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<taxonomicName id="2A1CA735F898EA2190F3CFD1E9689089" ID-CoL="LYY5" authority="Haeselbarth, 1973" authorityName="Haeselbarth" authorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Blacus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blacus (Blacus) nigricornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricornis" subGenus="Blacus">Blacus (Blacus) nigricornis Haeselbarth, 1973</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="382D194009432EBBA5CA5B177564EC5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DAA23C43A95E2E37A267993BA980D60" pageId="0" pageNumber="8151">England, Scotland, Ireland</paragraph>
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42a
<taxonomicName authority="var. scandens" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes scandens subsp. var. var. scandens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" subSpecies="var." variety="scandens">Lycianthes scandens var. scandens</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 93" captionStartId="F93" captionText="Figure 93. Image of herbarium specimen of L. scandens var. scandens, Dean 238 (DAV). Image used with permission of the UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480107" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lentum">Solanum lentum</taxonomicName>
Cav., Icon. [Cavanilles] 4: 4, tab. 308. 1797. Type: Spain. ex h. r. Mat., Oct 1795,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Cavanilles s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="195 - 203" refId="B69" refString="Knapp, S, 2007. Lectotypification of Cavanilles' names in Solanum (Solanaceae). Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 64 (2): 195 - 203" title="Lectotypification of Cavanilles' names in Solanum (Solanaceae)." volume="64" year="2007">Knapp 2007</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 198: MA [MA 476355]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1813" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum axilliflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="axilliflorum">Solanum axilliflorum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Hist. Solan. 238. 1813. Nom. Illeg. New name for
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scandens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">Solanum scandens</taxonomicName>
Mill. Type: Based on same type as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scandens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">Solanum scandens</taxonomicName>
Mill.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum affine" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affine">Solanum affine</taxonomicName>
Dunal, in Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 168. 1852. Type: Cuba, 1829,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagra 231</emphasis>
(lectotype designated here: G-DC [G00145629]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum fugax" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fugax">Solanum fugax</taxonomicName>
Bert. ex Dunal, in Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 170. 1852. Type: Naranjilla en S. Martha, 1822,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Bertero s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00145637]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum neglectum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglectum">Solanum neglectum</taxonomicName>
Bert. ex Dunal, in Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 170. 1852. Type: [Colombia]. Santa Martha, 1822,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Bertero s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00145631]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum decemfidum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decemfidum">Solanum decemfidum</taxonomicName>
Pav. ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 173. 1852. Type: Nueva
<normalizedToken originalValue="España">Espana</normalizedToken>
[Mexico]. No date,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Herb.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype: G [G00379128]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lentum subsp. var. var. echinatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="lentum" subSpecies="var." variety="echinatum">S. lentum Cav. var. echinatum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 173. 1852. Type: Nueva
<normalizedToken originalValue="España">Espana</normalizedToken>
[Mexico]. No date,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Herb.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(holotype: G [G00379129]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fern" authorityYear="1900" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nocturnum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nocturnum">Solanum nocturnum</taxonomicName>
Fernald, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 35: 570. 1900. Type: Mexico. Guerrero: Acapulco, Jan 1895,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Palmer 533</emphasis>
(lectotype designated here: GH [00077521]; isolectotype: US [00027708]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="O. E. Schulz" authorityYear="1909" baseAuthorityName="Cav." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum virgatum subsp. var. var. lentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="virgatum" subSpecies="var." variety="lentum">Solanum virgatum Lam. var. lentum</taxonomicName>
(Cav.) O. Schulz, in Urb., Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 189. 1909. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lentum">Solanum lentum</taxonomicName>
Cav.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes lenta" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lenta">Lycianthes lenta</taxonomicName>
(Cav.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 364. 1919. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lentum">Solanum lentum</taxonomicName>
Cav.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes lenta subsp. var. var. utrinquemollis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lenta" subSpecies="var." variety="utrinquemollis">Lycianthes lenta (Cav.) Bitter var. utrinquemollis</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 366. 1919. Type: Guatemala [Nicaragua]. Grenada [Granada], 1841,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Von Friedrichsthal 940</emphasis>
(lectotype designated here: W [acc. # 0003076]; isolectotype: F [barcode F0072916F, acc. # 875961]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes nocturna" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nocturna">Lycianthes nocturna</taxonomicName>
(Fernald) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 368. 1919. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fern" authorityYear="1900" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nocturnum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nocturnum">Solanum nocturnum</taxonomicName>
