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<taxonomicName id="459F738554269486CF44C7842A6C415C" ID-CoL="84QGC" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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Gray, 1867
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<taxonomicName id="1D68820B5A76064D2F40D0AE9150CB20" ID-CoL="84QGC" authority="Gray, 1867: 126" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="126" authorityYear="1867" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7C52891B960531251E1F6AB58ACDEEFE" italics="true">Hemicorallium</emphasis>
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Gray, 1867: 126;
<treatmentCitation id="8745EE099DDDCC55FE060AF4C2486162" author="Ridley SO &amp; VPZS DG" page="222" year="1882">
<bibRefCitation id="E81B8316FFDF507B34A98500ACA03D7D" author="Ridley SO &amp; VPZS DG" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pagination="221-234" refId="B35" refString="Ridley SO, VPZS DG (1882) On the Arrangement of the Coralliidtoe, with Descriptions of new or rare Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 50 (1): 221-234." title="On the Arrangement of the Coralliidtœ, with Descriptions of new or rare Species." volume="50" year="1882">Ridley 1882: 222</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="E0D7036147EE5D58133E014BD75F3B0B" author="Johnson JY" page="59" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="6682733ADFA1B6CD3F772E0D910304EF" DOI="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1899.tb06845.x" author="Johnson JY" firstAuthor="Johnson" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" page="59" pagination="57-64" refId="B16" refString="Johnson JY (1899) Notes on the Coralliida of Madeira, with Descriptions of two new Species. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 67 (1): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1899.tb06845.x" title="Notes on the Coralliida of Madeira, with Descriptions of two new Species." volume="67" year="1899">Johnson 1899: 59</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Kükenthal 1924: 47;
<treatmentCitation id="2B6FB3B1BE99CC9138750CC6FB9D7528" author="Bayer FM" page="74" year="1956">
<bibRefCitation id="7BE0FB741574267DBF43F52C5724A14F" author="Bayer FM" firstAuthor="Bayer" page="74" refId="B4" refString="Bayer FM (1956) Descriptions and redescriptions of the Hawaiian octocorals collected by the US Fish Commission steamer ” Albatross ” (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" year="1956">Bayer 1956: 74</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="52F0088FBD9C2F0EB1EC55608E696540" author="Bayer FM" page="467" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="4794CE3D59B865ABCC07C8A82EF2884B" author="Bayer FM" firstAuthor="Bayer" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" page="467" pagination="465-478" refId="B5" refString="Bayer FM (1964) The genus Corallium (Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science 14: 465–478. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/884" title="The genus Corallium (Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia) in the western North Atlantic Ocean." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/884" volume="14" year="1964">Bayer 1964: 467</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Bayer and Cairns 2003: 222;
<treatmentCitation id="085B18306BC11BFDB61462BA4A8B1BAD" author="Ardila JP &amp; Bijker W &amp; Tolpekin VA &amp; Stein A" page="254" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="A3E1D8B36DF84BDA9FAEB0590B1ADE46" DOI="10.1016/j.jag.2011.06.005" author="Ardila JP &amp; Bijker W &amp; Tolpekin VA &amp; Stein A" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ardila" journalOrPublisher="International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation" page="254" pagination="57-69" refId="B2" refString="Ardila JP, Bijker W, Tolpekin VA, Stein A (2012) Context-sensitive extraction of tree crown objects in urban areas using VHR satellite images. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation 15: 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.06.005" title="Context-sensitive extraction of tree crown objects in urban areas using VHR satellite images." volume="15" year="2012">Ardila et al. 2012: 254</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="31CD1BB4D61C7FDEE9EB8FE72AC5BC80" author="Figueroa DF &amp; Baco AR" page="83" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="8302699DD64C8F27D95C88AA9FB040AE" DOI="10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.001" author="Figueroa DF &amp; Baco AR" firstAuthor="Figueroa" journalOrPublisher="Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography" page="83" pagination="83-91" refId="B10" refString="Figueroa DF, Baco AR (2014) Complete mitochondrial genomes elucidate phylogenetic relationships of the deep-sea octocoral families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 99: 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.001" title="Complete mitochondrial genomes elucidate phylogenetic relationships of the deep-sea octocoral families Coralliidae and Paragorgiidae." volume="99" year="2014">Figueroa and Baco 2014: 83</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9476FB10C6E2CF47380BE893AF7F5428">
<bibRefCitation id="07437C169CE1A02808852A5A6AE3F68F" DOI="10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.031" author="Tu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pagination="173-184" refId="B50" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2015) Phylogeny and systematics of deep-sea precious corals (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Coralliidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.031" title="Phylogeny and systematics of deep-sea precious corals (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Coralliidae)." volume="84" year="2015">Tu et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
a: 302; 2015 b: 173; 2016; 1010–1011; Horvath, E. A. 2019: 28.
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<paragraph id="E675A7F867109E25CAA514427D6D9BAC">
<heading id="EC01B7E7FDE023F082BE520AE221B2F2" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="0D1B0DA15A7541C2F5818F3CF503E9D5">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A11366CAE9DEBA65B92065FCC4C4B77">
<taxonomicName id="04602A11C66EC4C6221C0FC70C8697D6" authority="Johnson, 1899" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1899" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="FDE9E61261FF1102DBA27920172D7B6E" italics="true">Hemicorallium tricolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EC702C7564B12E00C84358C05E3EBC74" DOI="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1899.tb06845.x" author="Johnson JY" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pagination="57-64" refId="B16" refString="Johnson JY (1899) Notes on the Coralliida of Madeira, with Descriptions of two new Species. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 67 (1): 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1899.tb06845.x" title="Notes on the Coralliida of Madeira, with Descriptions of two new Species." volume="67" year="1899">Johnson, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EOLAE" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="09749632214B46F9A2C64EA8D42944FA">
<heading id="DD503219EAAD22839274E085C64F1073" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1427F8497F860EE51FE30E2FCDA739FF">
Modified from
<bibRefCitation id="D588B9DBC09CB34152A622C0E7D6DD98" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu T-H &amp; Dai C-F &amp; Jeng M-S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="FE91C4C2D4549F2C08CFCA6B3BD8D890" DOI="10.12782/specdiv.26.297" author="Nonaka M &amp; Hayashibara T" firstAuthor="Nonaka" journalOrPublisher="Species Diversity" pagination="297-342" refId="B27" refString="Nonaka M, Hayashibara T (2021) A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species. Species Diversity 26: 297–342. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.297" title="A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species." volume="26" year="2021">Nonaka and Hayashibara (2021)</bibRefCitation>
. Polyps are dimorphic, consisting of autozooids and siphonozooids. Autozooids are prominent, oval and usually distributed on one side of the colony. When contracted, the autozooids cannot fully retract into the cortex. Siphonozooids are fertile, usually inconspicuous or appear as papillae and are distributed near the base of autozooids. Sclerites include small rods, crosses, 6 -, 7 - and 8 - radiates; double clubs are only present in some species and vary in shape. Long rods or spindles are usually present in tentacles.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<mods:role id="C2B999353728C31EC6386E3A2CD62F67">
<mods:roleTerm id="E55C1B8234C58AE259C8FD5DF9B61882">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D70AF43516A83CA8C417A3D67E50B2EF">Wang, Xianan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7956056A0BFABE593F3EB01A0E54C301">School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="373ACA98E8BA9B7F084F735DC8FE5160" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C627FFA5A30ABA7C324789417AF1F5AE">
