diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF0FF97FF0CFBD1C07491D6.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF0FF97FF0CFBD1C07491D6.xml index d0b6b434b94..0e71a95ab5f 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF0FF97FF0CFBD1C07491D6.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF0FF97FF0CFBD1C07491D6.xml @@ -1,134 +1,136 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Choloepodini + + + +Choloepodini - -PP = 98, age = 7.07 Mya (5.67–8.93). - + +PP = 98, age = 7.07 Mya (5.67–8.93). + This clade is composed of the genus - -Pliomorphus + +Pliomorphus ; the Antillean megalonychines - -Megalocnus + +Megalocnus , - -Parocnus + +Parocnus , - -Neocnus + +Neocnus and - -Acratocnus + +Acratocnus ; and the living sloth genus - -Choloepus + +Choloepus . It was consistently recovered in our analyses with the arrangement ( - -Pliomorphus + +Pliomorphus , (( - -Megalocnus + +Megalocnus , - -Parocnus + +Parocnus ), ( - -Neocnus + +Neocnus , ( - -Acratocnus + +Acratocnus , - -Choloepus + +Choloepus )))). In one exception—in par_EW— - -Neocnus + +Neocnus , - -Acratocnus + +Acratocnus and - -Choloepus + +Choloepus were recovered in a polytomy. -Choloepodiniwassupportedbyeightsynapomorphies (six for both methods and two exclusively for BI): snout downturned anteroventrally, in lateral view; evenly convex dorsal surface of the skull; minimum width of palate between toothrows equal or less than width of Mf2; absence of postorbital process of zygomatic arch; occiput wider than deep; presence of recessus meatus (BI); presence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); and patellar trochlea confluent with lateral, but not with medial condylar surface. +Choloepodiniwassupportedbyeightsynapomorphies (six for both methods and two exclusively for BI): snout downturned anteroventrally, in lateral view; evenly convex dorsal surface of the skull; minimum width of palate between toothrows equal or less than width of Mf2; absence of postorbital process of zygomatic arch; occiput wider than deep; presence of recessus meatus (BI); presence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); and patellar trochlea confluent with lateral, but not with medial condylar surface. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF96FC86FCC2C5D09283.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF96FC86FCC2C5D09283.xml index b92ba92d510..ef36147b5fb 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF96FC86FCC2C5D09283.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF96FC86FCC2C5D09283.xml @@ -1,84 +1,86 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Ahytheriini + + + +Ahytheriini plus -Choloepodini +Choloepodini - -PP = 69, age = 8.66 Mya (6.84–10.85). - + +PP = 69, age = 8.66 Mya (6.84–10.85). + This clade was recovered in most of the analyses performed in this study but was not well supported. The exceptions for the presence of the clade were two H models—IW10 and IW5, par_IW10 and par_IW5—in which the intertropical megalonychids were recovered more closely related to a clade uniting - -Megalonyx + +Megalonyx and - -Pliometanastes + +Pliometanastes . -The clade was supported by 11 synapomorphies (seven for both methods and four exclusively for BI): mandibular symphysis extends posterior or to the level to mf1; lateral edge of symphyseal spout not everted; temporal lines approximate midline, but do not meet to form a sagittal crest (BI); presence of a contact between maxilla and lacrimal, within orbit; absence of a crest at median suture of palatine; interpterygoid region narrower than interpalatine region (BI); presence of pterygoid inflation; presence of a median ridge of basisphenoid (BI); jugular foramen well separated from hypoglossal foramen; presence of glenoid posterior shelf; and convex posterior margin of ulnar diaphysis in lateral view (BI). +The clade was supported by 11 synapomorphies (seven for both methods and four exclusively for BI): mandibular symphysis extends posterior or to the level to mf1; lateral edge of symphyseal spout not everted; temporal lines approximate midline, but do not meet to form a sagittal crest (BI); presence of a contact between maxilla and lacrimal, within orbit; absence of a crest at median suture of palatine; interpterygoid region narrower than interpalatine region (BI); presence of pterygoid inflation; presence of a median ridge of basisphenoid (BI); jugular foramen well separated from hypoglossal foramen; presence of glenoid posterior shelf; and convex posterior margin of ulnar diaphysis in lateral view (BI). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF97FC86F9C2C212949B.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF97FC86F9C2C212949B.xml index e8de17f0aef..661b8435870 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF97FC86F9C2C212949B.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF1FF97FC86F9C2C212949B.xml @@ -1,130 +1,132 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Ahytheriini + + + +Ahytheriini - -PP = 100, age = 4.44 Mya (1.93–6.98). - + +PP = 100, age = 4.44 Mya (1.93–6.98). + This clade, composed of the intertropical megalonychids - -Australonyx + +Australonyx , - -Ahytherium + +Ahytherium , - -Megistonyx + +Megistonyx , - -Nohochichak + +Nohochichak and - -Xibalbaonyx + +Xibalbaonyx , was consistently recovered in all of our analyses, with two alternative arrangements: ( - -Australonyx + +Australonyx , (( - -Ahytherium + +Ahytherium , - -Megistonyx + +Megistonyx ), ( - -Nohochichak + +Nohochichak , - -Xibalbaonyx + +Xibalbaonyx ))) in all BI analyses and in par_EW, and ( - -Australonyx + +Australonyx , ( - -Xibalbaonyx + +Xibalbaonyx , ( - -Nohochichak + +Nohochichak , ( - -Ahytherium + +Ahytherium , - -Megistonyx + +Megistonyx )))) for IW parsimony analyses. Ahytheriini was supported by 23 synapomorphies (13 for both methods and ten exclusively for BI): absence of fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to Cf1; circular Mf1 cross-section (BI); ascending ramus of mandible partially covers posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); coronoid process not hooked posteriorly (BI); posterior external opening of mandibular canal opens anterolaterally, on ascending ramus; high and narrow braincase (BI); nasal uniform width in its posterior half, lateral margins parallel (BI); interpterygoid and posterior interpalatine regions of roughly equal width (BI); large sinus in pterygoid; ventrally situated infraorbital canal; absence of alisphenoidparietal contact (BI); presence of a marked postorbital constriction; postorbital process of frontal roughly at the level of maxillary foramen (BI); triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition (BI); anteromedially orientation of entotympanic (BI); weakly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus (BI); humeral head almost hidden behind the tubercles; anconeal process of ulna not extended anteriorly, not overhanging trochlear notch; widest extension of pronator ridge at the proximal half of radial diaphysis (BI); proximal half of femur narrower than distal half; intermediate tibial length, more than two times the width, but less than three times; and fusion of metatarsal I with entocuneiform. diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF4FF93FC94FB55C45492CC.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF4FF93FC94FB55C45492CC.xml index 54acd0d59bf..0b46176ae17 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF4FF93FC94FB55C45492CC.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF4FF93FC94FB55C45492CC.xml @@ -1,82 +1,84 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Thinobadistini + + + +Thinobadistini - -PP = 81, age = 9.38 Mya (7.52–11.26). - + +PP = 81, age = 9.38 Mya (7.52–11.26). + The clade is composed of - -Thinobadistes + +Thinobadistes and - -Lestobradys + +Lestobradys and was recovered in all analyses, with the exception of par_EW. -Thinobadistini was supported by a single synapomorphy, obtained with both methods: the presence of a diastema between Mf1 and Mf2. +Thinobadistini was supported by a single synapomorphy, obtained with both methods: the presence of a diastema between Mf1 and Mf2. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF5FF92FC86FEACC5DC95BE.