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Genus
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O.F. Müller, 1773
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species by subsequent monotypy:
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O.F. Müller, 1774
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Subgenus
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H. &amp; A.
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1854
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species by subsequent designation:
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(
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)
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Say, 1817
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(
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<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998BD4FDC0AF38FDF7" bold="true" box="[399,528,545,571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">armeniaca</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="05942A55FFE4FF998832FDC0AFFEFDF7" box="[617,726,545,571]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="1.[151,226,1562,1586]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,226,1556,1580]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,226,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox-0="[153,1433,1037,1544]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1432,189,1537]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1442,802,1449]" captionTargetId-0="figure-193@1.[153,1433,1037,1544]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@2.[154,1432,189,1537]" captionTargetId-2="figure-298@3.[151,1442,802,1449]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="Figure 1. The sampling sites of Valvata (Tropidina) armeniaca n.sp. (red squares, 1: type locality, 2: Jharovit)." captionText-1="Figure 2. 1-3: Valvata (Tropidina) armeniaca n.sp. (holotype) and 4-6: Valvata (Tropidina) nowshahrensis, 7-8: Valvata (Tropidina) kebapcii (holotype), 9-10: Valvata (Tropidina) armeniaca n.sp. (paratype) photographed under ethanol to show the characteristic mantle pigmentation." captionText-2="Figure 3. River Kasakh at the type locality of Valvata (Tropidina) armeniaca n.sp." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056214" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056216" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056218" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8056214/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8056216/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8056218/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 1-3</figureCitation>
, 7-8)
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<subSubSection id="D5B5655BFFE4FF998ACCFD83A904FD55" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE4FF998ACCFD83AC7CFDB6" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1789" box="[151,340,610,634]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pulchella">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCFD83AC7CFDB6" box="[151,340,610,634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Valvata pulchella</emphasis>
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[not Studer, 1798] –
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.
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<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCFD60A904FD55" blockId="1.[151,1068,610,665]" box="[151,1068,641,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BDBF11FEFFE4FF998ACCFD60A904FD55" box="[151,1068,641,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE4FF998ACCFD60AC7CFD55" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1789" box="[151,340,641,665]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pulchella">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCFD60AC7CFD55" box="[151,340,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Valvata pulchella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[not Studer, 1798] –
<treatmentCitation id="1C0E10C1FFE4FF998862FD60AE01FD55" author="Akramowski, N. N." box="[569,809,641,665]" page="90" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE4FF998862FD60AE01FD55" author="Akramowski, N. N." box="[569,809,641,665]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref1758" refString="Akramowski, N. N. (1976) Fauna Armyanskoy SSR, Mollyuski (Mollusca). Akademiya Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Institut Zoologii, Yerevan." type="book" year="1976">Akramowski 1976: 90</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, text-fig. 24, pl. 1 fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5B5655BFFE4FF998ACCFD22AEB8FC6B" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCFD22AFDDFC8F" blockId="1.[151,1436,706,835]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCFD22AC73FD11" bold="true" box="[151,347,707,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2DC73C8DFFE4FF998B36FD23A8B0FD11" box="[365,1432,706,733]" collectionCode="ZMH" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="ZMH 59491" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="42148872FFE4FF998B36FD23ACF7FD11" box="[365,479,706,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holotype</typeStatus>
: Shell height
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF9988C6FD23AE2CFD11" box="[669,772,706,733]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF998935FD23AEFEFD11" box="[878,982,706,733]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
, from type locality
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998EBFFD22A9C6FD11" bold="true" box="[1252,1262,707,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">(</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="CD099EABFFE4FF998EB5FD22A8A6FD11" box="[1262,1422,706,733]" collectionCode="ZMH" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="Museum">ZMH 59491</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="2DC73C8DFFE4FF998ACCFD04AFD8FC8F" collectingDate="2018-08-26" collectionCode="ZMH, FW" collectorName="F. Walther" elevation="850" latitude="40.045" location="Jrahovit" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="44.488" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="ZMH 59492, FW 13603, FW 14008" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Ararat" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="42148872FFE4FF998ACCFD04AC25FD33" box="[151,269,741,767]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: from type locality (
<specimenCode id="CD099EABFFE4FF99885EFD05AFB7FD33" box="[517,671,740,767]" collectionCode="ZMH" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="Museum">ZMH 59492</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCount id="8BA9FD59FFE4FF9988F6FD05AE17FD33" box="[685,831,740,767]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
in ethanol); from type locality (
<specimenCode id="CD099EABFFE4FF998E93FD05A865FD33" box="[1224,1357,740,767]" collectionCode="FW" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12516" name="Texas Christian University" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="Herbarium">FW 13603</specimenCode>
; 1 dry shell);
<collectingRegion id="5F6BF832FFE4FF998AB2FCE4AC81FCEC" box="[233,425,773,800]" country="Armenia" name="Ararat" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ararat Province</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="9870600BFFE4FF998BEDFCE4AF3FFCEC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:150687C6FFE4FF9B8ACCFDC0AE6CF83C:9870600BFFE4FF998BEDFCE4AF3FFCEC" box="[438,535,773,800]" latitude="40.045" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="44.488" name="Jrahovit" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Ararat">Jrahovit</location>
, ditch S of the cemetery,
<geoCoordinate id="F89B5017FFE4FF998910FCE4AEE4FCEC" box="[843,972,773,800]" degrees="40.0450" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="5" value="40.045">40.0450°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F89B5017FFE4FF99898EFCE4A97DFCEC" box="[981,1109,773,800]" degrees="44.4880" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="5" value="44.488">44.4880°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="1682D1E3FFE4FF998E39FCE4A9F5FCEC" box="[1122,1245,773,800]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="m" value="850.0">
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF998E39FCE4A986FCEC" box="[1122,1198,773,800]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
.,
<date id="E9111010FFE4FF998EB4FCE4A8BEFCEC" box="[1263,1430,773,800]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="2018-08-26">
<collectingDate id="F955E9F8FFE4FF998EB4FCE4A8BEFCEC" box="[1263,1430,773,800]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="2018-08-26">26 Aug. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="305A5306FFE4FF998ACCFCC8AC3CFC8F" box="[151,276,808,835]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. Walther</collectorName>
leg. (
<specimenCode id="CD099EABFFE4FF998B0DFCC9ACFFFC8F" box="[342,471,808,835]" collectionCode="FW" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12516" name="Texas Christian University" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="Herbarium">FW 14008</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCount id="8BA9FD59FFE4FF998BB8FCC9AF4FFC8F" box="[483,615,808,835]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
in ethanol)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCFC8AAEB8FC6B" blockId="1.[151,1436,875,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<materialsCitation id="2DC73C8DFFE4FF998ACCFC8AAEB8FC6B" collectingDate="2018-08-27" collectorName="F. Walther" country="Armenia" elevation="870" latitude="40.165" location="river Kasakh" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="44.2558" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Armavir" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCFC8AAC6BFC49" bold="true" box="[151,323,875,901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="42148872FFE4FF998ACCFC8AADFEFC49" box="[151,214,875,901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="E5B87640FFE4FF998B06FC8AACEFFC4A" box="[349,455,875,902]" name="Armenia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5F6BF832FFE4FF998B87FC8AAF95FC4A" box="[476,701,875,902]" country="Armenia" name="Armavir" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Armavir Province</collectingRegion>
, bridge over
<location id="9870600BFFE4FF99892FFC8AA930FC4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:150687C6FFE4FF9B8ACCFDC0AE6CF83C:9870600BFFE4FF99892FFC8AA930FC4A" box="[884,1048,875,902]" country="Armenia" latitude="40.165" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="44.2558" name="river Kasakh" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Armavir">river Kasakh</location>
