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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60c96364-0fcd-4ccd-84af-123d176a6a52" ID-PMC="PMC5523382" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-680-105" ID-PubMed="28769718" ID-ZBK="657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-680-105" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 680" ModsDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" checkinTime="1502744605313" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M. &amp; Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2017" docId="4FA81BE647413293785F899CE0FBFAF2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 680: 105-150" docOrigin="ZooKeys 680" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135" docTitle="Psammocinia alba Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino &amp; Pansini, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="2304C2B3-8156-4163-AC33-0AEC55EBADEE" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="8A0DFFF7FFB02806FFE0A3014E580F49" masterDocTitle="Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="116" updateTime="1668164543412" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Calcinai, Barbara</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bastari, Azzurra</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bavestrello, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bertolino, Marco</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pansini, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Makapedua, Daisy M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cerrano, Carlo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>680</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>105</mods:start>
<mods:end>150</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-680-105</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">657770F9FCFA4D72BB08AFAF7371B1BA</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649461" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2304C2B3-8156-4163-AC33-0AEC55EBADEE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4FA81BE647413293785F899CE0FBFAF2" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="116" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/2304C2B3-8156-4163-AC33-0AEC55EBADEE" authority="Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino &amp; Pansini" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia alba" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="11" pageNumber="116" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">Psammocinia alba Calcinai, Bastari, Bertolino &amp; Pansini</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="11" pageNumber="116">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figure 9
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="117" start="start">Material</pageBreakToken>
examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Holotype: MSNG 60140, PH-41, 14/01/2005, Timur (Bunaken Island), 22 m depth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Lobate, white sponge with oscular cavities at the top of the lobes. Thin armoured surface with sand and foreign spicules. Slightly fasciculated fibres, not very dense.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
Massive, lobate sponge with flush, roundish oscular cavities (about 1.5 cm) where the excurrent canals converge, located at the top of the lobes (Fig. 9A). The deposited holotype consists of fragments 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5 cm, coming from a larger specimen approximately 15 cm across (Fig. 9A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">The colour in life is white outside (Fig. 9A) and cerulean inside; it becomes light cerulean after collection and beige after preservation in alcohol. Surface characterised by numerous small conules, 0.5-1 mm high and 2 mm apart, united by ridges (Fig. 9A, B). Consistence soft, but elastic, difficult to tear apart.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
Skeleton. The surface is covered by a thin reticulation of sand and foreign spicules, forming regular, more or less circular, meshes 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter (Fig. 9C), well visible in the stereo-microscope. The density of the fibres is moderate. The primary fibres of the choanosome are slightly fasciculated (Fig. 9D), about 80
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick and cored with foreign debris and a few foreign spicules. The secondary fibres are thinner (20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter) and free from inclusions (Fig. 9D). The size of the ovoid meshes ranges from 50
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
80 to 57.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
115
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; a few smaller meshes, 30
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
55
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, are also present. Filaments, 2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, are numerous and dense.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
Figure 9.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia alba" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">Psammocinia alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A the sponge in situB a small conule at SEMC reticulation made of sand grains and foreign spicules D primary fibres cored with foreign material and, on the right, secondary fibres free from inclusions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Referring to the white colour in life.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="117" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
Our species is attributed to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Psammocinia</taxonomicName>
due to the presence of a surface armoured by sand and foreign spicules and to the reticular skeleton of primary and secondary fibres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
According to
<bibRefCitation author="van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic, New York" pageId="18" pageNumber="123" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2016">van Soest et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, 25 species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Psammocinia</taxonomicName>
are known in total. Most of them have been described from New Zealand and South Korea and only one from Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia bulbosa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bulbosa">Psammocinia bulbosa</taxonomicName>
Bergquist, 1995 from New Caledonia and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lobatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="lobatus">P. lobatus</taxonomicName>
Sim &amp; Lim, 2002 from Korea are the most similar species to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia alba" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">Psammocinia alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia bulbosa" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bulbosa">Psammocinia bulbosa</taxonomicName>
is a massive, repent sponge with quite long oscular fistules. Its surface is covered by small conules 0.5-1 mm high and has a sandy crust up to 1 mm thick. The skeleton is formed by primary fibres giving rise to columns up to 700