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF5FF92FC86FEACC5DC95BE.xml index 6d012e96ecd..1c36e541381 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF5FF92FC86FEACC5DC95BE.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFF5FF92FC86FEACC5DC95BE.xml @@ -1,82 +1,84 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Nematheriinae + + + +Nematheriinae - -PP = 100, age = 18.60 Mya (16.85–20.28). - + +PP = 100, age = 18.60 Mya (16.85–20.28). + This clade contains the genera - -Nematherium + +Nematherium and - -Analcitherium + +Analcitherium , and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. -Nematheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies, all recovered with both methods: anteroposteriorly ovate Mf4 cross-section; snout depressed anteriorly; external nares not greatly enlarged; absence of pterygoid inflation; presence of lacrimal eminence; presence of prominent lateral walls in lacrimal foramen; and jugal and lacrimal anteriorly overlapping facial portion of maxilla. +Nematheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies, all recovered with both methods: anteroposteriorly ovate Mf4 cross-section; snout depressed anteriorly; external nares not greatly enlarged; absence of pterygoid inflation; presence of lacrimal eminence; presence of prominent lateral walls in lacrimal foramen; and jugal and lacrimal anteriorly overlapping facial portion of maxilla. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FC94FF06C5519442.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FC94FF06C5519442.xml index 095a7e07d7a..e5801e01f68 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FC94FF06C5519442.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FC94FF06C5519442.xml @@ -1,98 +1,100 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Megatheriini + + + +Megatheriini - -PP = 100, age = 9.85 Mya (9.07–10.67). - + +PP = 100, age = 9.85 Mya (9.07–10.67). + This clade was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study with an invariable arrangement:( - -Anisodontherium + +Anisodontherium ,( - -Pyramiodontherium + +Pyramiodontherium , ( - -Megatheriops + +Megatheriops , ( - -Megatherium + +Megatherium , ( - -Proeremotherium + +Proeremotherium , - -Eremotherium + +Eremotherium ))))). -Megatheriini was supported by eight synapomorphies, all but one, recovered with both methods: thickness of cementum much larger than orthodentine; mf3 smaller than next smallest molariform; reflexed basicranial/basifacial axis; profile of nasal region and braincase relatively horizontal, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; maximum length of nasal bones greater than or equal to three times the width of both nasals (BI); presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; concave mediolateral contour of palate; and occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition. +Megatheriini was supported by eight synapomorphies, all but one, recovered with both methods: thickness of cementum much larger than orthodentine; mf3 smaller than next smallest molariform; reflexed basicranial/basifacial axis; profile of nasal region and braincase relatively horizontal, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; maximum length of nasal bones greater than or equal to three times the width of both nasals (BI); presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; concave mediolateral contour of palate; and occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFABDC30B9028.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFABDC30B9028.xml index 976782e0a83..2d30a0d872b 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFABDC30B9028.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFABDC30B9028.xml @@ -1,82 +1,84 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Thalassocnini + + + +Thalassocnini - -PP = 100, age = 7.67 Mya (5.60–9.67). - + +PP = 100, age = 7.67 Mya (5.60–9.67). + This clade was recovered in all analyses performed in this study, except, as stated above, in par_IW5, in which - -Aymaratherium + +Aymaratherium and - -Thalassocnus + +Thalassocnus are successive sister taxa to Megatheriini. -Thalassocnini was supported by five synapomorphies (one for both methods and four exclusively for BI): horizontal ramus of mandible length greater than or equal to two times the depth, but less than three times (BI); straight anterior edge of symphysis, in lateral view (BI); lesser tubercle of humerus less proximally projected than greater tubercle (BI); presence of entepicondylar foramen of humerus; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus (BI). +Thalassocnini was supported by five synapomorphies (one for both methods and four exclusively for BI): horizontal ramus of mandible length greater than or equal to two times the depth, but less than three times (BI); straight anterior edge of symphysis, in lateral view (BI); lesser tubercle of humerus less proximally projected than greater tubercle (BI); presence of entepicondylar foramen of humerus; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus (BI). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFD1CC0AB9207.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFD1CC0AB9207.xml index 5128a3c2646..8c86032d944 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFD1CC0AB9207.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFD1CC0AB9207.xml @@ -1,74 +1,76 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Thalassocnini + + + +Thalassocnini plus -Megatheriini +Megatheriini - -PP = 99, age = 12.03 Mya (10.56–13.75). -This clade was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study although, as stated above, a monophyletic Thalassocnini is absent from par_IW5. -The clade was supported by nine synapomorphies (seven for both methods and two exclusively for BI): premolariform portion of palate much shorter than the length of molariform toothrow (BI); lateral and medial palatal processes of maxilla of equivalent length; ectotympanic fused dorsally; hypoglossal foramen recessed dorsally, lies at same level as jugular foramen (BI); hemispherical glenoid fossa; three shallow grooves for tendons of m.flexor hallucis longus, m.flexor digitorum longus and m. tibialis caudalis; odontoid process of astragalus well defined along entire proximodistal length of tibial surface; discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus roughly at right angles to one another in distal view; and proximodistal length of astragalus greater than or equal to anteroposterior length. + +PP = 99, age = 12.03 Mya (10.56–13.75). +This clade was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study although, as stated above, a monophyletic Thalassocnini is absent from par_IW5. +The clade was supported by nine synapomorphies (seven for both methods and two exclusively for BI): premolariform portion of palate much shorter than the length of molariform toothrow (BI); lateral and medial palatal processes of maxilla of equivalent length; ectotympanic fused dorsally; hypoglossal foramen recessed dorsally, lies at same level as jugular foramen (BI); hemispherical glenoid fossa; three shallow grooves for tendons of m.flexor hallucis longus, m.flexor digitorum longus and m. tibialis caudalis; odontoid process of astragalus well defined along entire proximodistal length of tibial surface; discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus roughly at right angles to one another in distal view; and proximodistal length of astragalus greater than or equal to anteroposterior length. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EFEF1C354932E.xml b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EFEF1C354932E.xml index e593570547b..12b41c9d7c4 100644 --- a/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EFEF1C354932E.xml +++ b/data/03/EF/87/03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EFEF1C354932E.xml @@ -1,95 +1,97 @@ - - - -Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models + + + +Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models - - -Author + + +Author -Casali, Daniel M +Casali, Daniel M - - -Author + + +Author -Boscaini, Alberto +Boscaini, Alberto - - -Author + + +Author -Gaudin, Timothy J +Gaudin, Timothy J - - -Author + + +Author -Perini, Fernando A +Perini, Fernando A -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2022 - -2022-12-01 + +2022 + +2022-12-01 - -196 + +196 - -4 + +4 - -1505 -1551 + +1505 +1551 - -https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 -0024-4082 -7381236 +journal article +199613 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041 +c62342a9-9254-4518-a373-588a3d66fb25 +0024-4082 +7381236 - - - -Prepotheriinae + + + +Prepotheriinae - -PP = 99, age = 17.11 Mya (16.20–18.61). - + +PP = 99, age = 17.11 Mya (16.20–18.61). + The clade is composed of the genera - -Prepotherium + +Prepotherium , - -Planops + +Planops and - -Prepoplanops + +Prepoplanops and was consistently recovered in all of our analyses. - -Planops + +Planops was recovered as the sister taxon to a clade uniting the other two genera in all but four analyses, those with H models— IW10_e, IW10_p, IW5_e and IW5_p. In these cases, - -Prepotherium + +Prepotherium assumed a stem position. - -Prepotheriinae + +Prepotheriinae was supported by 14 synapomorphies (ten for both methods and four exclusively for BI): absence of fossa anterior to Cf1 (BI); posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest (BI); postorbital process roughly at the level of maxillary foramen; triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); condyles lie just posterior, almost continuous with hypoglossal foramina (BI); absence of styliform process of ectotympanic; anteroposterior orientation of entotympanic; ventrolateral orientation of stylohyal articulation; presence of glenoid posterior shelf; strongly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus; medial epicondyle of humerus rounded to slightly pointed laterally; proximal half of femur wider than distal half; calcaneus tuberous and expanded, with distal apex rounded; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus. diff --git a/data/0B/01/79/0B01793C77475D19B8C02D1DB829440B.xml b/data/0B/01/79/0B01793C77475D19B8C02D1DB829440B.xml index 8d2e3c1db91..77cff6fd3d5 100644 --- a/data/0B/01/79/0B01793C77475D19B8C02D1DB829440B.xml +++ b/data/0B/01/79/0B01793C77475D19B8C02D1DB829440B.xml @@ -1,84 +1,84 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - -Anura indet. + + + +Anura indet. - -Material. -Six angulars HLMD-Ez 2086, eight premaxillae HLMD-Ez 2129, 38 humeri HLMD-Ez 2087, a number of bone fragments HLMD-Ez 2145. + +Material. +Six angulars HLMD-Ez 2086, eight premaxillae HLMD-Ez 2129, 38 humeri HLMD-Ez 2087, a number of bone fragments HLMD-Ez 2145. - -Remarks. -The bones are either very fragmentarily preserved or do not possess characters useful for further identification. + +Remarks. +The bones are either very fragmentarily preserved or do not possess characters useful for further identification. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/18/CE/62/18CE628A273956928FE5881DC6263025.xml b/data/18/CE/62/18CE628A273956928FE5881DC6263025.xml index ae563c9c3a0..655e721a276 100644 --- a/data/18/CE/62/18CE628A273956928FE5881DC6263025.xml +++ b/data/18/CE/62/18CE628A273956928FE5881DC6263025.xml @@ -1,345 +1,345 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - -Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et -sp. nov. + + + +Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et +sp. nov. - - -Ophisaurus spinari + + +Ophisaurus spinari 2014 -Ophisaurus spinari +Ophisaurus spinari - -Boehme +Boehme and Vasilyan: p. 29, fig. 3f. - -Etymology. -Based on the locality Echzell in Germany - one of two known localities, where this taxon occurred. + +Etymology. +Based on the locality Echzell in Germany - one of two known localities, where this taxon occurred. - -Holotype. -One parietal UMJGP 204.749. + +Holotype. +One parietal UMJGP 204.749. - -Paratype. -One parietal HLMD-Ez 1965. + +Paratype. +One parietal HLMD-Ez 1965. - -Range. -Germany (Echzell), early Miocene; Austria (Gratkorn), late middle Miocene. + +Range. +Germany (Echzell), early Miocene; Austria (Gratkorn), late middle Miocene. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Both parietals - HLMD-Ez 1965 from the early Miocene Echzell locality and UMJGP 204.749 from the late middle Miocene Gratkorn locality in Austria (see - -Boehme + +Boehme and Vasilyan 2014 ; fig. 3f), exhibit the same unique combination of features and can be placed to a single taxon without any doubts. Because the parietal UMJGP 204.749 (Fig. -13A, B +13A, B ) is better preserved than HLMD-Ez 1965 (Fig. -13C, F +13C, F ), it has been designated as the holotype for the new taxon. - - -Figure 13. - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + + +Figure 13. + +Smithosaurus echzellensis gen. et sp. nov. Holotypic parietal UMJGP 204.749 from the Gratkorn locality in ( -A +A ) dorsal, and ( -B +B ) ventral views. Paratypic parietal HLMD-Ez 1965 from the Echzell locality in ( -C +C ) dorsal and ( -D +D ) ventral views. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Anguine lizard distinguishable from - -Anguis + +Anguis , - -Pseudopus + +Pseudopus and - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus by two autapomorphic features: -the parietal table gradually expands laterally in the anterior direction in an extreme way; thus, it appears to be distinctly constricted at the level of the parietal foramen or slightly posterior to it. The lateral margins of the table markedly diverge anterolaterally from this point, inclining at an angle of about 30° from the median plane. Posteriorly located lateral margins diverge gradually posterolaterally and continue to more-or-less straight supratemporal processes. Due to the lateral expansion of the parietal table, the anterolateral corner of the parietal table reaches further laterally than the supratemporal process. The ornamented surface on the dorsal side of the bone gradually widens anteriorly as well (in contrast to being rectangular); -the parietal cranial crests diverge in the anterior direction to form a V that separates the cranial vault from the muscular surface laterally (the anteriormost section of the crests bents laterally rather than medially). -Besides these two autapomorphic features, this taxon is characterized by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) the occipital shield is large, its anteroposterior length is longer than the length of the posteriorly located smooth area; (2) a narrow muscular surface is present; (3) a short postfoveal crest is present; (4) anterior end of the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process joins the parietal cranial crest at the level anterior to the posteromedial margin of the floor of the parietal fossa. The parietal crest is sharp in the area of the junction; (5) the virtual line, continuing from the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process to the anterior margin of the parietal table, reaches the level as the lateral margin of the parietal foramen here; (6) the supratemporal process has a smooth ventrolateral surface, which fluently continues anteriorly to the muscular surface of the parietal table; and (7) the supratemporal process is straight. +the parietal table gradually expands laterally in the anterior direction in an extreme way; thus, it appears to be distinctly constricted at the level of the parietal foramen or slightly posterior to it. The lateral margins of the table markedly diverge anterolaterally from this point, inclining at an angle of about 30° from the median plane. Posteriorly located lateral margins diverge gradually posterolaterally and continue to more-or-less straight supratemporal processes. Due to the lateral expansion of the parietal table, the anterolateral corner of the parietal table reaches further laterally than the supratemporal process. The ornamented surface on the dorsal side of the bone gradually widens anteriorly as well (in contrast to being rectangular); +the parietal cranial crests diverge in the anterior direction to form a V that separates the cranial vault from the muscular surface laterally (the anteriormost section of the crests bents laterally rather than medially). +Besides these two autapomorphic features, this taxon is characterized by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) the occipital shield is large, its anteroposterior length is longer than the length of the posteriorly located smooth area; (2) a narrow muscular surface is present; (3) a short postfoveal crest is present; (4) anterior end of