,
<locationDeviation id="8CA22FF2FFE4FF998E75FC8AA8BFFC4A" box="[1070,1431,875,902]" location="Vagharshapat" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF998E75FC8AA9A3FC4A" box="[1070,1163,875,902]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="km" value="1.6">1.6 km</quantity>
W of Vagharshapat
</locationDeviation>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F89B5017FFE4FF998ACCFC6DAC3FFC6B" box="[151,279,908,935]" degrees="40.1650" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="5" value="40.165">40.1650°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F89B5017FFE4FF998B44FC6DACB6FC6B" box="[287,414,908,935]" degrees="44.2558" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="5" value="44.2558">44.2558°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="1682D1E3FFE4FF998BF1FC6DAF0AFC6B" box="[426,546,908,935]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="m" value="870.0">
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF998BF1FC6DACDDFC6B" box="[426,501,908,935]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="m" value="870.0">870 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
.,
<date id="E9111010FFE4FF998869FC6DAFFDFC6B" box="[562,725,908,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="2018-08-27">
<collectingDate id="F955E9F8FFE4FF998869FC6DAFFDFC6B" box="[562,725,908,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="2018-08-27">27 Aug. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="305A5306FFE4FF9988BAFC6CAE75FC6B" box="[737,861,908,935]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">F. Walther</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5B5655BFFE4FF998ACCFC30A91DFC27" box="[151,1077,976,1003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCFC30A91DFC27" blockId="1.[151,1077,976,1003]" box="[151,1077,976,1003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCFC30AC36FC27" bold="true" box="[151,286,977,1003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology</emphasis>
: The new species is named after
<collectingCountry id="E5B87640FFE4FF9988FFFC31AE25FC27" box="[676,781,976,1003]" name="Armenia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Armenia</collectingCountry>
, the country of its origin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="C9D06658FFE4FF998ACCF9FBA813F9FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056214" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056214" box="[151,1339,1562,1586]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056214/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[151,226,1562,1586]" targetBox="[153,1433,1037,1544]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCF9FBA813F9FE" blockId="1.[151,1339,1562,1586]" box="[151,1339,1562,1586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCF9FBADDEF9FE" bold="true" box="[151,246,1562,1586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figure 1</emphasis>
. The sampling sites of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE4FF998BB4F9FBAE17F9FE" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[495,831,1562,1586]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca" status="n.sp." subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998BB4F9FBAF6AF9FE" box="[495,578,1562,1586]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998809F9FBAF95F9FE" box="[594,701,1562,1586]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998896F9FAAE17F9FE" box="[717,831,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE4FF99891EF9FBAE5FF9FD" box="[837,887,1562,1585]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(red squares, 1: type locality, 2: Jharovit).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="D5B5655BFFE4FF9A8ACCF99CAC9FF8DE" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCF99CAE45F931" blockId="1.[151,1435,1661,1789]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCF99CAC00F95B" bold="true" box="[151,296,1661,1687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Description</emphasis>
: The corneous shell has 2.5 circular whorls with a low spire and a blunt apex. The surface has weak growth lines. Within the umbilicus, the penultimate whorl is covered to 75% of its width by the body whorl (measured at the aperture). Shell height
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF99889CF921AE7EF917" box="[711,854,1728,1755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.2">1.2-1.7 mm</quantity>
, diameter
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF998988F921A94AF917" box="[979,1122,1728,1755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="2.35" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.2">2.2-2.5 mm</quantity>
. The umbilicus is
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE4FF998F64F921A8B3F917" box="[1343,1435,1728,1755]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
wide (32-36 % of the shell diameter). The aperture is circular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE4FF998ACCF8C7AC13F869" blockId="1.[151,1436,1829,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCF8C7AC23F88C" bold="true" box="[151,267,1830,1856]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Anatomy</emphasis>
: The penis is long and cylindrical, tapered at the distal end, which corresponds to the drawing of
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE4FF998ACCF8A6AC92F8AE" author="Akramowski, N. N." box="[151,442,1863,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref1758" refString="Akramowski, N. N. (1976) Fauna Armyanskoy SSR, Mollyuski (Mollusca). Akademiya Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Institut Zoologii, Yerevan." type="book" year="1976">Akramowski (1976: 89)</bibRefCitation>
, and as it is in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE4FF998827F8A6AEADF8AE" authorityName="Glöer &amp; Pešić" authorityYear="2012" box="[636,901,1863,1890]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nowshahrenis">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998827F8A6AEADF8AE" box="[636,901,1863,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Valvata nowshahrenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE4FF9989C3F8A6A9A7F8AE" author="Gloer, P. &amp; Pesic, V." box="[920,1167,1863,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="11 - 61" refId="ref1940" refString="Gloer, P. &amp; Pesic, V. (2012). The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. ZooKeys, 219, 11 - 61" type="journal article" year="2012">Glöer &amp; Pešić 2012</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 14) and all other
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE4FF998ACCF888AC18F848" box="[151,304,1897,1924]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF998ACCF888ADDAF848" box="[151,242,1897,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Valvata</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
The male and female sex tract in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE4FF9988BCF888AEA8F848" box="[743,896,1897,1924]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE4FF9988BCF888AE6AF848" box="[743,834,1897,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Valvata</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
is very simple and not suitable for species identification.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9D06658FFE7FF9A8ACCF9F5AFCDF9A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056216/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[151,226,1556,1580]" targetBox="[154,1432,189,1537]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE7FF9A8ACCF9F5AFCDF9A5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1555,1641]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8ACCF9F5AC2BF9E0" bold="true" box="[151,259,1556,1580]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2.</emphasis>
1-3:
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A8B13F9F2AF8BF9E7" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[328,675,1555,1579]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca" status="n.sp." subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8B13F9F2ACB3F9E7" box="[328,411,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8BEAF9F2AF34F9E7" box="[433,540,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A886AF9F5AF8BF9E7" box="[561,675,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE7FF9A88EBF9F5AFCBF9E7" box="[688,739,1556,1579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(holotype) and 4-6:
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A898DF9F2A876F9E7" authorityName="Gloer &amp; Pesic" authorityYear="2012" box="[982,1374,1555,1579]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nowshahrensis" subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A898DF9F2A901F9E7" box="[982,1065,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8E64F9F2A982F9E7" box="[1087,1194,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8E9BF9F2A876F9E7" box="[1216,1374,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">nowshahrensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 7-8:
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A8ACCF9D3ACFFF986" authorityName="Odabasi, Gloer &amp; Yildirim" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,471,1586,1610]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kebapcii" subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8ACCF9D3ADC2F986" box="[151,234,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8AA5F9D3AC41F986" box="[254,361,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8B26F9D3ACFFF986" box="[381,471,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">kebapcii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(holotype), 9-10:
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A88F3F9D3A928F986" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[680,1024,1586,1610]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca" status="n.sp." subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A88F3F9D3AFD3F986" box="[680,763,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8954F9D3AE52F986" box="[783,890,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A89D5F9D2A928F986" box="[910,1024,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE7FF9A8E50F9D3A915F985" box="[1035,1085,1586,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(paratype) photographed under ethanol to show the characteristic mantle pigmentation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE7FF9A8ACCF955AC9FF8DE" blockId="2.[151,1436,1716,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8ACCF955ACE9F902" bold="true" box="[151,449,1716,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Differentiating features</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A8B88F955AF9FF902" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[467,695,1716,1743]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca" status="n. sp.">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8B88F955AF9FF902" box="[467,695,1716,1743]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Valvata armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE7FF9A8899F955AE2CF902" box="[706,772,1716,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has a smaller shell with a narrower umbilicus than
