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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1173-307" ID-Pensoft-UUID="1DDA48FF42C8543EA251CC46974791B3" ID-ZooBank="F615E079B1934B418C1D7E15EDAF954F" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1173-307" checkinTime="1691473131249" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zhang, Jianshuang, Feng, Chengcheng, Yu, Hao &amp; Lin, Yucheng" docDate="2023" docId="C89A44F6E5495D309D62D4246112EFB8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1173: 307-338" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1173" docPubDate="2023-08-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123" docTitle="Sinoalaria shuidi Yu &amp; Lin 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="E1C0B653-BF85-47FC-8BA5-938B019D0A6E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="1DDA48FF42C8543EA251CC46974791B3" lastPageNumber="307" masterDocId="1DDA48FF42C8543EA251CC46974791B3" masterDocTitle="A review of the spider genus Sinoalaria (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with the descriptions of four new species and two new combinations" masterLastPageNumber="338" masterPageNumber="307" pageNumber="307" updateTime="1691473131249" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="CBDF756110CF154B0C558EAB019E45FC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A76FDCF943BCBAF057185C2D08F38B20">
<mods:title id="C11E41655194A788B16E0774A7EDA46B">A review of the spider genus Sinoalaria (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with the descriptions of four new species and two new combinations</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ECD68625113CF1F2F58818D8F77EEB26">Zhang, Jianshuang</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="862FBFD73C45D44C51DEDBFDA0FEC7D2" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-3082</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="7AC32BB988EC9A676A045AF14D6E63DA">School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FF4C9ABAFDF455AB4E8ECF31F7E19FF7">Feng, Chengcheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="86728D421F17EF70788EAC940300D8FE">Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="06C09951DC0CD76654015AE5902A2758">Yu, Hao</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="49B9FB797D342E96CB3C7A1BD042A391" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-2425</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9E637D8E87AAFDBE8902FD7784C3C04D">School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="13109252301771F198E1E0A348651873">Lin, Yucheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="045A88AF2F75FC810E01D705D26B7E7B" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-0633</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A2FEE7F5D41383E70E77F599373F7D4A">Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D9E61BCC764B2668BF37E1BFD9A97EBD" type="email">linyucheng@scu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="E9A78CB8A8DD804468AB5BD9ECC73EEC">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4A26A0966687593775E068E1D109C40D">2023-08-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DEB4286A908021A057DCFE75D67B0709">1173</mods:number>
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<treatment id="C89A44F6E5495D309D62D4246112EFB8" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E1C0B653-BF85-47FC-8BA5-938B019D0A6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C89A44F6E5495D309D62D4246112EFB8" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<subSubSection id="710AFA35A234A628ADCF1706B6153701" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="52F0E183ABEAF7252863E6AAB7D058B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="8DFF78E7EAECD5E7B00BF2B98ABC1418" LSID="https://zoobank.org/E1C0B653-BF85-47FC-8BA5-938B019D0A6E" authority="Yu &amp; Lin" authorityName="Yu &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sinoalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinoalaria shuidi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuidi" status="sp. nov.">Sinoalaria shuidi Yu &amp; Lin</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6687BFAC3B4D43F43C9B5F64AA430F6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="28E11B1B6E2081BBC05D73244BCBC7F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="description">
<paragraph id="650293FADAB933F4511DA89574FCE58A" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<figureCitation id="177C220144088C86459E96DDDEAE1F93" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shuidi sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889276" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Figs 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="B7482AE75DF9FD3A736EE69387E52FCA" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution records of the species from genus Sinoalaria." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889279" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">, 17</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4CEC9A8B368C4EBCED9559EDFD2B441" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="type material">
<paragraph id="486D96CE42DA9915FD9DFCDA77466F31" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7FD607F627B3D131905195122855BCF5" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="26EA7920B49A9D61E6C319A74BBCC7A1" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Holotype</emphasis>
♀ and
<emphasis id="AA6B0D309C5CD0E5035623DA80B56EF5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Paratypes</emphasis>
3♀,
<emphasis id="FB1CDAC0A18476A3BF5DE28B0FBC3200" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">China</emphasis>
: Guangxi, Liuzhou City, Luzhai County, Zhongdu Town, Xiamotun Village, Jiulong Cave,
<geoCoordinate id="B07EE1F05A0899DCD337D10F2F943AE8" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="44.917" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="24.748617">24°44.917'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="91DBBC73C1CE2F0739C086D9F4E8ACFD" degrees="109" direction="east" minutes="39.844" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="109.66407">109°39.844'E</geoCoordinate>