<mods:roleTerm id="00B052C8A5FC3472F8F0E70B4D308C41">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9F3EFE50AD5356BCF4B7FFB272399B0E">Nan, Fang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F680E9AF12FC0134E7CAF03B4BB25A0D">School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6E77BB7C142A08BCDC02D62AB434CBAD" type="personal">
<mods:role id="184B1838996401B3F05D280D320A9226">
<mods:roleTerm id="A45B240879ECDA4F8423265AD91336C6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FD1D3FBC083DF90564EF41308B05687C">Wu, Ruiwen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F6D5E3D2F2AB278244319DA616C54F3B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8936-6054</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D7356E4528426ED0FFE8BBCD709A7206">School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F357B25B7F742DAA39AE9C7DDE63D5BF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="45C91BC6514B1E334E51AC967C21EAF4" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="A97640C61918B46EFF87295CEE73995A">
<mods:title id="59BDD1276DCF3B3F0890A7FC71DE37AC">Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="72F9EA3B579E59DE65C3E879B6FB871B">
<mods:date id="7249FA3E196D37E74E58228524E1D986">2025</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1E5E87B2033A4A8ABEF589062C6C6222" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="D69963ACC79CF17BFACCD74A50365054">2025-02-14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="00CF08201BDC6E9F98515926665DBCDD" type="volume">
<mods:number id="315E259B1F5C6FA785D10594626FA1A0">101</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="B48EAE0824555505F17CF179A71B0C95" type="issue">
<mods:number id="5350FC61F90B9DF3279C96A6787B7EC0">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="E1AC5004AB3FA8C933707C9D04D8429D">341</mods:start>
<mods:end id="E82E5538E25F22DE12EEC4A24EFD0370">351</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="D59F6BAC93C5E6FEDE8FDB84E016404B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3A2C06DB4654861C6CEF8C521400D6EA" type="DOI">10.3897/zse.101.141439</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F1A5A5EA09A378E1E861CD7DBFAB1B5B" type="ZooBank">7654152D-CA80-48E1-B1FF-646CD7B92A22</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="74F7A782BFA25E649D6B19044B4217B1" ID-arpha="74F7A782-BFA2-5E64-9D6B-19044B4217B1" ID-zoobank="https://zoobank.org/37B48A53-B7B3-46D5-A4D5-4876C8F04660" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:74F7A782BFA25E649D6B19044B4217B1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:37B48A53-B7B3-46D5-A4D5-4876C8F04660" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/74F7A782BFA25E649D6B19044B4217B1">
<subSubSection id="40BF4542A280129C5EFF25ECD377FDA4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0944812D2734AB9B90BA210355AD6E7F">
<taxonomicName id="5DA3530517ACD3D5A3E71521C9A69A2D" authority="Hou &amp; Wu" authorityName="Hou &amp; Wang &amp; Nan &amp; Wu" authorityYear="2025" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiosimilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="542028F8DF85623123169B19C2071BF3" italics="true">Cuneopsis celtiosimilis</emphasis>
Hou &amp; Wu
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CADD00CA027E17F780B341574E972144" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="319E1707A016E90DFC43935682E14DC9" type="description">
<paragraph id="A24B062EA3E2DD616AE7D50A9747516A">
<figureCitation id="4C4EBBFA7C82E1177E185FFBFCBD7AC8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells and pseudocardinal teeth of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). Upper images show the inside of the left valve and the outside of the right valve for three species. The lower right image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the left valve; the lower left image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the right valve. The shells overlap from bottom to top: C. celtiosimilis sp. nov., C. kiangsiensis, and C. celtiformis." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251210">Fig. 1 a</figureCitation>
<xref id="438BA954FC6CF363E68FF8C75F778A3F" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">; Suppl. material 2: fig. S 1</xref>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKTAE" type="type material">
<paragraph id="86D565874D4E1CBEAC8FE157AC536168">
<heading id="03855452FB1CA0BE5222FBEF2CA3FF47" reason="title">Type material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="020F47BE9E3B88572C6DED643A553EEA">
<materialsCitation id="38162EBA254535580871329380E6DB66" collectionCode="SXNU" country="China" county="Luoshan County" location="Xinyang City" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Henan" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="73FB6B9D7B98A4EDCCA1078EBBA97E78" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="ABAE45DE5D0007C17B52F01C3782CEE9" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="CBDD99A19922768E63E5992E426FD55C" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells and pseudocardinal teeth of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). Upper images show the inside of the left valve and the outside of the right valve for three species. The lower right image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the left valve; the lower left image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the right valve. The shells overlap from bottom to top: C. celtiosimilis sp. nov., C. kiangsiensis, and C. celtiformis." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251210">1 a</figureCitation>
) •
<collectionCode id="38F21BB3CEB3145E6BAFEC2A47B9E0E8">SXNU</collectionCode>
_ 24100210 (length
<quantity id="E15D02187102772907C50C86CBE6C9FD" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.191" unit="mm" value="119.1">119.1 mm</quantity>
, height
<quantity id="94EFE0A35FB6D6E45BC6D9D851427723" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.519" unit="mm" value="45.19">45.19 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="D3397EA1600E27277945A55504A22B67" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.274" unit="mm" value="32.74">32.74 mm</quantity>
);
<collectingCounty id="C6888F271DDFC2C39D459D1AE8FB73F0">Luoshan County</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="53239EFAB46E5FA9A2329AB877766807" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:74F7A782BFA25E649D6B19044B4217B1:53239EFAB46E5FA9A2329AB877766807" country="China" county="Luoshan County" name="Xinyang City" stateProvince="Henan">Xinyang City</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="2E98F252CCE2AC9A5E82E0CF7551145E" country="China" name="Henan">Henan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="D0C0742B8391480986F9AB34A927EB6B" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="2B500BA379FD39B515B499FAE806757C" collectingDate="2201-08-24" collectionCode="SXNU" country="China" county="Luoshan County" location="Xinyang City" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Henan" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="D5539E72B97F0F4D1E023FC81834B0E8" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="B955B3D7F055C1BE27A284E48604AA03" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(Suppl. material
<xref id="7E0C188A753F0A2DDC329960CB8C5EB7" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">2</xref>
: fig. S 1 a, c, d) •
<specimenCount id="A9563705136A3415FF6A091B0AC304D0" count="3" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="24EA1BB4F8D5E3B6554D348E09B00A6A">SXNU</collectionCode>
_
<date id="91046EC88C27063459D723F1FE25A688" value="2201-08-24">
<collectingDate id="80111650F4B8BEE9E27F0C5CD5257232" value="2201-08-24">24082201</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectionCode id="A2DA4F3A2C114DD1EBCACC0E4D4DC3E0">SXNU</collectionCode>
_ 24100211, and
<collectionCode id="34C944F78CDA10E64CC1097332C24F9F">SXNU</collectionCode>
_ 24100212. Same collection location as the holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAUAE" type="Morphological diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0EEE47498221D13F8E8B05DD3F0777A4">
<heading id="8B9969BD194E9FD2E1945712C4F59BBD" reason="title">Morphological diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99F4B3C089154A294D62C7D5D0B8BBCB">
Shell long, wedge-shaped; the umbo situated at 1 / 6 of the shell length; the epidermis black-red; nacre blue-white; and the two pseudocardinal teeth on the left valve join together and form in a continuous strip (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7BDF52D6AE8D39206169E82419D58844" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells and pseudocardinal teeth of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). Upper images show the inside of the left valve and the outside of the right valve for three species. The lower right image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the left valve; the lower left image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the right valve. The shells overlap from bottom to top: C. celtiosimilis sp. nov., C. kiangsiensis, and C. celtiformis." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251210">1</figureCitation>
); right valve has one low, squashed, and irregular pseudocardinal tooth. The labial palps long elliptical (Fig.
