diff --git a/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFACFFE2FE90FDA8FCBBFB57.xml b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFACFFE2FE90FDA8FCBBFB57.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..10d47716de3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFACFFE2FE90FDA8FCBBFB57.xml @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + +Late Eocene-early Oligocene snakes from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania) + + + +Author + +Venczel, Márton +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Codrea, Vlad A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) & ’ Emil Racoviță’ Speleological Institute, Calea 13 Septembrie, RO- 050711, Sector 5, Bucharest (Romania) +codrea_vlad@yahoo.fr + + + +Author + +Solomon, Alexandru A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Fărcaș, Cristina +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Bordeianu, Marian +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Transgex SA, Geological Compartment, 2 Vasile Alecsandri Street, RO- 410072, Oradea (Romania) + +text + + +Comptes Rendus Palevol + + +2025 + +2025-05-14 + + +24 + + +13 + + +229 +240 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 + +journal article +10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 +1777-571X +15624605 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E1B31130-3680-402C-987D-F1FF3DB0D8DD + + + + + + +Falseryx +Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 + + + + + + + + + +Falseryx +Szyndlar & Rage, 2003: 59 + + +. + + + + + +REMARKS + + +The genus + +Falseryx +Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 + +, was originally established as a member of + +Boinae +Gray, 1825 + +or Tropidophiinae Brongersma, 1951 ( +Szyndlar & Rage 2003 +), ‘Tropidophiidae’ ( + +Szyndlar +et al. +2008 + +), +Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 +( +Ivanov 2022 +), and finally classified as Alethinophidia +incertae sedis +( +Smith & Georgalis 2022 +). The uncertainties regarding the phylogenetic position of + +Falseryx + +stem primarily from the fact that it is known exclusively from vertebrae. There is a single published vertebral synapomorphy of tropidophiids: the presence of an anteroventral straight corner of the hypapophyses of trunk vertebrae ( +Smith & Georgalis 2022 +; +Szyndlar & Georgalis 2023 +; + +Zaher +et al. +2024 + +); notably, this feature is absent in + +Falseryx + +, which has a haemal keel instead of a hypapophysis in its mid- and posterior trunk vertebrae, hinting further that this genus does not belong to tropidophiids. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFACFFE2FF2FFB6AFBF0F815.xml b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFACFFE2FF2FFB6AFBF0F815.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7d50fe6aeb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFACFFE2FF2FFB6AFBF0F815.xml @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ + + + +Late Eocene-early Oligocene snakes from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania) + + + +Author + +Venczel, Márton +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Codrea, Vlad A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) & ’ Emil Racoviță’ Speleological Institute, Calea 13 Septembrie, RO- 050711, Sector 5, Bucharest (Romania) +codrea_vlad@yahoo.fr + + + +Author + +Solomon, Alexandru A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Fărcaș, Cristina +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Bordeianu, Marian +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Transgex SA, Geological Compartment, 2 Vasile Alecsandri Street, RO- 410072, Oradea (Romania) + +text + + +Comptes Rendus Palevol + + +2025 + +2025-05-14 + + +24 + + +13 + + +229 +240 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 + +journal article +10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 +1777-571X +15624605 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E1B31130-3680-402C-987D-F1FF3DB0D8DD + + + + + + +Falseryx neervelpensis +Szyndlar, Smith & Rage, 2008 + + + + + + + +Falseryx +cf. +neervelpensis + + + + + +( +Fig. 2 +) + + + + +MATERIAL +. — + +Suceag +1: 11 trunk vertebrae ( + +UBB +V 1042 +/1-2 + +; + +UBB +V 1043 +/1-9 + +) + +. + + + + +DESCRIPTION + + +UBB +V 1042 +/1, is the largest available specimen representing a middle trunk vertebra, lacking its prezygapophyseal areas and the right posterolateral side of its neural arch. In dorsal view, the vertebra appears slightly longer than wide featuring a relatively deep interzygapophyseal constriction, whereas the posterior notch of the neural arch is also deep, bordered by the nearly straight posteromedian margins of the neural arch ( +Fig. 2A +). The neural spine, representing about one third of the length of the neural arch, is extremely low and widened, and without an anterior or posterior overhang; tiny tubercles are present on its dorsal anterior limit. The anterior margin of the zygosphene is slightly convex, with two protruding lateral lobes (the left one is damaged). In ventral view, the centrum is longer than wide (centrum length (CL) ≈ +3.85 mm +; centrum width (CW) ≈ +3.26 mm +; CL/CW ≈ 1.18), whereas the haemal keel is prominent, somewhat broadened anteriorly and posteriorly, but tapers near the condylar neck; on the right side a distinct subcotylar tubercle is preserved. The subcentral grooves are indistinct, whereas the subcentral foramina are present; on the right side a distinctly large subcentral foramen is preserved. Only the right paradiapophysis is preserved; it strongly projects laterally and features a well-developed tubercle on the anterior margin of the prezygapophyseal buttress ( +Fig. 2B +). The surface of the left postzygapophysis preserves numerous lines of arrested growths (LAGs) (for their interpretation, see + +Venczel +et al. +2015 + +), of which six are more discernible, considered as indication of intermittent seasonal growths ( + +Venczel +et al. +2015 + +; +Venczel 2023 +). In lateral view, the haemal keel is prominent and its ventral margin is relatively straight, whereas the subcentral ridges are weakly defined ( +Fig. 