diff --git a/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFC6FFF2DCE69C41FED3E966.xml b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFC6FFF2DCE69C41FED3E966.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a17b6cb8374 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFC6FFF2DCE69C41FED3E966.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1694 @@ + + + +Two new species of South Asian Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the southern tip of the Western Ghats, India + + + +Author + +Agarwal, Ishan +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Thackeray, Tejas +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Khandekar, Akshay +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; & Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India + +text + + +Journal of Natural History + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +58 + + +41 - 44 + + +1803 +1843 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 + +journal article +10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 +1464-5262 +14241413 + + + + + + + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis +Agarwal, Thackeray & Khandekar + +sp. n. + + + + + + +http://www.zoobank.org/ + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: +83F905FD-BA36-4C86-B975-8CCCF9DB248E + + + +( +Figures 3–7 +; +Tables 3–5 +) + + + + + +Holotype + + + + +NRC-AA-8334 +(AK-R 1073), +adult male +, +Kadukkarai +( +8.30224°N +, +77.46255°E +; ca. + +80 m +asl + +), +Kanyakumari District +, +Tamil Nadu State +, +India +; collected by +Akshay Khandekar +, +Ishan Agarwal +, +Swapnil Pawar +and team on + +5 April 2022 + +. + + + + +Paratypes + + + + +BNHS 2881 +(AK-R 1078), +adult male +, + + +ZSI-R-28777 +(AK-R 1074), +adult female +, same data as holotype; + + +NRC-AA-8335 +(AK-R 1046), + + +NRC-AA-8336 +(AK-R 1053), +adult males +, + + +BNHS 2882 +(AK-R 1045), +adult female +, from near +Valli Chunai +( +8.25560°N +, +77.35272°E +; ca. + +200 m +asl + +), +Thuckalay +, +Kanyakumari District +, same collection data as holotype except collected on + +3 April 2022 + +; + + +NRC-AA-8337 +(AK-R 1055), +adult male +, + + +ZSI-R-28776 +(AK-R 1056), +adult female +, from +Valli Chunai +( +8.25842°N +, +77.37250°E +; ca. + +600 m +asl + +), +Thuckalay +, +Kanyakumari District +, same collection data as holotype except collected on + +4 April 2022 + + +. + + + + +Etymology + + +The specific epithet is a toponym for Kanyakumari District of +Tamil Nadu State +, to which the new species is endemic. + + + + +Suggested common name + +Kanyakumari dwarf gecko. + + + +Figure 2. +(A) Plot of the first three principal components for mensural data of the two new species, ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. (B) Boxplots of select meristic characters. + + + + +Diagnosis + + +A small-sized + +Cnemaspis +, SVL + +up to 33.0 mm (n = 8). Dorsal pholidosis heterogeneous; weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with regularly arranged rows of enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles; last one or two rows of enlarged tubercles on flank weakly keeled, long and spine-like; 12 rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody, 12–17 tubercles in paravertebral rows; ventral scales subequal from chest to vent, smooth, oval or elongate, and subimbricate on pectoral region, becoming slightly larger posteriorly; 30–35 scales across belly at midbody, 128–138 longitudinal scales from mental to cloaca; subdigital scansors smooth, unpaired, unnotched; 11–13 lamellae under digit I of manus and 10–12 under digit I of pes, 15–17 (rarely 19 n = 1/8) lamellae under digit IV of manus and 18–22 lamellae under digit IV of pes; males with 3–5 femoral pores on each thigh, separated medially by 22–28 poreless scales (n = 5); tail with enlarged, strongly keeled, and pointed tubercles forming whorls; median row of subcaudals keeled on posterior one-third portion of tail, slightly enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale. Dorsum with diffuse light blotches including some in a vertebral row and numerous dark blotches; single black dorsal ocellus on neck; venter off-white with black speckles forming longitudinal lines on throat; original tail with 9–11 dark bands, regenerated tail grey. + + + +Figure 3. + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +(holotype, NRC-AA-8334). (A) Dorsal view of body; (B) Ventral view of body; (C) Dorsal view of tail; (D) Ventral view of tail; (E) Lateral view of tail. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Figure 4. + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +(holotype, NRC-AA-8334). (A) Dorsal view of head; (B) Ventral view of head; (C) Lateral view of head, right side; (D) View of femoral region showing femoral pores; (E) Ventral view of left manus; (F) Ventral view of left pes. Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Figure 5. + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +(holotype, NRC-AA-8334). (A) Dorsal view of midbody, (B) Ventral view of midbody, (C) Lateral view of midbody. Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Table 3. +Mensural (mm) data for + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +All the abbreviations are listed in the Materials and methods section except for: * = tail incomplete. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
TypeHolotypeParatypes
Museum numberNRC-AA-8334NRC-AA-8335NRC-AA-8336NRC-AA-8337BNHS 2881BNHS 2882ZSI-R-28776ZSI-R-28777
SexMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemaleFemale
SVL29.229.229.830.930.127.733.033.0
TL35.533.734.133.734.312.138.53.7*
TW2.72.73.53.23.02.72.93.1
LAL4.74.24.54.84.24.44.34.3
CL5.25.25.75.95.15.15.75.3
AGL14.711.813.113.914.712.616.615.5
BH3.32.03.61.63.63.04.13.8
BW5.15.65.66.55.45.16.66.5
HL7.67.78.08.37.77.58.48.3
HW4.95.05.35.75.14.55.45.4
HD3.02.93.23.63.22.93.23.1
ED1.81.61.71.61.71.61.81.8
EE2.42.42.52.82.42.12.52.4
ES3.83.93.94.33.83.64.23.9
EN3.03.13.13.42.92.93.32.9
IN0.91.00.91.00.90.81.00.9
IO2.32.32.02.32.22.02.42.4
EL0.70.40.60.50.60.50.60.6
+ + + +Table 4. +Meristic data for + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +All abbreviations are listed in the Materials and methods section except for: L&R = left and right; and A = absent. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
TypeHolotypeParatypes
Museum numberNRC-AA-8334NRC-AA-8335NRC-AA-8336NRC-AA-8337BNHS 2881BNHS 2882ZSI-R-28776ZSI-R-28777
SexMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemaleFemale
SL L&R10&911&119&910&109&89&89&910&9
IL L&R9&98&88&99&97&88&88&88&8
SL M L&R8&87&77&67&76&77&77&87&8
IL M L&R6&76&66&66&65&77&77&76&7
ESFL L&R3&67&64&64&63&44&45&64&5
PVT15&1313&1215&1717&1616&1614&1415&1615&14
DTR1212121212121212
MVSR3430313031323135
VS137128137133135130132138
DLAMF1 L&R9&99&99&99&99&119&109&99&9
BLAMF1 L&R2&22&22&22&22&22&22&22&2
DLAMF4 L&R11&1011&1112&1212&1311&1013&1212&1111&12
BLAMF4 L&R4&55&54&44&45&56&44&45&5
DLAMT1 L&R8&89&910&98&98&99&109&98&8
BLAMT1 L&R2&22&22&22&22&22&23&32&2
DLAMT4 L&R12&1212&1214&1413&1412&1213&1312&1312&12
BLAMT4 L&R6&67&78&76&78&77&76&67&7
DLAMT5 L&R11&1012&1114&1313&1311&1114&1413&1311&11
BLAMT5 L&R5&54&44&46&65&55&53&35&5
TLAMF1 L&R11&1111&1111&1111&1111&1311&1211&1111&11
TLAMF4 L&R15&1516&1616&1616&1716&1519&1616&1516&17
TLAMT1 L&R10&1011&1112&1110&1110&1111&1212&1210&10