<figureCitation id="427A5F6D7F61C731020177C26D734463" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Anatomical features of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). a 1 – c 1: labial palps, a 2 – c 2: papillae in incurrent aperture, a 3 – c 3: papillae in excurrent aperture." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251211">2 a 1</figureCitation>
); the papillae of the incurrent aperture short, pyramidal shape, and arranged in two rows (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A4C964B068B1F33CED12A0DC59F3258D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Anatomical features of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). a 1 – c 1: labial palps, a 2 – c 2: papillae in incurrent aperture, a 3 – c 3: papillae in excurrent aperture." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251211">2 a 2</figureCitation>
); and the papillae at the edge of the excurrent aperture not prominent and tightly arranged in a row (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4A1744E70D7BA70BC13E1C70ED113880" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Anatomical features of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). a 1 – c 1: labial palps, a 2 – c 2: papillae in incurrent aperture, a 3 – c 3: papillae in excurrent aperture." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251211">2 a 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWUAE" type="Molecular diagnosis">
<paragraph id="35816776D3D4898008F680598045C7F7">
<heading id="C696435B7BD4738F667665774BC944E9" reason="title">Molecular diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C631DE8AB7C6E6DE63DB37598BD099C3">
The phylogenetic tree indicates that the new species forms a distinct lineage, and it is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="50A9237B6EA9A88156895DC35E72FAF0" authorityName="Tchang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1965" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kiangsiensis">
<emphasis id="249AD8BFE716C7C7FB5F81860ED9D586" italics="true">Cuneopsis kiangsiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="5084C59A1CFF87414A14D78966134193" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the COI dataset. Each branch is labeled with the GenBank accession numbers and specimen codes from this study. The bootstrap support values (BS) are indicated at the nodes." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251212">3</figureCitation>
). The genetic distance between the new species and its congeneric species shows that the smallest distance is observed with
<taxonomicName id="0358A50982A64388BB5F455A5F6E01ED" authorityName="Tchang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1965" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kiangsiensis">
<emphasis id="0301580C3B1880C4A8F112521920C157" italics="true">Cuneopsis kiangsiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(4.6 %) (Table
<tableCitation id="935CE6CD799FC665C2800458688B4335" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Intra- and interspecific genetic distances assessed using 1000 bootstrap replicates based on the uncorrected p - distance model in MEGA 7.0." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B05FDD0B6505B55D1938EEECD68E724A" tableUuid="B05FDD0B6505B55D1938EEECD68E724A">2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35975FA5E35EFB48612E5916FAA376D9" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure3" ID-arpha="91C5FDF5-E18F-59A3-A43F-4020DA0EF8B6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251212" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="E14C30FC48FF6E3CC553E70BF64465F0">
<label id="35651BA30740B2E800469B0632EF83D0">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1394395857A51D222F89A870BEB535DD">
Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDWAE" xlink_title="c oxidase subunit I">
<emphasis id="599C3C939EFF8DCEFDC27B8C8CFDF881" italics="true">COI</emphasis>
</abbrev>
dataset. Each branch is labeled with the GenBank accession numbers and specimen codes from this study. The bootstrap support values (BS) are indicated at the nodes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMWAE" type="description">
<paragraph id="68F48209046C4B64904EC17C59E4385D">
<heading id="85C7FCA8EE041FD8179C040B9C67C8D5" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="293A7C26D2523CD7518FE70EFDB98DC1">
Shell thick, strong, both valves unequal. Shell long, wedge-shaped, slightly thickened, slightly inflated; anterior margin convex prominently; ventral margin arc-shaped; umbo located at 1 / 6 of the shell length; periostracum black-red; shell surface sculptured with fine concentric growth lines (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7D7DBDFF2D7B45CF294C12FF312ADB01" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells and pseudocardinal teeth of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). Upper images show the inside of the left valve and the outside of the right valve for three species. The lower right image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the left valve; the lower left image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the right valve. The shells overlap from bottom to top: C. celtiosimilis sp. nov., C. kiangsiensis, and C. celtiformis." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251210">1</figureCitation>
; Table
<tableCitation id="FBC62BCE5FB2E27E1B72ADDFFC924CDE" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Conchological and anatomical characters of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov., Cuneopsis kiangsiensis and Cuneopsis celtiformis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99" tableUuid="5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99">1</tableCitation>
). Anterior adductor muscle attachment deep and rough; posterior adductor muscle attachment shallow and smooth; nacre blue-white; mantle muscle attachment obvious. Hinge well developed; left valve has two pseudocardinal teeth; anterior tooth small, and posterior tooth thick, both pseudocardinal teeth connect together and arranged in continuous strip; right valve has only one low, squashed, and irregular pseudocardinal tooth; left valve has two lateral teeth, and both arranged in a paralleled straight line; right valve has one lateral tooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="523BA365EC737DD55E4CD4C39AA8A2FA" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells and pseudocardinal teeth of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). Upper images show the inside of the left valve and the outside of the right valve for three species. The lower right image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the left valve; the lower left image is the pseudocardinal teeth of the right valve. The shells overlap from bottom to top: C. celtiosimilis sp. nov., C. kiangsiensis, and C. celtiformis." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251210">1</figureCitation>
; Table
<tableCitation id="693847A56C6E4EF4B02AF23EC11FA03B" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Conchological and anatomical characters of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov., Cuneopsis kiangsiensis and Cuneopsis celtiformis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99" tableUuid="5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99">1</tableCitation>
). Papillae in the incurrent aperture short, pyramidal shape, arranged in two rows; papillae in the excurrent aperture weakly developed, tightly arranged in one row; and the pigmentation of the incurrent and excurrent aperture significant; labial palps medium-thick, long elliptical (Fig.
<figureCitation id="79C301EBF9056B030A9A5370E5547282" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Anatomical features of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov. (a), Cuneopsis kiangsiensis (b), and Cuneopsis celtiformis (c). a 1 – c 1: labial palps, a 2 – c 2: papillae in incurrent aperture, a 3 – c 3: papillae in excurrent aperture." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.141439.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251211">2</figureCitation>
; Table
<tableCitation id="9772050D8907FCF22D73228879E3CB7B" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Conchological and anatomical characters of Cuneopsis celtiosimilis sp. nov., Cuneopsis kiangsiensis and Cuneopsis celtiformis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99" tableUuid="5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99">1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99" ID-Table-UUID="5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5FA360CD8EC8520077E14337BF722A99" startId="T1" targetIsTable="true">
<paragraph id="6951BEA0070B85C1B1D37B00158B8B86">
<label id="2FB6F7269A3CB2548CBCF54234BB13E6">Table 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22CD070D6AA348F80E8B76B8FFEB94D7">
Conchological and anatomical characters of
<taxonomicName id="B951F40208CB2B62642B72D8A2C8D028" authorityName="Hou &amp; Wang &amp; Nan &amp; Wu" authorityYear="2025" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiosimilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D780D5E232C52FCB1B61D8E12328D1B5" italics="true">Cuneopsis celtiosimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8F496880D17FAF1B9257D640FE1F28F7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="CC4C1D8BB958BE305DF1F1D504D07DAE" authorityName="Tchang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1965" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kiangsiensis">
<emphasis id="AF6466F7A633B730C6FA5EF04D93AA61" italics="true">Cuneopsis kiangsiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2B3881DA352B94E68898AE13FDA21775" baseAuthorityName="Heude" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiformis">
<emphasis id="E24CB7954C60770A8CE6F1D11B5114CC" italics="true">Cuneopsis celtiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4C0EF24DBBBB2344E2A428BD34A088E3">
<table id="TID0EY2AI" rules="all">
<tbody id="541FC820743150A83632115DBE34C783">
<tr id="F62C031B6B46343B5EB19B7FC8BAC373">
<th id="8D21182773D83E9E60D241D2C888DC48" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="2">-</th>
<th id="F2BED415749B36EE78335F8EDF1D0EF0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3924CEA2A8F49E56BE652BDA8C0827AC" authorityName="Hou &amp; Wang &amp; Nan &amp; Wu" authorityYear="2025" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiosimilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8421675ED9DCE79B3F72DA4DD588E561" italics="true">Cuneopsis celtiosimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="894E517BFA9E0DB0CB43D0FB9DFD179B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<emphasis id="4AF4F80519E3C95B92DEB2A038EA712C" italics="true">
<th id="C0A319E5973B3AC2695A648333A42AD7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="A35DB3BFF0D9A1D6F4AF6000A62D25B5" authorityName="Tchang &amp; Li" authorityYear="1965" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kiangsiensis">Cuneopsis kiangsiensis</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="75F184E92A17FF34B1F957EE67959639" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3EAF2EE75ECE96EA30E8FDFCAB9B3EE7" baseAuthorityName="Heude" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiformis">Cuneopsis celtiformis</taxonomicName>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr id="CA2AF2A88129F3C239B56B96F0F41791">
<th id="DC162B04486565E66D127602C79051D5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(4 specimens)</th>
<th id="A56371CC747864FE99413DE8F3F078FE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(6 specimens)</th>
<th id="CD9936C6CFED5FA7C48CD282AB17C3E2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">(4 specimens)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="196B796044A382C07AF42BFCC0ECF610">
<td id="2DB6BAD94FEA36960028195A5BECFAFC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Length</td>
<td id="FD55B6469B14164AAAC3FF17687D2CD6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">64.16–149.65 (mm)</td>
<td id="DA5962F08BEF283BE3A7BC842BFFB7A7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">94.77–115.53 (mm)</td>
<td id="8F174577BDB356EBFBD28814A176DAB0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">84.74–96.03 (mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="366D1E81AEB3891F3C5C7E5748B11B3D">
<td id="EA5CC3A958A560CCFF959F50586F9281" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Width</td>
<td id="9FE6E38E07E695B4E0BD285940901308" colspan="1" rowspan="1">15.02–38.85 (mm)</td>
<td id="D4F3DC09EB2A859F696870C3FBD59433" colspan="1" rowspan="1">27.20–34.77 (mm)</td>
<td id="23E6E8468FDFEF8022B3744D7D426705" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21.28–26.01 (mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9E98B74C0DD74ED62F7D691C3BC21BB0">
<td id="69D7A1CEB24ACD15E9F700D6E42AA74F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Height</td>
<td id="D8082BDC27677148D61F7196E8DD856C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">24.37–51.95 (mm)</td>
<td id="7C122D6855A83CEF14EDFD3881120FE4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">42.77–50.50 (mm)</td>