the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process joins the parietal cranial crest at the level anterior to the posteromedial margin of the floor of the parietal fossa. The parietal crest is sharp in the area of the junction; (5) the virtual line, continuing from the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process to the anterior margin of the parietal table, reaches the level as the lateral margin of the parietal foramen here; (6) the supratemporal process has a smooth ventrolateral surface, which fluently continues anteriorly to the muscular surface of the parietal table; and (7) the supratemporal process is straight. - -Description. - + +Description. + Parietal: The parietal UMJGP 204.749 (Fig. -13A, B +13A, B ) from Gratkorn is fairly preserved, whereas HLMD-Ez 1965 (Fig. -13C, D +13C, D ) from Echzell represents the posterior half of the parietal table, with the left supratemporal process being, however, only partly preserved. The description is therefore based mostly on the holotype UMJGP 204.749. The ornamented surface of several fused headshield osteoderms covers most of the parietal table. The ornamentation consists of well-developed foramina and pits of various sizes, being densely distributed. At the periphery of the ornamented surface, radiated grooves and ridges are developed. The interparietal shield is well recognized in both specimens. This region is pierced by the large anteroposteriorly elongated parietal foramen. Unfortunately, its anterior margin is not preserved. The occipital shield is very large. Its anteroposterior length is twice as long as the length of the posteriorly located smooth area. The parietal notch is well developed. The lateral (=parietal) shields are preserved (but note that the almost entire lateral margins of the parietal table in HLMD-Ez 1965 are damaged). The arcuate edge runs on the dorsal surface of the bases of the supratemporal processes and diminishes laterally. The right supratemporal process is almost completely preserved, being straight. The parietal table extremely widens anteriorly - so it appears to be distinctly constricted at the level of the parietal foramen or slightly posterior to it. Thus, the lateral margins of the table markedly diverge anterolaterally from this point, inclining at an angle of about 30° from the median plane. Due to the lateral expansion of the parietal table, the anterolateral corner of the parietal table reaches further laterally than the supratemporal process. The anterolateral corners protrude into anterolateral processes. The ornamented surface is not rectangular but gradually widens anteriorly as well. The anterior end of the interparietal sulcus lies medial to the anterolateral corner of the ornamented surface. -On the ventral surface, many diagnostic features can be recognized. The oval parietal fossa is small, located in the central posteriormost region of the parietal table. The short postfoveal crests are well developed. In ventral view, both cranial crests are preserved, especially the complete right one, including the anterior portions missing in the Echzell specimen. The cranial crests are sharp. They diverge anteriorly, forming a V-shaped outline that separates the cranial vault from the muscular surface laterally. The muscular surface is narrow, but present. The virtual line, continuing from the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process to the anterior margin of the parietal table, reaches the level as the lateral margin of the parietal foramen here. The ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process is well developed and preserved on the right side in UMJGP 204.749 and left side in HLMD-Ez 1965. Its anterior end joins the parietal cranial crest at the level anterior to the posteromedial margin of the parietal fossa. The cranial crest is sharp in this region. The root portion of the supratemporal process is broad. The other distal portion distinctly narrows posteriorly. The ventrolateral ridge is well developed. The supratemporal articulation extends anteriorly, being well visible on the lateral surface of the supratemporal process. Anteriorly to it, between the most anterior portion of the ventrolateral ridge and the anterolateral margin of the supratemporal process, a short ventrolateral surface can be recognized. This surface lies posterior to the parietal cranial crest-supratemporal process junction (note that it is broadly damaged in the Echzell specimen). - - -Figure 14. +On the ventral surface, many diagnostic features can be recognized. The oval parietal fossa is small, located in the central posteriormost region of the parietal table. The short postfoveal crests are well developed. In ventral view, both cranial crests are preserved, especially the complete right one, including the anterior portions missing in the Echzell specimen. The cranial crests are sharp. They diverge anteriorly, forming a V-shaped outline that separates the cranial vault from the muscular surface laterally. The muscular surface is narrow, but present. The virtual line, continuing from the ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process to the anterior margin of the parietal table, reaches the level as the lateral margin of the parietal foramen here. The ventrolateral ridge of the supratemporal process is well developed and preserved on the right side in UMJGP 204.749 and left side in HLMD-Ez 1965. Its anterior end joins the parietal cranial crest at the level anterior to the posteromedial margin of the parietal fossa. The cranial crest is sharp in this region. The root portion of the supratemporal process is broad. The other distal portion distinctly narrows posteriorly. The ventrolateral ridge is well developed. The supratemporal articulation extends anteriorly, being well visible on the lateral surface of the supratemporal process. Anteriorly to it, between the most anterior portion of the ventrolateral ridge and the anterolateral margin of the supratemporal process, a short ventrolateral surface can be recognized. This surface lies posterior to the parietal cranial crest-supratemporal process junction (note that it is broadly damaged in the Echzell specimen). + + +Figure 14. Phylogenetic position of - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + +Smithosaurus echzellensis . -A. +A. Single parsimonious tree recovered by TNT using NT (New Technology) search (with ratchet) and 1000 iterations; -B. +B. Tree showing Bremer / relative Bremer values at nodes recovered by TNT. - -Remarks. -See the discussion part. + +Remarks. +See the discussion part. - - + + Phylogenetic analysis of - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + +Smithosaurus echzellensis . - + The phylogenetic trees presented here are based on limited fossil material - the parietal, and thus more complete fossil specimens of this taxon are needed to draw more robust conclusions. However, in both two analyses, - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + +Smithosaurus echzellensis is consistently recovered as the sister taxon to either [ - -Ophisauriscus quadrupes + +Ophisauriscus quadrupes + - -Ophisaurus holeci + +Ophisaurus holeci ] + [ - -Anguis + +Anguis + - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus ] (in the first analysis) or [ - -Anguis + +Anguis + - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus ] (in the second analysis). In overall, the support for the clade is very low (no strict synapomorphy; the calculating Bremer supports collapsed the node into polytomy, see below) and thus, the interpretation of the - -Smithosaurus + +Smithosaurus relationship among anguines needs to be met with caution. - + A New Technology (NT) search in TNT produced a single tree (Fig. -14A +14A ). The position of - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + +Smithosaurus echzellensis is recovered as being sister to the clade [[ - -Ophisauriscus quadrupes + +Ophisauriscus quadrupes + - -Ophisaurus holeci + +Ophisaurus holeci ] + [ - -Anguis + +Anguis + - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus (all others except of - -O. holeci + +O. holeci )]]. The calculating Bremer supports collapsed the node (Bremer value 1, relative Bremer 25; Fig. -14B +14B ), with the relationship among - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + +Smithosaurus echzellensis and the clades [ - -Ophisauriscus quadrupes + +Ophisauriscus quadrupes + - -Ophisaurus holeci + +Ophisaurus holeci ] (Bremer value 3, relative Bremer 50) and [ - -Anguis + +Anguis + - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus ] (Bremer 2, relative Bremer 50) being unresolved. - + The heuristic search in TNT produced two equally parsimonious trees. In both, - -Smithosaurus echzellensis + +Smithosaurus echzellensis is recovered as sister to [ - -Anguis + +Anguis + - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus (all others except of - -O. holeci + +O. holeci )], whereas - -Ophisauriscus quadrupes + +Ophisauriscus quadrupes and - -Ophisaurus holeci + +Ophisaurus holeci are sister to the clade formed by - -Smithosaurus + +Smithosaurus , - -Anguis + +Anguis and - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus (all others except of O. -holeci +holeci ). This is contrary to the results from the NT analysis (see above). In the strict consensus tree, however, the position of - -Smithosaurus + +Smithosaurus is unresolved among [ - -Ophisauriscus quadrupes + +Ophisauriscus quadrupes + - -Ophisaurus holeci + +Ophisaurus holeci ] and [ - -Anguis + +Anguis + - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus (all others except of - -O. holeci + +O. holeci )], although all these taxa together form a clade. Thus, the topology of examined taxa in this strict consensus tree is identical to that figured in Fig. -14B +14B . diff --git a/data/35/59/78/355978966049518B8F26EF3AEE1387DA.xml b/data/35/59/78/355978966049518B8F26EF3AEE1387DA.xml index ba1e6111562..14bc006209d 100644 --- a/data/35/59/78/355978966049518B8F26EF3AEE1387DA.xml +++ b/data/35/59/78/355978966049518B8F26EF3AEE1387DA.xml @@ -1,173 +1,173 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - + + + cf. -Chalcides Chalcides sp. +Chalcides Chalcides sp. - - -Fig. 12C-H + + +Fig. 12C-H - -Material. -Right maxilla HLMD-Ez 1990, six right dentaries HLMD-Ez 1993-1998, one left dentary HLMD-Ez 1999. + +Material. +Right maxilla HLMD-Ez 1990, six right dentaries HLMD-Ez 1993-1998, one left dentary HLMD-Ez 1999. - -Description. - + +Description. + Maxilla: One fragment of a right maxilla is preserved. The specimen HLMD-Ez 1990 (Fig. -12C, D +12C, D ) represents the posterior region of the maxilla. The lateral surface of this specimen is completely smooth. This maxillary fragment bears eight tooth positions with five teeth still attached). The nasal process is partly preserved. Note, however, that the dorsoventral height of the posteriorly located posteroventral process of the maxilla is still significant. Thus, it forms the wall along the entire length of the process here rather than narrowing posteriorly into a tip. Moreover, the shallow notch is developed posteriorly between the dental crest supporting teeth and the dorsally located wall. Although the posterior portion of this dorsal wall is broken off, it can be estimated that, when completely preserved, it exceeds the dental part posteriorly. The dorsal margin of the posteroventral process is slightly damaged, but this portion has a thicker appearance than the ventrally located region possessing a longitudinal depression. This depression partly forms a jugal facet. The ventrally located supradental shelf is thin and expands laterally. It is dorsally convex, but only a small portion is completely preserved. No alveolar superior foramen is preserved here. This highlights a possible anterior position of this foramen. - + Dentary: The description is based on several fragments (Fig. -12E-H +12E-H ), most of which represent more-or-less anterior sections. The most complete specimen bears 20 tooth positions; however, its posterior region is broken off. The real tooth number is undoubtedly slightly higher. The dentary is slender, anteroposteriorly elongated. The bone gradually narrows anteriorly. In dorsal view, its anterior portion has a small medial curvature. The otherwise smooth lateral surface is pierced by several labial foramina located in the mid-portion of the bone. In medial view, the -Meckel's +Meckel's groove is narrow, but entirely open. The subdental shelf is medially protruded and robust, especially in the anterior region. It narrows posteriorly because of the presence of the splenial articulation facet. The symphysis is small, rectangular and somewhat narrow. -Dentition: The tooth implantation is pleurodont. The teeth are conical and high. They are closely spaced with small interdental gaps. The tooth crowns are mediolaterally compressed. Thus, the necks have a slightly lingually enlarged appearance. The tooth crowns have blunt apices. In medial view, they have a labial and lingual cusp. The lingual side, bordered by the culmen lateralis posterior and anterior, has striation formed by apicobasal ridges. They are more-or-less parallel to each other and their number usually varies from around five to eight. The labial aspect of the teeth appears smooth. Resorption pits pierce the tooth bases of some teeth. +Dentition: The tooth implantation is pleurodont. The teeth are conical and high. They are closely spaced with small interdental gaps. The tooth crowns are mediolaterally compressed. Thus, the necks have a slightly lingually enlarged appearance. The tooth crowns have blunt apices. In medial view, they have a labial and lingual cusp. The lingual side, bordered by the culmen lateralis posterior and anterior, has striation formed by apicobasal ridges. They are more-or-less parallel to each other and their number usually varies from around five to eight. The labial aspect of the teeth appears smooth. Resorption pits pierce the tooth bases of some teeth. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + All scincid elements here are assigned to one species based on the significant similarity in the dentition. Moreover, all elements are from the same locality and comparable in size. Besides tooth morphology (see Kosma 2004), the Echzell skink material can be allocated to the clade -Scincidae +Scincidae (sensu -Hedges 2014 +Hedges 2014 ; -Scincinae +Scincinae sensu -Estes et al. 1988 +Estes et al. 1988 ) based on the narrow but fully open Meckelian groove in the dentary. This is present in members of the -Scincidae +Scincidae clade and in, e.g., - -Ateuchosaurus + +Ateuchosaurus , whereas it is closed in members of -Acontiidae +Acontiidae , -Sphenomorphidae +Sphenomorphidae , -Eugongylidae +Eugongylidae , -Lygosomidae +Lygosomidae , -Egerniidae +Egerniidae and -Mabuyidae +Mabuyidae (see, e.g., -Greer 1970 +Greer 1970 , -1974 +1974 ; -Evans 2008 +Evans 2008 ; -Hutchinson and Scanlon 2009 +Hutchinson and Scanlon 2009 ; - -Cernansky + +Cernansky et al. 2020b ; - -Cernansky + +Cernansky and Syromyatnikova 2021 ). - + The specimens resemble members of the genus - -Chalcides + +Chalcides . The Miocene species of this taxon is represented by - -Chalcides augei + +Chalcides augei (see - -Cernansky + +Cernansky et al. 2020b ) and the Echzell material shows similarities to this taxon. Note that usually five striations are reported in - -Ch. augei + +Ch. augei , it can range from five to seven, and the small variation in the number of striae (from five to seven ot eight) can be seen in specimens from Austria as well ( - -Cernansky + +Cernansky 2016 ). However, the limitation of the Echzell material does not allow alpha taxonomy and caution is needed here. diff --git a/data/35/CF/22/35CF224F3C225FABA52DB2508CEF366B.xml b/data/35/CF/22/35CF224F3C225FABA52DB2508CEF366B.xml index abbd3295425..0e4d6875b9c 100644 --- a/data/35/CF/22/35CF224F3C225FABA52DB2508CEF366B.xml +++ b/data/35/CF/22/35CF224F3C225FABA52DB2508CEF366B.xml @@ -1,192 +1,192 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - -Bavarioboa cf. hermi + + + +Bavarioboa cf. hermi - - -Fig. 18A-E + + +Fig. 18A-E - -Material. -Forty-two trunk vertebrae HLMD-Ez 2146-2148, one cloacal vertebra HLMD-Ez 2149, four caudal vertebrae HLMD-Ez 2150 and HLMD-Ez 2150a. + +Material. +Forty-two trunk vertebrae HLMD-Ez 2146-2148, one cloacal vertebra HLMD-Ez 2149, four caudal vertebrae HLMD-Ez 2150 and HLMD-Ez 2150a. - -Description. - + +Description. + Trunk vertebrae: All but one trunk vertebrae come from the middle trunk portion of the column. Some of them are