TLAMT4 L&R18&1819&1922&2119&2120&1920&2018&1919&19
TLAMT5 L&R16&1516&1518&1719&1916&1619&1916&1616&16
FP L&R3&34&55&54&43&4AAA
SBFP2822232225AAA
PCT1&11&11&11&11&11&11&11&1
+ + + +Table 5. +Additional morphological characters of + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +A = absent; / = data unavailable. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Final numbersHolotypeParatypes
Specimen numberNRC-AA-8335NRC-AA-8336NRC-AA-8337BNHS 2881BNHS 2882ZSI-R-28776ZSI-R-28777
NRC-AA-8334
SexMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemaleFemale
Anterior extra-brillar fringe scales enlarged (0) or not enlarged (1)00000000
Dorsal ocellus present (0) or indistinct (1)00000010
Dorsal pholidosis homogeneous (0) or heterogeneous (1)11111111
Dorsal tubercles keeled (0) or smooth (1)00000000
Dorsal tubercles linearly arranged (0) or more random (1)00000000
Spine-like tubercles on flank present (0) or absent (1)00000000
Spine-like tubercles on flank short (0) or long (1)11111111
Gular scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)11111111
Gular scales protrudent (0) or flattened (1)11111111
Pectoral scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)11111111
Ventral scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)11111111
Femoral pores elongate (0) or round (1)00000AAA
Enlarged femoral scales present (0) or absent (1)00000000
Subtibial scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)11111101
Caudal tubercles encircle tail (0) or not (1)00000/0/
Lateral caudal furrows present (0) or absent (1)11111/1/
Subcaudals keeled only on tip (0) or posterior one-third length of tail (1)11111/1/
Median row of subcaudal scales keeled only on tip (0) or posterior one-third length of tail (1)11111/1/
Median subcaudal scale row not enlarged (0) or enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale (1)11111/1/
+ + +Comparisons with peninsular Indian congeners + + + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +can be easily distinguished from all 10 other major clades of South Asian + +Cnemaspis + +in +India +as well as + +C. boiei +, +C. jerdonii + +, and + +C. umashaankeri + +by a combination of the following differing or non-overlapping characters: males without precloacal pores, 3–5 femoral pores on each thigh, separated medially by 22–28 poreless scales (vs males without femoral or precloacal pores in + +C. boiei + +; males with only precloacal pores in + +C. beddomei + +clade; males with both precloacal and femoral pores in + +C. umashaankeri +, +C. bangara + +clade, + +C. goaensis + +clade, + +C. gracilis + +clade, + +C. monticola + +clade, and + +C. mysoriensis + adii + +clade; males with only femoral pores but> +8 in + +C. jerdonii +, +C. littoralis + +clade; males with 5–9 femoral pores on each thigh separated by 12–18 (rarely 19) poreless scales in + +C. wynadensis + +clade, expect for + +C. wynadensis +(Beddome, 1870) + +which has four or five femoral pores separated by 13–16 poreless scales, and + +C. kolhapurensis + +which has a continuous series of precloacal-femoral pores); spine-like tubercles present on flanks (vs spine-like tubercles absent on flanks in + +C. boiei +, +C. bangara + +clade, + +C. beddomei + +clade, + +C. indica + +clade, and + +C. wynadensis + +clade); small-sized, SVL of adults < +40 mm +(vs medium and large-sized, SVL of adults> +40 mm +in + +C. bangara + +clade; + +C. beddomei + +clade except for + +C. aaronbaueri +Sayyed, Grismer, Campbell and Dileepkumar, 2019 + +, + +C. galaxia +Pal, Mirza, Dsouza and Shanker, 2021 + +, + +C. nigriventris +Pal, Mirza, Dsouza and Shanker, 2021 + +, + +C. regalis +Pal, Mirza, Dsouza and Shanker, 2021 + +, and + +C. wynadensis + +clade expect for + +C. wynadensis + +); median row of subcaudals keeled on posterior one-third portion of tail, slightly enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale (vs subcaudal +types +A, B, C, or D in + +C. girii + +clade as defined by + +Khandekar +et al +. 2024a + +); not strongly sexually dichromatic (vs distinctly sexually dichromatic in + +C. beddomei + +clade, + +C. goaensis + +clade, + +C. gracilis + +clade, + +C. littoralis + +clade, and + +C. mysoriensis + adii + +clade). + + + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +is sister to the other divergent lineage from Kanyakumari which is described below, and otherwise genetically closest to members of the + +goaensis + +clade (five species) and morphologically to members of the + +gracilis + +clade (14 species), but can be easily distinguished from all by a combination of the following differing or non-overlapping characters: only femoral pores present, precloacal pores absent (vs both femoral and precloacal pores present in + +C. amboliensis +Sayyed, Pyron and Dileepkumar, 2018 + +, + +C. goaensis +, +C. ranganaensis +, + + +C. sakleshpurensis +Khandekar, Thackeray and +Agarwal, 2022 + +, and + +C. vijayae +Khandekar, Thackeray and +Agarwal, 2022 + +of the + +goaensis + +clade; and + +C. agarwali +Khandekar, 2019 + +, + +C. agayagangai +Agarwal, Thackeray and Khandekar, 2022 + +, + +C. fantastica +Agarwal, Thackeray and Khandekar, 2022 + +, + +C. ganeshaiahi +, +C. gracilis +, + + +C. jackieii +Pal, Mirza, Dsouza and Shanker, 2021 + +, + +C. mundanthuraiensis +Khandekar, Thackeray and +Agarwal, 2022 + +, + +C. pachaimalaiensis +Agarwal, Thackeray and Khandekar, 2022 + +, + +C. reticulata +, + + +C. rudhira +Agarwal, Thackeray and Khandekar, 2022 + +, + +C. salimalii +Agarwal, Thackeray and Khandekar, 2022 + +, + +C. shevaroyensis +Khandekar, Gaitonde and Agarwal, 2019 + +, + +C. thackerayi +Khandekar, Gaitonde and Agarwal, 2019 + +, and + +C. triedra + +of the + +gracilis + +clade); median row of subcaudals slightly enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale (vs median row slightly enlarged in + +C. amboliensis +, +C. goaensis +, +C. ranganaensis +, +C. sakleshpurensis + +, and + +C. vijayae + +of the + +goaensis + +clade; and median row distinctly enlarged in + +C. agarwali +, +C. agayagangai +, +C. fantastica +, +C. ganeshaiahi +, +C. gracilis +, +C. jackieii +, +C. mundanthuraiensis +, +C. pachaimalaiensis +, +C. reticulata +, +C. rudhira +, +C. salimalii +, +C. shevaroyensis +, +C. thackerayi + +, and + +C. triedra + +of the + +gracilis + +clade). + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +is diagnosed against the other new species as part of its description below. + + + + + +Description of the +holotype + + + +Adult male in good state of preservation except tail slightly bent towards right from the base, hemipenes are fully everted, and +3.6 mm +long incision on sternum region for tissue collection ( +Figure 3 +(A–E)). SVL +29.2 mm +, head short (HL/SVL 0.26), wide (HW/HL 0.64), not strongly depressed (HD/HL 0.39), distinct from neck. Loreal region marginally inflated, canthus rostralis not distinct. Snout half of head length (ES/HL 0.5), slightly more than two times eye diameter (ES/ED 2.11); scales on snout and canthus rostralis subcircular to oval, subequal, smooth anteriorly, becoming weakly keeled, and weakly conical posteriorly; much larger than those on forehead and interorbital region; scales on forehead similar to those on snout and canthus rostralis except smaller and weakly conical; scales on interorbital region even smaller, granular and smooth to weakly keeled; scales on occipital and