2C +). In anterior view, the roof of the zygosphene is straight with the lateral lobes tilting upward; the cotylar rim is damaged ( +Fig. 2D +). In posterior view, the neural arch is depressed, slightly convex dorsally and preserves on the left dorsal side of the postzygapophysis a low bony ridge extending anteroposteriorly. No parazygantral foramen is preserved ( +Fig. 2E +). + + +The remaining trunk vertebrae are smaller and fragmentary, exhibiting some morphological variation compared to the UBB +V 1042 +/ +1 specimen +. The neural spine is consistently low and strongly broadened and with either parallel lateral margins ( +Fig. 2F +), or distinct posterior widening ( +Fig. 2G +). Some specimens feature a well-developed median lobe on the zygosphene ( +Fig. 2F, G +). In the UBB +V 1042 +/ +2 specimen +, the paradiapophyses are well-preserved and somewhat differentiated into diapophyseal and parapophyseal portions. The portions of prezygapophyseal buttresses between the paradiapophyses and prezygapophyseal processes, as seen in + +Falseryx neervelpensis + +(see + +Szyndlar +et al. +2008 + +), are developed into prominent, anteriorly facing tubercles ( +Fig. 2H +). In anterior view, the outline of the cotyle appears circular, without paracotylar foramina ( +Fig. 2I +). In UBB +V 1043 +/1, representing an anterior trunk vertebra ( +Fig. 2J, K +), the neural arch appears more vaulted and less elongated, whereas the haemal keel is more prominent and extends posteriorly beyond the condylar neck. + + + + +REMARKS + + +The size and morphology of the above-described vertebrae from Suceag 1 are closely resemble those of + +Falseryx neervelpensis + +known from the early Oligocene (MP 21) locality of Boutersem TGV, +Belgium +. In particular, the prominent tubercles protruding anteriorly on the prezygapophyseal buttresses are highly similar to those observed in this species ( + +Szyndlar +et al. +2008 + +: figs 1, 2). The vertebrae of the +type +species of the genus (i.e., + +Falseryx petersbuchi +Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 + +), known from the Early Miocene (MN 4) localities of Petersbuch 2, +Germany +and Dolnice, +Czech Republic +( +Szyndlar & Rage 2003 +), also bear resemblance to the specimens from Suceag 1. However, they lack the tubercles developed on the prezygapophyseal buttresses, which are considered diagnostic of + +F. neervelpensis + +(see + +Szyndlar +et al. +2008 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFAEFFEEFF63FA0DFB0AFCA9.xml b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFAEFFEEFF63FA0DFB0AFCA9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2d97df1d579 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFAEFFEEFF63FA0DFB0AFCA9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ + + + +Late Eocene-early Oligocene snakes from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania) + + + +Author + +Venczel, Márton +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Codrea, Vlad A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) & ’ Emil Racoviță’ Speleological Institute, Calea 13 Septembrie, RO- 050711, Sector 5, Bucharest (Romania) +codrea_vlad@yahoo.fr + + + +Author + +Solomon, Alexandru A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Fărcaș, Cristina +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Bordeianu, Marian +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Transgex SA, Geological Compartment, 2 Vasile Alecsandri Street, RO- 410072, Oradea (Romania) + +text + + +Comptes Rendus Palevol + + +2025 + +2025-05-14 + + +24 + + +13 + + +229 +240 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 + +journal article +10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 +1777-571X +15624605 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E1B31130-3680-402C-987D-F1FF3DB0D8DD + + + + + +Species + +Messelophis variatus +Baszio, 2004 + + + + + + +cf. + +Messelophis variatus + + + + + +( +Figs 3 +A-K; 4A-I) + + + + +MATERIAL +. — + +CetăŢuia Hill +: one anterior trunk vertebra ( + +UBB +V 1045 + +), four trunk vertebrae ( + +UBB +V 1046 +/1-4 + +); + + +Suceag +1: eight trunk vertebrae ( + +UBB +V 1047 +/1-8 + +), one caudal vertebra ( + +UBB +V 1044 + +) + +. + + + + +DESCRIPTION + + +The specimen UBB +V 1045 +represents a partial anterior trunk vertebra with the roof of its neural arch broken off ( +Fig. 3A, B +). The centrum is slightly longer than wide and features a salient and posteroventrally projecting hypapophysis.Two small subcentral foramina are present and the paradiapophyses appear robust and undifferentiated, however their surfaces are strongly eroded. One of the best preserved mid-trunk vertebrae from the CetăŢuia Hill locality is represented by UBB +V 1046 +/1( +Fig. 3 +C-F); however, in the specimen the right prezygapophysis and the left postzygapophysis are completely broken off, whereas the lateral margin of the left prezygapophysis, the ventral margin of the cotylar lip and the posterior tip of the condyle are also missing. The estimated centrum length of the UBB +V 1046 +/ +1 specimen +approaches +2.42 mm +, whereas its centrum width approaches +2.39 mm +; in the UBB +V 1047 +/ +1 specimen +from Suceag 1 locality ( +Fig. 4 +A-C) the centrum length reaches +2.64 mm +, whereas its centrum width equals +2.46 mm +. In dorsal view, the most striking feature is that the neural spine is extremely short and point-like, positioned on the upraised dorsoposterior border of the neural arch, whereas the area in front of the neural spine is flat ( +Figs 3C, G, H +; +4A, D, E +); however, in all the specimens the distal tip of the neural spine is broken off ( +Figs 3G, H +; +4H +). The interzygapophyseal constriction is moderate and a well-defined posterior notch is present on the neural arch. The anterior margin of the zygosphene is provided with two lateral lobes and with a less developed median lobe ( +Figs 3C +; +4A +). In ventral view, the haemal keel is well-defined, more salient in the specimens from CetăŢuia Hill ( +Figs 3D, I +; +4F +), whereas in those from Suceag 1, it is somewhat widened and flattened ( +Fig. 4B +). The subcentral foramina are present and of variable size, the subcentral grooves are weakly defined, whereas the paradiapophyses project strongly laterally; the prezygapophyseal process is vestigial ( +Fig. 3I, J +). In lateral view, the vertebrae appear moderately flattened with the neural arch elevated near the neural spine ( +Fig. 4C, D +). The paradiapophyses are undifferentiated and robustly built, as seen in specimen UBB +V 1046 +/3 ( +Fig. 3J +). In anterior view, the neural arch is slightly flattened, the neural spine is relatively low, whereas the cotyle is circular and the paracotylar foramina are lacking; the zygosphenal roof is almost horizontal ( +Fig. 3E, H +). In posterior view, the neural arch appears slightly convex, the condyle is rounded, whereas the parazygantral foramina are lacking ( +Fig. 3F, K +). + + + +FIG +. 