Fernald.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rusby" authorityYear="1926" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes recticarpa" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="recticarpa">Lycianthes recticarpa</taxonomicName>
Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 210. 1926. Type: Colombia. Santa Marta: Quebrada del Cabo, 100 ft, 26 Aug 1876,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. H. Smith 1876</emphasis>
(holotype: NY [00007274]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Standl" authorityYear="1929" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes variifolia" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="variifolia">Lycianthes variifolia</taxonomicName>
Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago, Bot. Ser. 4: 259. 1929. Type: Belize. [Orange Walk or Corozal]: Tower Hill, 1928,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Karling 13</emphasis>
(holotype F [acc. # 579929]; isotype G [G00379131]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Scandent shrub to vine, 0.5-3 (6) m tall. Indument of white to tan, uniseriate, multicellular, sessile to stalked, forked to multangulate-stellate, eglandular, spreading trichomes 0.05-0.25 (0.7) mm long and in diameter, the rays 3-4 per node, straight, not rebranched (sometimes mixed with simple trichomes). Stems green to light brown when young, sparsely to densely pubescent, rarely compressed when dried in a plant press, becoming woody with age; upper sympodial branching points mostly monochasial, the branching not widely divaricate, the branch segments shallowly zigzagging or sinuate. Leaves simple, the leaves of the upper sympodia sometimes paired, the pairs equal or unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 2.5-10 (11.2)
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6-5 (8.4) cm, the smaller ones with blades 1.6-7 (10.5)
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.9-3.4 (7.5) cm, the leaf pairs similar in shape, the blades ovate to elliptic, chartaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent (denser abaxially, sometimes nearly glabrous adaxially), the base cuneate, rounded, or truncate, sometimes oblique, the margin entire, usually irregularly undulate, the apex usually rounded to acute, the petiole 0.3-2 (2.6) cm long, the larger leaf blades with 3-5 primary veins on each side of the midvein, these not usually whitish or prominent. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2-6, axillary, erect; peduncles absent; pedicels 8-20 (26) mm long and erect in flower, 10-26 (30) mm long and erect in fruit, sparsely to moderately pubescent; calyx 2.5-4 mm long, 3-6 mm in diameter, campanulate, sparsely pubescent (the individual trichomes often difficult to see with the naked eye, up to 0.1 mm long), the margin truncate, with 10 spreading linear appendages (0.75) 1-3.5 (5) mm long emerging 0.5-1 mm below the calyx rim; fruiting calyx enlarged, widely bowl-shaped to rotate, 3-4 mm long, 6-9 mm in diameter, the appendages to 9 mm; corolla 0.7-1.9 cm long, campanulate to rotate in orientation, entire in outline, with abundant interpetalar tissue, adaxially light purple, sometimes with green at the base of the lobes, nearly glabrous, abaxially green and sparsely to moderately puberulent on the lobes, especially at the distal end, this more evident in bud; stamens unequal, the four short filaments 0.5-1 (2) mm long, the one long filament (1) 2-4 (6.5) mm long, glabrous, the anthers 4-6 mm long, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, free of one another, yellow, sparsely pubescent on the inner face, poricidal at the tips, the pores ovate, dehiscing distally or the short stamens dehiscing away from the style, not opening into longitudinal slits; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8.5-9 (11) mm long, linear, straight to curved, glabrous, the stigma oblong, decurrent down two sides. Fruit a berry, 6-14 mm long, 7-17 mm in diameter, globose to depressed globose, red-orange at maturity, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, lacking sclerotic granules. Seeds 50-70 per fruit, 2-3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.8-2 mm, flattened, circular, triangular, depressed ovate, or slightly notched and reniform in outline, yellow-orange to tan, the surface reticulum smooth, with indistinct, tight serpentine pattern with shallow luminae, the seed margin slightly thickened and lighter in color.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480107" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 93" startId="F93">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 93.</emphasis>
Image of herbarium specimen of
<taxonomicName authority="var. scandens" lsidName="L. scandens subsp. var. var. scandens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="scandens" subSpecies="var." variety="scandens">L. scandens var. scandens</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dean 238</emphasis>
(DAV). Image used with permission of the UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yucatán">Yucatan</normalizedToken>
), Guatemala (Chiquimula, Izabal,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sacatepéquez">Sacatepequez</normalizedToken>
), Belize, Honduras, the Caribbean, and northern South America, in open or disturbed areas, roadsides, fencerows, thickets, dunes or forest edges, sometimes seasonally flooded (in mangroves), sometimes on limestone, within or near tropical dry forest, 0-400 (915) m in elevation (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 94" captionStartId="F94" captionText="Figure 94. Map of geographic distribution of L. scandens var. scandens from Mexico to Honduras based on herbarium specimen data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480108" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">94</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480108" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 94" startId="F94">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 94.</emphasis>
Map of geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName authority="var. scandens" lsidName="L. scandens subsp. var. var. scandens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="scandens" subSpecies="var." variety="scandens">L. scandens var. scandens</taxonomicName>
from Mexico to Honduras based on herbarium specimen data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None known.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering specimens have been collected most months of the year (from January to November); specimens with mature fruits have been collected all months of the year. The first author observed the corolla open in the field between 5 am and 5:30 am. The corollas closed at 8 am.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authority="var. scandens" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes scandens subsp. var. var. scandens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" subSpecies="var." variety="scandens">Lycianthes scandens var. scandens</taxonomicName>