temporal region heterogeneous, slightly enlarged, smooth, rounded, and conical tubercles intermixed with smaller, weakly keeled and weakly conical granular scales ( +Figure 4 +(A)). Eye small (ED/HL 0.23) with round pupil; supraciliaries short, larger anteriorly; six interorbital scale rows across narrowest point of frontal bone; 27 scale rows between left and right supraciliaries at mid-orbit ( +Figure 4 +(A,C)). Ear opening deep, oval, small (EL/HL 0.09); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye (EE/ED 1.33) ( +Figure 4 +(C)). Rostral slightly more than two times wider ( +1.35 mm +) than high ( +0.63 mm +), incompletely divided dorsally by a strongly developed rostral groove and internasal scale for more than half of its height; a single enlarged supranasal on each side, slightly larger than postnasals, separated from each other by a similar sized internasal scale; two postnasals, upper postnasal marginally larger than lower; rostral in contact with supralabial I, nostril, internasal, supranasal, and lower postnasal on either side; nostrils oval, surrounded by two postnasals, supranasal, and rostral on either side; two rows of scales separate orbit from supralabials ( +Figure 4 +(C)). Mental enlarged, subtriangular, slightly wider ( +1.60 mm +) than high ( +1.16 mm +); two pairs of postmentals, inner pair roughly rectangular, much shorter ( +0.46 mm +) than mental, separated from each other below mental by a single enlarged median chin shield; inner pair bordered by mental, infralabial I, outer postmental, enlarged median chin shield and a single enlarged chin shield on either side; outer postmentals roughly subcircular, even smaller ( +0.40 mm +) than inner pair, bordered by inner postmentals, infralabial I and II, and four enlarged chin shields on left and three on right side; three enlarged gular scales between left and right outer postmentals; all chin scales bordering postmentals smooth, flattened, roughly hexagonal, subequal and much smaller than outermost postmentals; scales on rest of throat even smaller, smooth, flattened, roughly hexagonal, and subequal ( +Figure 4 +(B)). Infralabials bordered below by a row or two of slightly enlarged, much elongated scales, decreasing in size posteriorly. Ten supralabials on left and nine on right side up to angle of jaw and eight at midorbital position on either side; supralabial I largest, rest of the series gradually decreasing in size posteriorly; nine infralabials up to angle of jaw on either side and six on left and seven on right side at midorbital position; infralabial I largest, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly ( +Figure 4 +(C)). + + +Body relatively slender (BW/AGL 0.34), trunk half of SVL (AGL/SVL 0.50), without ventrolateral folds; long and conical, spine-like tubercles on flank present ( +Figure 5 +(A–C)). Dorsal pholidosis heterogeneous;weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with regularly arranged rows of enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles; tubercles in approximately 12 longitudinal rows at midbody including long and conical spine-like tubercles at lower flank; 15 (left) and 13 (right) tubercles in paravertebral rows ( +Figure 5 +(A,C)). Ventral scales much larger than granular scales on dorsum, subequal from chest to vent, smooth, oval or elongate, and subimbricate on pectoral region, becoming slightly larger posteriorly; midbody scale rows across belly 34; 137 scales from mental to anterior border of cloaca ( +Figure 5 +(B)). Scales on base of neck similar to those on belly except much smaller; gular region with much smaller, smooth, flattened, roughly hexagonal,and subequal; those bordering postmentals enlarged ( +Figure 4 +(B)). Three femoral pores on each thigh, separated medially by 28 poreless scales ( +Figure 4 +(D)). + + +Scales on palms and soles small, smooth, oval or subcircular, and flattened; scales on dorsal aspects of limbs heterogeneous in size; upper arm with scales slightly larger than granular scales on body dorsum, weakly keeled, and subimbricate; scales on lower arm even smaller, weakly keeled and subimbricate; scales on thigh and much larger than granular scales on body dorsum, weakly keeled, and subimbricate; posterolateral aspect of thigh with small weakly keeled to smooth granular scales ( +Figure 3 +(A)). Ventral aspect of forelimbs with small, smooth, subimbricate scales, larger on lower arm than upper arm; ventral aspect of hindlimb with enlarged, smooth, flattened, subimbricate scales, slightly larger than body ventrals ( +Figure 3 +(B)). Forelimbs and hindlimbs moderately long, slender (LAL/SVL 0.16; CL/SVL 0.17); digits long, with strong, recurved claw, distinctly inflected, distal portions laterally compressed conspicuously. Digits with unpaired lamellae, separated into a basal and narrower distal series by single enlarged lamella at inflection; basal lamellae series: (2-4-4-5-4 right manus, 1-5-5-6-5 right pes), (2-4-5-4-5 left manus, +Figure 4 +(E); 2-5-6-6-5 left pes, +Figure 4 +(F)); distal lamellae series: (9–10-12-10-9 right manus, 8-9-12-12-10 right pes), (9–10-12-11-9 left manus, +Figure 4 +(E); 8-9-12-12-11 left pes, +Figure 4 +(F)). Relative length of digits (measurements in mm in parentheses): IV (2.4) = III (2.4)> V (2.2)> II (2.0)> I (1.6) (left manus); IV (3.4)> V (3.2) = III (3.2)> II (2.9)> I (1.6) (left pes). + + +Tail original except tip ( +4.5 mm +) which is regenerated, entire, subcylindrical, slender, slightly longer than snout-vent length (TL/SVL 1.21; +Figure 3 +(C–E)). Dorsal scales on tail base weakly keeled, granular, similar in size and shape to granular scales on midbody dorsum, gradually becoming larger, flattened, imbricate posteriorly, intermixed with enlarged, strongly keeled, distinctly pointed, conical tubercles; enlarged tubercles on the tail forming whorls; six tubercles each on first 10 whorls, 2–4 tubercles afterwards ( +Figure 3 +(C,E)). Scales on ventral aspect of tail much larger than those on dorsal aspect, subimbricate, smooth except for posterior one-third keeled; median series slightly larger than rest, with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale; scales on tail base slightly larger than those on midbody ventrals, smooth, imbricate; a single enlarged, weakly keeled, and conical postcloacal spur on each side ( +Figure 3 +(D)). + + + +Colouration in life ( +Figure 6 +(A)) + + +Dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail base light brown with numerous pale blotches and smaller dark markings. Head with some dark markings on parietal and occiput with alternating light and dark bands on labials. A faint preorbital streak from eye to nostril, two dark brown postorbital streaks terminating anterior to forelimb insertions and one suborbital streak extending onto throat. A single black ocellus with a fine margin of orangish scales on neck. Dorsum with five pale vertebral blotches from neck to tail base, interspersed with smaller dark brown spots on rest of dorsum and flank. Dorsum of limbs more muted than back, thigh with darker markings, digits with alternating dark and light bands. Tail with eight alternating dark brown bands, regenerated tip uniform grey. Venter off-white, with black speckles under throat forming two longitudinal markings. + + +Figure 6. + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +, in