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<subSubSection id="FF7A401D4D1B6DEC4FA1B3541952BA80" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1240C081808FE0DF00C6AF034DAF2406">
<heading id="267A893BAFDC85AA5519EB56053FADD5" reason="label">Ichnospecies</heading>
<taxonomicName id="93E80246FDD57F7C32306F606BF11629" authority="de Valais &amp; Melchor, 2008" authorityName="de Valais &amp; Melchor" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" genus="Gruipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dominguensis">
<emphasis id="FC0D43520226B966B44A2E575B519377" italics="true">Gruipeda dominguensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3E7036EA3FE04ECDCD8214F65943FEE7" DOI="10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[145:IOBFAE]2.0.CO;2" author="De Valais S &amp; Melchor RN" refId="B26" refString="De Valais S, Melchor RN (2008) Ichnotaxonomy of bird-like footprints: an example from the Late Triassic - Early Jurassic of northwest Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 145 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 [145: IOBFAE] 2.0. CO; 2" year="2008">
de
<collectingRegion id="DBD7106DF63215569EF4EC8FD54EAFFB" country="Switzerland" name="Valais">Valais</collectingRegion>
&amp; Melchor, 2008
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</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9B2916BEB7BC9F775E9DFCD274CF343D" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C89792554B54BCD60E4FD0F39F5B769">
<figureCitation id="11EC5DEEC5EC42187776516E5E41B1C4" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A, B. Ardeipeda egretta, trackway a 1 – a 3 and Gruipeda dominguensis (b), sampled specimen, IFMI - 680; C, D. Aviadactyla vialovi trackway b 1 and Gruipeda dominguensis, trackway a 1 – a 4; mcc – mud crack cast; nvs – non-vertebrate structures; sampled specimen, IFMI - 681." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.133914.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1167583">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2AB8F84A1A3B670681B47572BBB6A093" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B. Gruipeda dominguensis trackways in the lower bedding plane of a large dislocated block with numerous mud cracks; C – H. Gruipeda dominguensis trackways in the dislocated slabs." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.133914.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1167585">4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFTBG" type="material">
<paragraph id="A41EB05C8B8A1CC9A129CB6CF66AA329">
<heading id="476D818B1C7880A5D8FA91BD7857C9B4" reason="title">Materials.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="45F37285B33D6B906FB184B0129E7752">
<materialsCitation id="6DA7FD4B08EF8CD5D29C27B0B3193BE4" collectionCode="IFMI" specimenCode="IFMI-681" specimenCount="1">
Numerous footprints studied in the field (more than 140 footprints) and one specimen sampled (
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<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0ELTBG" xlink_title="Ichnofossil Museum of Iran">IFMI</abbrev>
-681
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)
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQTBG" type="Revised diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F90DFBA4A3BD5E3CAB58155C77B57703">
<heading id="E2ED627619FF63F8B3870EE095BBD0CE" reason="title">Revised diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F4C15A10EC8202501965C7B8A3598E7">
<taxonomicName id="6F4E24FEFCAB5E6AF9DCD014FA0605FA" authorityName="Panin &amp; Avram" authorityYear="1962" class="Aves" genus="Gruipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0BA7884E6E5BB9761E435336323A6BE" italics="true">Gruipeda</emphasis>
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preserved as tridactyl or tetradactyl footprints, commonly with a footprint length smaller than
<quantity id="895209CC585DC92A4FE9229E3927CB82" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
, and a length / width ratio of 0.7–0.9. Bipedal trackways displaying a zero to inward rotation with relation to the midline, pace angulation ranging from 150 ° to 182 °, and a stride length from 2.5 to 5 times the footprint length. Footprints slightly asymmetrical, typically with the angle between digits II-III larger than those of digits III-IV, and a large divarication of digits II-IV in the range 90 ° – 135 °. Relative digit length is I &lt;
<collectionCode id="0DB8D90BF21D42F83707C619F491B2C4">II</collectionCode>
&lt;
<collectionCode id="A6A6FC477ABA8E0A9222EA36ED61AAC3">IV</collectionCode>
&lt;
<collectionCode id="29ED2FF804FF5EC6EE7680EFDF908538">III</collectionCode>
. Hallux impression present in almost half of the footprints with a posterior to posteromedial position. Occasional rhomboid to rounded sole.