4. — Isolated trunk vertebrae of cf. + +Messelophis variatus + +: ( +A -I +) and +Ungaliophiidae +indet. ( +J -N +): +A -C +, middle trunk vertebra (UBB V 1047/1) in dorsal ( +A +), ventral ( +B +) and right lateral ( +C +) views; +D +, middle trunk vertebra (UBB V 1047/3) in left lateral view; +E +, +F +, middle trunk vertebra (UBB V 1046/4) in dorsal ( +E +) and ventral ( +F +) views; +G -I +, caudal vertebra (UBB V 1044) in dorsal ( +G +), ventral ( +H +) and posterior ( +I +) views; +J -N +, caudal vertebra (UBB V 1048) in dorsal ( +J +), ventral ( +K +), right lateral ( +L +), anterior ( +M +) and posterior ( +N +) views. Abbreviation: +ha +, haemapophysis; +hk +, haemal keel; +ns +, neural spine; +pla +, pleurapophysis. Scale bar: 2 mm. + + + +A single caudal vertebra (UBB +V 1044 +), representing a small sized individual (however,about five lines of the arrested growths are observed on its prezygapophysis indicating that it was an adult snake), possesses a low neural spine extending from the base of the zygosphene to the posterior notch of the neural arch ( +Fig. 4G +). The centrum is longer than wide, whereas the neural arch is depressed possessing a weak interzygapophyseal constriction ( +Fig. 4H +); below the right prezygapophysis, a tiny prezygapophyseal accessory process is preserved, and the prezygapophysis itself is elongated. In ventral view, the pleurapophyses are broken off; however, the remnants of the paired haemapophyses are partially preserved ( +Fig. 4H, I +). + + + + +REMARKS + + +Some of the phenotypical features of the vertebrae described above closely resemble those of + +Messelophis variatus + +(e.g. presence of an extremely short “point-like” neural spine, developed near the posterior border of the neural arch and the paracotylar foramina absent). Similar to the specimens of our study, the vertebrae of + +M. variatus + +are elongated, with extremely short neural spines developed at the posterior border of the neural arch, the paracotylar foramina are absent and the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are weakly developed ( +Baszio 2004 +; +Schaal & Baszio 2004 +; + +Scanferla +et al. +2016 + +: fig. 1B). Moreover, in the +holotype +of + +M. variatus + +(SMF-ME 1828 A-B), exposing a short portion of the ventral side of its vertebral column (MV pers. obs.), and in the recently referred specimen SMF-ME 513a from the early middle Eocene of Messel, +Germany +, exposing the ventral side of its vertebral column ( +Scanferla & Smith 2020b +: fig. 1B), the trunk vertebrae possess prominent haemal keels of variable shape (i.e., of gladiate or spatulate-shape, +sensu +Auffenberg 1963 +). The caudal vertebra UBB +V 1044 +, similarly to + +M. variatus + +, possesses a low neural spine and provided with paired haemapophyses ( + +Scanferla +et al. +2016 + +: fig. 18A); however, in + +M. variatus + +the haemapophyses appear laminar, whereas in UBB +V 1044 +the remnants of the latter structure comparatively are less elongated anteroposteriorly. + + + +FIG +. 5. — Isolated trunk vertebra of Alethinophidia indet.: +A -D +, incomplete middle trunk vertebra (UBB V 1049) in dorsal ( +A +), ventral ( +B +), right lateral ( +C +) and anterior ( +D +) views. Abbreviation: +paf +, paracotylar foramen. Scale bar: 2 mm. + + + +A number of comparable attributes of the studied specimens should be noted also in the fossil genus + +Dunnophis +Hecht + +in +McGrew +et al. +, 1959, which was originally designated based on isolated vertebrae as an +incertae sedis +snake from the late early Eocene of North America ( +Hecht 1959 +), and recorded later from the Eocene of Western Europe (e.g. +Rage 1973 +, +1974 +, +1984 +, 2006; +Rage & Ford 1980 +; +Rage & Augé 2003 +, +2010 +; see +Smith & Georgalis 2022 +), and even from the late Palaeocene of +Morocco +( +Augé & Rage 2006 +). Among the peculiar features of + +Dunnophis + +, as noted by the above authors, are the following: the centrum is depressed, narrow and longer than wide; the extremely short neural spine is developed near the margin of the deep posterior notch of the neural arch; the prezygapophyseal processes are absent or vestigial; and the caudal vertebrae, rarely present in the fossil material, likely possessed haemapophyses, as seen in the North American +type +species of the genus, + +Dunnophis microechinis +Hecht + +in +McGrew +et al. +, 1959 (see +Hecht 1959 +: plate 56: 7-10). Resemblance between + +Dunnophis + +and + +Ungaliophis +Müller, 1880 + +was already noted by +Bogert (1968) +, while similarity between + +Dunnophis + +and + +Messelophis + +was mentioned by +Baszio (2004) +. +Rage & Augé (2010) +suggested that + +Messelophis + +might be considered a junior synonym of + +Dunnophis + +. On the other hand, the specimens from the early Oligocene of +Romania +described herein, share with the two recent genera of ungaliophiids (i.e., + +Exiliboa +Bogert, 1968 + +, and + +Ungaliophis + +) a number of phenotypic features, as follows: lightly built vertebrae with their centrum longer than wide, the presence of a prominent haemal keel in the trunk vertebrae (according to +Szyndlar & Georgalis, 2023 +, the haemal keel is less developed in + +Ungaliophis + +), the absence of paracotylar foramina, and weakly developed or vestigial prezygapophyseal accessory processes. Some of these characters (e.g. elongation of the trunk vertebrae and presence of haemal keel in the caudal vertebrae) have been considered synapomorphies of +Ungaliophiidae +within the clade of Constrictores ( +Smith 2013 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFAFFFE1FE80F9EDFB37F815.xml b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFAFFFE1FE80F9EDFB37F815.