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A8FD8F954AC1EF93C" authorityName="Glöer &amp; Pešić" authorityYear="2012" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nowsharensis">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8FD8F954AC1EF93C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. nowsharensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A8B2FF937AEBFF93C" authority="Odabasi, Gloer &amp; Yildirim, 2015" authorityName="Odabasi, Gloer &amp; Yildirim" authorityYear="2015" box="[372,919,1749,1776]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kebapcii">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8B2FF937ACD2F93C" box="[372,506,1749,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. kebapcii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE7FF9A885FF934AEBFF93C" author="Odabasi, D. A. &amp; Gloer, P. &amp; Yildirim, M. Z." box="[516,919,1749,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="135 - 142" refId="ref2039" refString="Odabasi, D. A., Gloer, P. &amp; Yildirim, M. Z. (2015) The Valvata Species of Turkey with a Description of Valvata kebapcii n. sp. (Mollusca: Valvatidae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 2 (2), 135 - 142." type="journal article" year="2015">Odabaşi, Glöer &amp; Yıldırım, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The exact differences between the species are displayed in
<tableCitation id="D02D036BFFE7FF9A8B03F916AC99F8DE" box="[344,433,1783,1810]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[151,216,195,219]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing characters of Valvata (Tropidina) armeniaca n. sp. and related species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C9D06658FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22A9BAFF16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="C9D06658FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22A9BAFF16">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5B5655BFFE7FF9B8ACCF8DAAE77F997" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE7FF9A8ACCF8DAADDBF810" blockId="2.[151,1436,1850,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8ACCF8DAAC18F899" bold="true" box="[151,304,1851,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution</emphasis>
: In addition to the
<typeStatus id="42148872FFE7FF9A8842F8DAAF64F899" box="[537,588,1851,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
locality,
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A88E4F8DDAE76F899" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[703,862,1852,1877]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A88E4F8DDAE76F899" box="[703,862,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n. sp, is also known from Jrahovit, from where
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE7FF9A8ACCF8BDACA9F8BB" author="Akramowski, N. N." box="[151,385,1884,1911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref1758" refString="Akramowski, N. N. (1976) Fauna Armyanskoy SSR, Mollyuski (Mollusca). Akademiya Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Institut Zoologii, Yerevan." type="book" year="1976">Akramowski (1976</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 1 fig. 3) figured it as
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A889AF8BCAE79F8BB" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1789" box="[705,849,1884,1911]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pulchella">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A889AF8BCAE79F8BB" box="[705,849,1884,1911]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. pulchella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both localities are in the drainage area of river Aras making it likely that the new species is also distributed in other wetlands of the Aras drainage system. Records of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE7FF9A8B7BF840AC86F876" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1789" box="[288,430,1951,1978]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pulchella">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE7FF9A8B7BF840AC86F876" box="[288,430,1951,1978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. pulchella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the lower part of river Aras in
<collectingCountry id="E5B87640FFE7FF9A893AF87EAEC9F876" box="[865,993,1951,1978]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE7FF9A89ABF87EA9A0F876" author="Aliyev, S. I." box="[1008,1160,1951,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="73 - 78" refId="ref1786" refString="Aliyev, S. I. (2014) Species composition and quantitative distribution of the macrozoobenthos of the lower part of the Araks River of Azerbaijan. Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv Nation University, Series: biology, 22 (1126), 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="2014">Aliyev 2014</bibRefCitation>
) could refer to the new species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9D06658FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22A9BAFF16" ID-Table-UUID="C9D06658FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22A9BAFF16" box="[151,1170,194,219]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C9D06658FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22A9BAFF16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[151,216,195,219]" targetBox="[168,1399,243,520]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22A9BAFF16" blockId="3.[151,1170,194,219]" box="[151,1170,194,219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCFF22ADC3FF17" bold="true" box="[151,235,195,219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1</emphasis>
. Distinguishing characters of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8876FF23AE54FF16" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[557,892,194,218]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca" status="n. sp." subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8876FF23AFA8FF16" box="[557,640,194,218]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B88CBFF23AFD3FF16" box="[656,763,194,218]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8951FF22AE54FF16" box="[778,892,195,218]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE6FF9B89D8FF22AE94FF16" box="[899,956,195,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and related species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE6FF9B8827FF14A800FDC4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="EFAFC470FFE600678AF3FF12A85FFDC4" box="[168,1399,243,520]" gridcols="4" gridrows="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FF12A85FFEC0" box="[168,1399,243,268]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FF12AE19FEC0" box="[636,817,243,268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8827FF14AE24FEC7" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[636,780,244,268]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8827FF14AE24FEC7" box="[636,780,244,268]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFF12A948FEC0" box="[903,1120,243,268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B89DCFF14A91EFEC7" authorityName="Glöer &amp; Pešić" authorityYear="2012" box="[903,1078,243,268]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nowsharensis">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B89DCFF14A91EFEC7" box="[903,1078,243,268]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. nowsharensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FF12A85FFEC0" box="[1187,1399,243,268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8EF8FF14A832FEC7" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[1187,1306,243,268]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kebapcii" status="n.sp.">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8EF8FF14A832FEC7" box="[1187,1306,243,268]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. kebapcii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FEF6A85FFEE3" box="[168,1399,279,303]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FEF6AE19FEE3" box="[636,817,279,303]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE6FF9B8827FEF6AF86FEE2" box="[636,686,279,302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFEF6A948FEE3" box="[903,1120,279,303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B89DCFEF6A948FEE3" author="Gloer, P. &amp; Pesic, V." box="[903,1120,279,303]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="11 - 61" refId="ref1940" refString="Gloer, P. &amp; Pesic, V. (2012). The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. ZooKeys, 219, 11 - 61" type="journal article" year="2012">Glöer &amp; Pešić, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FEF6A85FFEE3" box="[1187,1399,279,303]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B8EF8FEF6A85FFEE3" author="Odabasi, D. A. &amp; Gloer, P. &amp; Yildirim, M. Z." box="[1187,1399,279,303]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="135 - 142" refId="ref2039" refString="Odabasi, D. A., Gloer, P. &amp; Yildirim, M. Z. (2015) The Valvata Species of Turkey with a Description of Valvata kebapcii n. sp. (Mollusca: Valvatidae). Ecologica Montenegrina, 2 (2), 135 - 142." type="journal article" year="2015">Odabaşi et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FEA1A85FFE94" box="[168,1399,320,344]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678AF3FEA1AF72FE94" box="[168,602,320,344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">shell diameter</th>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FEA1AE19FE94" box="[636,817,320,344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.2-2.5 mm</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFEA1A948FE94" box="[903,1120,320,344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.2-3.3 mm</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FEA1A85FFE94" box="[1187,1399,320,344]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.5-4.0 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FE82A85FFEB7" box="[168,1399,355,379]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678AF3FE82AF72FEB7" box="[168,602,355,379]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">shell height</th>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FE82AE19FEB7" box="[636,817,355,379]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.2-1.7 mm</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFE82A948FEB7" box="[903,1120,355,379]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.3 mm</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FE82A85FFEB7" box="[1187,1399,355,379]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">&lt;2.6 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FE66A85FFE53" box="[168,1399,391,415]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678AF3FE66AF72FE53" box="[168,602,391,415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">umbilicus in % of shell diameter</th>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FE66AE19FE53" box="[636,817,391,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32-36 %</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFE66A948FE53" box="[903,1120,391,415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">45-48 %</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FE66A85FFE53" box="[1187,1399,391,415]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">40 %</td>