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<subSubSection id="SECID0E4TBG" type="description">
<paragraph id="5CFEFE86855FCF186AAA63B5CE4287B6">
<heading id="7E094134834894A4B86D5E80132CCCBB" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4220B65B480F5F5900D367B9DF64F6E0">
Small tetradactyl footprints well to poorly preserved as convex hyporeliefs on the lower bedding plane of medium- to thick-bedded, dark brown to brown, fine-grained sandstone layers. In the well-preserved footprints, all digit imprints are visible, and digit I is smallest, has slightly inward rotation and is not along the longitudinal axis of the footprints. Digit
<collectionCode id="ED9043DA7F48D49A25DF239CFC33DECF">II</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="E72484FFB8A7965D4BF223F71DC9D3FF">IV</collectionCode>
imprints have the same size but are not symmetrical around the longitudinal axis of footprint. Digit
<collectionCode id="98CE31135EC50F96CF2A99AB211D6E9A">III</collectionCode>
imprint is the longest, straight, or slightly curved and is more bulged. Usually, all digit imprints are connected with each other proximally by the metatarsal pad imprint. In other imprints, digit I-II-III-IV imprints are preserved as not connected imprints without metatarsal imprints. Footprints have outward orientation on the trackway axis. Some trackways show higher relief digit
<collectionCode id="E0C225B99F6D0C4F16E9CB1810ECA09E">III</collectionCode>
imprints with indistinct lateral digit imprints. Three to four digital pad imprints are visible in several footprints, and usually the tip of the digits is sharp.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0ECUBG" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BAE46E584BA59E6D5471207CB4F3AB76">
<heading id="07C8EE332F28CA941045B44B2EF5B09D" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="01E2356CE417914997879D22A7E488DD">
The studied small bird footprints were preserved with different quality, and in the well-preserved setting they are attributable to
<taxonomicName id="FFED66180911DA2CCC7CBFD682F7AE6F" authorityName="de Valais &amp; Melchor" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" genus="Gruipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dominguensis">
<emphasis id="59F831C3966D084CCDE7AA16BE452FC7" italics="true">Gruipeda dominguensis</emphasis>
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. These footprints are smaller than
<taxonomicName id="FC62245F9BD43C71A68ED6F19AFDAFFA" authorityName="Panin &amp; Avram" authorityYear="1962" class="Aves" genus="Gruipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="becassi">
<emphasis id="4483625817D74AD2217F36CF10BA82DD" italics="true">Gruipeda becassi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and differ from
<taxonomicName id="A9738E5222364888A3C7B61FF13203CF" class="Aves" genus="Charadriipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="3A33A3C8F104CF4B0DFD1C6225F8D5BE" italics="true">Charadriipeda minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller digit I imprint and orientation of digit
<collectionCode id="E46F8CFCDA47DCB3802A4CB4AFD4AF3A">II</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="ABCC61CD7E10ECF05664E28264CD5E8F">III</collectionCode>
imprints.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:number id="13741A85BD65BE95FA1AA5DE39AA65A9">27</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="849189C18FA0FF11095C8EAA9E71D5E9">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="936D7827D34C53663B1A1AD03CD15D16" type="DOI">10.3897/fr.27.133914</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="09F6C2309773B5C7702D17D8E2A37C5A" type="ZooBank">A30F4FFF-547A-4323-80C0-771663DF6FB7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="913FBDD887515ED29DA7AE500C66BE83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14037225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14037225" ID-arpha="913FBDD8-8751-5ED2-9DA7-AE500C66BE83" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:913FBDD887515ED29DA7AE500C66BE83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/913FBDD887515ED29DA7AE500C66BE83">
<subSubSection id="BC46D7F0485A00962FF252B3FB72022B" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="584E4690F6A51C7D4B93C4B867C91AE2">
<heading id="BFF55DD79D772CA3D065CFC13D884373" reason="label">Ichnospecies</heading>
<taxonomicName id="98693E82D1CAFA29E7F44C115FE01EB9" authority="Kordos in Kordos and Prakfalvi 1990" authorityName="Kordos in Kordos and Prakfalvi" authorityYear="1990" class="Aves" family="Avipedidae" genus="Aviadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vialovi">