preserved in relatively good condition, perhaps due to their robust morphology as characteristic of constrictors. In lateral view, these vertebrae are as high as long. In dorsal and ventral views, they are distinctly wider than long. In the largest and best-preserved vertebra HLMD-Ez 2148, the centrum length measures 5.7 mm, centrum width - 7.2 mm, centrum length/centrum width equals 0.8. The interzygapophyseal constriction, especially in larger vertebrae, is weakly expressed. The centrum is subtriangular in shape. The haemal keel is prominent, broad and slightly broadening posteriorly. In a few vertebrae, however, the keel looks like a biconcave lens owing to the presence of a distinct constriction, located at the level of the subcentral foramina, and prominent broadenings at the anterior and posterior ends. The subcentral grooves and subcentral ridges are prominent. The neural arch is moderately depressed. The neural spine is very low (approximately three times longer than high), thick, and widening posteriorly (Fig. -18A +18A ). It occupies more than one half the length of the neural arch and begins immediately behind the zygosphenal articular facets. The zygosphenal roof is slightly convex or roughly straight in dorsal view. The prezygapophyseal and postzygapophyseal articular facets are usually subsquare in shape. The prezygapophyseal processes (if preserved) are very short and hardly visible dorsally. The paradiapophyses are subsquare in outline, higher than long, with indistinct subdivision into para- and diapophyseal portions. The cotyle and condyle are slightly flattened. The subcentral and lateral foramina are large. The paracotylar foramina are absent (Fig. -18D +18D ). - - -Figure 18. + + +Figure 18. Snakes from the Echzell. -A-E. -Bavarioboa cf. hermi +A-E. +Bavarioboa cf. hermi (HLMD-Ez 2148), middle trunk vertebra; -F-J. +F-J. " -Colubrinae +Colubrinae " indet. (HLMD-Ez 2159), middle trunk vertebra; -K, L. -Naja cf. romani +K, L. +Naja cf. romani (HLMD-Ez 2151), middle trunk vertebra. All vertebrae in ( -A, F, K +A, F, K ) lateral, ( -B, G, L +B, G, L ) dorsal, ( -C, H, M +C, H, M ) ventral, ( -D, I, N +D, I, N ) anterior and ( -E, J, O +E, J, O ) posterior views. -In the sole anterior trunk vertebra HLMD-Ez 2146, the haemal keel is replaced by a ventrally directed hypapophysis (its distal portion is broken). The neural spine of this vertebra is very short and relatively high in lateral view. Apart from these characteristics, the anterior trunk vertebra does not differ significantly from the middle trunk vertebrae. - +In the sole anterior trunk vertebra HLMD-Ez 2146, the haemal keel is replaced by a ventrally directed hypapophysis (its distal portion is broken). The neural spine of this vertebra is very short and relatively high in lateral view. Apart from these characteristics, the anterior trunk vertebra does not differ significantly from the middle trunk vertebrae. + Cloacal vertebra: One cloacal vertebra HLMD-Ez 2149, as characteristic for the sacral portion of the column, is provided with paired lymphapophyses (their distal ends are broken). The centrum length measures 3.4 mm, centrum width - 4.1 mm, centrum length / centrum width equals 0.8. Surprisingly, located on the ventral side of the centrum, minute but distinct paired haemapophyses are present, thus far the trait unknown in the genus - -Bavarioboa + +Bavarioboa (see below). -Caudal vertebrae: Four caudal vertebrae are provided with paired pleurapophyses (missing or partly missing in some vertebrae). In the largest caudal vertebra HLMD-Ez 2150, the centrum length is 4.0 mm, centrum width 4.5 mm, centrum length / centrum width 0.9. Situated on the ventral side of the centrum, are short but distinct paired haemapophyses (partly broken). +Caudal vertebrae: Four caudal vertebrae are provided with paired pleurapophyses (missing or partly missing in some vertebrae). In the largest caudal vertebra HLMD-Ez 2150, the centrum length is 4.0 mm, centrum width 4.5 mm, centrum length / centrum width 0.9. Situated on the ventral side of the centrum, are short but distinct paired haemapophyses (partly broken). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The constrictor from Echzell displays clearly diagnostic features of the genus - -Bavarioboa + +Bavarioboa , so among others: mid-trunk vertebrae distinctly wider than long; the interzygapophyseal constriction well expressed; the neural arch moderately depressed; the neural spine approximately as high as long, occupying one half the length of the neural arch; the haemal keel prominent; the zygosphene usually roughly straight; the prezygapophyses located clearly above the floor of the neural canal; the long axis of prezygapophyseal facets oblique in dorsal view; the prezygapophyseal processes weakly developed; the paradiapophyses subsquare in shape, with indistinct subdivision into para- and diapophyseal portions ( -Szyndlar and Rage 2003 +Szyndlar and Rage 2003 ). By their morphological characteristics and also relatively large size, the vertebrae are similar to those of the type species, - -Bavarioboa hermi + +Bavarioboa hermi , occurring in the German and Czech late early Miocene ( -Szyndlar and Schleich 1993 +Szyndlar and Schleich 1993 ; -Szyndlar and Rage 2003 +Szyndlar and Rage 2003 ; -Ivanov et al. 2020 +Ivanov et al. 2020 ). However, the peculiar hourglass-shaped haemal keels observed in a few trunk vertebrae suggest affinities with - -Bavarioboa crocheti + +Bavarioboa crocheti from the French late Oligocene. Interestingly, the sole mid-trunk vertebra of - -Bavarioboa + +Bavarioboa reported from Turkey by - + Szyndlar and -Hosgoer +Hosgoer (2012) was provided with a similar (i.e., - -Bavarioboa crocheti + +Bavarioboa crocheti -like) keel. Nonetheless, other morphological traits of the vertebrae from Echzell suggest that the snake represented - -Bavarioboa hermi + +Bavarioboa hermi or a closely related form. - + There is yet another strange anatomical peculiarity observed in the sole cloacal vertebra of - -Bavarioboa + +Bavarioboa from Echzell, namely the presence of the paired haemapophyses. This is surprising, because, in virtually all recent genera of the -Boinae +Boinae , haemapophyses are absent in the sacral region of the column as well as they are absent in the anterior caudals. Exactly the same morphological pattern was observed in some species of - -Bavarioboa + +Bavarioboa , whose vertebrae coming from the sacral / anterior caudal portion of the column of which were available ( -Szyndlar and Rage 2003 +Szyndlar and Rage 2003 ). However, there is at last one exception from this tendency in the -Boinae +Boinae , namely, the presence of haemapophyses was confirmed in the posterior cloacal vertebrae (as well in the anterior caudals) in the living boine - -Epicrates cenchria + +Epicrates cenchria (Szyndlar, unpublished observation). diff --git a/data/90/90/AF/9090AF123CA89418F62CA7CF7002D049.xml b/data/90/90/AF/9090AF123CA89418F62CA7CF7002D049.xml index ea6a114a748..12698561d91 100644 --- a/data/90/90/AF/9090AF123CA89418F62CA7CF7002D049.xml +++ b/data/90/90/AF/9090AF123CA89418F62CA7CF7002D049.xml @@ -1,48 +1,48 @@ - - - -A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae) + + + +A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Wood, Hannah M. +Wood, Hannah M. - - -Author + + +Author -Scharff, Nikolaj +Scharff, Nikolaj -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2017 - -727 + +2017 + +727 - -1 -96 + +1 +96 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222 -1313-2970-727-1 -12B663F7190040788E1EEF8BAC4DF81B +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.727.20222 +1313-2970-727-1 +12B663F7190040788E1EEF8BAC4DF81B - + -Archaeidae Koch & Berendt, 1854 +Archaeidae Koch & Berendt, 1854 @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ While archaeids have a substantial fossil record (12 genera; Forster & Platnick, 1984, and Zephyrarchaea Rix & Harvey, 2012a, from Australia; -Eriauchenius +Eriauchenius , and Madagascarchaea gen. n., from Madagascar; and diff --git a/data/DD/EF/56/DDEF56F32388509D976C3F81193F708E.xml b/data/DD/EF/56/DDEF56F32388509D976C3F81193F708E.xml index 46b228a2d55..85f3cedefeb 100644 --- a/data/DD/EF/56/DDEF56F32388509D976C3F81193F708E.xml +++ b/data/DD/EF/56/DDEF56F32388509D976C3F81193F708E.xml @@ -1,168 +1,168 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - - + + + + Chamaeleo andrusovi -Cernansky +Cernansky , 2010b - - -Fig. 11A, B + + +Fig. 11A, B - -Material. -One frontal HLMD-Ez 1960. + +Material. +One frontal HLMD-Ez 1960. - -Description. - + +Description. + Frontal: The frontal is partly preserved. Only its posterior region around the parietal foramen (sensu -Gauthier et al. 2012 +Gauthier et al. 2012 : character 105) is available. The dorsal surface possesses well-developed ornamentation formed by large, robustly developed, and distinctly pustular protuberances (Fig. -11A +11A ). Only four are preserved (note, however, most of the dorsal surface of two of them is damaged). In the posterior region, the protuberances are large and somewhat anteroposteriorly elongated. They appear to be moderately spaced with a more-or-less complex structure (somehow resembling gomphothere molars). The internal surface of the frontal (Fig. -11B +11B ) is pierced by a small, elliptical foramen. It opens a canal that continues anterodorsally (note that the preserved dorsal surface is not pierced by it). Lateral to it, rounded, dorsally sloped ridges are well-developed. They form the border between the central, bulged region with its central shallow longitudinal depression and two additional distinct depressions located lateral to the central region. These lateral depressions become more distinct anteriorly, being gradually more recessed (in other words, the central region is deeper relative to the lateral areas). In the central region, another hole is preserved, which was most probably caused by damage. - - -Figure 11. - -Chamaeleo andrusovi + + +Figure 11. + +Chamaeleo andrusovi ( -A, B +A, B ) and -Chamaeleonidae +Chamaeleonidae indet. ( -C-M +C-M ) from the Echzell locality. Frontal HLMD-Ez 1960 in ( -A +A ) dorsal and ( -B +B ) ventral views. Right maxilla HLMD-Ez 1961 in ( -C +C ) lateral, ( -D +D ) medial and ( -E +E ) ventral views. Right maxilla HLMD-Ez 1962 in ( -F +F ) lateral, and ( -G +G ) medial views. Left dentary HLMD-Ez 1963 in ( -H +H ) lateral, ( -I +I ) medial, and ( -J +J ) dorsal views. Left dentary HLMD-Ez 1964 in ( -K +K ) lateral, ( -L +L ) medial, and ( -M +M ) dorsal views. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Similar depressions located laterally from the central area with a foramen and being more anteriorly recessed, whereas the foramen opens a canal which continues anterodorsally, can be observed in extant - -Chamaeleo chamaeleon + +Chamaeleo chamaeleon as well. The typical ornamentation formed by distinctly developed and complicated pustular protuberances, which are moderately spaced and not arranged in a ridge here, allows allocation of this cranial bone to the European Miocene chameleon - -Chamaeleo andrusovi + +Chamaeleo andrusovi - -Cernansky + +Cernansky 2010b . This species was initially described from the early Miocene of the Czech Republic ( - -Cernansky + +Cernansky 2010b ) and later recognized from other areas of Europe (e.g., -Georgalis et al. 2016 +Georgalis et al. 2016 ; - -Cernansky + +Cernansky et al. 2017 ). diff --git a/data/F2/F6/1C/F2F61C839C4857E6BD63B16A4E759B22.xml b/data/F2/F6/1C/F2F61C839C4857E6BD63B16A4E759B22.xml index fa4a8208172..c40ff562313 100644 --- a/data/F2/F6/1C/F2F61C839C4857E6BD63B16A4E759B22.xml +++ b/data/F2/F6/1C/F2F61C839C4857E6BD63B16A4E759B22.xml @@ -1,113 +1,113 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - -Naja cf. romani + + + +Naja cf. romani - - -Fig. 18K-O + + +Fig. 18K-O - -Material. -Four fangs HLMD-Ez 2157, 50 trunk vertebrae HLMD-Ez 2151-5156. + +Material. +Four fangs HLMD-Ez 2157, 50 trunk vertebrae HLMD-Ez 2151-5156. - -Description. -Fangs: Four isolated teeth are venomous fangs. They are tubular, with acute distal tips. The discharge orifice, located on the anterior surface of each fang, is elongate and gladiate-shaped. The discharge orifice extends, towards the proximal end, in the form of a visible suture. The latter condition is characteristic of elapid snakes, whereas in viperids the anterior surface of the fang is generally smooth. Relatively small dimensions of the fangs suggest that they either belonged to juvenile / subadult individuals or were replacement (non-functional) fangs. - + +Description. +Fangs: Four isolated teeth are venomous fangs. They are tubular, with acute distal tips. The discharge orifice, located on the anterior surface of each fang, is elongate and gladiate-shaped. The discharge orifice extends, towards the proximal end, in the form of a visible suture. The latter condition is characteristic of elapid snakes, whereas in viperids the anterior surface of the fang is generally smooth. Relatively small dimensions of the fangs suggest that they either belonged to juvenile / subadult individuals or were replacement (non-functional) fangs. + Vertebrae: Most vertebrae come from the middle trunk portion of the column. In the largest (but partly damaged) vertebra (HLMD-Ez 2151, Fig. -18K-O +18K-O ), centrum length measures 7.1 mm, centrum width - 5.7 mm, and centrum length / centrum width ratio equals 1.25. At least in large vertebrae, the centrum is triangular in ventral view, with a flat or slightly concave ventral surface. The subcentral ridges are well developed, especially behind the paradiapophyses. The hypapophysis, preserved partly in few vertebrae, is thick, strongly inclined posteriorly and shows a straight anteroventral margin. The neural arch is rather depressed. The neural spine, preserved partly in few vertebrae, is approximately twice longer than high. Its anterior margin is straight. The shape of the posterior margin is unknown. The paradiapophyses are well developed with short but distinct parapophyseal processes (the latter is preserved only in two vertebrae). The zygosphenal roof is almost straight or slightly convex in dorsal view. The prezygapophyseal and postzygapophyseal articular facets are relatively small and oval-shaped. The prezygapophyseal process (preserved only on the left side of one vertebra) is well developed, somewhat shorter than the articular facet and possesses also a moderately obtuse tip. The cotyle and condyle are suborbicular or slightly depressed. The subcentral, lateral, and paracotylar foramina are distinct (Fig. -18K-M +18K-M ). -A few trunk vertebrae coming from the posterior trunk portion of the vertebral column are more elongated than those from the middle portion. One vertebra (HLMD-Ez 2154; centrum length 4.1 mm, centrum width is 3.0 mm, centrum length / centrum width ratio 1.4) is provided with a completely preserved hypapophysis. The hypapophysis is dagger-shaped and directed posteriorly. +A few trunk vertebrae coming from the posterior trunk portion of the vertebral column are more elongated than those from the middle portion. One vertebra (HLMD-Ez 2154; centrum length 4.1 mm, centrum width is 3.0 mm, centrum length / centrum width ratio 1.4) is provided with a completely preserved hypapophysis. The hypapophysis is dagger-shaped and directed posteriorly. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Based on the overall vertebral morphology, cobras can be rather easily differentiated from other European fossil snakes. The vertebrae of cobras -"mimic" +"mimic" the morphological pattern characteristic of large-sized -"colubrines" +"colubrines" but, unlike the latter, they are provided with hypapophyses throughout the trunk portion of the column. The vertebrae described above generally display the anatomical features characteristic (e.g., dagger-shaped and posteriorly directed hypapophysis) of the extinct species - -Naja romani + +Naja romani ( -Szyndlar 2005 +Szyndlar 2005 ). Considering the fragmentary state of preservation of the fossils, we prefer to use the species name with the qualifier -"cf." +"cf." . diff --git a/data/FC/89/A9/FC89A98367C45B4798C21B729E4C7F14.xml b/data/FC/89/A9/FC89A98367C45B4798C21B729E4C7F14.xml index 2fa20fbd735..fd9fa7ad6d3 100644 --- a/data/FC/89/A9/FC89A98367C45B4798C21B729E4C7F14.xml +++ b/data/FC/89/A9/FC89A98367C45B4798C21B729E4C7F14.xml @@ -1,145 +1,145 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - -Salamandridae indet. + + + +Salamandridae indet. - - -Fig. 6N-S + + +Fig. 6N-S - -Material. -One frontal, HLMD-Ez 2038, seven trunk