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c19fe38207c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B7/87/03B787BFFFAFFFE1FE80F9EDFB37F815.xml @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ + + + +Late Eocene-early Oligocene snakes from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania) + + + +Author + +Venczel, Márton +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Codrea, Vlad A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Țării CriȘurilor Museum, Natural History Department, 1 / A Armatei Române, Oradea, RO- 410087 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) & ’ Emil Racoviță’ Speleological Institute, Calea 13 Septembrie, RO- 050711, Sector 5, Bucharest (Romania) +codrea_vlad@yahoo.fr + + + +Author + +Solomon, Alexandru A. +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & MureȘ County Museum, Natural History Department, 24 Horea Street, Târgu MureȘ, RO- 540036 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Fărcaș, Cristina +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) + + + +Author + +Bordeianu, Marian +Scientific and Technological Advanced Research (STAR) Institute, BabeȘ-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, Cluj-Napoca, RO- 400084 (Romania) & Transgex SA, Geological Compartment, 2 Vasile Alecsandri Street, RO- 410072, Oradea (Romania) + +text + + +Comptes Rendus Palevol + + +2025 + +2025-05-14 + + +24 + + +13 + + +229 +240 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 + +journal article +10.5852/cr-palevol2025v24a13 +1777-571X +15624605 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E1B31130-3680-402C-987D-F1FF3DB0D8DD + + + + + + +UNGALIOPHIIDAE +McDowell, 1987 + + + + + + +( +sensu + +Burbrink +et al. +2020 + +) + + + + +REMARKS + + +Ungaliophiidae +were previously classified as a subfamily within +Tropidophiidae +(originally Ungaliopheinae of +McDowell 1987 +). However, based on molecular data, ungaliophiids are considered to be much more distantly related to tropidophiids and instead represent distinct booids. This taxonomic classification is usually regarded as a subfamily within Charinaidae Gray, 1849 ( +Ungaliophiinae +of + +Pyron +et al. +2014 + +; +Georgalis & Smith 2020 +), or as a distinct family of Booidea, the +Ungaliophiidae +( + +Burbrink +et al. +2020 + +; +Szyndlar & Georgalis 2023 +; + +Zaher +et al. +2023 + +). Parsimony analyses have recovered the latter as the sister clade of Charinaidae ( + +Burbrink +et al. +2020 + +) (for further details see also +Szyndlar & Georgalis 2023 +). + +Messelophis +Baszio, 2004 + +, is a genus of fossil dwarf boas from the middle Eocene of Messel locality, +Germany +, described firstly by +Baszio (2004) +, based mainly on the morphology of its vertebrae. Another species of the genus, + +Messelophis ermannorum +Schaal & Baszio, 2004 + +, also from Messel, was later reassigned to a new genus by + +Scanferla +et al. +(2016) + +: + +Rieppelophis +Scanferla, Smith & Schaal, 2016 + +. The latter genus appears in parsimony analyses as the sister taxon of + +Messelophis + +, while + +Messelophis + ++ + +Rieppelophis + +has been recovered as the sister taxon of + +Exiliboa + ++ + +Ungaliophis + +( +Scanferla & Smith 2020a +, b). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0021AFACBFEA4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0021AFACBFEA4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..32ab82542cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0021AFACBFEA4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883 + + + + +Common name: Blind awl snails or pin snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0071AFB4EFBA4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0071AFB4EFBA4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9c3795ada22 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D304FFBFFCB0071AFB4EFBA4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry, 1918 + + + + +Common name: Minute land snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0075AFB0DFB64.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0075AFB0DFB64.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0f30f4c6c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFCB0075AFB0DFB64.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Succineidae Beck, 1837 + + + + +Common name: Amber snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1702FAFDB7FDC4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1702FAFDB7FDC4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9398b8b435c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF1702FAFDB7FDC4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Pupillidae Turton, 1831 + + + + +Common name: Minute land snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17045AFDF3F864.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17045AFDF3F864.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..40b64254eef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D305FFBEFF17045AFDF3F864.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Streptaxidae Gray, 1860 + + + + +Common name: Carnivorous land snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0029AFB95FDC4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0029AFB95FDC4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e3c40441415 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFCB0029AFB95FDC4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Achatinidae Swainson, 1840 + + + + +Common name: Tropical land snails, including Giant African land snails. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1701FAFDE3FCC4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1701FAFDE3FCC4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ecc6ac3a1d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1701FAFDE3FCC4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + +Family +Bithyniidae Gray, 1857 + + + +Common name: Mud freshwater snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1706DAFDEEF9E4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1706DAFDEEF9E4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..622c7cf80e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D306FFBDFF1706DAFDEEF9E4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Cochliopidae Tryon, 1866 + + +Common name: Small freshwater snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB007FAFB05FAC4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB007FAFB05FAC4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5b54a564857 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D309FFB2FCB007FAFB05FAC4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Sphaeriidae Deshayes, 1855 + + + + +Common +name: Orb mussels + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB0011AFB73FDA4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB0011AFB73FDA4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3c6360ab4b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FCB0011AFB73FDA4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Ampullariidae Gray, 1824 + + + + +Common name: Tropical/Apple snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF1706FAFDB2F9C4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF1706FAFDB2F9C4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9011d92cef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30CFFB7FF1706FAFDB2F9C4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Cyrenidae Gray, 1840 + + + + +Common name: Porcelain Mussels + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0039AFBFCFF24.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0039AFBFCFF24.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9e1f41e0af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30DFFB6FCB0039AFBFCFF24.xml @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Viviparidae Gray, 1847 + + + + + +Common name: +River +snails + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB000FAFA93FBC4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB000FAFA93FBC4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4ea0754d122 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30EFFB5FCB000FAFA93FBC4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Iridinidae Swainson, 1840 + + + + + +Common name: Toothless +River +mussels + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30FFFB4FCB000BAFB58FC04.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30FFFB4FCB000BAFB58FC04.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..597f63ea524 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D30FFFB4FCB000BAFB58FC04.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Unionidae Rafinesque, 1820 + + + + +Common name: Freshwater mussels + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D319FFA2FF1703FAFDC2FEC4.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D319FFA2FF1703FAFDC2FEC4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b630a6c409e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D319FFA2FF1703FAFDC2FEC4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Achatinidae Swainson, 1840 + + + + +Common name: Tropical land snails + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0003AFA88FC84.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0003AFA88FC84.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..df8fffc06ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0003AFA88FC84.xml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + +Family +Veronicellidae Gray, 1840 + + + + +Common name: Leather-back land slugs + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0005AFB54FA64.xml b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0005AFB54FA64.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9c1454f1713 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F0/DD/03F0DD67D31AFFA1FCB0005AFB54FA64.xml @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ + + + +An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana + + + +Author + +Rapalai, Boikhutso Lerato + +text + + +Indago: Investigating nature and humanity in Africa + + +2024 + +Oxford, England + + +2024-08-10 + + +41 + + +10 + + +15 +44 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13132605 + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.13132605 +0067-9208 +13132605 +716CBDAD-9ACA-4820-A6C4-93158C907654 + + + + + + +62. + +Laevicaulis alte + +(A. +Férussac, 1822 +) + + + + + + +Distribution and year: +Francistown +2018, 2019 ( + +GBIF 2023 +b + +). + + +Geographic range: +Botswana +, +Democratic Republic of the Congo +, +Malawi +, +South Africa +, +Tanzania +, +Zambia +, +Zimbabwe +. + +Habitat: Terrestrial. + +Notes: The species is widely distributed across Southern Africa, occurring in several +types +of habitats such as the savanna and the equatorial forest (van Bruggen & Appleton 1977), unknown to occur at very high altitudes, and has been introduced in several parts of the world ( +Herbert & Kilburn 2004 +). The species is known as an intermediate host of larval nematode parasites affecting vertebrates ( + +Mahajan +et al. +1992 + +). + + + +Type +locality: +Pondicherry +, +India +( +Férussac 1822 +) + +. + + +Source: + +GBIF (2023 +b +) + +. + + +Conservation status: +Not +Evaluated. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/B3/48/87/B34887E9B705D55CFF59F67FB6AFFC81.xml b/data/B3/48/87/B34887E9B705D55CFF59F67FB6AFFC81.