
||||
. Adult coffee berry borer beheaded by the Ivory Coast Wasp.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8D0996ABCC0D29FDC5" blockId="32.[150,1401,229,942]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">The Program of Coffee Berry Borer Beetle Biological Control was released in the State of Espírito Santo in 1996, aiming to encourage associations, cooperatives and municipal agriculture to the installation of laboratories for the multiplication of Ivory Coast Wasps.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8D0996A84C0907FCC5" blockId="32.[150,1401,229,942]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">
|
||||
Besides the parasitoids, another natural control agent is the fungus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5A94AFDFB248FF8D0D2EA84C0D46FDB2" box="[1140,1392,571,601]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Fomitopsidaceae" genus="Beauveria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="bassiana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB248FF8D0D2EA84C0D46FDB2" box="[1140,1392,571,601]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">Beauveria bassiana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, this entomopathogenic application, available in commercial formulations on the market, is dependent on climatic conditions to exert control over the coffee berry borer. Special care with the timing of the application should be observed, as it should coincide with the maturation period of the first flowering fruits, in which the coffee berry borer is housed in the fruit crown.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8D0996A94C0A83FC45" blockId="32.[150,1401,229,942]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">The use of these biological control agents can be a complementary measure of the coffee berry borer integrated management program, helping to reduce its population and the consequent damage caused by this pest.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8D0996A9A60979FC04" blockId="32.[149,1400,977,1434]" box="[204,335,977,1007]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">
|
||||
<heading id="C6636330B248FF8D0996A9A60979FC04" bold="true" box="[204,335,977,1007]" fontSize="12" level="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" reason="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AFE0084EB248FF8D0996A9A60979FC04" bold="true" box="[204,335,977,1007]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">Chemical</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="9D2BD45CB248FF8D0996A98B0C6DFA71" blockId="32.[149,1400,977,1434]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2021">
|
||||
The decision on the use of insecticides in the chemical control of the coffee berry borer should take into account the plant phenology (fruit maturation dynamics) and the pest biological cycle.Thus, between three and four months after the first flowering - which is variable among the different coffee producing regions -, the pest monitoring should be started to verify its presence in coffee fruits (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F905A9ADB248FF8D0B5AAED00AE4FB2E" author="REIS, P. R. & SOUZA, J. C. & SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C. & SILVA, R. A. & ZACARIAS, M. S." box="[512,722,1191,1221]" editor="Reis, P. R. & Cunha, R. L." pageId="32" pageNumber="2021" pagination="572 - 688" part="1" refId="ref27225" refString="REIS, P. R.; SOUZA, J. C.; SANTA-CECILIA, L. V. C.; SILVA, R. A.; ZACARIAS, M. S. Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro. In: Reis, P. R.; Cunha, R. L. (Eds.). Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita. v. 1, p. 572 - 688. 2010." title="Manejo integrado das pragas do cafeeiro" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cafe arabica: do plantio a colheita" year="2010">REIS et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Monitoring traps, already available with the coffee berry borer specific attractive, can also indicate the beginning of flights, the transit season of the adults that leave the fruits in which they developed and look for the new harvest fruits to lay their eggs. It is important to identify this initial period of the transit season, because the coffee berry borers do not immediately penetrate the fruits and remain on their surface and are likely to be affected by insecticides applied at that strategic moment.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
94
data/15/3D/77/153D7789F7271DC35A3ECC7D47024A00.xml
Normal file
94
data/15/3D/77/153D7789F7271DC35A3ECC7D47024A00.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moreno Mendoza, Rigoberto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
|
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Simoes, Nuno</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:start>1100</mods:start>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Materials</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">
|
||||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2005-05-13" collectingMethod="Visual census" collectorName="Gabriela Martinez Portilla" country="Mexico" latitude="21.44147" location="Madagascar Reef" longitude="-90.28629" pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
|
||||
Type status:
|
||||
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Other material</typeStatus>
|
||||
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
|
||||
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Gabriela Martinez Portilla</collectorName>
|
||||
; individualCount:
|
||||
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">1</specimenCount>
|
||||
; Location: continent: America; country:
|
||||
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
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; stateProvince: Yucatan; locality:
|
||||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D7789F7271DC35A3ECC7D47024A00:58C7535B95743BA466A385A5BF33148C" country="Mexico" latitude="21.44147" longitude="-90.28629" name="Madagascar Reef" pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Madagascar Reef</location>
|
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; verbatimLatitude: 781272.611854; verbatimLongitude: 2373443.69326; verbatimCoordinateSystem: UTM 15N; verbatimSRS: WGS84; decimalLatitude:
|
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<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" value="21.441469">21.441469</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
|
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<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" value="-90.286290">-90.286290</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
; Event: samplingProtocol:
|
||||
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Visual census</collectingMethod>
|
||||
; eventDate:
|
||||
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" value="2005-05-13">13/5/2005</collectingDate>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Western Atlantic. Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Including Bermuda, Bahamas and throughout the Caribbean Islands.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" type="notes">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">Notes</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1100">
|
||||
Occurrence reported by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez de la Portilla, G." journalOrPublisher="Master Thesis Dissertation, CINVESTAV, IPN, Merida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1100" title="Caracterizacion de La ictiofauna asociada a los paisajes marinos del Puerto de Sisal, Yucatan" year="2008">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||||
de la Portilla (2008)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
|
||||
59
data/15/3D/8B/153D8B4AB90B18D9A9AB49F9690F19FC.xml
Normal file
59
data/15/3D/8B/153D8B4AB90B18D9A9AB49F9690F19FC.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
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<treatment id="153D8B4AB90B18D9A9AB49F9690F19FC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:153D8B4AB90B18D9A9AB49F9690F19FC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/153D8B4AB90B18D9A9AB49F9690F19FC" lastPageNumber="9042" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
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<subSubSection id="BD76F5857C0AFA3EA7519031DE2E8DFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3E984A18736B805C301C96C0BCC3CF61" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4FF89E8EB3F982BCE8BCC75B26F65924" ID-CoL="3RTV" ID-ENA="274093" authority="Thomson, 1893" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Coelichneumon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coelichneumon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coelichneumon Thomson, 1893</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="56A4C39581BF413B9BEF269BBFAB49AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" type="notes">
|
||||
<paragraph id="A69D889D8615EB3148F0596CF0DB0CCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">Notes</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="F431B1D554B372DA57C4847FF7406941" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
|
||||
species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A429CD2FEF665E3E59D75AD4794F26FA" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Coelichneumon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coelichneumon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coelichneumon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
excluded from the British and Irish list
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="ACBC98D8A0C7EE899B2E2C20849A095A" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042">
|
||||
[eximius (Stephens, 1835,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C2788B60C6D56E6D6535F606A399BE4" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ichneumon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ichneumon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ichneumon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
)] Listed in error by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="623AA0B2878186AAE9C6DEC513362876" author="Fitton, M. G." editor="Fitton, M. G." journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 11, ix + 159 pp." pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" title="Kloet and Hincks. A check list of British insects. Part 4: Hymenoptera" year="1978">Fitton (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, this species is North American (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2699B21E5B26ECA301022EAEC53F47F6" author="Perkins, J. F." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)" pageId="0" pageNumber="9042" pagination="9 - 176" title="Notes on the British Ichneumoninae with descriptions of new species (Hym., Ichneumonidae)" volume="3" year="1953">Perkins 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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