</tr>
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FE4BA85FFE29" box="[168,1399,426,485]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678AF3FE4BAF72FE29" box="[168,602,426,485]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">part of penultimate whorl covered by the body whorl (umbilical view)</th>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FE4BAE19FE29" box="[636,817,426,485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">75%</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFE4BA948FE29" box="[903,1120,426,485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">&lt;25%</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FE4BA85FFE29" box="[1187,1399,426,485]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="239F3492FFE600678AF3FE11A85FFDC4" box="[168,1399,496,520]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="604E5DEEFFE600678AF3FE11AF72FDC4" box="[168,602,496,520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">number of whorls</th>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678827FE11AE19FDC4" box="[636,817,496,520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.5</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE6006789DCFE11A948FDC4" box="[903,1120,496,520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</td>
<td id="604E5DEEFFE600678EF8FE11A85FFDC4" box="[1187,1399,496,520]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE6FF9B8ACCFDBFA832FCCC" blockId="3.[151,1436,606,768]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCFDBFADDFFDB4" bold="true" box="[151,247,606,632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Habitat</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="05942A55FFE6FF9B8B52FDBFAC79FDB5" box="[265,337,606,633]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[151,226,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[151,1442,802,1449]" captionTargetId="figure-298@3.[151,1442,802,1449]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. River Kasakh at the type locality of Valvata (Tropidina) armeniaca n.sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056218/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
): Living specimens were collected in dense submerged vegetation. At the
<typeStatus id="42148872FFE6FF9B8E9CFDBEA9D2FDB5" box="[1223,1274,607,633]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
locality river Kasakh has a relatively weak current and carries less water than further upstream due to water withdrawal for the intense agriculture of the surrounding areas. At Jrahovit it was found among partly submersed
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8ACCFD25AC33FD11" box="[151,283,708,733]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Nasturtium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCFD25AC33FD11" box="[151,283,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nasturtium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at a small open spot in the dense reed vegetation of a ditch.
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B8E5CFD22A9D0FD12" author="Akramowski, N. N." box="[1031,1272,707,734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref1758" refString="Akramowski, N. N. (1976) Fauna Armyanskoy SSR, Mollyuski (Mollusca). Akademiya Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Institut Zoologii, Yerevan." type="book" year="1976">Akramowski (1976)</bibRefCitation>
mentions the species from weakly flowing water of summer-dry marshes around springs and in drainage canals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9D06658FFE6FF9B8ACCFA5DA926FA18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056218" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8056218" box="[151,1038,1468,1493]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8056218/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[151,226,1468,1492]" targetBox="[151,1442,802,1449]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE6FF9B8ACCFA5DA926FA18" blockId="3.[151,1038,1468,1493]" box="[151,1038,1468,1493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCFA5DADD5FA18" bold="true" box="[151,253,1468,1492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
River Kasakh at the type locality of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B88DDFA5DAEFDFA18" authority="Walther &amp; Glöer, 2019" authorityName="Walther &amp; Glöer" authorityYear="2019" box="[646,981,1468,1492]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="armeniaca" status="n.sp." subGenus="Tropidina">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B88DDFA5DAFF1FA18" box="[646,729,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B88B2FA5DAE7CFA18" box="[745,852,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tropidina</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8938FA5CAEFDFA18" box="[867,981,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B4E857B9FFE6FF9B8987FA5CA926FA18" box="[988,1038,1469,1492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE6FF9B8ACCF9FEAE77F997" blockId="3.[151,1436,1567,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCF9FEAC57F9F5" bold="true" box="[151,383,1567,1593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Associated species</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8BCFF9FEAF9FF9F6" box="[404,695,1567,1594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hippeuthis complanatus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758);
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B89FCF9C1A976F9F6" box="[935,1118,1568,1594]" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B89FCF9C1A93AF9F5" box="[935,1042,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lymnaea</emphasis>
spec.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8E2BF9FEA80BF9F6" box="[1136,1315,1567,1594]" class="Bivalvia" family="Sphaeriidae" genus="Pisidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaeriida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8E2BF9FEA9F0F9F6" box="[1136,1240,1567,1594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pisidium</emphasis>
spec.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8F6FF9FEACD4F997" authority="(Zhadin, 1952)" baseAuthorityName="Zhadin" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Shadinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="terpoghassiani">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8F6FF9FEAC6EF997" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Shadinia terpoghassiani</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B8B0EF9A1ACDCF997" author="Zhadin, V. I." box="[341,500,1600,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref2222" refString="Zhadin, V. I. (1952) Mollusks of Fresh and Brackish Water of The U. S. S. R. Zoological Institute of The Academy Sciences of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Translated 1962 by Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem. No: 46, 368 pp." type="book" year="1952">Zhadin, 1952</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and an unidentified bithyniid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5B5655BFFE6FF9B8ACCF964AE6CF83C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9D1036D0FFE6FF9B8ACCF964AE6CF83C" blockId="3.[151,1436,1668,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCF964AC32F953" bold="true" box="[151,282,1669,1695]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Discussion</emphasis>
: When describing a new
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8815F965AF81F953" authorityName="O. F. Muller" authorityYear="1773" box="[590,681,1668,1695]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8815F965AF81F953" box="[590,681,1668,1695]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="E5B87640FFE6FF9B88AFF965AE72F953" box="[756,858,1668,1695]" name="Armenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Armenia</collectingCountry>
it is necessary to discuss the identity of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8F19F965ACE2F90D" authority="Westerlund, 1897" authorityName="Westerlund" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brandti">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8F19F965ADC5F90D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata brandti</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B8AADF947ACE2F90D" author="Westerlund, C. A." box="[246,458,1702,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="117 - 143" refId="ref2154" refString="Westerlund, C. A. (1897) Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna Russlands. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg 2: 117 - 143." type="journal article" year="1897">Westerlund, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the only
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B881BF947AFDFF90D" box="[576,759,1702,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B881BF947AFB3F90D" box="[576,667,1702,1729]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
described from that country before. Although we had no access to the type material we feel entitled to correct some inaccuracies in
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B8E53F929A9CDF92E" author="Haszprunar, G." box="[1032,1253,1735,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 172" refId="ref1980" refString="Haszprunar, G. (2014) A nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the Valvatidae (Gastropoda, Ectobranchia). ZooKeys, 377, 1 - 172" type="journal article" year="2014">Haszprunar (2014)</bibRefCitation>