<td id="FF425C18B2BA78DBCA562B84AE3AC09A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">31.08–33.14 (mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CC1A75F26F10B608A8A21EB544D7B972">
<td id="E508353FFFBB67B5ED46D9419C957EF1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Shell shape</td>
<td id="C599AA929988BA8D6A24F3C63D8F1A47" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Long wedge-shaped</td>
<td id="9F840201B536AB18E0A0828AD9CDEA72" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Wedge-shaped</td>
<td id="688A11EF0DADB02B613DE3587F7A53D9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Lanceolate</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1F56199172F9310BEEF950F1B5E13D8E">
<td id="97327C31FE03D3BCBAA59C7FCAA94503" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Shell thickness</td>
<td id="3D1DBB8EFCBC86EA5ECB75F490814648" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Thick</td>
<td id="4B18F817C9E0F86CF2F1A1AD893ECB77" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Thick</td>
<td id="328F5AC7F90232F3ED6C388565EC8673" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Moderately thick</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A4AD84112F6C2B02DCA52D18CD25D511">
<td id="887F4973EF134D3E497806F54215693E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Umbo position and sculpture</td>
<td id="B48492D2D29E324011E77211B087697A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1 / 6 of shell length; umbo often eroded</td>
<td id="1E0B228C3AD52F7E1B4087E17E85DA0D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1 / 5 of shell length; umbo often eroded</td>
<td id="020CFC428F5C40590FC3F97AD8FD8F1A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1 / 7 of shell length; umbo often eroded</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E59004B306E809FF91707251ED291D1A">
<td id="D01F0C1526364293732C7F04192A0462" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Surface sculpture</td>
<td id="9E3CC624756B69C1435B323431906B8D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Epidermis black-red; shell surface sculptured with fine concentric growth lines</td>
<td id="7393A5801280F10E6DEB25E8384B9859" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Epidermis black-brown; lusterless; shell surface sculptured with fine concentric growth lines</td>
<td id="1013DA02E5856574179C0E5A66D303F4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Epidermis dark brown; shiny; shell surface sculptured with fine concentric growth lines</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A0DB7FDC428A89D5ACBFEDEA7854DFE5">
<td id="B60A8F0158EA94EFCD2C801CB12D4BF9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Nacre colour</td>
<td id="5EFC797D377D4F468EF71627DA66D48B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Blue-white</td>
<td id="278926AA4B70CB0D25BB97FEBBC65A21" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Milky-white</td>
<td id="D6147D53CD449F933E45608E6FEB8B4E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">White</td>
</tr>
<tr id="149A0E4C50CA35CAD4ACF15EFF8629CE">
<td id="1FD91A801FBFC2AF89D3EF1051B3DCEB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pseudocardinal tooth of the left valve</td>
<td id="E85A4A9D7485C57C1A5E0BC4F1F4E63A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Anterior tooth small, posterior tooth thick, and both teeth join together</td>
<td id="F9ED5FA9FCA8EA3D77F6058982A25E3E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Anterior tooth small, posterior tooth strip shape, a deep gap between the two teeth</td>
<td id="573068EB6835347EE382B0F9B22AFC0E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Anterior tooth small, posterior tooth slender triangle, shallow pit between the two teeth</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E5FE7C827CB86B80DE942756AD22DC6F">
<td id="57B5F7BD21082D398A5016D0CA83DEEE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pseudocardinal tooth of the right valve</td>
<td id="0C5827CEDFA08895833CFB2997F22BE8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Only one; low and squashed</td>
<td id="FC84A43FA4985F00D1A78ADB39584B66" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Only one; strong and triangular</td>
<td id="A6735540BBAF9AB471F1D5C0A97C3E47" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Only one; thick and irregular</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4CEADC17793763F91FCB978ADB6BBF41">
<td id="3197552B483BEFF5E765989CDBB36543" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Lateral tooth</td>
<td id="0F55DD130F016FF249D9211F2BB3A09E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">One tooth on the right valve, two teeth on the left valve nearly straight</td>
<td id="83D5FF2F4DF7AE17ED5262E7041AEBD1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">One tooth on the right valve, two teeth on the left shell nearly straight</td>
<td id="E62EA4E5FC877637920568481777035A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">One tooth on the right valve, two teeth on the left shell nearly straight</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D8D19C0360A433F74DBC16EE77C4A1E9">
<td id="0DF4D47C1C267F816F6B23E1870A63CE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Incurrent aperture</td>
<td id="96A4C23201ECBED41A15E6B5675B2503" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Papillae swelling at the base, shortly pyramidal overall and partially forked at the ends, arranged in two rows</td>
<td id="C317227D4CB66C9951B2AB2B20EE9741" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Papillae slightly swelling at the base, elongated overall, sparsely arranged in three rows</td>
<td id="2D0F53BEBF07662F753F47FD26BA169D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Conical and tightly arranged in two rows</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2D8A01BB122CB2BD94DF30E2CCAED38B">
<td id="3BE71F3D562275EFB3145699E697AB68" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Excurrent aperture</td>
<td id="E221D07FBB94BCBA63A69FE11DC126AD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Papillae tightly arranged in a row</td>
<td id="9403AA9B9D0D610E55363E1E69FB9EA9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Papillae sparsely arranged in a row</td>
<td id="BF3B3CC26D9937C9DE70E0B7655CA6B2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Papillae weak development and neatly arranged in a row</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A93610A74E550427E5D2BCD55260A3BF">
<td id="E831650D1FE57EF9B460DE3BE4491DA4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Labial palps</td>
<td id="A126F6286C6E24B0B0CE125F935F4E73" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Medium-thick, long elliptical</td>
<td id="C9E3305DAFEAD6B9F92BCFE7682BAA08" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Medium-thick, triangular</td>
<td id="A665029DAF69BA3585E196325E20D186" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Slightly thick, irregular elliptical</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKAAG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="91D98AAB74C8C963C1A0692429CB8A23">
<heading id="A0419642795D4F12A83D01ADBE0CD24A" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B43D2430B946650283568AA643805EE4">
This newly discovered species exhibits morphological similarities with
<taxonomicName id="38ABA25F426EBA036BAD425B6BDC65D0" baseAuthorityName="Heude" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiformis">
<emphasis id="159AC5868AA574BC4EE0BE81CD8145F6" italics="true">Cuneopsis celtiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which led us to incorporate this resemblance into its naming. Specifically, we used the word ‘ celti’ (derived from
<taxonomicName id="DA0B776AF8700773334279292E1331DB" baseAuthorityName="Heude" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiformis">
‘
<emphasis id="7FBADCCB29D7280F958F6BAF9F248CEE" italics="true">celtiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’) with the middle ‘ o’ connected to the Latinized word ‘ similis’ (similar) to name this new species. For the common name, we recommend “ Similar Wedged Mussel ” (English) and “ Jin Si Xie Bang ” (近似楔蚌) (Chinese).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EEBAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A2B6ED285C4C5B8A27273791917E4547">
<heading id="E903EE4A1FE8AE669DFE07F3D0EA8BAC" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9FCAE01D294EE18B9B95D2518894B764">
Shi River, a tributary of Huai River, Luoshan County, Xinyang City,
<collectingRegion id="C9306786C1A37A2FD65ECA496BF4C5EF" country="China" name="Henan">Henan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="68B6EEC3BA87706AFB43962D81B2D3DC" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="4B32961FFAEE12656A238A43671FE945" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="100164A1906D05EF5198BE810149CA0A">
<taxonomicName id="41F460471EB53E2C27B96544A5067F8E" authority="Hu, Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityName="Hu, Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F86B86F286BADA2CF10C6DFF101181AD" italics="true">Hemicorallium jiaolongensis</emphasis>
Hu, Zhang &amp; Xu
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F241FD0EEBB76F8FADA3E88E342C554B" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXKBG" type="material">
<paragraph id="5A48B15FB5C9B45BD003B78B4012957F">
<heading id="CFB0A9A1C650A611C3121D110B3B0F20" reason="title">Material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B2BDE6B75ACDDD95EAB148A40AE1AF9">
<materialsCitation id="AAB6BDEF24CF6BCF2DEC3CB3F11A8AA5" collectingDate="2022-06-13" collectionCode="JLBEN" country="India" county="Due" elevation="1696" latitude="3.4427001" location="Located" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="64.10076" municipality="First Institute of Oceanography" specimenCode="JLBEN 22005" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="13972ACF41BC2CB6E1B1D6390364D85F" bold="true" italics="true">
<typeStatus id="433A8318EBECC626FD726CAFAC16AF12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
• Partial colony consisting of a branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from the Carlsberg Ridge in the western
<collectingCountry id="E982319EFB2F861C16C2CFE5C4282FC2" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
Ocean on
<date id="5FB66ECEC9EA79CAC44581CBF7746894" value="2022-06-13">
<collectingDate id="FD3167A8736217D8E81BA0A3FA1250DF" value="2022-06-13">13 June 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<location id="21745C358CCA2D4006E7E14D48D1851D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814:21745C358CCA2D4006E7E14D48D1851D" country="India" county="Due" latitude="3.4427001" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="64.10076" municipality="First Institute of Oceanography" name="Located">Located</location>
at
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EFLBG" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[64.100764,3.442700]}">
<geoCoordinate id="290E299DA4A5D9C2F9D7DABFF1096FA9" degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="33.72" value="3.4427001">3 ° 26 ' 33.72 &quot; N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="50C0FB69971D96BE5DBEA179F9BE8564" degrees="64" direction="east" minutes="6" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="2.75" value="64.10076">64 ° 6 ' 2.75 &quot; E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
, depth
<quantity id="3CB75EC830CE6DB951D3777EC7034003" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.696" unit="m" value="1696.0">
<elevation id="12A1C269A2C46DE407303FE7B28D09C0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.696" unit="m" value="1696.0">1696 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
<location id="B1E9C9826FF3D35131FD1D5B8B9D3121" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814:B1E9C9826FF3D35131FD1D5B8B9D3121" country="India" county="Due" latitude="3.4427001" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="64.10076" municipality="First Institute of Oceanography" name="Currently">Currently</location>
preserved at - 20 ° C in the
<location id="6BEF5E507489376396795F92EBC59B11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814:6BEF5E507489376396795F92EBC59B11" country="India" county="Due" latitude="3.4427001" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="64.10076" municipality="First Institute of Oceanography" name="Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science">Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science</location>
and
<location id="0A65F88205B56E0A602A126A3FEF3615" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90C2C4CFAA8F50BAAAB1F7C416332814:0A65F88205B56E0A602A126A3FEF3615" country="India" county="Due" latitude="3.4427001" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="64.10076" municipality="First Institute of Oceanography" name="Technology">Technology</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="8BE647CD69302A4812D339079FAF2356">First Institute of Oceanography</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="0B07237B2AA26133F0935271C83D10A5" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
with voucher number FIO-IND 72 -
<specimenCode id="39F45F854F49069F23BFC5EA921AA80A" collectionCode="JLBEN">JLBEN 22005</specimenCode>
.