is a widespread variety ranging from Mexico to the Caribbean and northern South America, represented by many collections and occurring in ten protected areas in our region. The EOO is at least 1,162,412.966 km2. Based on the size of the EOO, and following the
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="The Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistGuidelines" refId="B67" refString="IUCN, 2019. Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in February 2019. http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistGuidelines" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in February 2019." url="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistGuidelines" year="2019">IUCN (2019)</bibRefCitation>
criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Least Concern (LC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In this treatment, we are replacing the widely used name
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. lenta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lenta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. lenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the new combination
<taxonomicName authority="var. scandens" lsidName="L. scandens subsp. var. var. scandens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="scandens" subSpecies="var." variety="scandens">L. scandens var. scandens</taxonomicName>
; this name change is due to the discovery of an older name for this taxon made during relatively recent work on the genus
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the fourth author.
<taxonomicName authority="var. scandens" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes scandens subsp. var. var. scandens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" subSpecies="var." variety="scandens">Lycianthes scandens var. scandens</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from the less common var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
by having smaller sparser trichomes (usually less than 0.25 mm in diameter versus more than 0.25 mm in diameter in var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
); the trichomes on the calyx are often so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. In addition, the leaf veins are obscure in var.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. scandens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="scandens">scandens</taxonomicName>
(versus prominent and whitish in var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
), the corolla is purple (versus pale violet to white in var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
), and the habit is usually a trailing vine (often an upright shrub in var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
). This variety is also found at lower elevations (usually below 500 m) than var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
(to 1300 m), and it is very common along the Caribbean slope of Mexico and Central America, while var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Poore &amp; E. Dean" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Bitter" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="var. flavicans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scandens" variety="flavicans">flavicans</taxonomicName>
is more common along the Pacific slope. The two varieties can be difficult to distinguish in certain regions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In his protologue for
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum affine" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affine">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum affine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Masson, Paris, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B51" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: De Candolle AP (Ed.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1). V. Masson, Paris, France" title="Solanaceae. In: De Candolle AP (Ed.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13 (1). V." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cites two syntypes from the De Candolle herbarium, both of which were located and examined at G:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagre 231</emphasis>
(G-DC [G00145629]) and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagra 394</emphasis>
(G-DC [G00145619]). Both specimens match the protologue description, but only the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagre 231</emphasis>
specimen has location information (Cuba), and it has better vegetative and fertile material. Therefore, we have chosen
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagre 231</emphasis>
(G-DC [G00145629]) as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In his protologue for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fern" authorityYear="1900" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nocturnum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nocturnum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nocturnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/25129968" author="Fernald, ML" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="562 - 573" refId="B52" refString="Fernald, ML, 1900. Some undescribed Mexican Phanerogams, chiefly Labiatae and Solanaceae. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 35 (25): 562 - 573, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25129968" title="Some undescribed Mexican Phanerogams, chiefly Labiatae and Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/25129968" volume="35" year="1900">Fernald (1900)</bibRefCitation>
, cites two syntypes both of which have been located and examined at GH:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Palmer 533</emphasis>
from Guerrero, Mexico (GH [00077521]) and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Seler 1625</emphasis>
from Oaxaca, Mexico (GH [00077522]). As the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palmer 533</emphasis>
collection has both flowers and fruits and matches the protologue description more fully, we have chosen the GH specimen of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palmer 533</emphasis>
(GH [00077521]) as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In his protologue for
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes lenta subsp. var. var. utrinquemollis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lenta" subSpecies="var." variety="utrinquemollis">Lycianthes lenta var. utrinquemollis</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B10" refString="Bitter, G, 1919. Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen herausgegeban vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 24: 292-520." title="Die Gattung Lycianthes. Abhandlungen herausgegeban vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 24: 292 - 520." year="1919">Bitter (1919)</bibRefCitation>