concerning the origin and the synonymy of the taxon. The original description of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B89E8F90BA904F8C8" authorityName="Westerlund" authorityYear="1897" box="[947,1068,1769,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brandti">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B89E8F90BA904F8C8" box="[947,1068,1769,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. brandti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on two lots. One was collected by A. Brandt in Lake Sevan, while the other was found by L. Młokosiewicz near Lagodekhi in
<collectingCountry id="E5B87640FFE6FF9B8ACCF8CCADD1F884" box="[151,249,1837,1864]" name="Georgia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Georgia</collectingCountry>
. Between both localities is a distance of more than
<quantity id="5A579B35FFE6FF9B89D7F8CCAEC7F884" box="[908,1007,1837,1864]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
. The Lagodekhi record belongs to
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8ACCF8AFACB6F8A4" baseAuthorityName="L. Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[151,414,1870,1897]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Caspicyclotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sieversi">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8ACCF8AFACB6F8A4" box="[151,414,1870,1897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Caspicyclotus sieversi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only Caucasian member of the terrestrial prosobranch family
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8EE0F8AFA840F8A5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[1211,1384,1870,1897]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cyclophoridae</taxonomicName>
and indeed very similar to some
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8BB7F891AF85F847" box="[492,685,1904,1931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8BB7F891AF6FF847" box="[492,583,1904,1931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The other lot, however, seems to belong to
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8E9BF891A8BDF847" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1216,1429,1904,1931]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="piscinalis">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8E9BF891A8BDF847" box="[1216,1429,1904,1931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Valvata piscinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is known to occur in Lake Sevan (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="F93E4B21FFE6FF9B8899F873AEE3F861" author="Mashkova, I. V. &amp; Krupnova, T. G. &amp; Kostryukova, A. &amp; Harutyunova, L. J. &amp; Varuzhan, H. S. &amp; Vlasov, N. E." box="[706,971,1938,1965]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1509 - 1513" refId="ref2093" refString="Mashkova, I. V., Krupnova, T. G., Kostryukova, A., Harutyunova, L. J., Varuzhan, H. S. &amp; Vlasov, N. E. (2018) Mollusks biodiversity of Lake Sevan, Armenia. Biodiversitas, 19 (4), 1509 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2018">Mashkova et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The name
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8E3FF872A9F5F861" authorityName="Westerlund" authorityYear="1897" box="[1124,1245,1938,1965]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brandti">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8E3FF872A9F5F861" box="[1124,1245,1938,1965]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. brandti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could therefore also be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8BC6F854AF07F803" baseAuthorityName="O. F. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[413,559,1972,1999]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="piscinalis">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8BC6F854AF07F803" box="[413,559,1972,1999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. piscinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to a later definition of the taxon by a
<typeStatus id="42148872FFE6FF9B8E2AF855A9C9F803" box="[1137,1249,1972,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">lectotype</typeStatus>
. In any case,
<taxonomicName id="5AAF4D53FFE6FF9B8FD8F854ADC5F83C" authorityName="Westerlund" authorityYear="1897" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Valvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="brandti">
<emphasis id="AFDBEAC2FFE6FF9B8FD8F854ADC5F83C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. brandti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very different from the species described above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

368
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<mods:title id="BA97037CA334C23C3C17DD4D7727BA54">A new phlegethontiid specimen (Lepospondyli, Aistopoda) from the Late Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D227F9B4E5C7F9A3" blockId="2.[151,684,1615,1710]" box="[325,511,1615,1643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
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<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC4D229D227F9B4E5E1F9A2" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[325,473,1615,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC4D229D227F9B4E5E1F9A2" bold="true" box="[325,473,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D3F5F987E694F966" blockId="2.[151,684,1615,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">LOCALITY. — “Découverte” (open coal mine) of Saint- Louis, basin of Montceau-les-Mines, Saône-et-Loire,</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5B531C8FFC4D22ED3FBF94BE0EEFD5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="674" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" type="description">
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D3FBF94BE0A8FBCD" blockId="2.[153,225,1712,1736]" lastBlockId="2.[714,1247,952,1029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
<collectingCountry id="E5B822D3FFC4D229D3FBF94BE4E5F900" box="[153,221,1712,1736]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">France</collectingCountry>
. AGE. — Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian B) correspondingto the end of the Kasimovian stage, approximately 303.9 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC4D229D0D0FC16E0BDFBCD" author="GRADSTEIN F. &amp; OGG J. &amp; SMITH A." box="[946,1157,1005,1029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" refId="ref6511" refString="GRADSTEIN F., OGG J. &amp; SMITH A. 2004. - A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 610 p." type="book" year="2004">
Gradstein
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC4D229D778FC15E071FBCD" box="[1050,1097,1005,1029]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D1A8FBCDE75DFB86" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" box="[714,869,1078,1104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">PRESERVATION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D1A8FBAEE06AFA04" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
This specimen was discovered in a phosphateous nodule of approximately
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D0BDFB8EE02EFB58" box="[991,1046,1141,1168]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC4D229D73FFB8EE0A4FB58" box="[1117,1180,1141,1168]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[154,165,813,830]" captionTargetBox="[214,1149,275,773]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[213,1152,306,773]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG. 1. — Phosphateous nodule MNHN-SOT-II-101076a from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines,France, containing the aistopod Phlegethontia sp. as preserved, in lateral left view. Abbreviations: cv, caudal vertebrae; sk, skull; st, soft tissues; tv, trunk vertebrae. Scale bar: 1 cm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665591" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665591/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Few parts of the animal are visible. Only the skull and two portions of the vertebral column are distinguishable. The outlines of the animal are visible but do not reveal much detail about the anatomy of soft tissues. At the level of the trunk, the total body height is
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D00BFAC8E7FAFA86" box="[873,962,1331,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, the ventral soft tissues are
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC4D229D1A8FAA9E724FAA5" box="[714,796,1362,1389]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="671" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
high and the dorsal ones
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. The main part of the animal remains inside the nodule. Under the SEM, the bones are not distinctly imaged and their sutures are not distinguishable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D183FA2AE7A2F9C4" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">
The skull is
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long in lateral view, with the mouth opened.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D183F9EAE0E7F962" blockId="2.[712,1249,1078,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">The orbit, the external naris, some jaw and mandible bones, and teeth are exposed at the surface of the nodule, the rest of the skull being inside. The skull is broken and fractured near the left side of the animal, and the vertebrae are entire but, again,</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC4D229D1A8F954E782F902" blockId="2.[714,954,1711,1738]" box="[714,954,1711,1738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="671">still inside the nodule.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3CCFF88E53FFF4C" blockId="3.[174,263,115,133]" box="[174,263,115,133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Germain D.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3CCFF05E613FDFE" blockId="3.[149,686,254,566]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">The X-ray tomography revealed that the specimen was preserved in three dimensions. The block 101076a contains almost all the animal, the skull is nearly complete but it lacks the left mandible and most its left side that might be in the block 101076b. Due to the small size of the specimen and despite the good definition, only the global morphology of the specimen (skull and vertebrae) can be estimated. Finer anatomical details like tooth structure and bone sutures cannot be observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5FDA0E510FDBB" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" box="[151,296,603,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5FD81E51AFD5C" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" box="[151,290,634,660]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D3F5FD81E51AFD5C" box="[151,290,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