<collectingCounty id="AB88B0B6FB41A1B9D2DA8540009E3180">Due</collectingCounty>
to the uncontrollable nature of deep-sea sample collection and preservation, a more detailed examination of another suspected sample could not be performed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9FA4CDB8CBE102A9C21D59C28C5346FC" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. In-situ images of deep-sea corals samples in this study. These images are from in-situ video screenshots and the camera on the Jiaolong. a. Sample in situ image of FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003; b. Sample in situ image of NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001; c. Coral in the same area that was highly similar to FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003; d. Sample in situ image of FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005; e, f. Coral in the same area that was highly similar to FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251178">2 f – h</figureCitation>
) and, therefore, no
<typeStatus id="B4780311BB4257FD250B7DC797EF8E82" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
was identified.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EOLBG" type="description">
<paragraph id="3B7EFB5A50EE60F077DD33510C55D5A2">
<heading id="49AE233DC87CAA8C55662129B6ACF0DC" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA44C10D2CF46695562D9585FD66F48B">
<emphasis id="91860526C94589B931A16D1A6424A09F" bold="true" italics="true">Colony</emphasis>
. The specimen FIO-IND 72 -
<collectionCode id="91163BF3364AA0A65FE062144CDF13E8">JLBEN</collectionCode>
22005 is a branch of the colony, approximately
<quantity id="74610F6BDFB06C111815C37480A007A8" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="cm" value="22.0">22 cm</quantity>
tall, with the base being the thickest at about
<quantity id="8CC1290783349EB5980A766D5DC075BF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="cm" value="0.6">0.6 cm</quantity>
in diameter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="00D3DCAF1EEAFCA89C61F80155366292" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological observation of Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (a); Microscopic observations (b – d); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations (e – h). a. The colony of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; b. The front and back of a branch; c. The cross-section of the axis; d. The autozooid of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; e. The details of the tentacles on an autozooid; f. The axis of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; g. The cortex of the axis; h. The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (a); 5 mm (b); 1 mm (c, d); 100 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g); 50 µm (h)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182">6 a</figureCitation>
). All branches present dichotomous branching on one plane. The branches are slightly curved, with many thinner branchlets appearing. There are remains of tissue where a brittle star had been entwined around the branches (the brittle star has been removed).
</paragraph>
<caption id="913822C2C9A49B04E5ED77CE4A6CAFFA" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" ID-arpha="6717CE95-5997-577C-8537-59BBF14BFF2D" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="9416BC06CD835E2938E8EF624D0B7EBA">
<label id="0E4EE466DA44142609F3396E615AF1D4">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9150F4946E067D1290C1300F12E2B4B0">
Morphological observation of
<taxonomicName id="DFF79051DE97EADDFE143D58EC1E3170" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="EB97EDA162F818FE51D72FFA24A40269" italics="true">Hemicorallium jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="839A025AFE0467C8EDCBDF5AC1FF8013" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (
<emphasis id="89CA88E982D9971BF7E22AEE1FFB0D3B" bold="true">a</emphasis>
); Microscopic observations (
<emphasis id="C6C276DAE8396AD525FE7FB49354207E" bold="true">b – d</emphasis>
); Scanning Electron Microscope (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUMBG" xlink_title="scanning electron microscopy">SEM</abbrev>
) observations (
<emphasis id="EA8E41CCEEEC4D51EFB7F0AD7E211AF6" bold="true">e – h</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="CFE4E0E346CCD11C930797264D2F7F0B" bold="true">a.</emphasis>
The colony of
<taxonomicName id="DDFAD0BADBF2A9F6E5F742CAF5589B9E" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FFFA6CDC8D86A3D1FDDB85500A695288" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AF783775711CA8BBBA27455F13302906" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<emphasis id="BE72FF5BDF2E23215F41F97EFBD51373" bold="true">b.</emphasis>
The front and back of a branch;
<emphasis id="D3660FDDADC0262C8E166AAA80F56027" bold="true">c.</emphasis>
The cross-section of the axis;
<emphasis id="838968403489E6E9108159F51FFCA2D9" bold="true">d.</emphasis>
The autozooid of
<taxonomicName id="A8189E744BBF29A1C25DCCAF0C84530B" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0BF3A712075411DE04859474C0958EF" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C76FA7F0D93ED45928DE542CD58D1543" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<emphasis id="82FBE01896D5DA374583BF9F4F3704B8" bold="true">e.</emphasis>
The details of the tentacles on an autozooid;
<emphasis id="D27A6D588C1C088AD3C2A20D34C6F494" bold="true">f.</emphasis>
The axis of
<taxonomicName id="87011AFE285DF985E242701607178DA5" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="FF74DF6AAD9022884C6CFA4B8922D49C" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5E4E2E33D3FA6F838D7887C95CA9F100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
;
<emphasis id="7C649808FB42893DBB0D0CB0F88036AD" bold="true">g.</emphasis>
The cortex of the axis;
<emphasis id="F99A1ED7F8E9F75958F1CB68B8E7FAA0" bold="true">h.</emphasis>
The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (
<emphasis id="67A3F8B629888274B744AE52C3E27008" bold="true">a</emphasis>
); 5 mm (
<emphasis id="226D4C7B14958184A64A4AA52C909EF0" bold="true">b</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis id="8C4059C79816FD4027E2523AB43CFD51" bold="true">c, d</emphasis>
); 100 µm (
<emphasis id="4021FC4316DB4D67D76E9FA0B91507EA" bold="true">e, f</emphasis>
); 200 µm (
<emphasis id="03BE1D790B60010FC5F8945E2B0E2C4B" bold="true">g</emphasis>
); 50 µm (
<emphasis id="DC32F124E7C44762A34DB904BE2619BE" bold="true">h</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="802CA2F174BC12D7257F26D30EF84B09">
<emphasis id="B3BA475227864ADB0E90D6500FB0F412" bold="true">
<emphasis id="92901DF6B278ED722A4B6ADC192463A7" bold="true" italics="true">Polys</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The branchlets can hold up to 14 non-retractable autozooids. At the tips of the branchlets, there are pairs of symmetrical polyps forming a Y-shape. These autozooids are distributed only on one side of the colony, with some forming acute angles or being perpendicular to the plane of the colony (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CAAC4366822FD280558781A1CA88B7B1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological observation of Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (a); Microscopic observations (b – d); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations (e – h). a. The colony of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; b. The front and back of a branch; c. The cross-section of the axis; d. The autozooid of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; e. The details of the tentacles on an autozooid; f. The axis of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; g. The cortex of the axis; h. The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (a); 5 mm (b); 1 mm (c, d); 100 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g); 50 µm (h)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182">6 b</figureCitation>
). The autozooids are 3.312 ±
<quantity id="BE10C773821426202C27971352ECA96E" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.54" unit="mm" value="0.554">0.554 mm</quantity>
in height and 1.759 ±
<quantity id="B8A5FE851AFF645CCFFB147A78890079" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" unit="mm" value="0.147">0.147 mm</quantity>
in width, the height of them usually being greater than the distance between them. Siphonozooids are not easily observed and appear as tiny pores on the branches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="42B434D7BA1BCA4216CF4572BF64A749">
<emphasis id="CC60AED83D8A0D48626745FCF8194A7F" bold="true">
