From 53d6ab9cdea2e5f3656385f19048d9027f2e3055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Thu, 29 May 2025 17:23:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-05-29 17:16:52 --- .../87/7010878EFFA6272CA5F6FCC5CDDCFC05.xml | 652 +++-- .../87/7010878EFFAE2737A51CFF25CCE9FBB5.xml | 771 ++++-- .../87/7010878EFFB42700A584FB12CCABF868.xml | 2353 +++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 3326 insertions(+), 450 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/70/10/87/7010878EFFB42700A584FB12CCABF868.xml diff --git a/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFA6272CA5F6FCC5CDDCFC05.xml b/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFA6272CA5F6FCC5CDDCFC05.xml index 89374036931..45547004dcf 100644 --- a/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFA6272CA5F6FCC5CDDCFC05.xml +++ b/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFA6272CA5F6FCC5CDDCFC05.xml @@ -1,115 +1,115 @@ - - - -Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species + + + +Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species - - -Author + + +Author -Machado, Valéria N. -Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil -valeria.pesca@gmail.com +Machado, Valéria N. +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil +valeria.pesca@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Pereira, Victória D. -Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil -vdps.097@gmail.com +Pereira, Victória D. +Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil +vdps.097@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Ota, Rafaela P. -Museu da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Peixes (LABISPE), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, 79804 - 970 Dourados, MS, Brazil -rafaelaota@ufgd.edu.br +Ota, Rafaela P. +Museu da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Peixes (LABISPE), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, 79804 - 970 Dourados, MS, Brazil +rafaelaota@ufgd.edu.br - - -Author + + +Author -Collins, Rupert A. -Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom -rupert.collins@nhm.ac.uk +Collins, Rupert A. +Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom +rupert.collins@nhm.ac.uk - - -Author + + +Author -Ândrade, Marcelo -Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Rodovia Pinheiro-Pacas, km 10, 65200 - 000 Pinheiro, MA, Brazil -mc.andrade@ufma.br +Ândrade, Marcelo +Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Rodovia Pinheiro-Pacas, km 10, 65200 - 000 Pinheiro, MA, Brazil +mc.andrade@ufma.br - - -Author + + +Author -Garcia-Ayala, James R. -Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil -james.ayala@unesp.br +Garcia-Ayala, James R. +Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil +james.ayala@unesp.br - - -Author + + +Author -Jégu, Michel -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Laboratoire d´Icthyologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, United States of America. -michel.jegu@gmail.com +Jégu, Michel +Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Laboratoire d´Icthyologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, United States of America. +michel.jegu@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Farias, Izeni P. -Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil -izeni@evoamazon.net +Farias, Izeni P. +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil +izeni@evoamazon.net - - -Author + + +Author -Hrbek, Tomas -Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, -tomas@evoamazon.net +Hrbek, Tomas +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, +tomas@evoamazon.net -text - - -Neotropical Ichthyology +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology - -2024 - -e 230095 + +2024 + +e 230095 - -2024-06-10 + +2024-06-10 - -22 + +22 - -2 + +2 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 -journal article -10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 -1982-0224 -13326182 -E4F38021-20D6-452D-8E7D-83234E442A95 +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 +1982-0224 +13326182 +E4F38021-20D6-452D-8E7D-83234E442A95 - + @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ( Figs. 2–5 ; -Tab. 3 +Tab. 3 ) @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: Myleus ) schomburgkii -Géry, 1977:266 +Géry, 1977:266 [listed, brief description of the subgenus; photo in page 269, above; locality: Alto Solimões ( Brazil @@ -153,7 +153,9 @@ Géry, 1977:266 Myleus schomburgkii -. —Machado-Allison, Fink, 1995:62–63 [cover figure; brief description; illustration, fig. 26:63; locality: Orinoco and Casiquiare rivers ( +. — +Machado-Allison, Fink, 1995:62–63 +[cover figure; brief description; illustration, fig. 26:63; locality: Orinoco and Casiquiare rivers ( Venezuela )] ―Vari et al @@ -165,43 +167,74 @@ Géry, 1977:266 Myloplus schomburgkii -. —Murrieta-Morey +. — + +Murrieta-Morey et al -., 2019:511–19 [description of a new species of parasite, locality: Rio Nanay basin ( +., 2019:511–19 + +[description of a new species of parasite, locality: Rio Nanay basin ( Peru -)]. —Murrieta-Morey +)]. — + +Murrieta-Morey et al -., 2021:110 [mortality and water quality; figs. 1C, D; locality: Rio Nanay basin]. —Kolmann +., 2021:110 + +[mortality and water quality; figs. 1C, D; locality: Rio Nanay basin]. — + +Kolmann et al -., 2020:2 [exon-based phylogeny; fig. 1]. —Mateussi +., 2020:2 + +[exon-based phylogeny; fig. 1]. — + +Mateussi et al -., 2020:3 [Listed]. +., 2020:3 + +[Listed]. - + Holotype . INPA -60150, male, +60150 +, +male +, 213.01 mm -SL, A3742 (GenBank accession OR366877), +SL, A3742 (GenBank accession +OR366877 +), Brazil , Roraima -, Caracaraí municipality, rio Baraúna, lago do Bento, +, +Caracaraí +municipality, rio +Baraúna +, lago do +Bento +, 01°15’34.4”N 60°54’32.4”W , -17 Jan 2021 -, M. S. Rocha. + +17 Jan 2021 + +, +M. S. Rocha +. - + Paratypes . @@ -209,210 +242,389 @@ SL, A3742 (GenBank accession OR366877), : Amazonas : -Apuí +Apuí : -INPA -60151, 1, +INPA 60151 +, +1 +, 91.32 mm -SL, rio Guariba tributary of Aripuanã basin, at Reserva Extrativista do Guariba, +SL, rio +Guariba +tributary of +Aripuanã +basin, at +Reserva Extrativista do Guariba +, 08°42’42”S 60°25’53”W , -7 Aug 2008 -, W. S. Pedroza, W. Ohara, F. R. Ribeiro & T. F. Teixeira. + +7 Aug 2008 + +, +W. S. Pedroza +, +W. Ohara +, +F. R. Ribeiro +& +T. F. Teixeira +. - -INPA -60153, 1, + +INPA 60153 +, +1 +, 81.97 mm -SL, rio Guariba at Reserva Extrativista do Guariba, +SL, rio +Guariba +at +Reserva Extrativista do Guariba +, 08°42’42”S 60°25’53”W , -14 Nov 2008 -, W. S. Pedroza, W. Ohara, F. R. Ribeiro & T. F. Teixeira. + +14 Nov 2008 + +, +W. S. Pedroza +, +W. Ohara +, +F. R. Ribeiro +& +T. F. Teixeira +. - + Carauari : -INPA -60673, 1, 185.0 mm SL, (CTGA 22529), Igarapé Pucá tributary of rio Juruá, +INPA 60673 +, +1 +, 185.0 mm SL, (CTGA 22529), +Igarapé Pucá +tributary of rio +Juruá +, 02°50’40”S 66°57’51”W , -1 Jul 2022 -, T. Hrbek. + +1 Jul 2022 + +, +T. Hrbek +. - + Careiro : -INPA -60702, -1, 131.2 mm -SL, (CTGA 22278), rio Juma, interfluve of Madeira-Purus, +INPA 60702 +, + +1 +, 131.2 mm + +SL, (CTGA 22278), rio +Juma +, interfluve of +Madeira-Purus +, 03°42’19”S 59°48’46”W , -26 Sep 2021 -, V. N. Machado. + +26 Sep 2021 + +, +V. N. Machado +. - + Jutaí : -INPA -60672, -1, 178.1 mm -SL, (CTGA 22524), rio Jutaí, +INPA 60672 +, +1 +, 178.1 mm SL, (CTGA 22524), rio +Jutaí +, 04°46’12”S 66°37’06”W , -1 Sep 2022 -, V. N. Machado. + +1 Sep 2022 + +, +V. N. Machado +. - -INPA -60709, -1, 155.3 mm -SL, (CTGA 23316), rio Jutaí, + +INPA 60709 +, +1 +, 155.3 mm SL, (CTGA 23316), rio +Jutaí +, 02°54’13”S 67°02’35”W , -10 Fev 2023 -, V. N. Machado. + +10 Fev 2023 + +, +V. N. Machado +. - + BMNH -2024.2.12.1-2, 2, 171.0– +2024.2.12.1-2 +, +2 +, 171.0– 187.1 mm -SL, (CTGA 22523, 22525) same collection data as -INPA -60672. +SL, (CTGA 22523, 22525) same collection data as INPA 60672. - + Presidente Figueiredo : -INPA -22192, 2, 275.58– +INPA 22192 +, +2 +, 275.58– 309.33 mm -SL, Balbina, rio Uatumã, +SL, +Balbina +, rio +Uatumã +, 01°55’21”S 59°28’21”W , -9 Nov 1985 -, M. Jégu. + +9 Nov 1985 + +, +M. Jégu +. - + Roraima : -Caracaraí +Caracaraí : -INPA -60152, 6, 190.0– +INPA 60152 +, +6 +, 190.0– 207.7 mm -SL, rio Baraúna, lago do Bento, +SL, rio +Baraúna +, lago do +Bento +, 01°15’34.4”N 60°54’32.4”W , -17 Jan 2021 -, M. S. Rocha. + +17 Jan 2021 + +, +M. S. Rocha +. - -MUBIO -110, -1, 198.70 mm -SL, same collection data as -INPA -60152 + +MUBIO 110 +, + +1 +, 198.70 mm + +SL, same collection data as INPA 60152 . - + Peru : Iquitos : -Maynas +Maynas : -Loreto +Loreto : -ANSP -180369, 4, +ANSP 180369 +, +4 +, 67.68–95.01 mm SL (1 x-ray, 71.3 mm -SL), (OR366880), rio Nanay, large sandy beach on downstream end of island upstream from Santa Clara, +SL), ( +OR366880 +), rio +Nanay +, large sandy beach on +downstream end of island upstream +from +Santa Clara +, 03°46’56.9”S 73°20’33.3”W , -14 Aug 2003 -, M. H. Sabaj, N. J. Salcedo & B. Sidlauskas. + +14 Aug 2003 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +, +N. J. Salcedo +& +B. Sidlauskas +. - -ANSP -188823, 2, + +ANSP 188823 +, 2, 53.38– 62.73 mm -SL, (OR366879), rio Nanay, large sandy beach on downstream end of island upstream from Santa Clara, +SL, ( +OR366879 +), rio +Nanay +, large sandy beach on +downstream end of island upstream +from +Santa Clara +, 03°46’56.9”S 73°20’33.3”W , -14 Aug 2003 -, M. H. Sabaj, N. J. Salcedo & B. Sidlauskas. + +14 Aug 2003 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +, +N. J. Salcedo +& +B. Sidlauskas +. - -ANSP -199909, 3, + +ANSP 199909 +, +3 +, 55.55–61.04 mm -SL, rio Nanay, just downstream of sandy beach Las Camelias, -7 km -from Iquitos, +SL, rio +Nanay +, just +downstream of sandy beach +Las Camelias +, + +7 km + +from +Iquitos +, 03°39’51”S 73°15’01”W , -8 Aug 2010 -, M. H. Sabaj, B. Sidlauskas, C. A. Phillips, J. Tiemann & E. V. Correa Roldán. + +8 Aug 2010 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +, +B. Sidlauskas +, +C. A. Phillips +, +J. Tiemann +& +E. V. Correa Roldán +. - -CIIAP -401, -1, 206.1 mm -SL, rio Pucacuro, tributary of rio Tigre, + +CIIAP 401 +, + +1 +, 206.1 mm + +SL, rio +Pucacuro +, tributary of rio +Tigre +, 03°19’07”S 74°59’05”W , -15 May 2003 -, J. Ruiz. + +15 May 2003 + +, +J. Ruiz +. - -CIIAP -402, 3, 85.2– + +CIIAP 402 +, +3 +, 85.2– 8.9 mm -SL, rio Nanay, cocha Anguilla, +SL, rio +Nanay +, cocha +Anguilla +, 03°54’34.7”S 73°39’57.7”W , -18 Jul 2018 -, C. Chavez. + +18 Jul 2018 + +, +C. Chavez +. - -CIIAP -403, 5 (3, 97.0– 113.0 mm SL), rio Nanay, large sandy beach on downstream end of island upstream from Panpachica, + +CIIAP 403 +, +5 +(3, 97.0– 113.0 mm SL), rio +Nanay +, large sandy beach on +downstream end of island upstream +from +Panpachica +, 03°45’07”S 73°17’01”W , -20 Jan 2019 -, M. Ruiz-Tafur. + +20 Jan 2019 + +, +M. Ruiz-Tafur +. @@ -544,7 +756,7 @@ by having greater number of branched dorsal-fin rays (21–25 Description. Morphometric data presented in -Tab. 3 +Tab. 3 . Body compressed, overall rounded to oval, with highest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Predorsal and postdorsal length almost equivalent. Head rounded, snout length slightly shorter than postorbital distance. Dorsal profile of head convex from mouth to anterior margin of parietal bone, and straight to slightly concave from this point to base of supraoocipital. Dorsal-fin base straight to slightly convex. Last dorsal-fin ray distal end not reaching adipose-fin origin, when adpressed. Distance between dorsal-fin insertion and adipose-fin origin about two times the adipose-fin base. Adipose fin as long as deep, with straight base. Ventral profile of head and body convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin base slightly convex. Dorsal and ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. @@ -553,7 +765,7 @@ Mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer row with 5*(24) molariform teeth of outer series, space between rows forming triangular gap. Dentary with 5*(24) molariform teeth, teeth 1–3 substantially bigger than 4–5. Conical symphyseal tooth immediately behind tooth 1 of labial row. Maxilla edentulous. Scale cycloid, small. Total of perforated scales on lateral line 82(1), 83(3), 84*(5), 85(3), 86(3), 87(1), 89(4), 90(1), 91(1), 94(1), or 95(1). Dorsal-fin base covered by skin flap bearing one or two scale rows. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral-line 41(2), 44(2), 45(2), 46(2), 47(2), 49(1), 50(1), 51(1), 55(1), 56(1), 57*(4), 58(2), 60(1), or 61(1). Scale rows between lateral-line and pelvic-fin origin 43(1), 44(1), 45(2), 46(4), 47(3), 48(1), 49(2), 50(3), 51(1), 52*(3), 53(1), 54(1), or 57(1). Adipose-fin base covered by three or four scale rows. Scale rows between the adipose-fin origin and lateral-line 19(2), 20(5), 21(7), 22(8), 23(1), 24(1), or 25*(1). Anal-fin base covered by four or five scales rows. Circumpeduncular scales 34(4), 35(2), 36(5), 37(2), 38*(4), 40(3), 41(2), 42(1), or 44(1). - + TABLE 3 | Morphometric data of @@ -994,7 +1206,7 @@ appears to be more abundant in black water rivers such as the Nanay in M. nigrolineatus ( - + Ota et al ., 2020 @@ -1002,7 +1214,7 @@ Ota ) . - + Ríos-Villamizar et al . (2020) @@ -1040,15 +1252,33 @@ Geographic distribution of Conservation status. This new taxon is threatened by exploitation from commercial fishing ( Fig. 5 -) (upper Solimões River), by pollution, primarily from mining (Branco River) in the environments where it occurs (Nyholt +) (upper Solimões River), by pollution, primarily from mining (Branco River) in the environments where it occurs ( + +Nyholt et al -., 2022; Vasconcellos +., 2022 + +; + +Vasconcellos et al -., 2022), and by the proposed construction of hydroelectric projects in the region of the upper Solimões River (Winemiller +., 2022 + +), and by the proposed construction of hydroelectric projects in the region of the upper Solimões River ( + +Winemiller et al -., 2016; Castello, Macedo, 2016). This species is also exploited to a limited extent by fishing for the ornamental trade, mainly in the upper Solimões region in Peru (García-Dávila +., 2016 + +; +Castello, Macedo, 2016 +). This species is also exploited to a limited extent by fishing for the ornamental trade, mainly in the upper Solimões region in Peru ( + +García-Dávila et al -., 2022), where attempts have already been made to reproduce this species in captivity (Murrieta +., 2022 + +), where attempts have already been made to reproduce this species in captivity (Murrieta et al ., 2021), without success. Fish farming of diff --git a/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFAE2737A51CFF25CCE9FBB5.xml b/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFAE2737A51CFF25CCE9FBB5.xml index 6791e6efe56..46f1b3a80a6 100644 --- a/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFAE2737A51CFF25CCE9FBB5.xml +++ b/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFAE2737A51CFF25CCE9FBB5.xml @@ -1,115 +1,115 @@ - - - -Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species + + + +Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species - - -Author + + +Author -Machado, Valéria N. -Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil -valeria.pesca@gmail.com +Machado, Valéria N. +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil +valeria.pesca@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Pereira, Victória D. -Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil -vdps.097@gmail.com +Pereira, Victória D. +Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil +vdps.097@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Ota, Rafaela P. -Museu da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Peixes (LABISPE), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, 79804 - 970 Dourados, MS, Brazil -rafaelaota@ufgd.edu.br +Ota, Rafaela P. +Museu da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Peixes (LABISPE), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, 79804 - 970 Dourados, MS, Brazil +rafaelaota@ufgd.edu.br - - -Author + + +Author -Collins, Rupert A. -Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom -rupert.collins@nhm.ac.uk +Collins, Rupert A. +Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom +rupert.collins@nhm.ac.uk - - -Author + + +Author -Ândrade, Marcelo -Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Rodovia Pinheiro-Pacas, km 10, 65200 - 000 Pinheiro, MA, Brazil -mc.andrade@ufma.br +Ândrade, Marcelo +Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Rodovia Pinheiro-Pacas, km 10, 65200 - 000 Pinheiro, MA, Brazil +mc.andrade@ufma.br - - -Author + + +Author -Garcia-Ayala, James R. -Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil -james.ayala@unesp.br +Garcia-Ayala, James R. +Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil +james.ayala@unesp.br - - -Author + + +Author -Jégu, Michel -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Laboratoire d´Icthyologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, United States of America. -michel.jegu@gmail.com +Jégu, Michel +Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Laboratoire d´Icthyologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, United