Skull (
<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC5D228D3B9FD81E521FD5C" box="[219,281,634,660]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" captionTargetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[154,1244,284,1235]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of Phlegethontia sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France: A, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved; B, interpretative drawing; C, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations: d, dentary; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, naris; nas, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; ns, neural spine; orb, orbit; pc, palpebral cups; pe, posterior element of the mandible; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tp, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5FD62E558FC5A" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
The skull is as small as that of the smallest known aistopod (FMNH 831,
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D2C1FD42E66CFD1C" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[419,596,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6). It may be a juvenile individual because adults of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D3FBFD03E51DFCDA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[153,293,760,786]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D3FBFD03E51DFCDA" box="[153,293,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may reach a skull length of
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC5D228D12BFD02E694FCDC" box="[585,684,761,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" unit="mm" value="19.8">19.8 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D3FCFCE3E575FCFB" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[158,333,792,819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The left eye is represented by a black circular mark. Some teeth exhibit two fractures at their base and may be pedicellate (this aspect will be discussed later).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3CCFC6CE692F962" blockId="3.[149,687,603,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
The snout is composed of the premaxilla and is pointed, as is the case in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D2C3FC4DE610FC18" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[417,552,950,976]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D2C3FC4DE610FC18" box="[417,552,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D13DFC4DE5CAFC39" authority="Anderson, 2003 b" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Pseudophlegethontiidae" genus="Pseudophlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D13DFC4DE51CFC38" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Pseudophlegethontia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D24FFC2DE5CAFC39" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[301,498,982,1009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson, 2003b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D153FC2DE50EFBD9" authority="Wellstead, 1982" authorityName="Wellstead" authorityYear="1982" class="Amphibia" family="Lethiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Lethiscidae
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D3F5FC0DE50EFBD9" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[151,310,1014,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead,1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D2E5FC0DE4F4FBF9" authority="Schwartz, 1908" authorityName="Schwartz" authorityYear="1908" class="Amphibia" family="Ophiderpetontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ophiderpetontidae Schwartz, 1908</taxonomicName>
have a more rounded snout, a primitive feature among aistopods (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D228FBCEE5D2FB98" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[330,490,1077,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D293FBCEE698FB98" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[497,672,1077,1104]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
). The premaxilla has a posteromesial nasal ramus, and a ventrolateral ramus which bears at least two teeth. A third tooth may be present anteriorly, but remains difficult to observe. The nasal could contact the nasal ramus of the premaxilla.The prefrontal, triangular in shape, contacts the nasal anteriorly and the maxilla or a small lacrimal ventrally. No posterior suture can be observed between the frontal and the postfrontal.The external naris is bordered by the premaxilla, the nasal, the prefrontal, the maxilla and perhaps the lacrimal (
<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC5D228D3FCFA69E4E7FA65" box="[158,223,1426,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" captionTargetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[154,1244,284,1235]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of Phlegethontia sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France: A, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved; B, interpretative drawing; C, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations: d, dentary; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, naris; nas, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; ns, neural spine; orb, orbit; pc, palpebral cups; pe, posterior element of the mandible; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tp, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The maxilla looks triradiate. A dorsal and slender bony branch contacts dorsally the ventral branch of the prefrontal. This dorsal branch either belongs to the maxilla or represents a small lacrimal. According to
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D245F9EAE5E6F9E4" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[295,478,1553,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, the lacrimal disappeared in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D395F9CBE545F982" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[247,381,1584,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D395F9CBE545F982" box="[247,381,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, remains unknown in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D13CF9CBE522F9A2" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Pseudophlegethontiidae" genus="Pseudophlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D13CF9CBE522F9A2" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Pseudophlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the anterior portion of the skull roof is not preserved (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D204F98BE628F943" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[358,528,1648,1675]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003a</bibRefCitation>
), but is retained among the
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D26FF974E5BAF962" authorityName="Wellstead" authorityYear="1982" box="[269,386,1679,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Lethiscidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lethiscidae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D283F974E692F962" authorityName="Schwartz" authorityYear="1908" box="[481,682,1679,1706]" class="Amphibia" family="Ophiderpetontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ophiderpetontidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D3F5F954E636F902" blockId="3.[151,526,1711,1738]" box="[151,526,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D3FCF954E57CF902" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[158,324,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D22CF954E63AF902" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[334,514,1711,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D183FF05E7E4FE1F" blockId="3.[712,1249,254,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Posteriorly to the premaxilla, a small bar may represent a fragment of the jugal. On the 3D reconstruction, a triradiate shape lies posteriorly to the right orbit and may be the squamosal. One branch is oriented anteriorly, another one posterodorsally and the third one ventrally which bears the quadrate on its extremity.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D183FE20E7BEF9E4" blockId="3.[712,1249,254,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
Within the posterior portion of the orbit, at least six slender ossifications are visible: they are antero-posteriorly elongated, slightly curved and do not show parallel margins. They are comparable with the palpebral ossifications described in some specimens of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D000FD81E05EFD5C" baseAuthorityName="Fritsch" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[866,1126,634,660]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D000FD81E05EFD5C" box="[866,1126,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia longissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D7F0FD81E77BFD7C" author="ANDERSON J. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, but never observed in other aistopods (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D1B3FD42E7B9FD1C" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[721,897,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D0EDFD42E005FD1C" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[911,1085,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D728FD42E0A9FD1C" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[1098,1169,697,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">2003a</bibRefCitation>
, b). In the studied specimen, the orbit is surrounded by the prefrontal, the maxilla, the jugal, the palpebral ossifications, and perhaps the lacrimal. Other bones that probably bordered the orbit, such as the frontal and the postfrontal are not preserved. In