<emphasis id="DA022A812D61B8BB0494DABA8DA80C63" bold="true" italics="true">Axis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The surface of the coenenchyme is uneven, but lacks noticeable protrusions or depressions. The side without autozooids has slight longitudinal grooves (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D6D23AD7AC3DAC4013B709F9FBD846AD" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological observation of Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (a); Microscopic observations (b – d); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations (e – h). a. The colony of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; b. The front and back of a branch; c. The cross-section of the axis; d. The autozooid of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; e. The details of the tentacles on an autozooid; f. The axis of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; g. The cortex of the axis; h. The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (a); 5 mm (b); 1 mm (c, d); 100 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g); 50 µm (h)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182">6 b</figureCitation>
). The axis is hard calcareous with no presence of canals inside (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D70DBC6BB259ED717E1530437350C054" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological observation of Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (a); Microscopic observations (b – d); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations (e – h). a. The colony of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; b. The front and back of a branch; c. The cross-section of the axis; d. The autozooid of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; e. The details of the tentacles on an autozooid; f. The axis of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; g. The cortex of the axis; h. The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (a); 5 mm (b); 1 mm (c, d); 100 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g); 50 µm (h)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182">6 c</figureCitation>
and Suppl. materials
<xref id="AC9ADB35B564B272518D57072C38456D" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S7">7</xref>
–
<xref id="174E580309B43F82D4905B70BB403DBA" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S9">9</xref>
). The surface of the axis without coenenchyme reveals irregular, sharp projections (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A5200F6FBE30F0F1B249BB072428B116" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological observation of Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (a); Microscopic observations (b – d); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations (e – h). a. The colony of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; b. The front and back of a branch; c. The cross-section of the axis; d. The autozooid of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; e. The details of the tentacles on an autozooid; f. The axis of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; g. The cortex of the axis; h. The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (a); 5 mm (b); 1 mm (c, d); 100 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g); 50 µm (h)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182">6 h</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="84C83ACC267B1DFD0FDFA51737039FA7">
<emphasis id="48F023E0B4D1A8EDB02C1805213A10D7" bold="true">
<emphasis id="101D49E75FF32E3DF89102F0B11070C0" bold="true" italics="true">Colour</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In underwater in situ videos, it appears white to light yellow. The base of the colony is white. After being collected and brought on board, the fresh coenenchyme is light yellow. The axis exhibits a translucent milky white appearance (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3A79F490561F4B9789671E2ADD660A42" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Morphological observation of Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 collected in the western India Ocean. Photographs by camera (a); Microscopic observations (b – d); Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations (e – h). a. The colony of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; b. The front and back of a branch; c. The cross-section of the axis; d. The autozooid of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; e. The details of the tentacles on an autozooid; f. The axis of H. jiaolongensis sp. nov.; g. The cortex of the axis; h. The surface details of the axis. Scale bar: 10 cm (a); 5 mm (b); 1 mm (c, d); 100 µm (e, f); 200 µm (g); 50 µm (h)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251182">6 c</figureCitation>
) and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8DA8F9C7134CAFCD7B5759243BBB8E9D">
<emphasis id="2B1C858C2F9D0284668746E5335AA7FD" bold="true">
<emphasis id="F8DC61DD6170CCFC6FFE4A531AC28C8F" bold="true" italics="true">Sclerites</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Rods are mainly present in the tentacles and there are two main
<typeStatus id="55F59C64B664EBC8C15F09DE11229B5D">types</typeStatus>
: short rods with sharp and large radial projections (86.028 ± 15.155 μm in height, Fig.
<figureCitation id="0DF64796D38112AE45F11FF684DFF093" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 a</figureCitation>
) and long rods with small and blunt projections (112.769 ± 19.156 μm in height, Fig.
<figureCitation id="E3483D7B27E632C68F00D380B6B8457D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 b</figureCitation>
). Both
<typeStatus id="97A642654924A47D62BF61D63D2F2EE0">types</typeStatus>
of rods have irregular small protrusions at both ends.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3A4DA614FE55DBFCADAC421E2234382C" ID-DOI="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" ID-arpha="ACEF0369-50FD-50DD-9B8D-6B7043B36C21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="417693F11B24C088AB7C3A774C2D1E13">
<label id="8E2D84213739E648294E8809620261A6">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED81B611E4D4111866A3AF411AFC18A3">
Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in
<taxonomicName id="702E039CFF7495D0489F4FA21906D008" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F20B4ACA4507C9C97E6FABE23ED64718" italics="true">Hemicorallium jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E1D167C47DCE18209FFA98320950C2D1" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="9236A20E56743D1B9D2BB019E179B76F" bold="true">a, b.</emphasis>
Rods sclerites from the tentacles;
<emphasis id="104650C5E62FA28B9E28A713D524806C" bold="true">c.</emphasis>
Crosses sclerites;
<emphasis id="4E888CED9296FB73EC86AD315E35DFAD" bold="true">d.</emphasis>
6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme;
<emphasis id="02305596D983F66158E9655B00A8FF8C" bold="true">e, f.</emphasis>
8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme;
<emphasis id="5AF3D21904FD06D388666DB1EC6B6FC7" bold="true">g.</emphasis>
Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6A6122B4AE822E504ACCE298B88A34B6">
Crosses, 6 -, 7 - and 8 - radiates and irregular radiates are found in both the autozooids and the axis surface (coenenchyme). Crosses sclerites are rare (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3260B990511D5B9D32BDA4698C5874A6" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 c</figureCitation>
) and only two sclerites were captured with different crossing angles. They measured 88.388 µm in height and 107.593 µm in width with nearly 90 ° angles and 73.350 µm in height and 60.283 µm in width with nearly 60 ° angles, respectively. The 6 - and 7 - radiates can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8BAA8C1A1C2F8A2D7567B0C51AFB867F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 d</figureCitation>
), measuring approximately 65.837 µm to 92.7717 µm in length. The 8 - radiates are the most abundant, with two different
<typeStatus id="6C7A17E4F4D24D8010D0CE22648A145E">types</typeStatus>
. The ends of the rays in a particular
<typeStatus id="C5C579950DF4ED09323B109CE7C69F37">type</typeStatus>
of 8 - radiates consist of multiple sharp spikes (72.452 ± 8.572 µm in height, Fig.
<figureCitation id="46A9E8C71EE6FFB0E3BDD059D5CA104C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 e</figureCitation>
). They have larger rays and gaps between them are hard to discern due to
<collectionCode id="C392CF83450C8F6C2430FC5FEFEDE1B3" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
2,
<collectionCode id="2068FCD18BDC73DA80F8A424BB1315BD" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
3,
<collectionCode id="8A788EB764B01A7AAB8BCF46F338991C" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
4 and
<collectionCode id="07B8D9097FE118939A77380D7243A230" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
5,
<collectionCode id="5B5C9AC575C4A9B636416E283B47A216" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
6 and
<collectionCode id="A0178C25F758FF618529CD1EDA4BCA7A" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
7 being tightly clustered together. Other 8 - radiates have smaller, but more pronounced rays with spaces between the eight rays (80.418 ± 10.907 µm in height, Fig.