life. (A) Adult male (holotype, NRC-AA-8334), (B) Adult female (paratype, ZSI-R-28776). Photographs by Akshay Khandekar (A) and Ishan Agarwal (B). + + + + +Variation and additional information from the +paratype +series + + + +Mensural, meristic and additional character state data for the type series are given in +Tables 3–5 +. There are +four adult +males and +three adult +females, ranging in size from 27.7 to 33.0 mm ( +Figure 7 +). All +paratypes +resemble the +holotype +except as follows: internasal absent, supranasals in contact with each other behind rostral in ZSI-R-28776. Outer postmental bordered by inner postmental, infralabials I and II in all types and additionally bordered by four chin scales on either side in NRC-AA-8335, NRC-AA-8336, and bordered by three chin scales on either side in +BNHS +2882; outer postmental separated from each other medially by four enlarged chin scales in ZSI-R-28777. +Three paratypes +– NRC-AA-8336, ZSI-R-28776, and +BNHS +2881 – with original and complete tails, slightly longer than body (TL/SVL 1.14, 1.15, and 1.13 respectively); NRC-AA-8337 with tail complete with only tip regenerated, marginally longer than body (TL/SVL 1.09); almost entire tail broken and missing in +BNHS +2882 and ZSI-R-28777. Colouration of +paratypes +similar to +holotype +, 9–11 bands on original tail in NRC-AA-8336, ZSI-R-28776, and +BNHS +2881; regenerated tail brown, lacking bands ( +Figure 7 +(A)). Left forelimb is damaged from the base in +BNHS +2881; hemipenis is fully everted in NRC-AA-8335 ( +Figure 7 +(B)). + + + + +Figure 7. +Paratype series of + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +From left to right, NRC-AA-8335–NRC-AA-8337, BNHS 2881, BNHS 2883, ZSI-R-28776, and ZSI-R-28777. (A) Dorsal view, and (B) Ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + + +Distribution and natural history + + + + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +is known from two closely spaced hills ~ +12 km +straight-line distance apart (Kadukkarai and Thuckalay, Kanyakumari District, +Tamil Nadu +) at elevations of +80–600 m +asl ( +Figure 1 +). The habitats where the new species was found are characterised by dry thorn scrub or sparse deciduous forest dominated by granulite boulders. We surveyed the type locality on one day from late afternoon until night (~3.30–8.30pm) and the +paratype +locality on only one afternoon (~12.00–5.00pm). The new species seems to be diurnal/crepuscular, scansorial, and locally abundant. At collection sites, many individuals (n =>20) were observed active during the late afternoon to evening (16.00–.30pm) about 1 or +2 m +above the ground on granulite boulders in well-shaded areas ( +Figure 8 +(A)); and a few individuals were seen resting near rock crevices at night (7.00–8.30pm). Sympatric lizards encountered at the type locality include + +Hemidactylus hegdei +Pal and Mirza, 2022 + +; + +H. parvimaculatus +Deraniyagala, 1953 + +; + +Hemidactylus +cf. +frenatus + +; + +Cyrtodactylus +( +Geckoella +) +aravindi +Narayanan +et al +. (2022) + +; + +Eutropis carinata +(Schneider, 1801) + +; + +Calotes versicolor +(Daudin, 1802) + +; and + +Psammophilus +cf. +blanfordanus + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFDBFFC7DD079EEFFC44EB09.xml b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFDBFFC7DD079EEFFC44EB09.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9a1f632f9d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFDBFFC7DD079EEFFC44EB09.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@ + + + +Two new species of South Asian Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the southern tip of the Western Ghats, India + + + +Author + +Agarwal, Ishan +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Thackeray, Tejas +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Khandekar, Akshay +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; & Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India + +text + + +Journal of Natural History + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +58 + + +41 - 44 + + +1803 +1843 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 + +journal article +10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 +1464-5262 +14241413 + + + + + + + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae +Agarwal, Thackeray & Khandekar + +sp. n. + + + + + + +https://zoobank.org/ + +0DBBA297-D0A2-4963-8BCD- +27101169 +A886 + + + +( +Figures 9–13 +; +Tables 6–8 +) + + + + + +Holotype + + + + +NRC-AA-8338 +(AK-R 1092), +adult male +, near +Aralvaimozhi +( +8.24420°N +, +77.50831°E +; ca. + +200 m +asl + +), +Kanyakumari District +, +Tamil Nadu State +, +India +; collected by +Akshay Khandekar +, +Ishan Agarwal +, +Swapnil Pawar +, and team on + +5 April 2022 + +. + + + + +Paratypes + + + + +NRC-AA-8339 +(AK-R 1094), +NRC-AA-8340 +(AK-R 1095), +adult males +, same data as holotype; + + +NRC-AA-8341 +(AK-R 1098), +adult male +, + + +BNHS 2883 +(AK-R 1091), + + +ZSI-R-28778 +(AK-R 1097), +adult females +, near +Aralvaimozhi +( +8.25118°N +, +77.51523°E +; ca. + +170 m +asl + +), +Kanyakumari District +, same data as holotype + +. + + + + +Etymology + + +The specific epithet is a latinised eponym honouring Dr Geetha Iyer, entomologist and former biology teacher at Rishi Valley School, +Andhra Pradesh +, +India +, for her contributions as a teacher – instrumental in helping many children develop and sustain an interest in nature (including IA in particular), and for her help with our survey work in Kanyakumari District. + + + + +Suggested common name + +Geetha Iyer’s dwarf gecko. + + + +Diagnosis + + +A small-sized + +Cnemaspis +, SVL + +up to 32.0 mm (n = 6). Dorsal pholidosis heterogeneous; weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with regularly arranged rows of enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles; last one or two rows of enlarged tubercles on flank weakly keeled, short and spine-like; 10 (rarely 9, n = 1/6) rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody, 14–17 tubercles in paravertebral rows; ventral scales subequal from chest to vent, smooth, oval or elongate, and subimbricate on pectoral region, becoming slightly larger posteriorly 30–34 scales across belly at midbody, 132–148 longitudinal scales from mental to cloaca; subdigital scansors smooth, unpaired, unnotched; 11–13 lamellae under digit I of manus and 11 or 12 under digit I of pes, 18 or 19 (rarely 17, n = 1/6) lamellae under digit IV of manus and 20–22 (rarely 19, n = 1/6) lamellae under digit IV of pes; males with three or four femoral pores on each thigh, separated medially by 22–28 poreless scales (n = 4/6); tail with enlarged, strongly keeled, and weakly pointed tubercles forming whorls; median row of subcaudals keeled only on tip, slightly enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale. Dorsum with light blotches including four large in vertebral row and scattered dark markings; a single indistinct black dorsal ocellus on neck, venter off-white with black speckles most prominent under throat; original tail in males with 9–11 faint bands, regenerated tail brown. + + + +Figure 9. + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +(holotype, NRC-AA-8338). (A) Dorsal view of body; (B) Ventral view of body; (C) Dorsal view of tail; (D) Ventral view of tail; (E) Lateral view of tail. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Figure 10. + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +(holotype, NRC-AA-8338). (A) Dorsal view of head; (B) Ventral view of head; (C) Lateral view of head, right side; (D) View of femoral region showing femoral pores, (E) Ventral view of right manus, (F) Ventral view of right pes. Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Figure 11. + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +(holotype, NRC-AA-8338). (A) Dorsal view of midbody; (B) Ventral view of midbody; (C) Lateral view of midbody. Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Figure 12. + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +, in life. (A) Adult male (holotype, NRC-AA-8338), (B) Adult female (paratype, ZSI-R-28778), and juvenile (uncollected). Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + + +Figure 13. +Paratype series of + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +From left to right, NRC-AA-8339–NRC-AA-8341, BNHS 2883, and ZSI-R-28778: (A) Dorsal view, and (B) Ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Photographs by Akshay Khandekar. + + + +Comparison with peninsular Indian congeners + + + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +can be easily distinguished from all 10 other major clades of South Asian + +Cnemaspis + +in +India +as well as + +C. boiei +, +C. jerdonii + +, and + +C. umashaankeri + +by a combination of the following differing or non-overlapping characters: males without precloacal pores, three or four femoral pores on each thigh, separated medially by 22–28 poreless scales (vs males without femoral or precloacal pores in + +C. boiei + +; males with only precloacal pores in + +C. beddomei + +clade; males with both precloacal and femoral pores in + +C. umashaankeri +, +C. bangara + +clade, + +C. goaensis + +clade, + +C. gracilis + +clade, + +C. monticola + +clade, and + +C. mysoriensis + adii + +clade; males with only femoral pores but> +8 in + +C. jerdonii +, +C. littoralis + +clade; males with 5–9 femoral pores on each thigh separated by 12–18 (rarely 19) poreless scales in + +C. wynadensis + +clade expect for + +C. wynadensis + +which has four or five femoral pores separated by 13–16 poreless scales, and + +C. kolhapurensis + +which has a continuous series of precloacal-femoral pores); short spine-like tubercles present on flanks (vs short or distinctly long spine-like tubercles absent on flanks in + +C. boiei +, +C. bangara + +clade, + +C. beddomei + +clade, + +C. indica + +clade, and + +C. wynadensis + +clade); small-sized, SVL of adults < +40 mm +(vs medium and large-sized, SVL of adults> +40 mm +in + +C. bangara + +clade; + +C. beddomei + +clade except for + +C. aaronbaueri +, +C. galaxia +, +C. nigriventris +, +C. regalis + +; and + +C. wynadensis + +clade expect for + +C. wynadensis + +); median row of subcaudals keeled on tip of original tail, slightly enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale (vs subcaudal +types +A, B, C, or D in + +C. girii + +clade as defined by + +Khandekar +et al +. 2024a + +); not strongly sexually dichromatic (vs distinctly sexually dichromatic in + +C. beddomei + +clade, + +C. goaensis + +clade, + +C. gracilis + +clade, + +C. littoralis + +clade, and + +C. mysoriensis + adii + +clade). + + + +Table 6. +Mensural (mm) data for + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +All abbreviations are listed in the Materials and methods section except for: * = tail incomplete. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
TypeHolotypeParatypes
Museum numberNRC-AA-8338NRC-AA-8339NRC-AA-8340NRC-AA-8341BNHS 2883ZSI-R-28778
SexMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemale
SVL29.230.332.030.831.532.0
TL31.527.929.119.84.1*35.6
TW2.728.23.03.03.53.2
LAL4.84.75.04.64.84.7
CL5.55.96.05.65.76.0
AGL15.014.614.115.213.214.5
BH3.54.24.24.32.53.8
BW4.75.77.05.36.87.0
HL8.07.98.47.98.38.3
HW5.05.15.85.05.65.5
HD2.73.13.43.23.33.6
ED1.71.51.71.81.61.7
EE2.42.52.62.72.62.6
ES3.73.83.93.74.04.0
EN3.03.03.43.13.23.2
IN0.91.01.00.81.01.0
IO2.22.22.42.32.12.1
EL0.50.50.60.50.70.6
+ + + +Table 7. +Meristic data for + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +All abbreviations are listed in the Materials and methods section except for: L&R = left and right; and A = absent. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Final numbersHolotypeParatypes
Museum numberNRC-AA-8338NRC-AA-8339NRC-AA-8340NRC-AA-8341BNHS 2883ZSI-R-28778
SexMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemale
SL L&R10&108&810&1010&1010&1012&11
IL L&R8&87&78&88&819&109&8
SL M L&R7&85&77&76&87&78&8
IL M L&R6&75&65&66&66&66&6
ESFL L&R4&35&44&44&54&34&4
PVT14&1416&1516&1615&1516&1517&17
DTR10101091010
MVSR323030333434
VS142133148140138132
DLAMF1 L&R11&1010&1010&1010&1011&119&9
BLAMF1 L&R2&22&22&22&22&22&2
DLAMF4 L&R13&1312&1212&1312&1313&1312&12
BLAMF4 L&R6&66&66&66&66&65&6
DLAMT1 L&R10&109&99&99&910&109&9
BLAMT1 L&R2&22&22&22&22&22&2
DLAMT4 L&R14&1314&1313&1312&1314&1413&13
BLAMT4 L&R8&97&77&77&78&78&8
DLAMT5 L&R13&1213&1414&1313&1413&1413&12
BLAMT5 L&R6&65&55&55&45&55&6
TLAMF1 L&R13&1212&1212&1212&1213&1311&11
TLAMF4 L&R19&1918&1818&1918&1919&1917&18
TLAMT1 L&R12&1211&1111&1111&1112&1211&11
TLAMT4 L&R22&2221&2020&2019&2022&2121&21
TLAMT5 L&R19&1818&1919&1818&1818&1918&18
FP L&R3&34&44&44&3AA
SBFP28242522AA
PCT1&11&11&11&11&11&1
+ + + +Table 8. +Additional morphological characters of + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +A = absent; / = data unavailable. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
TypeHolotypeParatypes
Specimen numberNRC-AA-8338NRC-AA-8339NRC-AA-8340NRC-AA-8341BNHS 2883ZSI-R-28778
SexMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemale
Anterior extra-brillar fringe scales enlarged (0) or not enlarged (1)000000
Dorsal ocellus present (0) or indistinct (1)000000
Dorsal pholidosis homogeneous (0) or heterogeneous (1)111111
Dorsal tubercles keeled (0) or smooth (1)000000
Dorsal tubercles linearly arranged (0) or more random (1)000000
Spine-like tubercles on flank present (0) or absent (1)000000
Spine-like tubercles on flank short (0) or long (1)000000
Gular scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)111111
Gular scales protrudent (0) or flattened (1)111111
Pectoral scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)111111
Ventral scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)111111
Femoral pores elongate (0) or round (1)0000AA
Enlarged femoral scales present (0) or absent (1)000000
Sub tibial scales weakly keeled (0) or smooth (1)111111
Caudal tubercles encircle tail (0) or not (1)0////0
Lateral caudal furrows present (0) or absent (1)1//1/1
Subcaudals keeled only on tip (0) or posterior one-third length of tail (1)0////0
Median row of subcaudal scales keeled only on tip (0) or posterior one-third length of tail (1)0////0
Median subcaudal scale row not enlarged (0) or enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale (1)1//1/1
+ + + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +is similar genetically to members of the + +goaensis + +clade (five species) and morphologically to members of the + +gracilis + +clade (14 species) but can be easily distinguished from all by a combination of the following differing or non-overlapping characters: only femoral pores present, precloacal pores absent (vs both femoral and precloacal pores present in + +C. amboliensis +, +C. goaensis +, +C. ranganaensis +, +C. sakleshpurensis + +, and + +C. vijayae + +of the + +goaensis + +clade; and + +C. agarwali +, +C. agayagangai +, +C. fantastica +, +C. ganeshaiahi +, +C. gracilis +, +C. jackieii +, +C. mundanthuraiensis +, +C. pachaimalaiensis +, +C. reticulata +, +C. rudhira +, +C. salimalii +, +C. shevaroyensis +, +C. thackerayi + +, and + +C. triedra + +of the + +gracilis + +clade); median row of subcaudals slightly enlarged with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale (vs median row slightly enlarged in + +C. amboliensis +, +C. goaensis +, +C. ranganaensis +, +C. sakleshpurensis + +, and + +C. vijayae + +of the + +goaensis + +clade; and median row distinctly enlarged in + +C. agarwali +, +C. agayagangai +, +C. fantastica +, +C. ganeshaiahi +, +C. gracilis +, +C. jackieii +, +C. mundanthuraiensis +, +C. pachaimalaiensis +, +C. reticulata +, +C. rudhira +, +C. salimalii +, +C. shevaroyensis +, +C. thackerayi + +, and + +C. triedra + +of the + +gracilis + +clade). + + + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +is morphologically and geographically closest to its sister species + +Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +but can be easily distinguished by having 10 (rarely 9, n = 1/6) rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody (vs 12 rows of dorsal tubercles at midbody); subcaudal scales keeled only on tip of original tail (vs subcaudal scales keeled on posterior one-third portion of original tail); presence of short spine-like tubercles on lower flank (vs distinctly long spine-like tubercles on lower flank; and mean of 18.4 (17–19) TLAMF4 (vs 16.1 (15–19))). Additionally, + +C. geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +is 10.2 and 2.9% divergent from + +C. kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +in uncorrected pairwise ND2 and 16S sequence divergence, respectively ( +Table 2 +). + + + + + +Description of the +holotype + + + +Adult male in good state of preservation except tail tip bent towards right, and +1.6 mm +long incision on sternum region for tissue collection ( +Figure 9 +(A–E)). SVL +29.2 mm +, head short (HL/SVL 0.27), wide (HW/HL 0.62), not strongly depressed (HD/HL 0.33), distinct from neck. Loreal region marginally inflated, canthus rostralis not distinct. Snout half of head length (ES/HL 0.46), slightly more than two times eye diameter (ES/ED 2.17); scales on snout and canthus rostralis oval to elongate, subequal, smooth, becoming weakly keeled, and weakly conical front on the eye, much larger than those on forehead and interorbital region; scales on forehead similar to those on snout and canthus rostralis except smaller and weakly conical; scales on interorbital region even smaller, granular and smooth to weakly keeled; scales on occipital and temporal region heterogeneous, slightly enlarged, weakly keeled, rounded, and conical tubercles intermixed with smaller, weakly keeled and weakly conical granular scales ( +Figure 10 +(A)). Eye small (ED/HL 0.21) with round pupil; supraciliaries short, larger anteriorly; six interorbital scale rows across narrowest point of frontal bone; 26 scale rows between left and right supraciliaries at mid-orbit ( +Figure 10 +(A, C)). Ear-opening deep, oval, small (EL/HL 0.06); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye (EE/ED 1.41) ( +Figure 10 +(C)). Rostral slightly more than two times wider ( +1.33 mm +) than high ( +0.60 mm +), incompletely divided dorsally by a strongly developed rostral groove for more than half of its height; a single enlarged supranasal on each side, slightly larger than postnasals, separated from each other by a slightly smaller and elongate internasal scale; two postnasals, upper postnasal marginally larger than lower; rostral in contact with supralabial I, nostril, internasal, supranasal, and lower postnasal on either side; nostrils oval, surrounded by two postnasals, supranasal, and rostral on either side; two rows of scales separate orbit from supralabials ( +Figure 10 +(C)). Mental enlarged, subtriangular, slightly wider ( +1.38 mm +) than high ( +1.19 mm +); two pairs of postmentals, inner pair roughly rectangular, much shorter ( +0.48 mm +) than mental, separated from each other below mental by a single enlarged median chin shield; inner pair bordered by mental, infralabial I, outer postmental, enlarged median chin shield and a single enlarged chin shield on either side; outer postmentals roughly hexagonal, even smaller ( +0.38 mm +) than inner pair, bordered by inner postmentals, infralabial I and II, and three enlarged chin shields on either side; four enlarged gular scales between left and right outer postmentals; all chin scales bordering postmentals smooth, flattened, roughly hexagonal or circular, juxtaposed, subequal and much smaller than outermost postmentals; scales on rest of throat even smaller, roughly hexagonal or circular, juxtaposed, subequal ( +Figure 10 +(B)). Infralabials bordered below by a row or two of slightly enlarged, much elongated scales, decreasing in size posteriorly. Ten supralabials up to angle of jaw and seven on left and eight on right side at midorbital position; supralabial I largest, rest of the series gradually decreasing in size posteriorly; eight infralabials up to angle of jaw on either side and six on left and seven on right side at midorbital position; infralabial I largest, gradually decreasing in size posteriorly ( +Figure 10 +(C)). + + +Body relatively slender (BW/AGL 0.31), trunk half of SVL (AGL/SVL 0.51) without ventrolateral folds; short and conical spine-like tubercles on flank present ( +Figure 11 +(A–C)). Dorsal pholidosis heterogeneous; weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with regularly arranged rows of enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles; tubercles in approximately 9 or 10 longitudinal rows at midbody including short and conical spine-like tubercles at lower flank; 14 tubercles in paravertebral rows ( +Figure 11 +(A,C)). Ventral scales much larger than granular scales on dorsum, subequal from chest to vent, smooth, oval or elongate, and subimbricate on pectoral region, becoming slightly larger posteriorly; midbody scale rows across belly 32; 142 scales from mental to anterior border of cloaca ( +Figure 11 +(B)). Scales on base of neck similar to those on belly except much smaller; gular region with much smaller, smooth, flattened, roughly hexagonal, juxtaposed, and subequal; those bordering postmentals enlarged ( +Figure 10 +(B)). Three femoral pores on each thigh, separated medially by 28 poreless scales ( +Figure 10 +(D)). + + +Scales on palms and soles small, smooth, oval or subcircular, and flattened; scales on dorsal aspects of limbs heterogeneous in size; upper arm with scales slightly larger than granular scales on body dorsum, weakly keeled, and subimbricate; scales on lower arm even smaller, weakly keeled and subimbricate; scales on thigh and much larger than granular scales on body dorsum, weakly keeled, and subimbricate; posterolateral aspect of thigh with small, weakly keeled to smooth granular scales ( +Figure 9 +(A)). Ventral aspect of forelimbs with small, smooth, subimbricate scales, larger on lower arm than upper arm; ventral aspect of hindlimb with enlarged, smooth, flattened, subimbricate