States of America. +michel.jegu@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Farias, Izeni P. -Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil -izeni@evoamazon.net +Farias, Izeni P. +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil +izeni@evoamazon.net - - -Author + + +Author -Hrbek, Tomas -Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, -tomas@evoamazon.net +Hrbek, Tomas +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, +tomas@evoamazon.net -text - - -Neotropical Ichthyology +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology - -2024 - -e 230095 + +2024 + +e 230095 - -2024-06-10 + +2024-06-10 - -22 + +22 - -2 + +2 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 -journal article -10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 -1982-0224 -13326182 -E4F38021-20D6-452D-8E7D-83234E442A95 +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 +1982-0224 +13326182 +E4F38021-20D6-452D-8E7D-83234E442A95 - + @@ -131,202 +131,381 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ( Figs. 6–8 ; -Tab. 4 +Tab. 4 ) - + Holotype : INPA -40824, male, +40824 +, +male +, 166.39 mm SL, Brazil -, Pará, Anapu municipality, rio Xingu, below the Tamaracá waterfall, entrance on the right bank of the river, parallel to BR-230, +, +Pará +, +Anapu +municipality, rio +Xingu +, below the +Tamaracá +waterfall, +entrance on the right bank of the river +, parallel to +BR-230 +, 03°07’48”S 51°36’50”W , -1 Oct 2013 -, M. H. Sabaj Pérez, L. M. Sousa, A. Gonçalves, N. K. Lujan, D. B. Fitzgerald & P. M. Ito. + +1 Oct 2013 + +, +M. H. Sabaj Pérez +, +L. M. Sousa +, +A. Gonçalves +, +N. K. Lujan +, +D. B. Fitzgerald +& +P. M. Ito. - + Paratypes . All from Brazil : Pará -: rio Xingu basin. -Altamira +: rio +Xingu +basin. +Altamira : -INPA -4151, 1, +INPA 4151 +, +1 +, 71.64 mm -SL, ilha de Babaquara, rio Xingu, +SL, ilha de +Babaquara +, rio +Xingu +, 03°18’14”S 52°12’37”W , -4 Oct 1990 -, L. H. R. Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. + +4 Oct 1990 + +, +L. H. R. Py-Daniel +& +J. Zuanon +. - -INPA -30884, 2, + +INPA 30884 +, +2 +, 56.56–67.06 mm -SL, rio Iriri, close to its mouth in rio Xingu, +SL, rio +Iriri +, close to its +mouth in +rio +Xingu +, 03°48’54”S 52°37’09”W , -15 Aug 2008 -, H. Lopez-Fernandez. + +15 Aug 2008 + +, +H. Lopez-Fernandez +. - -INPA -31160, -1, 106.63 mm -SL, rio Iriri, down stream from mouth of rio Novo, + +INPA 31160 +, + +1 +, 106.63 mm + +SL, rio +Iriri +, +down stream from mouth +of rio +Novo +, 04°14’14”S 53°24’34”W , -22 Aug 2008 -, H. Lopez-Fernandez. + +22 Aug 2008 + +, +H. Lopez-Fernandez +. - -MZUSP -105723, -1, 110.48 mm -SL, rio Xingu, + +MZUSP 105723 +, + +1 +, 110.48 mm + +SL, rio +Xingu +, 03°33’43.9”S 51°52’36.9”W , -6 Nov 2000 -, Eq. Ictiologia UFPA. + +6 Nov 2000 + +, +Eq. Ictiologia UFPA +. - -MNRJ -35028, -1, 158.7 mm -SL, rio Curuá, northeast of Castelo dos Sonhos ( + +MNRJ 35028 +, + +1 +, 158.7 mm + +SL, rio +Curuá +, +northeast +of +Castelo dos Sonhos +( + 22 km -via BR plus -18 km +via BR + +plus + +18 km + via secondary road), 08°06’35”S 55°00’58” W , -30 Sep 2008 -, P. A. Buckup, J. Maldonado & C. Zawadzki. + +30 Sep 2008 + +, +P. A. Buckup +, +J. Maldonado +& +C. Zawadzki +. - + Anapú : -INPA -40279, 1 (x-ray), +INPA 40279 +, +1 +(x-ray), 109.97 mm -SL, (OR366896), rio Bacajá, +SL, ( +OR366896 +), rio +Bacajá +, 03°31’10”S 51°42’35”W , -15 Sep 2013 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +15 Sep 2013 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - -INPA -060148, -1, 138.8 mm -SL, rio Xingu, downstream of the Tamaracá waterfall, + +INPA 060148 +, + +1 +, 138.8 mm + +SL, rio +Xingu +, +downstream +of the +Tamaracá +waterfall, 03°07’48”S 51°36’50”W , -1 Oct 2013 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +1 Oct 2013 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - -MUBIO -109, -1, 163.51 mm -SL, rio Xingu, -3.5 km -upstream from Praia do Caju, + +MUBIO 109 +, + +1 +, 163.51 mm + +SL, rio +Xingu +, + +3.5 km + +upstream +from +Praia do Caju +, 03°24’29”S 51°43’03”W , -8 Nov 2014 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +8 Nov 2014 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - + Medicilândia : -MZUSP -36827, 2 of 4, +MZUSP 36827 +, +2 +of 4, 60.85–125.06 mm -SL, rio Xingu at cachoeira do Espelho, +SL, rio +Xingu +at cachoeira do +Espelho +, 03°48’00”S 52°31’59.9”W , -23 Oct 1986 -, P. E. V. Vanzolini. + +23 Oct 1986 + +, +P. E. V. Vanzolini +. + - -Senador José - -Porfírio: -INPA -47142, 4 of 6, +Senador José Porfírio +: + +INPA 47142 +, +4 +of 6, 38.6–62.77 mm -SL, rio Bacajaí, tributaryof rio Xingu, +SL, rio +Bacajaí +, tributaryof rio +Xingu +, 03°35’13”S 51°46’00”W , -9 Nov 2014 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +9 Nov 2014 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - - - + Uruará : -INPA -31820, -1, 110.8 mm -SL, Maia community, rio Xingu, canal do Paletó, +INPA 31820 +, + +1 +, 110.8 mm + +SL, +Maia +community, rio +Xingu +, canal do +Paletó +, 03°31’35”S 51°45’04”W , -9 Nov 2008 -, L. H. R. Py-Daniel. + +9 Nov 2008 + +, +L. H. R. Py-Daniel +. - + Mato Grosso : -Paranatinga +Paranatinga : -LBP -25971, -1, 129.3 mm -SL, rio Culuene, +LBP 25971 +, + +1 +, 129.3 mm + +SL, rio +Culuene +, 13°50’48”S 53°15’39”W , -25 Jan 2018 -, N. Falusino Junior, N. Estevão & F. A. Machado. + +25 Jan 2018 + +, +N. Falusino Junior +, +N. Estevão +& +F. A. Machado +. @@ -342,96 +521,196 @@ SL, rio Culuene, Non-types. All from - + Brazil -, Pará, rio Xingu basin. Altamira: -INPA -4273, 2, ilha de Kaituka, rio Xingu, +, +Pará +, rio +Xingu +basin. +Altamira +: +INPA 4273 +, +2 +, ilha de +Kaituka +, rio +Xingu +, 03°33’47”S 51°51’20”W , -8 Oct 1990 -, L. H. R. Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. + +8 Oct 1990 + +, +L. H. R. Py-Daniel +& +J. Zuanon +. - -INPA -43638, 1, + +INPA 43638 +, +1 +, 48.75 mm SL, rio Xingu, 03°33’18”S 52°21’24”W , -18 Mar 2014 -, I. M. Soares. + +18 Mar 2014 + +, +I. M. Soares +. - -INPA -47088, 1, rio Xingu, + +INPA 47088 +, +1 +, rio +Xingu +, 03°36’34”S 52°20’57”W , -4 Nov 2014 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +4 Nov 2014 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - -INPA -47284, 1, + +INPA 47284 +, +1 +, 47.38 mm -SL, rio Xingu, praia do Caju, +SL, rio +Xingu +, praia do +Caju +, 03°02’56”S 51°44’11”W , -7 Nov 2014 -, I. M. Soares. + +7 Nov 2014 + +, +I. M. Soares +. - -INPA -47568, 6, ilha de Boa Esperança, rio Xingu, + +INPA 47568 +, +6 +, ilha de +Boa Esperança +, rio +Xingu +, 03°33’44”S 52°21’22”W , -3 Nov 2014 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +3 Nov 2014 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - -INPA -47587, 9, rio Xingu, praia Itapuama, + +INPA 47587 +, +9 +, rio +Xingu +, praia +Itapuama +, 03°36’26”S 52°20’55”W , -3 Nov 2014 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +3 Nov 2014 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - -INPA -47793, 5, rio Itatá, tributarity of rio Xingu, + +INPA 47793 +, +5 +, rio +Itatá +, tributarity of rio +Xingu +, 03°37’15”S 51°49’15”W , -10 Nov 2014 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +10 Nov 2014 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. - -Anapú: -INPA -4076, -1, 140.7 mm -SL, rio Xingu, downstream from Volta Grande, + + +Anapú +: + +INPA 4076 +, + +1 +, 140.7 mm + +SL, rio +Xingu +, +downstream +from +Volta Grande +, 03°09’04”S 51°36’22”W , -28 Aug 2013 -, J. Zuanon. + +28 Aug 2013 + +, +J. Zuanon +. - -INPA -40363, 1, rio Bacajaí, upstream to its mouth in rio Xingu, + +INPA 40363 +, +1 +, rio +Bacajaí +, +upstream to its mouth +in rio +Xingu +, 03°35’30” S 51°45’56”W , -16 Sep 2013 -, M. H. Sabaj. + +16 Sep 2013 + +, +M. H. Sabaj +. @@ -559,7 +838,7 @@ by having 70–82 total of perforated scales on lateral line ( Description. Morphometric data presented in -Tab. 4 +Tab. 4 . Body compressed, overall shape with highest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Predorsal length slightly longer than postdorsal length. Head rounded, eye at the center of the head. Snout short. Dorsal profile of head convex from mouth to horizontal through dorsal margin of the eye, and straight from this point to base of supraoocipital. Dorsal profile between supraoocipital base and dorsal-fin origin convex. Dorsal-fin base straight to slightly convex. Last dorsal-fin ray distal end not reaching adipose-fin origin when adpressed. Dorsal profile between dorsal-fin insertion and adipose-fin origin straight. Adipose fin longer than deep, with straight base. Dorsal and ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. Ventral