<figureCitation id="9DD8A6BAD057342DE26B7C58D94F3A46" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 f</figureCitation>
). The irregular radiates (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B79DA24E79F785FA8706A8F47AFF841C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological scanning electron microscopy observations of sclerites in Hemicorallium jiaolongensis sp. nov. a, b. Rods sclerites from the tentacles; c. Crosses sclerites; d. 6 - and 7 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; e, f. 8 - radiates from both the autozooids and coenenchyme; g. Some irregular multi-radiates sclerites. Scale bar: 100 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251183">7 i</figureCitation>
) are about 45.257 µm to 103.113 µm in height and typically feature asymmetric shapes or excessively protruding rays. No double clubs have been found in this specimen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EDTBG" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="99EF6751EAD0AA6B1F828D7820793A5E">
<heading id="DB3B864CF93AB2DD95EB8047EB17DC10" reason="title">Etymology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6414DF1D7AD1F5B4AE524C470AF01526">
This species,
<taxonomicName id="BE2946593784632A21D13A2818688727" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis">
<emphasis id="080E4D86735C12D305E0C3C3E8D78303" italics="true">Hemicorallium jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is named in recognition of the manned submersible “
<emphasis id="DC1A1D53CD46D812DA05FACD4363508F" italics="true">Jiaolong</emphasis>
”, which was instrumental in the collection of this specimens. The name honours the dedication and efforts of the Jiaolong crew during the scientific expedition in the western Indian Ocean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWTBG" type="comparisons">
<paragraph id="0679994C9B7C2CD02DEF836376103849">
<heading id="199A8DA71556344D3F2AF966EC3BCB08" reason="title">Comparison.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3146C546AD683597120FE1D07DADA13C">
Specimen
<taxonomicName id="DEB1A1EF731D7B821131F5D021532583" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="89BDB2B0E19E665B3EB7DE97B084A5F2" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="02D6C72F541425DD48CD0C80CF262670" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
FIO-IND 72 -
<collectionCode id="E50EF81EBEB52514D199C89A4FAF1A43">JLBEN</collectionCode>
22005 exhibits all its polyps distributed on one side of the colony, with non-retracted autozooids and rod-shaped sclerites present in the tentacles. Therefore, this specimen aligns with the characteristics of the genus
<taxonomicName id="5B723629EC6C685EC1CCDE27CCC67175" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="38DB5FB870815199646255D0B3BBD7A1" italics="true">Hemicorallium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is classified within this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF71E0117B3789CF0DDE4706F946EEB2">
The newly-described
<taxonomicName id="03524937B1DC01A188425B0DDC360154" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="23CAD3F8B88899013EEA080D59196D95" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2302B2ED5AFC8884E2A2B855FA4EC6A8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
features a distinct
<typeStatus id="F97F18CD06904FE8CB7941F82C43F5E1">type</typeStatus>
of 8 - radiates that differentiates it from the closely-related
<taxonomicName id="80E6A26AA277FE0396982EFAA045C741" authority="Bayer, 1956" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1956" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laauense">
<emphasis id="2C22E1489A8032A451C9927107291584" italics="true">Hemicorallium laauense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05A01B2174426A9E66B1EB53B80D98BE" author="Bayer FM" refId="B4" refString="Bayer FM (1956) Descriptions and redescriptions of the Hawaiian octocorals collected by the US Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" year="1956">Bayer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4C03A26195620BFEC646CD6E8B463BB3" author="Bayer" firstAuthor="Bayer" refId="B4" refString="Bayer FM (1956) Descriptions and redescriptions of the Hawaiian octocorals collected by the US Fish Commission steamer ” Albatross ” (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" year="1956">Bayer 1956</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DDC7ADE3347BCC38A817142E5B5E915F" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3395.1.1" author="Tu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="1-17" refId="B49" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2012) Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 3395: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3395.1.1" title="Precious corals (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the northern West Pacific region with descriptions of two new species." volume="3395" year="2012">Tu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3A690765BAC4D739775070C5D0FC485A" DOI="10.12782/specdiv.26.297" author="Nonaka and Hayashibara" firstAuthor="Nonaka" journalOrPublisher="Species Diversity" pagination="297-342" refId="B27" refString="Nonaka M, Hayashibara T (2021) A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species. Species Diversity 26: 297–342. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.297" title="A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species." volume="26" year="2021">Nonaka and Hayashibara 2021</bibRefCitation>
), which also lacks double clubs. The rays of these 8 - radiates have sharp spikes at their ends. More notably, the gaps between the rays, except for
<collectionCode id="E04498A2C365BC0725CD2B1A54FDD270" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
1 and
<collectionCode id="2EBD52048542624BDB2C6EC9A0E26870" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
8, are very small, making the gaps between the rays hard to discern. In previously-recorded species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="7CC2E5B6057F8A81399E2C6AE0327199" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CF3B47AC3EEF14F4A72210B8893639F4" italics="true">Hemicorallium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the edges of the 8 - radiates typically have blunt spikes and clear gaps can be observed between the upper and lower halves (similar to those in Fig.
<figureCitation id="3CA15CF25BC8EB2B52D8C5E3D7DE7103" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphology of sclerites involved in this study and the diagram of radiates. a. Rods with sharp protrusions; b. Rods with blunt protrusions; c. Crosses; d. 6 - radiates; e. 7 - radiates; f. 8 - radiates with the rays closely spaced; g. 8 - radiates with the rays loosely spaced; h. The multilobular ornaments face of the double clubs; i. The enlarged rays face of the double clubs; j. The side view of the double clubs (both showing multilobular ornaments and enlarged rays); k. A simple diagram of 8 - radiates to show the direction of the eight rays, generated using the visualisation modelling software Sharp 3 D (version 5.661). Scale bar: 100 μm (a – j)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251179">3 f</figureCitation>
). Compared to all other reported species of the
<taxonomicName id="CCEC5FF6C35D61C2373725C9E6E13C3D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4416D9CCDDD1D79E0F677B5C5FED7958" italics="true">Hemicorallium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus that lack double clubs,
<taxonomicName id="B19683C251381D365D936AB711784E19" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DD5EA7B522796A0F702E25DDB7A28197" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B3997FC2939CC4ACE99D7D91E342D995" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be distinguished by its absence of spherical radiates which are present in
<taxonomicName id="3EA4C1993633CBF78EC5A96AA1BA980C" authority="Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng, 2016" authorityName="Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng" authorityYear="2016" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurantiacum">
<emphasis id="2E75DC8279034F2801A0C1F748946359" italics="true">Hemicorallium aurantiacum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="058B914A9F8E6761027C0B53CBECEDD9" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu T-H &amp; Dai C-F &amp; Jeng M-S" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003-1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="751D8E3E4D8283B83866CBA3F2EAF9FD" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="8D91158E5CF2085951C9F915DFE9BD02" authority="Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng, 2016" authorityName="Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng" authorityYear="2016" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="guttatum">
<emphasis id="197CCD3216EA7FE9063840793D21E4C8" italics="true">Hemicorallium guttatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F027A54CB1C15631053D8D74398CEC6F" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu T-H &amp; Dai C-F &amp; Jeng M-S" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003-1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu, Dai &amp; Jeng, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="47F47A904790E4C05D02BF470435CFE1" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="193620D8C68C2DDA0550E9993A123D67" DOI="10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.039" author="Wei" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wei" refId="B54" refString="Wei Z-F, Ta K-W, Zhang N-N, Liu S-S, Meng L, Liu K-Q, Cai C-Y, Peng X-T, Shao C-W (2024) Molecular phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial genomes of novel deep-sea corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea): Insights into slow evolution and adaptation to extreme deep-sea environments. Zoological Research 45: 215. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.039" year="2024">Wei et al. 2024</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="B3822B87294B2DE0E7A7B3B668509A60" authority="Hickson, 1907" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1907" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaheirense">
<emphasis id="53FC5BDB466A4EA45BC79E1549D30BA2" italics="true">Hemicorallium halmaheirense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="45D732E3F3BC60CD4133534164575393" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.11310" author="Hickson SJ &amp; Versluys J" refId="B14" refString="Hickson SJ, Versluys J (1907) Die Alcyoniden der Siboga-expedition: I. Coralliidae. Vol. 9, Buchhandlung und dr. vormals EJ Brill. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11310" year="1907">Hickson, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EC0B78A2445073C5B33B4CB1EAF06514" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.11310" author="Hickson and Versluys" firstAuthor="Hickson" refId="B14" refString="Hickson SJ, Versluys J (1907) Die Alcyoniden der Siboga-expedition: I. Coralliidae. Vol. 9, Buchhandlung und dr. vormals EJ Brill. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11310" year="1907">Hickson and Versluys 1907</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AB14DB5F8BD0DDF687BA9FCBFCD2982E" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="D4BF9057DECFE40DFF42D7F40F01F851" authority="Bayer, 1955" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1955" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="imperiale">