<emphasis id="565E42D372125DD210DAC25C278E3A20" italics="true">Aviadactyla vialovi</emphasis>
Kordos in
<bibRefCitation id="6CED213D16980EAAAB502901CBEF276A" author="Kordos L &amp; Prakfalvi P" journalOrPublisher="Földtani Intézet Évi Jelentése" pagination="201-212" refId="B46" refString="Kordos L, Prakfalvi P (1990) Ujabb Adatok Az Europai Neogen Labnyomos Retegek Ismeretehez. Foldtani Intezet Evi Jelentese 50: 201 - 212." title="Újabb Adatok Az Európai Neogén Lábnyomos Rétegek Ismeretéhez." volume="50" year="1990">Kordos and Prakfalvi 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F7C755E2022B1A6773CD55DA57FF9EB" type="description">
<paragraph id="9758300889409DDEBEEAA2A01E5B4B79">
<figureCitation id="55C5FD94902EC32E7C7EC85B7D16BF36" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A, B. Ardeipeda egretta, trackway a 1 – a 3 and Gruipeda dominguensis (b), sampled specimen, IFMI - 680; C, D. Aviadactyla vialovi trackway b 1 and Gruipeda dominguensis, trackway a 1 – a 4; mcc – mud crack cast; nvs – non-vertebrate structures; sampled specimen, IFMI - 681." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.133914.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1167583">Fig. 2 C, D</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EVIAG" type="material">
<paragraph id="0822626776023B6D5A6565F3D391F616">
<heading id="567AB8B5469094DCA203C4D82D208E46" reason="title">Materials.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CAFF14AA91FB4D2C3B49447DF63734B6">
<materialsCitation id="D6C45922441EBBDE395538598875AE96" collectionCode="IFMI" specimenCode="IFMI-681" specimenCount="1">
One footprint in the sampled specimen (
<specimenCode id="5E8163502C435E35E6C3BEA55E0FC1D0">
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0E2IAG" xlink_title="Ichnofossil Museum of Iran">IFMI</abbrev>
-681
</specimenCode>
, partim)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAJAG" type="Revised diagnosis">
<paragraph id="EF2B39F8D0BB942AE3139C4A065BCC25">
<heading id="A8041DEAF54462D4D4FE73573C74DEC0" reason="title">Revised diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E4E31271CA243511B3C554E25C0D34D">
Avian footprints of small to moderate size, having slender and flexible digits (
<collectionCode id="D51AAFDA0EDAD155D0BBC35249ED4516">II</collectionCode>
to
<collectionCode id="EAD19AFF35AD61B60EEAD09DCB8C7329">IV</collectionCode>
) with slender claws whose inclination is only slightly divergent from the digit axis. The digits lack interpad spaces. Interdigital span variable according to pace and substrate, ranging from about 80 ° to over 155 °. The interdigital angle between digits
<collectionCode id="03A68DE894C60DBB81430C2B283EDD5E">II</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="AAAB0CDE872F1B9286D596D892945AF7">III</collectionCode>
is slightly less than between digits
<collectionCode id="AAE4CD23C8073C9DF266BD4EDA707685">III</collectionCode>
and
<collectionCode id="B979F07A8F39DD8C0DD70DD3EF1BA7E8">IV</collectionCode>
. Proximally the digits converge, with digit
<collectionCode id="3C375E6731A9222562D77F73F0F18569">II</collectionCode>
sometimes in slight contact with digit
<collectionCode id="1446D391A9202F909E051BE2DAB03AB3">III</collectionCode>
; but digit
<collectionCode id="63D38E8E7224A39186F45C4A3852981E">IV</collectionCode>
is always separate and neither webbing nor a metatarsal pad are present. The digits are of comparable length, with digit
<collectionCode id="E74E73D091B00FE7971CBF190B518B04">III</collectionCode>
slightly the longest. Trackway of moderate width; stride of moderate length (emended by
<bibRefCitation id="930D06A980F54D2FB10E1A2FB3B0F29F" author="Sarjeant and Reynolds" firstAuthor="Sarjeant" refId="B88" refString="Sarjeant WAS, Reynolds RE (2001) Bird footprint from the Miocene of California. In: Reynolds RE (Ed) The Changing Face of the East Mojave Desert: Abstracts from the 2001 Desert Symposium, California, 21–40." year="2001">Sarjeant and Reynolds 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKJAG" type="description">
<paragraph id="8440161FF98EDAA214D308571B309CCF">
<heading id="3DA3CD4772A21E0D471DAFF613CB399E" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4ACCE603CD8179C3BA5493B76CB30E95">
Specimen
<abbrev content-type="institution" id="ABBRID0EQJAG" xlink_title="Ichnofossil Museum of Iran">
<collectionCode id="F55C56A67A399CADABA975610E70977B">IFMI</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