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D71EFCACE0E0FCB9" authorityName="Wellstead" authorityYear="1982" box="[1148,1240,855,881]" class="Amphibia" family="Lethiscidae" genus="Lethiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D71EFCACE0E0FCB9" box="[1148,1240,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Lethiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the orbit is borded by the maxilla, the lacrimal, the prefrontal, the postfrontal, the postorbital, and the jugal (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D004FC4CE02BFC1A" author="WELLSTEAD C. F." box="[870,1043,951,978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="193 - 208" refId="ref7508" refString="WELLSTEAD C. F. 1982. - A Lower Carboniferous aistopod amphibian from Scotland. Palaeontology 25: 193 - 208." type="journal article" year="1982">Wellstead 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The postorbital is absent in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D055FC2DE0E3FC39" authority="(Anderson 2003 b)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[823,1243,982,1009]" class="Amphibia" family="Ophiderpetontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Ophiderpetontidae (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D774FC2DE0EAFC39" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[1046,1234,982,1009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="79 - 88" refId="ref5801" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 b. - A new aistopod (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli) from Mazon Creek, Illinois. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 79 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and is determinable neither in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D76DFC0DE7A9FBF9" authority="(Anderson 2003 a)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Amphibia" family="Pseudophlegethontiidae" genus="Pseudophlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D76DFC0DE0E7FBD8" box="[1039,1247,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Pseudophlegethontia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D1B3FBEDE7B1FBF9" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[721,905,1046,1073]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
nor in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D087FBEDE04AFBF8" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[997,1138,1046,1072]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D087FBEDE04AFBF8" box="[997,1138,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where, in this last genus, the orbit is bordered by the maxilla, the prefrontal, the frontal, the postfrontal, and the jugal (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D05DFB8EE7CCFB58" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[831,1012,1141,1168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The outlines of the neurocranium are here visible. The dorsal surface is flat, and on the occipital surface, a concave depression forms a notch in lateral view. Posteriorly to the neurocranium, an oblique bar could be the nuchal crest, and a dorsal bar could be the sagittal crest. These crests have only been described in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D1A9FAA9E01BFAA5" authority="(Anderson 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[715,1059,1362,1389]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D1A9FAA9E762FAA4" box="[715,858,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC5D228D00BFAA9E023FAA5" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[873,1051,1362,1389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC5D228D733FAA9E70EFA44" baseAuthorityName="Fritsch" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D733FAA9E70EFA44" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Phlegethontia longissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the nuchal crest is oriented vertically whereas in the present specimen, it is oriented posteroventrally. The extension of the sagittal crest is difficult to determine but it seems to begin at the same level as the quadrate and reach the posterior limit of the skull.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D1A8F9ABE717F9A2" blockId="3.[714,1248,1616,1706]" box="[714,815,1616,1642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC5D228D1A8F9ABE717F9A2" box="[714,815,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">Mandible</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC5D228D1A8F98BE0E7F962" blockId="3.[714,1248,1616,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="672">The mandible is poorly preserved, but outlines of dermal tissues can be distinguished. These tissues</paragraph>
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encompass the mandible with a width of about
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD01AFF8FE0F1FF4C" blockId="4.[888,1225,115,133]" box="[888,1225,115,133]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
An aistopod from Montceau-les-Mines,
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD3F5FB08E507FABD" blockId="4.[151,1246,1266,1397]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC2D22FD176FB09E6BEFACB" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[532,646,1266,1283]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD176FB09E6BEFACB" box="[532,646,1266,1283]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
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sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France:
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD2B3FAF2E5E6FAD2" bold="true" box="[465,478,1289,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">A</emphasis>
, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD034FAF2E75BFAD2" bold="true" box="[854,867,1289,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">B</emphasis>
, interpretative drawing;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD74DFAF2E005FAD2" bold="true" box="[1071,1085,1289,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">C</emphasis>
, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD7E1FAE4E0B6FAF8" bold="true" box="[1155,1166,1311,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">d</emphasis>
, dentary;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD3F5FACDE4A4FA8F" bold="true" box="[151,156,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">j</emphasis>
, jugal;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD3B8FACDE4E7FA8F" bold="true" box="[218,223,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">l</emphasis>
, lacrimal;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD257FACDE568FA8F" bold="true" box="[309,336,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">mx</emphasis>
, maxilla;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD2C2FACDE593FA8F" bold="true" box="[416,427,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">n</emphasis>
, naris;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD288FACDE632FA8F" bold="true" box="[490,522,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">nas</emphasis>
, nasal;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD129FACDE659FA8F" bold="true" box="[587,609,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">nc</emphasis>
, nuchal crest;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD1BFFACDE6CAFA8F" bold="true" box="[733,754,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">ns</emphasis>
, neural spine;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD00CFACDE7B4FA8F" bold="true" box="[878,908,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">orb</emphasis>
, orbit;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD0ABFACDE7E7FA8F" bold="true" box="[969,991,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">pc</emphasis>
, palpebral cups;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD713FACDE0BFFA8F" bold="true" box="[1137,1159,1334,1351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">pe</emphasis>
, posterior element of the mandible;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD210FAB6E5A1FA96" bold="true" box="[370,409,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">pmx</emphasis>
, premaxilla;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD164FAB6E627FA96" bold="true" box="[518,543,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">prf</emphasis>
, prefrontal;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD1E5FAB6E6AAFA96" bold="true" box="[647,658,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">q</emphasis>
, quadrate;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD194FAB6E733FA96" bold="true" box="[758,779,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">sc</emphasis>
, sagittal crest;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD0EDFAB6E79DFA96" bold="true" box="[911,933,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">sq</emphasis>
, squamosal;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD77AFAB6E012FA96" bold="true" box="[1048,1066,1357,1374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">tp</emphasis>
, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD3F5FA4AE694F962" blockId="4.[149,685,1457,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
above the bone, and up to more than
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in the posterior region of the throat. The anterior part of the dentary is present and bears two teeth. In the posterior portion of the mandible, a single straight ossification, ending by an articular condyle, could be the “posterior element”, also present in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC2D22FD147F9ABE694F9A2" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[549,684,1616,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD147F9ABE694F9A2" box="[549,684,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD3FCF98BE569F943" author="MCGINNIS H. J." box="[158,337,1648,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="1 - 46" refId="ref6754" refString="MCGINNIS H. J. 1967. - The osteology of Phlegethontia, a Carboniferous and Permian aistopod amphibian. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 71: 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1967">McGinnis 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD23CF98BE634F943" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[350,524,1648,1675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="1029 - 1046" refId="ref5728" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2002. - Revision of the aistopod genus Phlegethontia (Tetrapoda-Lepospondyli). Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 1029 - 1046." type="journal article" year="2002">Anderson 2002</bibRefCitation>
). This element may result from the fusion of the articular, the
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD3FBF954E04AF9C4" blockId="4.[153,686,1711,1738]" lastBlockId="4.[714,1248,1457,1548]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
surangular, and the angular which remain discrete in other genera (
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD013FA4AE01AFA04" author="ANDERSON J. S." box="[881,1058,1457,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="532 - 543" refId="ref5758" refString="ANDERSON J. S. 2003 a. - Cranial anatomy of Coloraderpeton brilli, postcranial anatomy of Oestocephalus amphiuminus, and reconsideration of Ophiderpetontidae (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 532 - 543." type="journal article" year="2003">Anderson 2003a</bibRefCitation>