<emphasis id="067E7125DF9C77DDD1573EE60DBA8CFD" italics="true">Hemicorallium imperiale</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6CE9B4ACE59C1DA664ECF0924A1881E0" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.105-3357.207" author="Bayer FM" refId="B3" refString="Bayer FM (1955) Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.105-3357.207" year="1955">Bayer, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8CBBC97A4112BAA1785D3587C7AA6FC7" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.105-3357.207" author="Bayer" firstAuthor="Bayer" refId="B3" refString="Bayer FM (1955) Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.105-3357.207" year="1955">Bayer 1955</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="B097D197FB1E2DB5C87BAAE8F0EAA12B" authority="Bayer, 1956" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1956" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="regale">
<emphasis id="2E49C88E1B986EF58A925088FC3D1678" italics="true">Hemicorallium regale</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4186485C82F096A60948B9F667A82C30" author="Bayer FM" refId="B4" refString="Bayer FM (1956) Descriptions and redescriptions of the Hawaiian octocorals collected by the US Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" year="1956">Bayer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A322DA3C902D18E0619849611AF6036" author="Bayer" firstAuthor="Bayer" refId="B4" refString="Bayer FM (1956) Descriptions and redescriptions of the Hawaiian octocorals collected by the US Fish Commission steamer ” Albatross ” (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/879" year="1956">Bayer 1956</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="D9DD687977A2C6514A2E29273D970E3A" authority="Nonaka &amp; Hayashibara, 2021" authorityName="Nonaka &amp; Hayashibara" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kaiyo">
<emphasis id="F309429F94D3F279C2303ED724060FEB" italics="true">Hemicorallium kaiyo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="79595A2E88DE4AA7087321981D911355" DOI="10.12782/specdiv.26.297" author="Nonaka M &amp; Hayashibara T" journalOrPublisher="Species Diversity" pagination="297-342" refId="B27" refString="Nonaka M, Hayashibara T (2021) A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species. Species Diversity 26: 297-342. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.297" title="A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species." volume="26" year="2021">Nonaka &amp; Hayashibara, 2021</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4417D777F4E6488E23B06AFB3F253AD4" DOI="10.12782/specdiv.26.297" author="Nonaka and Hayashibara" firstAuthor="Nonaka" journalOrPublisher="Species Diversity" pagination="297-342" refId="B27" refString="Nonaka M, Hayashibara T (2021) A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species. Species Diversity 26: 297–342. https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.297" title="A report on Coralliidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) specimens collected from the Emperor Seamounts with descriptions of three new species." volume="26" year="2021">Nonaka and Hayashibara 2021</bibRefCitation>
) lacks rods with sharp projections and the crosses that are both present in
<taxonomicName id="1BDD488C07394B92D82E24FD34C98D60" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="130BCFC22D30A1E98A2E7DB25398F617" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="141828116DDB2C76901317657D8E6790" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="7F821EC1C3EFD633D552A4AF42344072" authority="Hickson, 1905" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1905" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reginae">
<emphasis id="69157CDC8267751905AAB4C53568079F" italics="true">Hemicorallium reginae</emphasis>
Hickson, 1905
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D7EB708798B8241E258FA44CB8410A31" author="Koninklijke Akademie van W" refId="B18" refString="Koninklijke Akademie van W (1905) Proceedings of the section of sciences. Vol. v. 8: pt. 1 (1905), Johannes Muller, Amsterdam. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13877973" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13877973" year="1905">Koninklijke Akademie van 1905</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B289692BFC79EE3E90060CD09EF739A1" DOI="10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" author="Tu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tu" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pagination="1003-1038" refId="B51" refString="Tu T-H, Dai C-F, Jeng M-S (2016) Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology Research 12: 1003–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1241411" title="Taxonomic revision of Coralliidae with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Archipelago." volume="12" year="2016">Tu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="2A29C6EA44576D646474E7ECAFE8B9C7" authority="Thomson &amp; Henderson, 1906" authorityName="Thomson &amp; Henderson" authorityYear="1906" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
<emphasis id="3A6D29D7BC75503E391D6259015F45CC" italics="true">Hemicorallium variabile</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BAE1F96B628E6CADF699AA726BF98C0E" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.8279" author="Thomson JA &amp; Henderson WD &amp; Simpson JJ" refId="B47" refString="Thomson JA, Henderson WD, Simpson JJ (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. order of the Trustees of the Indian Museum. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8279" year="1906">Thomson &amp; Henderson, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4825049387623FB9DD3C132A04684447" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.8279" author="Thomson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Thomson" refId="B47" refString="Thomson JA, Henderson WD, Simpson JJ (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. order of the Trustees of the Indian Museum. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8279" year="1906">Thomson et al. 1906</bibRefCitation>
) each possess their own unique irregular sclerites which are not found in
<taxonomicName id="CC2F0DBF9141CEE0162D9E50E73F59DB" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F6A16848A815C3651E40D7082A89888B" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9AEDD0B65A61106073ADE628522C36F7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
For more information on morphology comparisons, see Table
<tableCitation id="912EF1690EAC358FA6B79B7C40D9209E" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of morphological characteristics between the two new species described and all other species of the genus Hemicorallium. “ – ” means not recorded; “ Not sure ” means ambiguity in different references." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0E879E7036BFA14139A83D3DB965CF22" tableUuid="0E879E7036BFA14139A83D3DB965CF22">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA93734A4B09B064046886E1CBE37969">
In summary, the remarkable morphological features that distinguish this new species from other members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="8D9C2946A7A2AD222EF780BB24C67408" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5815A2E6953C01F175D8D5AD448F7117" italics="true">Hemicorallium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include:
</paragraph>
<list id="D338825D6DC351077127245DC24B69C6" list-type="order">
<paragraph id="E692642D0E2B69E43BF9643812617019">
<list-item id="D2FE112E4BEB1391EC1DBC378DE0F5EC">
The taller (about
<quantity id="7CB23C3E4189EFCFEA4C4EE54C654A09" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
) and closely-spaced autozooids.
</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4490A7B1B398D1719CD092DB57A2269F">
<list-item id="0EEE0497AF864DEDB228A038208D78AC">An uneven surface on the axis, characterised by sparse, fine and slightly sharp projections.</list-item>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2188E1A812BD6BF887301DC2E74FEC0C">
<list-item id="2F50E4899E8C2BE7CF0FACA8BE47C2AA">
A particular
<typeStatus id="C92F3318D205ACF1802C1258E37F1312">type</typeStatus>
of 8 - radiates with sharp spikes on the edges and the middle rays of the radiates are tightly clustered together.
</list-item>
</paragraph>
</list>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EX2BG" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="688FEFABBBD1D3E9349D1C542C0A3350">
<heading id="32EC8B1F4417A23AE50067B20047955C" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D44CCA1AB385A68BC4D5E75644C0289E">
<taxonomicName id="0ECAE49A24EF8DDC9B6F4CBC7C523F2C" authorityName="Hu &amp; Zhang &amp; Ge &amp; Li &amp; Wang &amp; Zhang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2025" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" genus="Hemicorallium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jiaolongensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="0119CEFB4614A2ED91151240EAD235D6" italics="true">H. jiaolongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DB8AA476656263E3485EA1D87EC52637" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
represents a new species of
<taxonomicName id="ECC413EF626DBF3BA05098D5952335E5" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" class="Anthozoa" family="Coralliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Coralliidae</taxonomicName>
first recorded in the Indian Ocean. Although no
<typeStatus id="69DE1700E5203EE324C56FB16428A6CA" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is available, the features of another coral specimen, as observed through in situ videos and photographs, are highly similar to the
<typeStatus id="95ABFAD7F11BAC003A3BC178F7682895" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="4FCF18DF0A0F7B1780ABAE551B18163F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. In-situ images of deep-sea corals samples in this study. These images are from in-situ video screenshots and the camera on the Jiaolong. a. Sample in situ image of FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003; b. Sample in situ image of NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001; c. Coral in the same area that was highly similar to FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003; d. Sample in situ image of FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005; e, f. Coral in the same area that was highly similar to FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.101.139350.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1251178">2 e – f</figureCitation>
and Suppl. material
<xref id="092D85BB03E6DEB0ECFB3C8ED118B653" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S5">5</xref>
). This specimen also exhibits a white to light yellow colony with polyps distributed on one side. All small branches are numerous and densely packed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<heading id="8C1713811F3428C62BDF248CA7B5C43E" reason="label">Genus</heading>
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<emphasis id="F1FA222EC07741DB0E3AF2FC7AF4D790" italics="true">Cuneopsis</emphasis>
Simpson, 1900
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<paragraph id="25F6BCDB45EC8A95D9FCCBEAF52D0E4C">
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<typeStatus id="1577280419E62373CB81B75FA59E6F8F">Type</typeStatus>
species.
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<paragraph id="B21D2519AFE4E9B9AA03602118E1C5E3">
<taxonomicName id="67284FC52AAA111999A17097E08FA1CE" authority="(Heude, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Heude" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Bivalvia" family="Unionidae" genus="Cuneopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Unionida" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="celtiformis">
<emphasis id="FD1593AC876757571004539A52987F75" italics="true">Cuneopsis celtiformis</emphasis>
(Heude, 1874)
</taxonomicName>
.
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