- 681 (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BDB1A7A77230B938510285CA9445493D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. A, B. Ardeipeda egretta, trackway a 1 – a 3 and Gruipeda dominguensis (b), sampled specimen, IFMI - 680; C, D. Aviadactyla vialovi trackway b 1 and Gruipeda dominguensis, trackway a 1 – a 4; mcc – mud crack cast; nvs – non-vertebrate structures; sampled specimen, IFMI - 681." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.133914.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1167583">2 B</figureCitation>
, track b) includes one tridactyl imprint, preserved as convex hyporelief, and consists of slender unconnected three-digit imprints. Digit
<collectionCode id="49F1709A2E8DD0D2DB789340DEB4AC62">III</collectionCode>
is relatively longer and slenderer than the lateral digits. Tips of the digits are sharp and no digit pads are visible.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZJAG" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="753614B0516140E4EE5FDB1336137677">
<heading id="49F854165D62DB2E5C3F66A5BBA4EDCE" reason="title">Discussion.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15FBD193B4EBDEE56DA5F65F624DB937">
Tridactyl unconnected footprints usually left by digitigrade track makers. The substrate conditions such as moisture and plasticity of sediments affect the quality of footprint preservation. Ichnospecies of
<taxonomicName id="E7003E1E26EE7F757DF0B32AE62A132F" authorityName="Kordos" authorityYear="1985" class="Aves" genus="Aviadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69CF0C619BF0142A35740B937DACF8A1" italics="true">Aviadactyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some
<taxonomicName id="4D0AC7BEDF899C4FCA4FEC0A38DB45DC" authorityName="Vialov" authorityYear="1965" class="Aves" family="Avipedidae" genus="Avipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD05595CEF30724C5C0E9A3D92D269FE" italics="true">Avipeda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ichnospecies of (
<taxonomicName id="3F74536290B311080ED936D1FEF2E6A8" authorityName="Sarjeant &amp; Langston" authorityYear="1994" class="Aves" family="Avipedidae" genus="Avipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adunca">
<emphasis id="6C4E213E2969E1743EF3081CBEE36B53" italics="true">A. adunca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="28A33C8873BE14FCB3F41BA52F33BA80" class="Aves" family="Avipedidae" genus="Avipeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ipolyensis">
<emphasis id="0551E07BA0D2E11907E976D1CA4DBCB9" italics="true">A. ipolyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="FC334C900FB294B0A3E3E2891D3A3193" authorityName="Kim" authorityYear="1969" class="Aves" family="Koreanornipodidae" genus="Koreanaornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="65A8C6A415C22C181BDD3E1F83839D24" italics="true">Koreanaornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="3A1DF97834AE09EBAB8AE0F6218066BF" italics="true">
<taxonomicName id="56B60548A6264701641561E70CDC06DA" authorityName="Kim" authorityYear="1969" class="Aves" family="Koreanornipodidae" genus="Koreanaornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamanensis">K. hamanensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3FEECE2210FD9FB755016710D647F5EF" class="Aves" family="Koreanornipodidae" genus="Koreanaornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dodsoni">K. dodsoni</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="6757BACAA004830F40A62B62831299C5" class="Aves" family="Koreanornipodidae" genus="Koreanaornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lii">
<emphasis id="1554E56A3301C818D3049F7C4C472F37" italics="true">K. lii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) traces do not join digits proximally.
<taxonomicName id="030969D5A520880D8BEE2E742D4B5FC8" class="Aves" genus="Aviadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vialovi">
<emphasis id="1EEE38C840142B2FAFFD6811FEBDCB7E" italics="true">Aviadactyla vialovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows more slender digit imprints than
<taxonomicName id="094A3FECFA3828CEC48E14A2964A16D6" authorityName="Kordos" authorityYear="1985" class="Aves" genus="Aviadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="media">
<emphasis id="715332B92C6831D80A7380478CB0E5EC" italics="true">A. media</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8054A4EB704B8893264D8A917ECDAC7F" class="Aves" genus="Aviadactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panini">
<emphasis id="596397B5D270CEFE3FD49E04FA9D913A" italics="true">A. panini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the digit imprints are slightly joined proximally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>