cites two syntypes both from Grenada [Granada], Nicaragua, and these have been located and examined at W and G:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. von Friedrichsthal 940</emphasis>
(W [acc. # 0003076]) and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Levy 239</emphasis>
(G [G00379125]). We have chosen the W specimen of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. von Friedrichsthal 940</emphasis>
(W [acc. # 0003076]) as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Representative specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Guatemala. Chiquimula</emphasis>
: vicinity of Chiquimula town,
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.1227" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="16.1227">16.1227</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="90.9299" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-90.9299">-90.9299</geoCoordinate>
, 400 m, 4 Dec 1969,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Molina R. 25111</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Izabal</emphasis>
: Finca Mucielago [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Murciélago">Murcielago</normalizedToken>
], 22 Jun 1967,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S.C. Snedaker 178</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: NW-Ufer des Lago
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itzá">Itza</normalizedToken>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.9917" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="16.9917">16.9917</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="89.8983" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-89.8983">-89.8983</geoCoordinate>
, 120-140 m, 30 Nov 1994,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
B.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wallnöfer">Wallnoefer</normalizedToken>
9577
</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sacatepéquez">Sacatepequez</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Agua Caliente, 28 Mar 1922,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.M. Greenman 5944</emphasis>
(MO).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mexico. Campeche</emphasis>
: en la Ciudad del Carmen, sobre Avenida
<normalizedToken originalValue="Camarón">Camaron</normalizedToken>
, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="18.6632" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="18.6632">18.6632</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="91.8145" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-91.8145">-91.8145</geoCoordinate>
], 23 Nov 1987,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Cabrera C. 14856</emphasis>
(MEXU, MO).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chiapas</emphasis>
: Mpio. Ocosingo,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
Chajul, sobre el
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Lacantun, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="16.1227" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="16.1227">16.1227</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="90.9300" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-90.93">-90.9300</geoCoordinate>
], 150 m, 9 Sep 1992,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
E.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
S. 25292
</emphasis>
(MEXU).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Jalisco</emphasis>
: Arroyo Seco, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="19.211" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="19.211">19.211</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="104.6577" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-104.6577">-104.6577</geoCoordinate>
], 30 m, 28 May 1990,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
2077
</emphasis>
(WIS).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nayarit</emphasis>
: vicinity of Chacala, ca. 5 miles west of Las Varas, 25-50 m, 14 Sep 1960,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. McVaugh 19019</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oaxaca</emphasis>
: Dto. Tehuantepec, Hacienda del Rosario,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Seco,
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.9367" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="15.9367">15.9367</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="95.7719" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-95.7719">-95.7719</geoCoordinate>
, 33 m, 22 Aug 2010,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
R.
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
S. (ROG) 226
</emphasis>
(DAV).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quintana Roo</emphasis>
: Mpio.
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="María">Maria</normalizedToken>
Morelos, a 3.4 km al SE de Sabana San Francisco, 19.52, -89.075, 86 m, 3 Sep 2004,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
D.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Álvarez">Alvarez</normalizedToken>
10473
</emphasis>
(DAV).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tabasco</emphasis>
: Mpio. Comalcalco, Reyes
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hernández">Hernandez</normalizedToken>
, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="18.2445" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="18.2445">18.2445</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="93.2829" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-93.2829">-93.2829</geoCoordinate>
], 0 m, 10 Sep 1984,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. Ventura A. 21240</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tamaulipas</emphasis>
: vicinity of Tampico, 15 m, 27-30 Apr 1910,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Palmer 334</emphasis>
(MO, NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Veracruz</emphasis>
: vicinity of Pozarica, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="20.5669" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="20.5669">20.5669</geoCoordinate>
,
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], 6 June 1987,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T.B. Croat 66115</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yucatán">Yucatan</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Pixoy, camino rumbo a San Lorenzo, Valladolid,
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,
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, 22 m, 13 Jul 1988,
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(MO).
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118
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Tribe
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H. C. C. Burmeister, 1842.
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Hedicke, 1921
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