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5a8d96a3c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B3/48/87/B34887E9B705D55CFF59F67FB6AFFC81.xml @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ + + + +A new bullfrog from southern Africa (Pyxicephalidae, Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838) + + + +Author + +Preez, Louis H du +Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; & South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa; + + + +Author + +Netherlands, Edward C +Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; & Department of Zoology and Entomology, Free State University, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa; + + + +Author + +and, Mark-Oliver Rödel + + + +Author + +Channing, Alan +Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; + +text + + +African Journal of Herpetology + + +2024 + +2024-03-12 + + +73 + + +1 + + +61 +89 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2023.2296654 + +journal article +310359 +10.1080/21564574.2023.2296654 +ef787402-b1fd-44d4-853d-1680553ebb50 +2153-3660 +15555879 + + + + + +Key to the described species of southern and eastern +African bullfrogs + + + + + + + + +1a. Tympanum larger than eye, known from +Somalia +......................... + +Pyxicephalus obbianus + + + + +1b. Tympanum equal or smaller than eye ............................................................................................ 2 + + + + +2a. White mark on tympanum (sometimes faint), dorsal vertebral stripe usually present ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 + + + +2b. No white mark on tympanum, no dorsal vertebral stripe ......... + +Pyxicephalus adspersus + + + + + + +3a. Longitudinal dorsal ridges present, with speckling between dorsal mottles ................. 4 + + + +3b. Oval warts on dorsum, no speckles between dorsal mottles ...... + +Pyxicephalus angusticeps + + + + + + + +4a. No pale crossbar between eyes, upper jaw barring absent (or faint), no cream-coloured lateral stripes or mottles, tympanum smaller than eye-tympanum distance ........................................................................................................................................... + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + + + + + +4b. Pale crossbar between eyes, sometimes incomplete; upper jaw barring present, cream-coloured lateral stripes or mottles present, tympanum larger than eye-tympanum distance ........................................................................................................................... + +Pyxicephalus edulis + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/B3/48/87/B34887E9B711D550FF59F390B030FCEB.xml b/data/B3/48/87/B34887E9B711D550FF59F390B030FCEB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dfc5a3b67f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B3/48/87/B34887E9B711D550FF59F390B030FCEB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1524 @@ + + + +A new bullfrog from southern Africa (Pyxicephalidae, Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838) + + + +Author + +Preez, Louis H du +Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; & South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa; + + + +Author + +Netherlands, Edward C +Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; & Department of Zoology and Entomology, Free State University, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa; + + + +Author + +and, Mark-Oliver Rödel + + + +Author + +Channing, Alan +Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; + +text + + +African Journal of Herpetology + + +2024 + +2024-03-12 + + +73 + + +1 + + +61 +89 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2023.2296654 + +journal article +310359 +10.1080/21564574.2023.2296654 +ef787402-b1fd-44d4-853d-1680553ebb50 +2153-3660 +15555879 + + + + + + + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + +sp. nov. + +Du Preez, +Netherlands +, Rödel and Channing + + +Beytell’ s bullfrog + + + +Figures 6 +, +7 +, +8 + + +Referred to above as + +Pyxicephalus +aff. +adspersus + + + +Zoobank: + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +15D48E74-594A-46ED-B31A-74F78C94F5C5 + + + + + +Table 5. +Uncorrected +p +distances between species of + +Pyxicephalus + +for 16S rRNA (below diagonal) and +tyr +(above diagonal). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +P. adspersus + + + +P. beytelli + +sp. nov. + + +P. edulis + + +P. +sp. 1 + + +P. angusticeps + + +P. + +‘ +edulis + +west +’ +
+ +P. adspersus + + +0.6 +– +0.8% + +1.0 +– +1.2% + +1.2 +– +2.0% + +0.6 +– +1.2% + +0.8 +– +1.0% +
+ +P. beytelli + +sp. nov. + +5.5 +– +5.7% +1.4% +1.4 +– +1.6% +0.8%1.0%
+ +P. edulis + + +4.7 +– +5.9% + +6.5 +– +6.8% +0.2%0.8%0.8%
+P. +sp. 1 + +5.3 +– +5.5% + +7.4 +– +7.6% + +2.3 +– +3.6% + +0.6 +– +1.0% +1.0%
+ +P. angusticeps + + +7.4 +– +8.1% +10.0% +5.9 +– +7.2% + +7.8 +– +8.7% +1.0%
+P. + +‘ +edulis + +west +’ + +6.3 +– +6.7% +8.9% +5.5 +– +7.0% + +6.5 +– +6.7% + +7.8 +– +8.2% +
+ + + +Figure 4. +Maximum likelihood consensus tree of available 16S rRNA sequences of + +Pyxicephalus + +. Scale shows rate of substitutions. Ultrafast bootstrap percentages shown for values above 95% / SH-aLRT percentages shown above 75%. + + + + + + +Holotype + + + +A +male +, +NMNW R11398 +, (field number AL211204F2), collected by +L du Preez +and +EC Netherlands +in +Khaudum National Park +, +Namibia +( +19.0809°S +, +20.6966°E +), + +4 December 2021 + +( +Figure 6 +). + + + + +Paratypes + + + +Four males +collected by LdP and ECN in +Khaudum National Park +, +Namibia +: + +SAIAB 141597 +,field number AL211204F1, with the same locality details as the holotype; + + +SAIAB 141598 +, field number AL211204H1 and +NMNW R11399 +, field number AL211204H2 from a muddy pan ( +19.0929°S +, +20.6201°E +); + + +PEM A1359 +, field number AL211204A1, from a dirt road ( +19.3728°S +, +20.4999°E +). + + +A male, +SAIAB 105031 +, field number AACRG 1956, collected by +Marleen Byron +and +LdP +from +Chief’ s Island +, +Botswana +( +19.2108°S +, +22.7901°E +), + +26 November 2009 + +. + + + + + +Figure 5. +Haplotype network for the tyrosinase exon 1 gene fragment. Tik marks indicate differences, solid black circles indicate hypothetical intermediates. Circle sizes are proportional to number of haplotypes. Species abbreviations: ADS +– + +P. adspersus +, BEY + +– + +P. beytelli +, EDU + +– + +P. edulis +, WES + +– P. + +‘ +edulis + +west +’ +, SPA +– P. +sp. 1, PLU +– P +. sp. 2. + + + + +Diagnosis + + +The new species is similar to all other species of bullfrogs in morphology and burrowing behaviour. We assign it to the genus + +Pyxicephalus + +based on the presence of teeth on the maxilla, two large sharp projections on