scales, slightly larger than body ventrals ( +Figure 9 +(B)). Forelimbs and hindlimbs moderately long, slender (LAL/SVL 0.16; CL/SVL 0.18); digits long, with strong, recurved claw, distinctly inflected, distal portions laterally compressed conspicuously. Digits with unpaired lamellae, separated into a basal and narrower distal series by single enlarged lamella at inflection; basal lamellae series: (2-5-6-6-5 right manus, +Figure 10 +(E); 2-7-7-9-6 right pes, +Figure 10 +(F)), (2-6- 6-6-5 left manus, 2-6-7-8-5 left pes); distal lamellae series: (10–11-13-13-11 right manus, +Figure 10 +(E); 10-11-14-13-12 right pes, +Figure 10 +(F)), (11-11-14-13-11 left manus, 10 - 11- 14-14-13 left pes). Relative length of digits (measurements in mm in parentheses): IV (2.9) = III (2.9)> II (2.8)> V (2.7)> I (1.9) (right manus); IV (3.9)> V (3.3) = III (3.3)> II (2.9)> I (2.1) (right pes). + + +Tail original, entire, subcylindrical, slender, marginally longer than snout-vent length (TL/SVL 1.07; +Figure 9 +(C–E)). Dorsal scales on tail base weakly keeled, granular, similar in size and shape to granular scales on midbody dorsum, gradually becoming larger, flattened, imbricate posteriorly, intermixed with enlarged, strongly keeled, weakly pointed, conical tubercles; enlarged tubercles on the tail forming whorls; six tubercles each on first nine whorls, 2–4 tubercles afterwards ( +Figure 9 +(C)). Scales on ventral aspect of tail much larger than those on dorsal aspect, subimbricate, smooth except for tip which are keeled; median series slightly larger than rest, with condition of two or three slightly enlarged scales alternating with an enlarged scale; scales on tail base slightly larger than those on midbody ventrals, smooth, imbricate; a single enlarged, weakly keeled, and conical postcloacal spur on each side ( +Figure 9 +(D)). + + + +Colouration in life ( +Figure 12 +(A)) + + +Dorsum of head, body, limbs and tail base light brown with numerous pale blotches and scattered smaller dark markings. Head with pale blotches and alternating light and dark bands on labials. A faint preorbital streak from eye to nostril, two dark brown postorbital streaks terminating anterior to forelimb insertions and one suborbital streak extending onto throat. A faint, single dark ocellus on neck. Dorsum with five large, pale vertebral blotches from neck of which the two at tail base most prominent, interspersed with scattered light and dark markings on rest of dorsum and flank. Dorsum of limbs more muted than back, thigh with few darker markings, digits with alternating dark and light bands. Tail with nine alternating dark brown bands. Venter off-white with black speckles, most prominent under throat. + + +Variation and additional information from the +paratype +series + + + +Mensural, meristic and additional character state data for the type series are given in +Tables 6–8 +. There are +three adult +males and +two adult +females, ranging in size from +30.3 to 32.1 mm +( +Figure 13 +). All +paratypes +resemble the +holotype +except as follows: two enlarged chin scales separate inner postmentals below mental in NRC-AA-8341; inner postmental bordered by mental, infralabial I, outer postmental, in all +paratypes +, additionally, bordered by median chin shields and three chin scales on either side in NRC-AA-8339, by two median chin shields and a single chin scale on either side in NRC-AA-8341. Outer postmental bordered by inner postmental, infralabials I and II in all +paratypes +, additionally bordered by four chin scales on either side in NRC-AA-8339, bordered by three chin scales on left and four on right side in NRC-AA-8340 and NRC-AA-8341; outer postmental separated from each other medially by three enlarged chin scales in NRC-AA-8339, NRC-AA-8340, +BNHS +2883, and ZSI-R-28778. ZSI-R-28778 with original and complete tails, slightly longer than body (TL/SVL 1.11); +two paratypes +– NRC-AA-8339 and NRC-AA-8340 – with regenerated but complete tails, marginally shorter than body (TL/SVL 0.92 and 0.90, respectively); half of the tail broken and missing in NRC-AA-8341; and tail completely broken and missing in +BNHS +2883 ( +Figure 13 +(A)). Hemipenis fully everted in all +three male +paratypes +( +Figure 13 +(B)). Colouration of +paratypes +similar to +holotype +except some individuals with more dark markings, 9–11 bands on original tail, and regenerated tail uniform light brown, lacking bands; colouration on original tail in juvenile (uncollected) yellowish green ( +Figures 12 +(B,C); 13(B)). + + + + + +Distribution and natural history + + + + +Cnemaspis geethaiyerae + + +sp. n. + +is known only from two locations ~ +1 km +apart on a small hill, near Aralvaimozhi, Kanyakumari District, +Tamil Nadu +, at elevations of +170–200 m +asl, ~8 and +17 km +, respectively, straight-line distance from the known localities of + +C. kanyakumariensis + + +sp. n. + +( +Figure 1 +). The habitat where the new species was found is characterised by dry thorny forest or sparse deciduous forest dominated by granulite boulders ( +Figure 8 +(B)). We surveyed the hill on only one day during the late afternoon until night (3.30–8.30pm) and observed the new species active on boulders in large numbers and on temple walls about +1–2 m +above the ground in well-shaded areas (n => 25). At night, the species was observed resting exposed on rocks without any movement (n => 10). Sympatric lizards encountered at the +type +locality include + +Hemidactylus hegdei +, +H. parvimaculatus +, + + +H +. cf. +whitakeri + +, + +Hemidactylus +cf. +frenatus + +, + +Cyrtodactylus +( +Geckoella +) +aravindi + + +, +Eutropis carinata +, +Calotes versicolor + +, and + +Psammophilus +cf. +blanfordanus + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFEBFFC2DCA79EECFD03EDEE.xml b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFEBFFC2DCA79EECFD03EDEE.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4a6fba1fbc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFEBFFC2DCA79EECFD03EDEE.xml @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ + + + +Two new species of South Asian Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the southern tip of the Western Ghats, India + + + +Author + +Agarwal, Ishan +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Thackeray, Tejas +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Khandekar, Akshay +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; & Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India + +text + + +Journal of Natural History + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +58 + + +41 - 44 + + +1803 +1843 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 + +journal article +10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 +1464-5262 +14241413 + + + + + + +gracilis +clade + + + + + + + +Cnemaspis agarwali + +: + +holotype +, +NCBS-AU486 +(adult male); + + +paratypes +, +NCBS-AU487 +, +BNHS 2337 +, +NCBS-AU488 +, NCBSAU490, and +BNHS 2338 +(adult males), + + +NCBS-AU485 +, +BNHS 2336 +, and +BNHS 2339 +(adult females), from +Sankari +, +Salem District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis agayagangai + +: + +holotype +, NRC-AA-1213 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1215, NRC-AA-1214, NRC-AA-1220, NRC-AA-1216, NRC-AA-1217 (adult males), + + +NRC-AA-1219, NRC-AA-1221, NRC-AA-1218 (adult females), from +Kolli Hills +, +Namakkal District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis fantastica + +: + +holotype +, NRC-AA-1222 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1224, NRC-AA-1225, NRC-AA-1227, NRCAA-1229 (adult males), + + +NRC-AA-1223, NRC-AA-1226, NRC-AA-1228 (adult females), +Kolli Hills +, +Solakkadu +, +Namakkal District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis gracilis + +: + +BNHS 3128 +(adult male), + + +BNHS 3129 +(adult female), from +Chennathanair Reserve Forest +, +Palakkad District +, +Kerala +; NRC-AA-1248–NRC-AA-1250, NRC-AA-1252–NRC-AA-1254 (adult males), + +NRC-AA-1255 (subadult male), + +NRC-AA-1251 (adult female), from +Valparai Town +, +Coimbatore District +, +Tamil Nadu +; + + +NRC-AA-1277 (adult male), NRC-AA-1278 (adult female), NRC-AA-1279 (juvenile), from +Timber Market +, +Sambhaji Nagar +, +Kolhapur District +, +Maharashtra +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis jackieii + +: + +holotype +, +BNHS 2620 +(adult male), from near +Karuppanadhi +dam, +Vairavankulam Reserve Forest +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis mundanthuraiensis + +: + +holotype +, NRC-AA-1175 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1176, NRC-AA-1177, NRC-AA-1178, +BNHS 2822 +, +BNHS 2824 +, and +BNHS 2825 +(adult males), + + +BNHS 2823 +(adult female), NRC-AA-1179 (subadult female) from +Papanasam Reserve Forest +, + +Mundanthurai Forest +Range + +, +Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve +, +Tirunelveli District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis pachaimalaiensis + +: + +holotype +, NRC-AA-1230 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1231– NRCAA-1233, NRC-AA-1235–NRC-AA-1237 (adult males), + + +NRC-AA-1234 (adult female), from +Pachaimalai Hills +, +Trichy District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis rudhira + +: + +holotype +, NRC-AA-1238 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1246, NRC-AA-1239– NRC-AA-1241, NRC-AA-1243–NRC-AA-1245 (adult males), + + +NRCAA-1247, NRC-AA-1242 (adult females), from +Yercaud +, in the +Shevaroy Hills +, +Salem District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis salimalii + +: + +holotype +, NRC-AA-1204 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1205, NRC-AA-1206 (subadult males), NRC-AA-1207–NRC-AA-1209, NRC-AA-1212 (adult males), + + +NRC-AA-1210, NRCAA-1211 (adult females), from the vicinity of +Nallathambi +resort, +Semmedu +, +Kolli Hills +, +Namakkal District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis shevaroyensis + +: + +holotype +, +NCBS-BH674 +(adult male); + + +paratypes +, +BNHS 2530 +, +BNHS 2531 +(adult males), + + +NCBS-BH675 +, +NCBS-BH676 +, +BNHS 2529 +(adult females) from the +Shevaroy Hills +, +Salem District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + +Cnemaspis thackerayi + +: + +holotype +, +NCBS-BH670 +(adult male); + + +paratypes +, +NCBS-BH671 +, +BNHS 2527 +(adult males), + + +NCBS-BH672 +, +NCBS-BH673 +, +BNHS 2526 +, +BNHS 2528 +(adult females) from +Yercaud +, in +Shevaroy Hills +, +Salem District +, +Tamil Nadu +, +India + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFEBFFCDDCA79914FDAFEA35.xml b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFEBFFCDDCA79914FDAFEA35.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8ffaa0c550c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/BE/2B/87/BE2B8786FFEBFFCDDCA79914FDAFEA35.xml @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ + + + +Two new species of South Asian Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the southern tip of the Western Ghats, India + + + +Author + +Agarwal, Ishan +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Thackeray, Tejas +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; + + + +Author + +Khandekar, Akshay +Thackeray Wildlife Foundation, Mumbai, India; & Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India + +text + + +Journal of Natural History + + +2024 + +2024-09-19 + + +58 + + +41 - 44 + + +1803 +1843 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 + +journal article +10.1080/00222933.2024.2400730 +1464-5262 +14241413 + + + + + + +goaensis +clade + + + + + + + +Cnemaspis amboliensis + +: + +holotype +, +BNHS 2458 +(adult male); + + +paratypes +, +BNHS 2504 +– +BNHS 2508 +(adult males), + + +BNHS 2459 +(adult female), from +Amboli +, +Sindhudurg District +, +Maharashtra +, +India + +. + + + + +Cnemaspis goaensis + +: NRC-AA-1124, NRC-AA-1125, ZSI/WGRC-3150 (adult males), + + +NRC-AA-1127 (adult female), from Botanical garden of Smt. +Kasturbai Walchand College +, +Sangli District +, +Maharashtra +; + +ZSI/WGRC-3151 (adult male), + +ZSI/WGRC-3152, ZSI/WGRC-3153 (adult females), from +between Canacona and Poinguinim, South +Goa District +, +Goa +; + + +BNHS 2801 +, +BNHS 2802 +(adult males), + + +BNHS 2804 +, +BNHS 2803 +(adult females), from near Gund; NRC-AA-1126 (adult male), from near Ganeshgudi bus stop, Uttara Kanada District, +Karnataka +, +India + +. + + + + +Cnemaspis ranganaensis + +: AK-R 788, AK-R 789 (adult males), + + +AK-R 792, AK-R 793 (adult females), from Rangana Fort, Kolhapur District, +Maharashtra +, +India +. + + + + + +Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis + +: +holotype +, +BNHS 2814 +(adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1165 (adult female) + + +NRC-AA-1164 (subadult female), from the vicinity of +Mookanana Resort +, +Hongadahalla Village +, +Sakleshpur +, +Hassan District +, +Karnataka +, +India + +. + + + + +Cnemaspis vijayae + +: +holotype +. NRC-AA-1188 (adult male); + + +paratypes +, NRC-AA-1186, +BNHS 2815 +(adult males), + + +NRC-AA-1185, NRC-AA-1187 (adult females), from + + +Honey +Valley + +Estate + +near +Byllikere +peak, +Kodagu District +, +Karnataka +, +India + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FD/1A/87/FD1A87BFA527FFEB50D3F9B4FD95FCC6.xml b/data/FD/1A/87/FD1A87BFA527FFEB50D3F9B4FD95FCC6.xml index 2f4cee14f98..d99eb916553 100644 --- a/data/FD/1A/87/FD1A87BFA527FFEB50D3F9B4FD95FCC6.xml +++ b/data/FD/1A/87/FD1A87BFA527FFEB50D3F9B4FD95FCC6.xml @@ -1,47 +1,47 @@ - - - -Revision of the genus Calyxochaetus Bigot (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sympycninae) + + + +Revision of the genus Calyxochaetus Bigot (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sympycninae) - - -Author + + +Author -Runyon, Justin B. -0000-0002-0271-0511 -Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7 th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA -justin.runyon@usda.gov +Runyon, Justin B. +0000-0002-0271-0511 +Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7 th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA +justin.runyon@usda.gov -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-11-21 + +2024 + +2024-11-21 - -5539 + +5539 - -1 + +1 - -1 -74 + +1 +74 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5539.1.1 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5539.1.1 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5539.1.1 -1175-5334 -14240426 -7BDB9666-CA90-40BF-8F65-B9897CDA1F2B +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5539.1.1 +1175-5334 +14240426 +7BDB9666-CA90-40BF-8F65-B9897CDA1F2B @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ ) [photos examined] . - + PARALECTOTYPE :