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long and secondary fibres 30-50
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter. The main differences to our species are the presence of fistules, a distinctive characteristic of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bulbosa" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="bulbosa">P. bulbosa</taxonomicName>
, and thicker fibres.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia lobatus" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobatus">Psammocinia lobatus</taxonomicName>
, lobate in shape, has a surface covered by conules 1-2 mm high and 2-5 mm apart. Both primary and secondary fibres (60-10
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick) are comparable in size with our species. The main differences to
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. alba" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="alba">P. alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n. are the colour (dark brown, black), the presence of sharp conules and the small amount of foreign material present in the fibres. From New Zealand, the following species have been described:
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. beresfordae" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="beresfordae">P. beresfordae</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1996, formed by a compact base with broad-based fistules with an apical osculum 3-7 mm in diameter and primary fibres 120
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. verrucosa" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="verrucosa">P. verrucosa</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1996, a small, massive sponge with a very characteristic surface with rounded lamellae supported by skeletal fibres and a reticulate pattern;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. hirsuta" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="hirsuta">P. hirsuta</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1998, formed by a coalescent group of digitate structures or lobes, with long, cylindrical fistules and a thick (400
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) superficial sand layer;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. charadrodes" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="charadrodes">P. charadrodes</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1998, a massive sponge with very long, rounded conules and very thick (till 1086
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) primary fibres;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. papillata" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="papillata">P. papillata</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1998, a massive, compact sponge with a coarsely conulose surface and both primary and secondary fibres thicker than in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia alba" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">Psammocinia alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n.;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. perforodosa" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="perforodosa">P. perforodosa</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1998, a massive, compact sponge without conules, with a folded surface (800
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick) armoured by sand, foreign spicules and rocky fragments;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. maorimotu" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="maorimotu">P. maorimotu</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1998, a lobate sponge with oscula on top, a surface with grooves and ridges and primary fibres with a thickness of 349
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. From South Korea and China, the following species have been described:
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. conulosa" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="conulosa">P. conulosa</taxonomicName>
Lee &amp; Sim, 2004, a massive sponge with ectosomal membrane covered by sand but devoid of circular meshes, oscula scattered and sharp conules 2-4 mm high;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ulleungensis" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="ulleungensis">P. ulleungensis</taxonomicName>
Lee &amp; Sim, 2004, dark grey in colour, with a smooth surface and thick, slightly fasciculated, primary fibres (100-300
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
);
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mammiformis" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="mammiformis">P. mammiformis</taxonomicName>
Sim, 1998, a massive, grey or purple coloured sponge, covered with mammiform protuberances and with very thick choanosomal fibres 550-900
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. mosulpia" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="mosulpia">P. mosulpia</taxonomicName>
Sim, 1998 mainly differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. alba" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="alba">P. alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n. for its crust of sand and foreign spicules not organised in circular meshes;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. jejuensis" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="jejuensis">P. jejuensis</taxonomicName>
Sim, 1998, characterised by tick fibres (up to 470
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and by filaments with large terminal knobs (12-20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter);
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. gageoensis" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="gageoensis">P. gageoensis</taxonomicName>
Sim &amp; Lee, 2001, has no detritus in the fasciculated primary fibres. Both
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. samyangensis" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="samyangensis">P. samyangensis</taxonomicName>
Sim &amp; Lee, 1998 and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. wandoensis" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="wandoensis">P. wandoensis</taxonomicName>
Sim &amp; Lee, 1998 differ from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. alba" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="alba">P. alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n. mainly in the thickness of the secondary fibres. Finally,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rubra" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="rubra">P. rubra</taxonomicName>
Sim &amp; Lee, 2002 differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. alba" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="alba">P. alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n. for its red colour and the larger size (up to 320
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and colour (reddish-brown) of the fibres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
The other species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Psammocinia</taxonomicName>
have a particular morphology, very different respect to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia alba" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">Psammocinia alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n.;