the lower jaw, the inner metatarsal tubercle strongly flanged, no outer metatarsal tubercle, the outer metatarsals bound into the sole, and the presence of vomerine teeth, all characters that distinguish the genus + +Pyxicephalus + +from other pyxicephalids ( +Poynton 1964 +). + + + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + +is a large frog, maximum SVL +208 mm +. The large size distinguishes it from + +P. angusticeps + +(maximum SVL +78.7 mm +), + +P. edulis + +(maximum SVL +103 mm +) and +P. +sp 2. (maximum SVL +120 mm +). It has strongly developed dorsal skin ridges, differing from the oval dorsal warts of + +P. angusticeps + +and + +P. obbianus + +. There is speckling between the dorsal mottles separating it from + +P. angusticeps + +and + +P. obbianus + +which have none. The odontoids are longer than wide, distinguishing it from + +P. angusticeps + +and + +P. obbianus + +. There is a white spot on the tympanum, distinguishing it from + +P. adspersus + +. The tympanum is smaller or equal to the eye, distinguishing it from + +P. obbianus + +with a much larger tympanum. The eye-tympanum distance is more than one tympanum width, distinguishing it from + +P. angusticeps + +where it is equal to or less than one tympanum, and + +P. obbianus + +where the tympanum is adjacent to the eye. There are no cream-coloured lateral stripes or mottles, unlike + +P. adspersus +, +P. obbianus +, +P. edulis + +and +P +. sp. 2. The subarticular tubercles on the feet are very small to barely visible, compared to the relatively distinct tubercles in + +P. adspersus + +and +P +. sp. 2. + + + +Figure 6. +(A) Male Holotype of + +Pyxicephalus beytelli +, NMNW R + +11398. (B) Right foot. (C) Right hand. Scales both 10 mm. + + + + +Figure 7. + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + +male. (A) Widely-spaced recurved teeth. (B) Open mouth showing teeth and odontoids. + + +The colour pattern of a golden yellow back with black markings (see below) is different to the other species. + + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + +has a mean HW/ +SUL +ratio of 0.5, distinguishing it from + +P. edulis + +(0.43) and + +P. angusticeps + +(0.39). The eye and tympanum are nearly equal in diameter, with a mean ratio of EL/TD of 1.01, distinguishing it from the species with relatively larger eyes, with ratios of +1.47 in + +P. angusticeps + +, +1.54 in + +P. edulis + +and +1.41 in + +P. adspersus +. + +The mean ratio ETD/TD is 1.3, distinguishing it from + +P. angusticeps + +(0.74) and + +P. edulis + +(0.75). + + +The call is shorter (0.2–0.55 sec) than that of + +P. adspersus + +, (0.56–1.79 sec), and longer than that of + +P. angusticeps + +(0.08–0.21 sec), with a lower emphasised frequency (172.3– 258.4 Hz) than + +P. angusticeps + +(301.5–775.2 Hz). The call is strongly pulsed, unlike all the other species ( +Figure 3 +). + + +The uncorrected +p +-distances as percentages of + +P. beytelli + +compared to all other species of bullfrogs based on 16S rRNA vary from 5.5–10%, and 0.6–1.6% for +tyr +( +Table 5 +). + + +The new species occurs sympatrically with the other large species, + +P. adspersus + +in Khaudum National Park in northern +Namibia +. + + + + + +Description of +holotype + +(measurements in mm, summarised in +Table 6 +). + + +A male ( +Figure 6A +) SVL 153, +SUL +145; the body is robust; head short (HL/SVL 0.36, HW/ SVL 0.47), not wider than trunk, not longer than wide (HL/HW 0.77); snout short (ES/HL 0.46), rounded in dorsal view, bluntly rounded in profile, slightly projecting beyond lower jaw, narrow (ES/IND 2.6); canthus rostralis smoothly rounded; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils situated on slight projections, closer to the eye than snout tip (NOD/NS 0.70); eyes directed anterolaterally, slightly protruding, relatively small (EL/HL 0.19); eye diameter about half of snout length (EL/ES 0.42); anterior interorbital distance is greater than upper eyelid (AIOD/UEL 1.5), and greater than internarial distance (AIOD/IND 2.34); internarial distance subequal to eye diameter (IND/EL 0.9); distance from eye to tympanum nearly twice diameter of tympanum, tympanum slightly larger than eye diameter (TD/ED 1.1); upper jaw with widely spaced recurved teeth ( +Figure 7 +); choanae small, round, vocal sac single; dorsal surfaces of head, trunk and limbs with rounded or elongated warts; 10–14 dorsal and lateral longitudinal skin folds that may be continuous or broken, ventral surface of limbs, gular and abdomen smooth. + + +Front limbs robust ( +Figure 6C +), hand moderately large (HAL/SVL 0.21); tips of fingers not enlarged into discs; relative length of fingers: IV <II <I <III; subarticular tubercles single and distinct, with one on fingers I and II, and two on fingers III and IV; fingers without webbing; thenar tubercle distinct; metacarpals without supernumerary tubercles; pale nuptial pads present on upper surface of fingers I and II. + + +Hind limbs stout ( +Figure 6B +), tarsal tubercle absent; tibia short (TBL/SVL 0.36); heels not reaching each other when knees are flexed and thighs are held at right angle to body; foot equal to tibia; relative length of toes: I <II <V <III <IV; toes without expanded discs; subarticular tubercles very flat to barely visible: one on toe I and II, two on toe III, three on toe IV and two on toe V; pedal webbing formula +I +1–2 +II +1.5–2 +III +2–3 +IV +3.5–2 +V +; thin margin of webbing extending to tips; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent and shovel-shaped, continuing as a tarsal ridge, larger than eye diameter (IMTL/EL 1.36); outer metatarsal tubercle absent. + + + +Table 6. +Measurements of the holotypes and paratypes of + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + +plus other type material of + +P. adspersus +, +P. angusticeps + +and + +P. edulis + +. See text for abbreviations. Due to preservation condition, not all measures could be taken from all vouchers. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SpeciesVoucherStatusSVLSULHWHLMBEETDTDITOSAIODPIODELUELESNODINDNLOHIOFMLTBLHAL
+ +P. angusticeps + +NMSA 1992Holotype78.571.927.1295.15.75.67.88.69.514.53.85.729.218.8