profile of head and body convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin base straight to slightly convex. @@ -586,7 +865,7 @@ Fig. ). - + TABLE 4 | Morphometric data of @@ -1015,9 +1294,13 @@ is known only from the Xingu basin where it is widely distributed, also occurrin Myloplus sauron -is a rheophilic species only known from the Xingu River basin. The species feeds most on plant material being categorized as herbivore (Andrade +is a rheophilic species only known from the Xingu River basin. The species feeds most on plant material being categorized as herbivore ( + +Andrade et al -., 2019). +., 2019 + +). @@ -1046,16 +1329,26 @@ is a rheophilic species, restricted to the Xingu River basin and, together with , is commercially exploited to a limited extent by fishing for the ornamental trade ( -Prang, 2007 -; Isaac +Prang, 2007 +; + +Isaac et al -., 2015). Like most rheophilic fish in this basin, +., 2015 + +). Like most rheophilic fish in this basin, M. sauron -may be seriously threatened by changes in its habitat caused by alterations in the course of the Xingu River after the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, as the flow of the river changed in some stretches (Fitzgerald +may be seriously threatened by changes in its habitat caused by alterations in the course of the Xingu River after the construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, as the flow of the river changed in some stretches ( + +Fitzgerald et al -., 2017, 2018). However, the species has a wide distribution within this basin, also occurring in tributaries less affected by the Belo Monte dam, such as the Iriri and Culuene rivers. Although some threats are detected in its range, +., 2017 + +, +2018 +). However, the species has a wide distribution within this basin, also occurring in tributaries less affected by the Belo Monte dam, such as the Iriri and Culuene rivers. Although some threats are detected in its range, M. sauron diff --git a/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFB42700A584FB12CCABF868.xml b/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFB42700A584FB12CCABF868.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..61ba3f2eb13 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/70/10/87/7010878EFFB42700A584FB12CCABF868.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2353 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomy of the black-barred disk pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), including the redescription of Myloplus schomburgkii and the description of two new species + + + +Author + +Machado, Valéria N. +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil +valeria.pesca@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Pereira, Victória D. +Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil +vdps.097@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ota, Rafaela P. +Museu da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Peixes (LABISPE), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, 79804 - 970 Dourados, MS, Brazil +rafaelaota@ufgd.edu.br + + + +Author + +Collins, Rupert A. +Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom +rupert.collins@nhm.ac.uk + + + +Author + +Ândrade, Marcelo +Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Rodovia Pinheiro-Pacas, km 10, 65200 - 000 Pinheiro, MA, Brazil +mc.andrade@ufma.br + + + +Author + +Garcia-Ayala, James R. +Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Setor Morfologia, Universidade Paulista “ Júlio de Mesquita Filho ”, Instituto de Biociências da Unesp de Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250,18618 - 689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil +james.ayala@unesp.br + + + +Author + +Jégu, Michel +Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Laboratoire d´Icthyologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, United States of America. +michel.jegu@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Farias, Izeni P. +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil +izeni@evoamazon.net + + + +Author + +Hrbek, Tomas +Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 6200,69080 - 900 Manaus, AM, Brazil & Biology Department, Trinity University, 78212 San Antonio, TX, +tomas@evoamazon.net + +text + + +Neotropical Ichthyology + + +2024 + +e 230095 + + +2024-06-10 + + +22 + + +2 + + +1 +45 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 + +journal article +10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0095 +1982-0224 +13326182 +E4F38021-20D6-452D-8E7D-83234E442A95 + + + + + + +Myloplus schomburgkii +( +Jardine, 1841 +) + + + + + + +( +Figs. 9–14 +; +Tab. 5 +) + + + + + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii + +Jardine, 1841:243 +– +44 + + +[original description; plate XXII, +Schomburk’s +drawing N. 63; type-locality: “ +Rio Negro +” ( +Guyana +), without a +type +designation]. + + + +Myletes schomburgkii +Müller, Troschel, 1844:97 + +[new combination for + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii +Jardine, 1841 + +]. ― +Müller, Troschel, 1845:23 +, 37 +– +38 [redescription based on specimens from “ +Guyana +, +Essequibo +”]. ― + +Valenciennes, 1850:213 +– +14 + +[description as a new species similar to + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii + +, without considering the new generic arrangement; type-locality: +Surinam +]. ― + +Steindachner, 1876:134 +– +35 + +[additional description; comments on sexual dimorphism]. + + + + + +Myletes palometa + +Valenciennes, 1850:214 +– +15 + + + +[original description, type-locality: “Upper Orinoco” ( +Venezuela +)]. + + +― + + +Steindachner, 1876:134 +– +35 + + +[considered a junior synonym of + +Myletes schomburgkii + +]. + + + + +Myleus schomburgkii +Eigenmann, 1910:443 + +[listed; new combination for + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii +Jardine, 1841 + +; locality: +Essequibo +]. ― +Gosline, 1951:40 +[Listed]. ―Wallace in +Ragazzo, 2002:170–75 +[listed; Wallace’s plate 29, 96 and 146; locality: Rio Negro ( +Brazil +)]. + + + +Mylophus schomburgkii +Eigenmann, 1912:391–92 + +[spelling error; new combination; additional description]. + + + +Myloplus schomburgkii +Eigenmann, 1915:271 + +[brief description; plates LVI and LVII, locality: ‘Manaos’ (=Manaus, Amazonas, +Brazil +) and Santarem (Pará, +Brazil +)].― +Norman,1929:824 +[listed; locality:rio Madeira (Amazonas, +Brazil +)]. ― + +Ohara +et al. +, 2017:135 + +[brief description; photo; locality: Teles Pires ( +Brazil +)]. ― + +Machado +et al +., 2018:8 + +[species delimitation using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) recovered four lineages identified as + +M. schomburgkii + +; figs. 3e,f showing morphological variation of individuals from Nhamundá and Tapajós rivers, respectively]. ― + +Kolmann +et al +., 2020:2 + +[exon-based phylogeny]. ― + +Silvano +et al +., 2020:176 + +[Listed; brief description; fig. 4.179]. + + + +FIGURE 9 | + +Myloplus schomburgkii +, INPA + +60149, neotype, male, 203.9 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos municipality, rio Negro. + + + + +Myleus +( +Prosomyleus +) +schomburgkii +Géry, 1977:266 + +[listed; brief description of the subgenus; photo on page 269, below; locality: Rio Araguaia ( +Brazil +)]. ― +Géry, 1979:470–71 +[description; plate III, above, dentition]. + + + + +Diagnosis. + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +can be easily distinguished from all congeners, except + +M. aylan + +and + +M. sauron + +, by the presence of a vertical black bar on the flank commonly extending from the dorsal-fin base to the pelvic-fin distal tip ( +vs. +absence). The species can be diagnosed from the aforementioned species by presenting anterior spine of ventral-keel posterior to the vertical through pectoral-fin origin ( +vs +. anterior ventral-keel spine at the vertical through pectoral-fin origin or anterior to this point). Additionally, + +M +. +schomburgkii + +can be distinguished from + +M +. +sauron + +by having greater number of branched dorsal-fin rays (20–25 +vs +. 17–19), greater dorsal-fin base (29.7– 36.7% SL +vs +. 25.6–29.1%), shorter dorsal-fin end to anal-fin end distance [21.7–28.8% SL (mean 25.8%) +vs. +27.8–32.0% (mean 29.7%)], and shorter adipose-fin base [4.6– 7.2% SL (mean 6.0%) +vs +. 7.1–9.7% (mean 8.4%)]. + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +can be readily diagnosed from + +M. aylan + +by possessing dorsal surface of parietal bone straight to slightly concave in lateral view ( +vs +. parietal bone markedly concave), 68–87 (mode 79) total perforated lateral-line scales [ +vs. +82–95 (mode 84)], 37–38 total vertebrae ( +vs +. 