, b;
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC2D22FD726FA4AE73EFA24" author="ANDERSON J. S. &amp; CARROLL R. L. &amp; ROWE T. B." pageId="4" pageNumber="673" pagination="1071 - 1083" refId="ref5871" refString="ANDERSON J. S., CARROLL R. L. &amp; ROWE T. B. 2003. - New information on Lethiscus stocki (Tetrapoda: Lepospondyli: Aistopoda) from high-resolution computed tomography and a phylogenetic analysis of Aistopoda. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 1071 - 1083." type="journal article" year="2003">
Anderson
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD7CDFA49E0D8FA03" box="[1199,1248,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). It articulates on the quadrate condyle that is observable on the X-ray tomography.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD1A8F9CAE717F982" blockId="4.[714,1249,1585,1706]" box="[714,815,1585,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC2D22FD1A8F9CAE717F982" box="[714,815,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Dentition</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD1A8F9ABE0D9F962" blockId="4.[714,1249,1585,1706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">
The teeth seem to be monocuspid, pointed, and slightly curved posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC2D22FD762F98BE07CF943" box="[1024,1092,1648,1675]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[151,162,600,617]" captionTargetBox="[162,673,256,573]" captionTargetId="figure-12@5.[162,673,256,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 3. — Detailed SEM views of: A, the anterior part of the upper jaw showing possible pedicellate teeth of Phlegethontia sp.(MNHN- SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France; B, C, pedicellate teeth of the extant urodele Desmognathus monticola Dunn,1916.Arrows indicate zones of weakness. Abbreviation: p, pedicel. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665599/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). They have a maximal length of
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for a width of
<quantity id="5A57CFA6FFC2D22FD7F8F974E0D9F962" box="[1178,1249,1679,1706]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="673" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 µm</quantity>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC2D22FD1A8F954E0E6F902" blockId="4.[714,1246,1711,1738]" box="[714,1246,1711,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="673">at their base. Each preserved premaxilla tooth</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3CCFF88E53FFF4C" blockId="5.[174,263,115,133]" box="[174,263,115,133]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Germain D.</paragraph>
<caption id="C9D032CBFFC3D22ED3F5FDA3E644FD13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" startId="5.[151,162,600,617]" targetBox="[162,673,256,573]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5FDA3E644FD13" blockId="5.[149,685,600,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
FIG. 3. — Detailed SEM views of:
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2CAFDA3E58DFDA1" bold="true" box="[424,437,600,617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">A</emphasis>
, the anterior part of the upper jaw showing possible pedicellate teeth of
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED2BEFD95E672FDB7" baseAuthorityName="Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[476,586,622,639]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2BEFD95E672FDB7" box="[476,586,622,639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Phlegethontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.(MNHN- SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France;
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2EFFD67E5A2FD65" bold="true" box="[397,410,668,685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED2C1FD67E589FD65" bold="true" box="[419,433,668,685]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">C</emphasis>
, pedicellate teeth of the extant urodele
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED3B7FD48E5C4FD0C" authority="Dunn, 1916" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1916" box="[213,508,691,708]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED3B7FD48E5A4FD0C" box="[213,412,691,708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Desmognathus monticola</emphasis>
Dunn,1916
</taxonomicName>
.Arrows indicate zones of weakness. Abbreviation:
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED219FD32E5BEFD12" bold="true" box="[379,390,713,730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">p</emphasis>
, pedicel. Scale bars: 100 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5FCE3E5F3FA24" blockId="5.[149,686,792,1516]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
surprisingly shows two transverse, slender fractures around its base. One is just above the premaxilla (
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) and the other one is distant of
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from the first one. These fractures do not extend into the sedimentary matrix around the teeth, and are therefore interpreted here as natural fractures rather than a post-mortem damage. A natural fracture occurs at the level of a weakness zone, like a pedicellar zone. In
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED23DFBEDE4EAFB98" authority="Dunn, 1916" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1916" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Desmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED23DFBEDE667FBF8" box="[351,607,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Desmognathus monticola</emphasis>
Dunn, 1916
</taxonomicName>
, the pedicels are clearly visible at the base of the teeth, as is the case in most of the other extant urodeles (except sirenids, see
<bibRefCitation id="F93E1FB2FFC3D22ED2BAFB8EE699FB58" author="POUGH F. H. &amp; ANDREWS R. M. &amp; CADLE J. E. &amp; CRUMP M. L. &amp; SAVITZKY A. H. &amp; WELLS K." box="[472,673,1141,1168]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" refId="ref6968" refString="POUGH F. H., ANDREWS R. M., CADLE J. E., CRUMP M. L., SAVITZKY A. H. &amp; WELLS K. 2004. - Herpetology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 726 p." type="book" year="2004">
Pough
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED144FB8EE664FB47" box="[550,604,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
): each pedicel lies at the base of the tooth, and forms a ring that surrounds the tooth. This decreasing diameter creates a first zone of weakness; a second weakness zone is also visible at the contact between the tooth and the mandible. These pedicels weaken the teeth. The natural fractures observed on the studied specimen, around the base of its premaxillary teeth, could be therefore the result of pedicels. However, pending discoveries of more material of better preservation, the presence of pedicely among aistopods remains uncertain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5F9EBE4CFF9E2" blockId="5.[151,684,1552,1706]" box="[151,247,1552,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED3F5F9EBE4CFF9E2" box="[151,247,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Vertebrae</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5F9CBE694F962" blockId="5.[151,684,1552,1706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
The vertebrae are poorly preserved. On the nodule portions 101076a and c, seven to eight trunk vertebrae of
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long and
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high are visible whereas those observed on the posterior part
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED3F5F954E756FEF0" blockId="5.[151,684,1711,1738]" lastBlockId="5.[712,1248,254,661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">of 101076a and d could be caudal vertebrae, but they are too poorly preserved to allow a better determination.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D106243FFC3D22ED183FEC6E0EEFD5D" blockId="5.[712,1248,254,661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">
The X-ray tomography reveals more details on the first eight vertebrae in the block 101076a, even if the preservation and the resolution of such a small specimen does not allow precise observations. The vertebrae cannot be individualized with this method but the transverse processes are visible on the right side of the animal, and extend laterally from the top of the centrum (
<figureCitation id="05947EC6FFC3D22ED0C5FDE0E7C5FDFE" box="[935,1021,539,566]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[151,162,1267,1284]" captionTargetBox="[155,1244,255,1233]" captionTargetId="figure-15@4.[154,1244,284,1235]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Right lateral view of the skeleton of Phlegethontia sp. (MNHN-SOT-II-101076b) from the Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Montceau-les-Mines, France: A, SEM photograph of the skull as preserved; B, interpretative drawing; C, 3D reconstruction of the head and the eight first vertebrae. The frame in A corresponds to the enlarged portion in Figure 3A. Abbreviations: d, dentary; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, naris; nas, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; ns, neural spine; orb, orbit; pc, palpebral cups; pe, posterior element of the mandible; pmx, premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tp, transverse process. Scale bars: 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665595/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). The centrum seems cylindrical and moderately laterally flattened. The height of the neural spine is low, as is the case in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED1A8FD81E7F0FD5C" baseAuthorityName="Fritsch" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[714,968,634,660]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longissima">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED1A8FD81E7F0FD5C" box="[714,968,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">Phlegethontia longissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than in
<taxonomicName id="5AAF19C0FFC3D22ED709FD80E0F6FD5C" box="[1131,1230,634,660]" class="Amphibia" family="Phlegethontiidae" genus="Phlegethontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aistopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis id="AFDBBE51FFC3D22ED709FD80E0F6FD5C" box="[1131,1230,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="674">P. linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>