vertebrae, HLMD-Ez 2034, 20 caudal vertebrae, HLMD-Ez 2035, nine vertebrae, HLMD-Ez 2051, 2052, 2062, two ribs HLMD-Ez 2036, HLMD-Ez 2037, two extremity bones HLMD-Ez 2052. + +Material. +One frontal, HLMD-Ez 2038, seven trunk vertebrae, HLMD-Ez 2034, 20 caudal vertebrae, HLMD-Ez 2035, nine vertebrae, HLMD-Ez 2051, 2052, 2062, two ribs HLMD-Ez 2036, HLMD-Ez 2037, two extremity bones HLMD-Ez 2052. - -Description and remarks. - + +Description and remarks. + A single frontal, with a length of 6 mm, displays a flat dorsal surface (Fig. -6N +6N ). In dorsal view, the most anterior portion of the bone possesses an articulation facet with the parietal that is covered by parallel to each other ridges. Comparison with recent similar-sized species shows most similarities with - -Salamandra salamandra + +Salamandra salamandra (MJSN-OS 806). However, due to the lack of comprehensive studies of the skull bones among salamandrids, an allocation of the bone to the family -Salamandridae +Salamandridae is more appropriate. - + The vertebrae are poorly preserved. They show ophistocoelous morphology partially with complex structures of haemal and neural processes, characteristic of the caudal region of the vertebral column ( -Duellman and Trueb 1994 +Duellman and Trueb 1994 ). On the one hand, the poor preservation and, on the other hand, the poor knowledge on osteological differences of the caudal region in - -Chelotriton + +Chelotriton and - -Salamandra + +Salamandra genera (both present in the fossil locality) make it at the moment impossible to identify the vertebrae correctly. - + Nine small-sized opistocoelous vertebrae are available in the material. They have variable preservation; however, a large number of structures/characters are missing for further identification. Considering the vertebra sizes as well as available similar-sized salamander taxa present in the material, most probably, they represent remains of - -Lissotriton + +Lissotriton , - -Mertensiella + +Mertensiella or - -Chioglossa + +Chioglossa . The juvenile and most distal caudal vertebra of - -Salamandra + +Salamandra and - -Chelotriton + +Chelotriton can be excluded because in the former form the juvenile vertebrae are not fully ossified, whereas in the latter the dorsal tip of the neural crest possesses a ornamented surface, which is missing here. - + Two bicapitate rips are present (Fig. -6P-S +6P-S ). Their lateral portion does not possess any process, which allows to exclude them from - -Chelotriton + +Chelotriton . Most probable, they should belong to the genus - -Salamandra + +Salamandra , which has a similar rib morphology and is represented in the material by large-sized individuals as well. diff --git a/data/FF/69/E9/FF69E9F7FD8C51E4A2EEB13293164477.xml b/data/FF/69/E9/FF69E9F7FD8C51E4A2EEB13293164477.xml index f3c4162dea4..f09af08cca5 100644 --- a/data/FF/69/E9/FF69E9F7FD8C51E4A2EEB13293164477.xml +++ b/data/FF/69/E9/FF69E9F7FD8C51E4A2EEB13293164477.xml @@ -1,163 +1,163 @@ - - - -Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany + + + +Amphibian and reptilian fauna from the early Miocene of Echzell, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Vasilyan, Davit -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 -JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland -davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch +Vasilyan, Davit +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-0678 +JURASSICA Museum, Route de Fontenais 21. 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland & Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musee 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland +davit.vasilyan@jurassica.ch - - -Author + + +Author -Cernansky, Andrej -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia +Cernansky, Andrej +https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-2503 +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia - - -Author + + +Author -Szyndlar, Zbigniew -Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland +Szyndlar, Zbigniew +Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland - - -Author + + +Author -Moers, Thomas -https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 -Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden +Moers, Thomas +https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-5824 +Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden -text - - -Fossil Record +text + + +Fossil Record - -2022 - -2022-05-10 + +2022 + +2022-05-10 - -25 + +25 - -1 + +1 - -99 -145 + +99 +145 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 -2193-0074-1-99 -7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC -2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83781 +2193-0074-1-99 +7A16698D4F1848D29D9651A6E0CC15AC +2F5D6AE2EEB55A17ACF1623B06B4EA8D - - - -Anguidae indet. + + + +Anguidae indet. - - -Fig. 16 + + +Fig. 16 - -Material. -Four caudal vertebrae HLMD-Ez 1981-1984, 73 osteoderms HLMD-Ez 1985-1987 (figured ones), HLMD-Ez 1988 (the remaining osteoderms). + +Material. +Four caudal vertebrae HLMD-Ez 1981-1984, 73 osteoderms HLMD-Ez 1985-1987 (figured ones), HLMD-Ez 1988 (the remaining osteoderms). - -Description. - + +Description. + Caudal vertebra: The caudal vertebrae (Fig. -16A-E +16A-E ) are elongate and narrow. Both pre- and postzygapophyses are small; thus, there is a typical tendency toward the elongation of the centra in caudal vertebrae and a relative reduction of all processes. The cotyle and condyle are dorsoventrally depressed. The neural canal is a tunnel-like structure here. The haemapophyses are fused to the posterior portion of the centrum, but, unfortunately, their ends are broken off. Only the bases of the anteroventrally oriented transverse processes (pleurapophyses) are preserved, being dorsoventrally slightly flattened. They are pierced by a foramen. The distal portions are, however, broken off. The neural spine is posterodorsally oriented, rather slim and pointed. The transverse autotomic split is present. - - -Figure 16. -Anguidae + + +Figure 16. +Anguidae indet. from the Echzell locality. Caudal vertebra HLMD-Ez 1981 in ( -A +A ) anterior, ( -B +B ) posterior, ( -C +C ) lateral, ( -D +D ) dorsal and ( -E +E ) ventral views. Osteoderms HLMD-Ez 1985 ( -G +G ), HLMD-Ez 1986 ( -E +E ) and HLMD-Ez 1987 ( -I +I ) in ( -F, H, I +F, H, I ) external and ( -G +G ) internal views. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The presence of an autotomic split indicates that we can exclude - -Pseudopus + +Pseudopus , in which only autotomic foramina are developed (see - -Cernansky + +Cernansky et al. 2019 ). In contrast, the autotomic split is present in both - -Anguis + +Anguis and - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus (see -Hoffstetter and Gasc 1969 +Hoffstetter and Gasc 1969 ). - + Osteoderm: A large number of osteoderms of several types are preserved in the material. The first type represents wide, rectangular osteoderms (e.g., HLMD-Ez 1985, Fig. -16G-F +16G-F ). There is a low medial ridge running along their central regions. However, the ridge is almost indistinctive and restricted only to the sculptured region. The anterior overlap surface is large and occupies about one-third of the external surface. The lateral bevel is the highest close to the overlap surface. The posterior portion of the external surface is ornamented. The ornamentation is formed by several tubercles, pits, long grooves, and ridges diverging from the central region. Three foramina pierce the central part of the internal surface. The second type (and the most common, as represented by HLMD-Ez 1986, Fig. -16H +16H ) includes slender osteoderms. In those, the medial ridge runs along the entire external surface, including both ornamented and anterior overlap surface. The third type (rare, HLMD-Ez 1987, Fig. -16I +16I ) is represented by a flat and wide osteoderm without a medial ridge. - + The differences might very likely represent individual variability and a different body topology from where osteoderms originated (e.g., ventral vs. dorsal armour; see, e.g., - -Cernansky + +Cernansky and Klembara 2017 ). Their determination to the alpha taxonomy level is currently impossible. Nevertheless, they resemble osteoderms of - -Ophisaurus + +Ophisaurus , but other taxa cannot be excluded.