+ +P. angusticeps + +NMSA 1991Paratype78.773.926.8285.96.24.3108.79.213.83.15.229.417.1
+ +P. angusticeps + +NMZB 19774-AParatype43.116.914.91.732.55.855.33.315.8
+ +P. angusticeps + +NMZB 19774-BParatype37.915.26.823.223.84.95.32.415.2
+ +P. adspersus + +ZMB 10077Syntype28.227.513.84.11.53.410.510.3
+ +P. adspersus + +MNHNP 1253-2Syntype27.212.713.32.31.91.52.46.54.44.652.222.71.43.110.710.26.5
1991 1820
+ +P. adspersus + +MNHNP 1253-2Syntype30.725.313.413.35.11.71.72.52.96.34.64.94.82.71.72.510.18.16.8
1991 1820
+ +P. beytelli + +NMNW R11398Holotype15314571.655.628.91511.815.021.732.4111525.311.59.715.39.914.86655.533.0
+ +P. beytelli + +SAIAB 141598Paratype183150.477.262.833.417.912.712.826.63812.514.231.110.81017.111.516.266.75633.6
+ +P. beytelli + +NMNW R11399Paratype128.9117.258.748.224.710.61015.0192911.313.225.48.78.112.58.910.752.54528.2
+ +P. beytelli + +SAIAB 141597Paratype146.913568.25727.813.811.715.024.43611.91626.910.810.414.6912.57254.429.0
+ +P. beytelli + +SAIAB 141615Paratype20820092.861261718.225.84116.216.234.41214.620.46.51779.86830.0
+ +P. beytelli + +PEM A15359Paratype108.3100.150.541.320.189.99.016.325.3101221.17.57.311.36.28.2463924.5
+ +P. beytelli + +SAIAB 105031Paratype17615283.96536.32211.618.025.63812.61528.51210.815.711.713.76360.233.3
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 50301Lectotype7875.129.929.811.65.16.35.510.817.98.88.6134.94.67.12.64.532.229.616.4
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 50260Paralectotype96.394.340.834.416.46.96.751223.311.611.615.96.96.49.45.27.332.430.220.7
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 3349Paralectotype93.687.637.131.314.267.56.810.921.99.31113.36.16.17.94733.928.923.3
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 50302Paralectotype10395.243.342.816.57.87.16.713.725.411.4?18.38.47.410.76.28.439.432.922.2
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 3350Paralectotype76.271.331.32711.24.26.74.610.322.18.210.612.46.467.52.87.530.424.216.6
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 10984Syntype of60.353.425.521.210.83.94.34.38.817.57.59.411.74.44.75.82.66.12320.112.9
+ +Phrynopsis + +
+boulengeri +
+ +P. edulis + +ZMB 27637Holotype of23.919.16.98.43.611.71.72.45.23.33.83.71.92.52.21.27.97.14.5
+Phrynopsis +
usambarae
+ + +Colour in life + + +Dorsal surface golden-yellow to dark orange in groin ( +Figure 6A +); dark patches with pale centres roughly in transverse bands over the body; interspersed among the patches a reticulate network of thin black lines. Laterally no black blotches and few black lines. Distinct yellow vertebral line present. Interorbital bar edged in black. Tympanum with a prominent white dot in the centre. Thigh and tibia barred and with scattered transverse black lines. Gular region white with scattered grey blotches. Abdomen white, immaculate. + + +Colour in preservative + +Dorsum dark grey with black blotches and lines. Prominent thin white vertebral line from snout to vent. Gular region with light grey blotching. Tympanum distinctly black with white center. Ventrally smooth, abdomen grey, immaculate. + + +Paratype +variation + + + +Dorsal colour patterns of +paratypes +vary from asparagus green to yellow backgrounds with silver-blue blotches ( +Figure 8 +). All the +paratypes +have distinct upper jaw barring and a prominent vertebral line with a tympanum as large as the eye. All specimens have a prominent white tympanic patch. A specimen collected in the +Okavango +was lime green with dark grey-blue blotches. +The +SUL +range of the +paratypes +is +108.3– 146.9 mm +. No females were collected. + + + +Figure 8. +Colour pattern variation in + +Pyxicephalus beytelli + +: (A) male specimen from the Okavango, Botswana; (B) from Khaudum National Park, Namibia (Photos L du Preez). + + + +Advertisement call + + +The advertisement call is brief and distinctly pulsed ( +Figure 3 +, +Tables 2 +, +4 +). The call duration varies 0.2–0.55 sec, with a dominant frequency 172–258 Hz ( +n += 13). The pulse rate of each note varies 56–88 sec +-1 +. Breeding takes place during the day. + + +Tadpoles + + +The tadpoles were described by +Channing et al. (2012) +as + +P. edulis + +from South Luangwa, +Zambia +. + + +Habitat and biology + + +Following a rainfall event, specimens were found at night in shallow water in temporary pans or foraging in savanna woodland and grassland near pans. The +type +locality is illustrated in +Figure 9 +. No breeding activity was observed, and no tadpoles were seen. They shared the habitats with + +Cacosternum boettgeri +(Boulenger, 1882) + +, + +Kassina senegalensis +(Duméril and Bibron, 1841) + +, + +Ptychadena mossambica +( +Peters, 1854 +) + +, + +P. anchietae +(Barboza du Bocage, 1868) + +, + +Poyntonophrynus kavangensis +(Poynton and Broadley, 1988) + +and + +Tomopterna tandyi +(Channing and Bogart, 1996) + +. This species is collected during breeding events and sold along the side of the road, in +Namibia +and in +Angola +( +Figure 10 +) (WR Branch pers. comm.). + + + + +Figure 9. +A-type locality of + +Pyxicephalus beytelli +, Khaudum + +National Park, Namibia. + + + + +Distribution + + +Based on sequence data this species is known from western +Botswana +, north-eastern +Namibia +, south-western +Zambia +and southern +Angola +. We expect that its range will be found to be much larger, as more data become available. Based on its habitat preference we believe that this species may occur throughout northern and north-western +Botswana +, northern and north-eastern +Namibia +, south-western +Zambia +and we expect the species to be found in south-eastern +Angola +and north-eastern +Zimbabwe +. The identity of bullfrogs from this area that have previously been identified as + +P. adspersus + +will have to be confirmed using molecular data and we expect many to be + +P. beytelli + +. + + + + +Etymology + + +We have the pleasure in naming this species for the late Mr Ben Beytell, Director of Parks and Wildlife Management in +Namibia +. He was instrumental in the proclamation of the Khaudum National Park, +Namibia +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file