40–41), fewer prepelvic (17–29 +vs +. 30–39) and total ventral-keel spines [27–41 (mode 33) +vs +. 38– 55 (mode 49)], and serrae composed by short spines with wide bases ( +vs +. long and with narrow bases). Also + +M +. +schomburgkii + +differs from + +M. aylan + +by abrupt anteroposterior decreasing of anal-fin rays length, forming narrow falcated anal-fin lobe in juveniles and females, restricted to the anterior half of the fin, not reaching the middle portion of anal-fin base length (see Sexual dimorphism) ( +vs +. anteroposterior decreasing of anal-fin rays length almost uniform, forming broad lobe, occupying half of the anal-fin extension), with orange to reddish-orange pigmentation along its length, mostly concentrated on anterior rays ( +vs +. conspicuous dark-red to black pigmentation on the entire anal fin). + + + + +Description. +Morphometric data presented in +Tab. 5 +. Body compressed, overall body shape oval, with highest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Predorsal and postdorsal length almost equivalent. Head rounded, eye at center of the head. Dorsal profile of head convex from mouth to horizontal through dorsal margin of eye, and straight to slightly concave from this point to base of supraoccipital. Dorsal profile between supraoccipital base and dorsal-fin origin convex. Dorsal-fin base slightly convex. Last dorsal-fin ray distal end not reaching adipose-fin origin when adpressed. Dorsal profile between dorsal-fin insertion and adipose-fin origin straight. Adipose-fin deeper than long, with straight base. Ventral profile of head and body convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin base slightly convex. Dorsal and ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. + +Mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer row with 5*(91) molariform teeth, teeth 1–4 almost equal-sized, tooth 5 smaller, all with sharp, convex edges; inner row with 2*(91) equal-sized teeth with sharp, concave edges; in ventral view, contralateral outer rows forming a V-shaped arch with apex anteriorly pointed; contralateral inner rows forming straight line between 3rd tooth of outer series, space between rows forming a triangular gap. Dentary with 5*(91) molariform teeth, teeth 1–3 substantially bigger than 4–5. Conical symphyseal tooth immediately behind tooth 1 of labial row. Maxilla edentulous. +Scales cycloid, small. Perforated scales on lateral line 68(1), 69(2), 71(2), 72(2), 73(5), 74(7), 75(3), 76(7), 77(5), 78(6), 79*(10), 80(4), 81(8), 82(7), 83(4), 84(3), 86(7), or 87(1). Dorsal-fin base covered by skin flap bearing one or two scale rows. Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 38(1), 39(1), 40(2), 41(3), 42(3), 43(6), 44(6), 45*(6), 46(6), 47(7), 48(8), 49(5), 50(2), 51(3), 52(3), 53(5), 54(1), 55(4), 57(2), or 58(1). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 36(1), 37(3), 38(5), 39(5), 40(10), 41(7), 42*(10), 43(2), 44(4), 45(7), 46(5), 47(2), 48(2), 49(1), 50(1), 51(3), 52(5), 53(1), 54(1), 55(1), or 58(1). Adipose-fin base covered by three or four scale rows. Scale rows between adipose-fin origin and lateral line 15(2), 16(5), 17*(14), 18(18), 19(21), 20(6), 21(10), 22(3), 23(1), or 27(1). Anal-fin base covered by five or six scale rows. Circumpeduncular scales 28(1), 31(3), 32(6), 33(3), 34(13), 35(8), 36(8), 37(12), 38*(10), 39(2), 40(3), or 45(1). +Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin rays ii-iii, 20(11), 21*(36), 22(30), 23(9), 24(3), or 25(1). Adipose-fin square, length and depth almost equivalent. Pectoral fin feather-shaped, anterior rays longest. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12(1), 14(9), 15*(58), 16(21), or 17(7). Anterior pelvic-fin rays longest, not reaching vertical through last spines of serrae. Pelvic-fin rays i, 6(1) or 7*(97). Last unbranched anal-fin ray most developed (longest and thicker). Anal-fin rays iii or iv, 29(1), 30(1), 31(12), 32(37), 33*(30), 34(4), 35(6), or 36(1). Caudal-fin forked, with almost equal-sized lobes. Total gill rakers on first branchial arch 27(9), 28*(22), 29(19), 30(9) or 31(6). Upper branch with 12(12), 13(32), 14*(15) or 15(7) rakers; lower branch with 13*(7), 14(26), 15(32), or 16(1) rakers; 1*(66) raker at cartilage between cerato- and epibranchial. + + +TABLE 5 | +Morphometric data of + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +. Range including the Neotype. N = Number of specimens; SD = Standard deviation. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Neotype + +N + +Range + +Mean + +SD +
Standard length (mm)203.910043.3–236.8––
+Percentages of standard length +
Body depth60.99959.3–78.869.03.6
Head length2710023.8–34.628.72.1
Supraoccipital process17.89612.5–24.516.12
Predorsal length54.49954.4–64.459.31.8
Postdorsal length56.49949.2–62.456.72.2
Prepectoral length28.59924.5–34.128.82
Prepelvic length54.69851.7–63.758.32.3
Preanal length73.59968.8–82.578.52.2
Dorsal-fin length21.85620.3–74.235.913.3
Interdorsal length10.6996.2–13.811.11.7
Pectoral-fin length20.59717.7–24.121.81.2
Pelvic-fin length16.19712.7–18.216.41.2
First anal-fin lobe length19.28410.0–39.427.66.5
Second anal-fin lobe length19.52311.8–26.517.54.2
Dorsal-fin base length35.39829.2–36.733.41.9
Adipose-fin base length4.9974.6–7.26.00.7
Anal-fin base length34.49931.4–41.335.41.9
Caudal-peduncle depth10.4998.0–13.4100.8
Width of peduncle4.1982.0–5.33.90.7
Supraoccipital to dorsal-fin399735.2–47.141.42.8
Snout to Supraoccipital34.39615.2–42.8354.2
Snout to base of supraocciptal16.16215.1–26.817.12.7
Pelvic-anal distance20.69918.8–26.122.91.6
Pectoral-pelvic distance279924.7–34.429.81.8
Dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin66.99864.9–81.173.13.3
Dorsal-fin end to anal-fin origin46.99945.8–62.052.53
Dorsal-fin end to anal-fin end24.49921.7–28.825.81.5
+Percentages of head length +
Head width1710014.0–20.417.11.1
Postorbital distance32.210021.1–33.6282.4
Fourth infraorbital width15.8988.1–18.415.22
Third infraorbital width16.4987.8–18.714.52.2
Cheek gap width11.89810.3–18.413.91.9
Interorbital width50.59934.9–60.8495.6
Eye vertical diameter32.49926.4–46.133.24.2
Snout length369921.0–39.732.74.7
Mouth length41.59924.8–43.536.33.6
Mouth width33.79824.0–38.033.62.6
+Percentages of adipose-fin base length +
Adipose-fin length0.7900.5–1.00.80.1
+ + +Osteology. +Dorsal profile of neurocranium convex from premaxilla to posterior margin of frontal bone, slightly concave to straight at parietal, convex from base to tip of supraoccipital process. Lateral view of supraoccipital triangular. Supraneurals 5(15). Dorsal-fin pterygiophores 22(3), 23(5), 24(4) or 25(2). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted between neural spines of 8 +th +and 9 +th +(11) or 9 +th +and 10 +th +(4) vertebrae, more developed than remaining pterygiophores, with expanded anterior lamella, and bearing forward-oriented predorsal spine. Predorsal spine somewhat similar to scythe, dorsal surface smooth; almost completely covered by skin. Anal-fin pterygiophores 30(1), 31(1), 32(3), 33(6), or 34(1) ( + +Fig. +S3 + +). + +Total vertebrae 37(12) or 38(1); Weberian apparatus 4(15); abdominal 15(3), 16(9), or 17(1) [pre-dorsal, 4(11) or 5(4); under dorsal-fin 11(5), 12(7), or 13(1)]; caudal 16(1), 17(8) or 18(4) [under dorsal-fin 3(5), 4(7), or 5(1); posterior to dorsal-fin 13(6), or 14(7)]. Anteriormost spine of ventral keel never reaching vertical through pectoral-fin origin. Spines overall thin, with wide base and piercing tips. First prepelvic spines covered by skin. Post pelvic spines more developed than prepelvic spines. Total ventral keel spines 29(3), 30(2), 31(5), 32(9), 33(13), 34(12), 35*(13), 36(4), 37(2), 38(2), 39(2), or 40(2). Composed by prepelvic spines 17(2), 18(3), 19(14), 20(9), 21(14), 22(9), 23(7), 24*(4), 25(2), 26(4), 27(2), or 29(1); postpelvic spines 7(11), 8*(34), or 9(26); and paired spines around anus 3*(6), 4(40), or 5(24). + +Coloration in alcohol. +Ground coloration light brown dorsally, grading to light-yellow ventrally. Sclera light yellow. Great concentration of melanophores form a wide, well-marked vertical bar extending from region near dorsal-fin base to region near ventral-fin distal end. Numerous scattered, irregular, light brown to dark-brown blots of variable sizes on the entire body including head and fins, mostly concentrated on dorsal regions of body and head. Paired fins yellowish hyaline. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins yellowish hyaline with inconspicuous dark pigmentation along its distal margins. Adipose fin yellow to light brown ( +Fig. 9 +). + + +Coloration in life. +Based on the +Neotype +and similar specimens ( +Fig. 10 +). Ground coloration grayish silver. Whitish-silver iridescent scales on dorsal region of body. Vertical dark bar and scattered dark blots similar of color in alcohol. Scattered striking red pigmentation mostly concentrated along anterior portion of body (including head), becoming less perceptible at posterior portion (see Sexual dimorphism). Different colors of blots confer a rust appearance to specimens. White sclera, in occasional specimens presenting subtle orange-red pigmentation. Paired fins grayish hyaline, with dark pigmentation concentrated along anterior rays. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins grayish hyaline, with diffuse dark pigmentation along interradial membranes. Adipose fin grayish brown. + + + + +FIGURE 10 | + +Myloplus schomburgkii + + +, color pattern immediately after capture. +A. +INPA 60149, neotype, 203.9 mm SL, male, with second lobe well developed and remarkable breeding coloration. +B. +INPA 52507, 197.1 mm SL, female. Both from Amazonas, Barcelos municipality, rio Negro. + + + +Sexual dimorphism. +Mature males with two anal-fin lobes; first lobe at anterior rays, less developed; second lobe centered on 12 +th +or 14 +th +branched ray, about twice as long as first lobe ( +Fig. 10A +). Females and juveniles present single falcate lobe, formed by remarkable prolongation of anterior rays ( +Fig. 10B +). On breeding period male specimens present abundant, striking red pigmentation covering most of head and anterior portion of body, spreading through posterior portion less conspicuously, as scattered spots. Females present orangish-red spots of variable sizes, also more concentrated on head and anterior portion of body, but not covering great uninterrupted areas. Though both sexes present scattered, irregular, dark brown to black blots of variable sizes on entire body including head and fins, in females those are less evident. Males present filaments extending dorsal-fin branched rays, and stiff hooks on distal-most lepidotrichia segment of anal-fin branched rays. + + + + +Geographical distribution. + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +is widespread through the Orinoco and Amazon river basins, occurring in the Casiquiare, Branco, Negro, Aripuanã, Nhamundá, Uatumã, Pitinga, Trombetas, Tapajós, Teles Pires, Xingu and Araguaia, rivers in +Venezuela +and +Brazil +. In white water river basins, the species is only captured in tributaries with black or clear water ( +Fig. 4 +). + + +Geographic variation. +The species displays three different, well recognizable +types +of vertical bar on the flanks, which vary in length and shape according to the area of occurrence. In the left bank tributaries of the Amazon River, draining the +Guiana +shield, the specimens present a well-developed bar ( +Fig. 11A +), extending from near the dorsal-fin base to near the pelvic-fin insertion, always conspicuous below lateral line, presenting regular width throughout its length. Conversely, specimens collected on the right bank of the Amazon River basin (Tapajós, Teles Pires, Xingu and Tocantins rivers) present a shorter bar. Specimens from Teles Pires river basin have the portion of the midlateral bar immediately dorsal to the lateral line much more conspicuous, with the appearance of a well-defined, round to vertically oval black spot ( +Fig. 12 +); in some specimens, the portion of the midlateral bar ventral to the lateral line is very faint, although still perceptible; in other specimens, it is unrecognizable ( +Fig. 13 +). Besides these two different well-defined +types +of bars, an intermediary +type +is observed in specimens from Tapajós, Xingu and Tocantins river basins, in which the midlateral bar is much more conspicuous immediately dorsal to lateral line, with rectangular appearance, while the portion ventral to lateral line is very faint ( +Fig. 11B +). Although these populations present this color pattern variation, they were recovered as a single lineage in molecular analysis, with low intraspecific variance. + + + + +Ecological notes. +The species inhabits slow-flowing environments in clear and black water rivers that drain the +Guiana +and Brazilian Shields. It feeds mainly on aquatic plants ( +Goulding, 1980 +), but aquatic insects are also part of its diet ( + +Dary +et al +., 2017 + +). Although it has been described for the Rio Negro basin, a river with acidic waters ( +Sioli, 1984 +; + +Venticinque +et al +., 2016 + +), + +M +. +schomburgkii + +occurs mainly in rivers with clear waters that have low concentrations of sediments and humic compounds ( +Sioli, 1984 +; + +Ríos-Villamizar +et al +., 2014 + +; + +Venticinque +et al +., 2016 + +) such as the Aripuanã, Branco, Nhamundá, Trombetas, Tapajós and Tocantins-Araguaia rivers. White water river basins of Andean origin seem to constitute a chemical barrier for this species, since in the Branco, Purus and Madeira rivers, the species was captured only in black water lakes of these basins. The same distribution pattern was registered to its congener + +M. nigrolineatus +( + +Ota +et al +., 2020 + +) + +. + +Ríos-Villamizar +et al +. (2020) + +classify the black waters of the várzea environments as Intermediate +type +B, since they present intermediate levels of suspended solids originating from ancient sediments and those recently eroded from the Andes. These characteristics allow the presence of + +M. schomburgkii + +in Amazonian floodplain environments. + + + + +FIGURE 11 | +Geographic variation in + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +. +A. +Roraima, Caracaraí municipality, rio Água Boa do Univiní. +B. +Tapajós River basin. Both recently collected, females, not preserved. Notice, in +A +, the vertical bar conspicuous across the flank, while in +B +the bar is conspicuous only dorsally to the lateral line. + + + + +FIGURE 12 | +Geographic variation in + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +, 202.4 mm SL. Teles Pires River basin. Notice the oval mark on the flank, instead of a vertical bar. + + + + +FIGURE 13 | +Geographic variation in + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +. Both from the Teles Pires River basin, immediately after capture. +A. +Female. +B. +Male. Notice the oval mark on the flank, instead of a vertical bar. Photographed by Renan Condé Pires, not preserved. + + + + +FIGURE 14 | +Illustration of a female from rio Negro basin, provided by Robert H. Schomburgk, in which Jardine in Schomburgk (1841, plate 22) based the original description of + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii + +. + + + + +Etymology. + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +was described in honor of Robert H. Schomburgk, who, during an expedition to English +Guyana +, collected individuals of the species, took notes, and illustrated ( +Fig. 14 +) the specimen used by +Jardine (1841) +to describe the new species. A genitive noun. + + + + +Remarks. +Taxonomic history. +Jardine (1841) +described several species of Neotropical fishes based on illustrations and commentaries provided by Robert H. Schomburgk from his expedition to +Guyana +, French +Guyana +, +Surinam +, and northern +Brazil +. Among those species, +Jardine (1841) +described + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii + +(= + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +) based on the plate XXII (illustration 68 of Schomburgk; +Fig. 14 +), from “Rio Negro”, without mentioning the precise type-locality or the existence of a preserved type specimen. Although +Jardine (1841) +did not designate a +holotype +, according to Art. 73.1.2. of ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) the +holotype +was fixed by monotypy, once it is possible to deduce that the author based the description on a single specimen. Furthermore, Art. 73.1.4. states that the “Designation of an illustration of a single specimen as a +holotype +is to be treated as designation of the specimen illustrated; the fact that the specimen no longer exists or cannot be traced does not of itself invalidate the designation”. Thus, the specimen on which Schomburgk based his illustration (see +Jardine, 1841 +: plate XXII) and meristic data is the +holotype +. + + +Müller, Troschel (1844:97) +placed + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii + +in + +Myletes + +. Subsequently, +Müller, Troschel (1845:37–38) +provided a complementary description based on a specimen from “ +Guiana +, in +Essequibo +” collected by Richard Schomburgk (Robert Schomburgk’s brother) and deposited in the Zoological Museum of Berlin (ZMB). +Zarske (2012) +found at ZMB three lots identified as + +Myletes schomburgkii + +: ZMB 3638, from +Guyana +collected by Robert Schomburgk, and ZMB 3639–3640 from +Surinam +, collected by Stegelich. +Jégu, Santos (2002) +identified the specimens of lots ZMB 3639 and 3640 as + +Myleus setiger + +Müller & Troschel, +1844 + + +in the species redescription, based on teeth arrangement (two premaxillary teeth rows in contact) and on color pattern, with no evidence of a vertical dark bar on the flank, the main diagnostic feature of + +M +. +schomburgkii + +. But the authors did not consider them as typeseries of + +Myleus setiger + +because they were collected in +Surinam +, and its type-locality is +Guyana +. +As Zarske (2012) +also provided a figure, x-ray, and a brief description of ZMB 3639, we corroborate here the identification of +Jégu, Santos (2002) +. Another important fact is that they were collected by Stegelich, could not correspond to the specimens used by +Müller, Troschel (1845) +to redescribe + +M. schomburgkii + +. + + +Eigenmann, during a visit to ZMB in 1910, identified ZMB 3638 as + +Myleus setiger + +, and +Zarske (2012) +suggested it could be + +Myleus planquettei + +. However, +Jégu, Santos (2002) +mentioned the presence of a gap between the two premaxillary teeth rows, and at the symphysis in this specimen, a character currently used to diagnose + +Myloplus + +from + +Myleus + +. The authors could not identify this specimen at a specific level. The specimen cataloged as ZMB 3638 is a female ( +184 mm +SL), with 25 total dorsal-fin rays; 39 total anal-fin rays (MJ, pers. obs.). Although it could represent the specimen used by +Müller, Troschel (1845) +to redescribe + +M. schomburgkii + +, it does not fit the original description and is not the +holotype +of + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii +Jardine, 1841 + +, once it was collected in +Guyana +( +vs +. + +T. schomburgkii + +type-locality Rio Negro). Therefore, none of the lots deposited in ZMB could represent the +holotype +, and the designation of a +neotype +is necessary (see designation of +neotype +below). + + +Valenciennes (1850) +, in a comprehensive study of the ichthyofauna from +Surinam +, described + +Myletes schomburgkii + +based on a specimen collected by H. H. Dieperink (erroneously spelled Diepering) and deposited in Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden by C. J. Temminck (the director of the Museum). Posteriorly, this material was donated to MNHN (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), in Paris ( +Boeseman, 1972 +). This lot was not found (MJ, pers. obs). On the other hand, the possibility of ZMB 3638 and 3639 being +syntypes +of + +Myletes schomburgkii + +, raised by + +Fricke +et al +. (2023) + +, certainly can be ruled out. In the description, despite mentioning it as a new species, +Valenciennes (1850:212–13) +highlighted that the new species “seems to be an extremely close species to + +Tetragonopterus schomburgkii + +”; and cited parts of the original description of + +T. schomburgkii + +, without providing a diagnosis between the two species. + + +Subsequently, +Valenciennes (1850:214–15) +described + +Myletes palometa + +from “upper Orinoco” River, based on the observations made by Mr. Humboldt. He stated that + +M +. +palometa + +had a color pattern very similar to + +T +. +schomburgkii + +but described it as a different species because it was collected from another river basin. He did not establish a +type +specimen for + +M +. +palometa + +. Finally, in the same manuscript, +Valenciennes (1850:215–16) +described + +Myletes divaricatus + +, a species with similar body shape, but with a second anal-fin lobe, indicating it was a male. The author did not mention the presence of a vertical bar on the middle of the flanks. + + +Kner (1860:23–24) +examined specimens from Rio Branco ( +Brazil +) that had a second anal-fin lobe. However, they had the typical color pattern of + +T. schomburgkii + +( +i +. +e +., dark vertical bar on the middle of the flank). Thus, the author suggested that the second anal-fin lobe might consist of a secondary sexual character. By the analysis of the gonads, +Steindachner (1876:134–35) +confirmed that the presence of a second anal-fin lobe is present exclusively in males, corroborating this feature as a secondary sexual character of + +Myletes schomburgkii + +. Furthermore, he considered + +Myletes schomburgkii + +the senior synonym of + +Myletes palometa +Valenciennes, 1850 + +and + +M. divaricatus + +. Posteriorly, + +M. divaricatus + +was considered a junior synonym of + +Myleus setiger + +by +Jégu, Santos (2002:51 +, fig. 10a), and + +M. palometa + +a junior synonym of + +T. schomburgkii + +by +Jégu (2003) +. According to our molecular results, specimens from Rio Orinoco were recovered within the + +M +. +schomburgkii + +clade, corroborating the synonymy proposed by +Steindachner (1876) +and +Jégu (2003) +. + + + +Neotype +designation. + +We provide the designation of a +neotype +, to better define + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +, and set a precise type-locality to facilitate the comparison among the congeners described herein [See taxonomic history for explanation about lots ZMB 3638–3939 pointed by + +Fricke +et al +., 2023 + +as possible +syntypes +of + +Myletes schomburgkii + +]. Although the specimen illustrated was a female, considering the presence of solely an anterior lobe on anal fin ( +vs +. two lobes in males), we chose a male specimen as the +neotype +, considering it was better preserved and exhibited secondary dimorphism of the species. We also restricted the species type-locality to Rio Negro, Barcelos (INPA 60149) ( +Fig. 9 +). + + +In the original description, +Jardine (1841) +provided information on general morphology of the body; color pattern, highlighting the presence of a vertical dark bar on the middle of flank; and counts of total fin rays (dorsal-fin rays 25; pectoral-fin rays 15; total pelvic-fin rays 8; total anal-fin rays 39; caudal-fin rays 27); branchiostegal rays (4); ribs (13); and vertebrae (34). Even though the remarkable color pattern of the species was considered until now an autapomorphy, herein we describe two additional species previously identified as + +M +. +schomburgkii + +, that also present a vertical mark on the middle of the flank. Thus, a brief commentary is necessary to explain how we deduced which specimens were conspecific with the +holotype +and how we based our choice of the +neotype +. + + + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +can be promptly distinguished from + +M. aylan + +by the anal-fin lobe extension, dark vertical bar shape, and total vertebrae counts provided by +Jardine (1841) +. In + +M. aylan + +the anteriormost anal-fin rays length decreases gradually, forming a broad lobe, occupying half of the anal-fin base length ( +vs +. anal-fin rays length decreasing abruptly, forming a narrow falcated anal-fin lobe in juveniles and females, restricted to the anterior third of the fin or slightly posterior to that point, not reaching the middle portion of anal-fin base in + +M +. +schomburgkii + +). The figure of the +holotype +in the original description ( +Jardine, 1841 +: plate XXII) clearly illustrates the narrow anal-fin lobe. The vertical dark bar is also different in the two congeners, with a uniform width in + +M +. +schomburgkii + +and wider in the central portion in + +M. aylan + +. Furthermore, the original description mentions a total of 34 vertebrae (without Weberian apparatus), whereas + +M. aylan + +has at least 36 total vertebrae (without Weberian apparatus). + + +The + +Myloplus sauron + +is from Xingu River basin and has a color pattern that resembles Schomburgk’s illustration ( +i.e. +, bluish-green scales mostly concentrated at dorsal region of the body and vertical mark on the flanks tapering toward both ends). Nonetheless, Jardine cited the presence of 25 total dorsal-fin rays, and the greatest count known for + +M. sauron + +is 22. + +Myloplus sauron + +also differs from the specimen illustrated by having a long adipose-fin base ( +vs +. short). Finally, + +M. sauron + +is restricted to Xingu River basin and its occurrence at Negro River basin is unlikely. + + +In addition, in the species delimitation analysis, the species were recovered as distinct lineages in all methods. The interspecific genetic distance between + +M +. +schomburgkii + +and + +M. aylan + +was 7.9%; and + +M +. +schomburgkii + +and + +M. sauron + +was 9.7%. For further detailed comparison between + +M +. +schomburgkii + +and all congeners see Diagnosis and Molecular Results. + + + + + +Material examined. + +Neotype +(Present designation). +INPA 60149 +, +male +, +203.9 mm +SL, CTGA 12333 (GenBank accession +MG752391.1 +), +Brazil +, +Amazonas +, +Barcelos +municipality, rio +Negro +, +00°56’56.6”S +62°55’44.3”W +, + +20 Feb 2013 + +, +V. N. Machado +. + + + + +Brazil +: +Amazonas +: +Barcelos +: + +INPA 52507 +, +2 +, 170.8– +197.1 mm +SL, CTGA 12274 ( +MG752389 +), 12335 ( +MG752393 +), rio +Negro +, +00°56’56.6”S +62°55’44.3”W +, + +20 Feb 2013 + +, +V. N. Machado +. + + +MZUSP 91456 +, + +1 +, 208.16 mm + +SL, +Tapera +community, rio +Negro +, +00°12’00”N +64°04’00”W +, + +1 Nov 1972 + +, +Expedição Permanente à Amazônia +. + + + +Apuí +: + +INPA 33610 +, 76.0 mm SL (x-ray), +Amazonas +, rio +Guariba +at +Reserva Extrativista do Guariba +, +08°42’42”S +60°25’53”W +, + +14 Nov 2008 + +, +W. S. Pedroza +, +W. Ohara +, +F. R. Ribeiro & T. F. Teixeira +. + + + +INPA +36251, 197.5 mm + +SL, +Amazonas +, rio +Guariba +at +Reserva Extrativista do Guariba +, +08°42’42”S +60°25’53”W +, + +7 Nov 2008 + +, +W. S. Pedroza +, +W. Ohara +, +F. R. Ribeiro +& +T. F. Teixeira +. + + + +Nhamundá +: + +INPA 46309 +, +2 +, 162.8– +175.3 mm +SL, CTGA 14526 ( +MG752395 +), 14527 ( +MG752396 +), rio +Paracatu +, tributary of rio +Nhamundá +, +01°59’51”S +57°2’12”W +, + +10 Nov 2013 + +, +V. N. Machado +& +R. A. Collins +. + + +INPA 46311 +, +1 +, +62.9 mm +SL, CTGA 14479 ( +MG752394 +), rio +Nhamundá +, +01°41’26.9”N +57°25’19.9”W +, + +11 Nov 2013 + +, +V. N. Machado +. + + +INPA 46312 +, +2 +, 138.5– +173.7 mm +SL, rio +Nhamundá +, +01°49’54.9”S +57°04’23.9”W +, + +12 Nov 2013 + +, +V. N. Machado +& +R. A. Collins + +. + + +Novo Airão +: + +INPA 30716 +, + +1 +, 144.4 mm + +SL, rio +Carabinani +, +02°01’24.9”S +61°32’35.9”W +, + +25 Oct 2004 + +, +L. N. Carvalho +. + + +INPA 39024 +, + +1 +, 170.5 mm + +SL, rio +Jauaperi +, +close to its mouth +in rio +Negro +, +01°42’56”S +61°16’19.9”W +, + +20 Sep 2011 + +, +R. P. Ota +. + + +INPA 46062 +, +3 +, 151.7– +183.4 mm +SL, rio +Negro +, +Arquipélago de Anavilhanas +, +02°36’10”S +60°48’46”W +, + +7 Nov 1996 + +, +V. Garcia + +. + + +Novo Aripuanã +: + +INPA 35586 +, +2 +, 194.6– +223.7 mm +SL, +São Miguel +community, rio +Aripuanã +, +05°59’39.9”S +60°11’35.9”W +, + +12 Set 2004 + +, +L. H. R. Py-Daniel + +. + + +Presidente Figueiredo +: + +INPA 22192 +, + +1 +, 236.8 mm + +SL, vila de +Balbina +, rio +Uatumã +, +01°55’21”S +59°28’21”W +, + +9 Nov 1985 + +, +M. Jégu +. + + +INPA 22193 +, + +1 +, 214.81 mm + +SL, rio +Uatumã +, igarapé do +Arraia +, +01°54’31”S +59°28’18”W +, + +1 Nov 1985 + +, +M. Jégu +. + + +INPA 46055 +, +3 +, +150–203.9 mm +SL, vila de +Balbina +, rio +Pitinga +at +Cachoeira 40 ilhas +, +01°08’59.9”S +59°34’59.9”W +, + +14 Oct 1996 + +, +V. Garcia +. + + + +São Sebastião do Uatumã +: + +INPA 46059 +, +3 +of 4, 207.83– +178.24 mm +SL, +Santa Maria +community, rio +Capucapu +, +close to its mouth +in rio +Jatapú +, cachoeira das +Garças +, +01°42’59”S +58°34’58”W +, + +25 Sep 1995 + +, +V. Garcia + +. + + +Mato Grosso +: +Paranaíta +: + +INPA 44790 +, +1 +, +66.7 mm +SL, rio +Teles Pires +09°30’33”S +56°42’29.9”W +, 9 Oct 209, +R. R. de Oliveira +. + + +INPA 45456 +, +5 +, +58.1–107.4 mm +SL, rio +Teles Pires +, +Inventário CHTP +, +09°22’29”S +56°42’43”W +, + +15 Dec 2021 + +, +Solange +, +Reginaldo +& +Rosalvo +. + + +INPA 59651 +, + +1 +, 156.8 mm + +SL, rio +Teles Pires +, +09°22’30”S +56°42’43”W +, +L. N. Carvalho +. + + +MZUSP 99863 +, +5 +of 13, 46.2– +45.7 mm +SL, rio +Teles Pires +, +09°18’42”S +56°46’46.9”W +, + +9 Mar 2008 + +, +L. Netto-Ferreira + +. + + +Carlinda +: + +MZUSP 68215 +, +1 +, +93.3 mm +SL, rio +Teles Pires +, +09°59’25”S +55°33’48”W +, + +29 Sep 2007 + +, +F. A. Machado + +. + + +Paranatinga +: + +MZUSP 94072 +, +5 +, 110.38– +134.54 mm +SL, rio +Culuene +at cachoeira do +Adelino +, 13°53’55’S 53°19’17”W, + +20 May 2007 + +, +F. C. T. Lima +, +F. A. Machado +& +J. Birindelli +. + + +MZUSP 98124 +, +3 +, 121.34– +144.82 mm +SL, rio +Culuene +, +13°49’59.9”S +53°15’00”W +, + +2 Oct 2007 + +, +F. C. T. Lima +, +F. A. Machado +, +A. C. Ribeiro +& +C. L. R. Moreira + +. + + +Peixoto de Azevedo +: + +MZUSP 97639 +, +5 +, 152.7– +200.9 mm +SL, ( +OR366886 +), rio +Peixoto de Azevedo +, tributary of rio +Teles Pires +, +10°17’13.9”S +54°50’57”W +, + +17 Oct 2007 + +, +J. Birindelli +, +L. Netto-Ferreira +, +M. H. Sabaj +& +N. Lujan + +. + + +Pará +: +Oriximiná +: + +MZUSP 15656 +, + +1 +, 208.9 mm + +SL, rio +Trombetas +at +Reserva Biológica do Trombetas +, +01°25’00”S +56° 37’00”W +, + +23 Jul 1979 + +, +M. Goulding +. + + + +Roraima +: +Atauba +: + +INPA 46280 +, +2 +, 152.3– +198.8 mm +SL, CTGA 12199 ( +MG752387 +), 12200 ( +MG752388 +), +left bank +of rio +Branco +, +01°03’38”S +61°51’00”W +, + +10 Dec 2013 + +, +V. N. Machado +& +R. A. Collins + +. + + +Caracaraí +: + +INPA 23398 +, + +1 +, 174.53 mm + +SL, CTGA 14611 ( +MG752398 +), rio +Capivara +, tributary of rio +Branco +, +01°06’00”N +61°55’41”W +, + +10 Dec 2013 + +. +V. N. Machado +. + + +MZUSP 79209 +, +2 +, 131.6– +168.7 mm +SL, rio +Branco +, +01°30’00”N +61°16’00”W +, + +28 Oct 1979 + +, +M. Goulding +. + + +MZUSP 79210 +, +2 +, 161.7– +194.7 mm +SL, +rio Branco +, +01°10’00”S +61°52’00”W +, + +9 May 1979 + +, +M. Goulding +. + + + +Venezuela +: + +ANSP 192193 +, + +1 +, 110.7 mm + +SL, caño +Yurebita +, tributaryof +rio Ventuari +, +04°13’07.64”N +66°25’25.5”W +, + +15 Apr 2010 + +, +N. K. Lujan +, +J. Birindelli +& +V. Meza +. + + + + + +Molecular differentiation. +We obtained sequence data for representatives of 10 of the 12 recognized species of + +Myloplus + +: + +M. arnoldi + +, + +M. asterias + +, + +M. levis +(Eigenmann & McAtee, 1907) + +, + +M. lobatus + +, + +M. lucienae + +, + +M. rubripinnis + +, + +M. schomburgkii + +, + +M. tiete +(Eigenmann & Norris, 1900) + +, + +M. nigrolineatus + +and + +M. zorroi +Andrade, Jégu & Giarrizzo, 2016 + +. No tissues or sequences of + +M. tumukumak +Andrade, Jégu & Gama, 2018 + +and + +M. torquatus + +were available. Nineteen additional nominal +Myleini +species were also used in the analysis ( +Fig. 15 +). A total of 89 sequences initially identified as “ + +Myloplus schomburgkii + +” were obtained, with 40 of these newly generated. These “ + +M. schomburgkii + +” sequences represent 36 haplotypes and 32 unique localities from six major tributaries of the Amazon basin in +Brazil +(Negro, Branco, Nhamundá, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu), as well as the Nanay River in +Peru +, Orinoco basin, and Tocantins-Araguaia system. + + +The full nucleotide dataset represented 564 sequences of a median sequence length of 612 bp (range 312–621 bp). After dereplication, 209 sequences of length 621 bp remained (range 405–621 bp). Species discovery using mPTP on the maximum clade credibility consensus of MrBayes trees partitioned the haplotype dataset into 48 putative species clusters ( +Fig. 15 +). Within “ + +M. schomburgkii + +” a total of six geographicallystructured species clusters were estimated, comprising: a taxon from the Xingu River corresponding to + +M. sauron + +( +BPP += 0.97); a taxon from the upper Amazon, Madeira and Branco rivers corresponding to + +M. aylan + +( +BPP += 0.96); + +M. schomburgkii + +from Brazilian Shield rivers including Lower Xingu, Tapajós and Araguaia ( +BPP += 0.16); + +M. schomburgkii + +from Guiana Shield rivers including Negro, Branco and Nhamundá ( +BPP += 0.26); + +M. schomburgkii + +from Orinoco and Casiquiare rivers ( +BPP += 0.32); and + +M. schomburgkii + +from Teles Pires River ( +BPP += 0.14). Due to the uncertainty within the + +M. schomburgkii +Brazilian + +and Guiana Shield delimitations with low posterior support, a full range of alternative candidate species is provided in +Tab. 6 +. Among these delimitations, a unified + +M. schomburgkii + +cluster from the Brazilian and Guiana Shield had the greatest support ( +BPP += 0.54). Individuals of + +M. sauron + +, + +M. aylan + +, and the Brazilian and Guiana Shield + +M. schomburgkii + +were all monophyletic with posterior clade support value of 1 ( +Fig. 15 +). Smallest interspecific genetic distances ( +Tab. 6 +) were 0.097 ( + +M. sauron +vs + +. + +M. schomburgkii + +) and 0.079 ( + +M. aylan +vs. +M. schomburgkii + +). The distance between + +M. sauron + +and + +M. aylan + +was 0.11 (data not shown). + + + + \ No newline at end of file