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arenosa" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="arenosa">P. arenosa</taxonomicName>
(Lendenfeld, 1888) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. hawere" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="hawere">P. hawere</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1996 are cup-shaped sponges.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia halmiformis" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="halmiformis">Psammocinia halmiformis</taxonomicName>
(Lendenfeld, 1888) is irregularly lamellate and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. vesiculifera" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="vesiculifera">P. vesiculifera</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Poléjaeff">Polejaeff</normalizedToken>
, 1884) is a tube sponge.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia amodes" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amodes">Psammocinia amodes</taxonomicName>
Cook &amp; Bergquist, 1998 is a spatulate sponge with a thin, semi-cylindrical basal portion for anchoring to the substrate, while
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. bergquistae" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="bergquistae">P. bergquistae</taxonomicName>
Sim &amp; Lee, 2001 has a thumb shape and secondary fibres, forming a secondary web.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
Due to the difficulties to differentiate, in some cases, species of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Psammocinia</taxonomicName>
from other taxa of the family
<taxonomicName family="Irciniidae" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" rank="family">Irciniidae</taxonomicName>
, we also examined the species belonging to
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ircinia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ircinia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Sarcotragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sarcotragus" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Sarcotragus</taxonomicName>
from the Indo-Pacific area. All these species are different from
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Psammocinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammocinia alba" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alba">Psammocinia alba</taxonomicName>
sp. n. in morphology, fibre thickness, and structure (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="117">
The incorporation of foreign material can play several roles in sponge growth. Usually, this behaviour is explained just as strengthening of the sponge tissue, but other roles could be considered, e.g. the enhancement of sponging fibre production (
<bibRefCitation author="Cerrano, C" journalOrPublisher="Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="17" pageNumber="122" pagination="239 - 246" title="How and why do sponges incorporate foreign material? Strategies in Porifera" volumeTitle="Porifera research: Biodiversity, Innovation &amp; Sustainabilty" year="2007">Cerrano et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Group of
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. Similar to
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group, but distinguished by having the middle of the vertex striate to or nearly to the nuchal carina. Petiolar node axially compressed, but summit usually blunt in side view, often concave in front view. The subgroup of
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<pageBreakToken id="5195CD0F5C9A3BEEEED6231919C000AB" pageId="16" pageNumber="565" start="start">proper</pageBreakToken>
has vertex finely striate and gaster smooth:
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,
<taxonomicName id="3EEF71A9C3397525F884C0E1233EF1B2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25289" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anochetus natalensis Arnold" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">natalensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="054FAC874F538998119BD2CF16B4FC3C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25292" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anochetus obscuratus Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuratus">obscuratus</taxonomicName>
and
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;
<taxonomicName id="6A24D326AB07F22BB81A20F9DA4267AA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25241" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anochetus bequaerti Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">bequaerti</taxonomicName>
also has fine striation on vertex, but gaster is reticulate or punctulate; the
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subgroup (
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and
<taxonomicName id="A01F9F60E2E72C5C5F00CFD13FFDBD79" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25259" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Anochetus fuliginosus Arnold" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">fuliginosus</taxonomicName>
) features a coarsely striate vertex and more or less distinct reticulation or rugulosity of part of first (or first and second) gastric terga. These are tropical African species, ranging south in some cases to Natal;
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is in the Malagasy Republic.
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<paragraph id="FC7FDDC113ECB5FD122650395841180C" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555">Notes</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="17D078C21CB8ABC39C8FFAA3EF5A6074" author="Santschi, F." journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555" pagination="309 - 385" refId="B7739975" refString="Santschi, F., 1914. Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 8: 309 - 385" title="Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri" volume="8" year="1914">Santschi 1914</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1FC754E2B2ADA34EBA8D30265E92046C" author="Wheeler, W. M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555" pagination="711 - 1004" refId="B7741538" refString="Wheeler, W. M., 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 711 - 1004" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region" volume="45" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6469145475DD7213CCAF1589CCA704D4" author="Soulie, J." journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan. Serie Sciences." pageId="0" pageNumber="99555" pagination="85 - 106" refId="B7740544" refString="Soulie, J., Dicko, L. D., 1965. La repartition des genres de fourmis de la tribu des &quot; Cremastogastrini &quot; dans la faune ethiopienne et malgache. Hymenoptera - Formicoidea - Myrmicidae. Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan. Serie Sciences. 1: 85 - 106" title="La repartition des genres de fourmis de la tribu des &quot; Cremastogastrini &quot; dans la faune ethiopienne et malgache. Hymenoptera - Formicoidea - Myrmicidae" volume="1" year="1965">
<normalizedToken id="D84203BB6D527E6ABD88A925496477E0" originalValue="Soulié">Soulie</normalizedToken>
and Dicko 1965
</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="F7F29C7531D1B9E2DB4D6170F4747C65" pageId="0" pageNumber="99555">New Records: 1, 2</paragraph>
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