, 257 m, 15.VII.2013, H. Zhao leg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CB0DD24EFFC500E84A94F53D0B5820E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="21C31F49F9B07F46B7E9D61C61627E9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A825B483338E2DB5AC87831DD303E34" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
The specific name is derived from the Chinese pinyin 'shuǐ
<normalizedToken id="C9D245C82EE303AE736A540D266CB730" originalValue="dī’">dī'</normalizedToken>
, which means water drop, referring to the scape that is shaped like a water drop; noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A62726183B267B4AC4C50B2FFD8DB718" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DC3F9523279629927963A5DEA48B69BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="05C5BAB67495FDC48C62FF18E54EF8EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
This new species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="5B5F8D3862551B52A4B272B804231478" lsidName="S. nitida" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="CEC84C57D775C5AD1133069172270046" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the scape shorter than length of epigynal plate, with a swollen apex (Figs
<figureCitation id="CD16B6D112AF477C3A79CFEDB695090E" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Sinoalaria nitida (Zhao &amp; Li, 2012), comb. nov., female habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view F anterior view G posterior view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889273" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">11C-E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F7B3029ADDDB0CDCDA8D461E309D5EC2" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shuidi sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889276" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">14C-E</figureCitation>
) (scapes of all other congeners, such as
<taxonomicName id="910078A984A1BB9FEF7146D097BA71B8" lsidName="S. chengguanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="chengguanensis">
<emphasis id="7D13AB5DDC2EB1C0EB1A54BEBF2658D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. chengguanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C2FE86B01251A49B5930A27C6D1D31DB" lsidName="S. chi" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="chi">
<emphasis id="575CAA1B2EA310A6DEED83658630A0FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. chi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.,
<taxonomicName id="A0877DF7B36CBD934143F69094A00973" lsidName="S. shenhei" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="shenhei">
<emphasis id="9C58E384F3D180D3FA3D78A2C53F1818" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. shenhei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName id="1C69B3656DF8172BF78F07671B1B6C5C" lsidName="S. xiaotu" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="xiaotu">
<emphasis id="133E06C29FC14EE4E225C38FCF3877C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. xiaotu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., which are no shorter than the length of epigynal plate, distally not swollen; Figs
<figureCitation id="E77BD0B744BA3DD102FEAE957BB20120" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sinoalaria chengguanensis (Zhao &amp; Li, 2012), male habitus (A), female habitus (B, C) and epigyne (D-F) A dorsal view B dorsal view C lateral view D intact, ventral view E cleared, ventral view F cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-C); 0.20 mm (D-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889268" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">6E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="34E67FEB1982646B5C1D8F83234AEDBB" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sinoalaria chi sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-D); 0.20 mm (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889270" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">8E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6FD3AC824E2607A4556C9AEA5B2991F6" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shenhei sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-F) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, lateral view D intact, ventral view E cleared, ventral view F cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889275" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">13E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5E6D63B7D580ED4EB9BD3443298B2047" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Sinoalaria xiaotu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A-D); 0.20 mm (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889278" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">16E, F</figureCitation>
), but can be distinguished by the scape shaped like a water drop, apex distinctly wider than its stem in
<taxonomicName id="0EE28D6A2753577142E73893B7A875D5" lsidName="S. shuidi" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="shuidi">
<emphasis id="709766A6B63A0762ACE462333F975263" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. shuidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (scape shaped like a nose, apex nearly as wide as stem in
<taxonomicName id="EE0A3C930FA93F1F849E3D76914AC8DC" lsidName="S. nitida" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="3723A9D0B0EFFDA43D4190BD9AB96D61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and by the spermathecae globular in
<taxonomicName id="8A00A3C6E3F765D33C7A353A53B5DEC5" lsidName="S. shuidi" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="shuidi">
<emphasis id="B6A2041787B44D55D55A2B205A716F24" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. shuidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (peanut-shaped in
<taxonomicName id="4084A6FD8619B114B2FC8720BDBC8C16" lsidName="S. nitida" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="5C732DA1D586615C1DD69EA03133787D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">S. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (cf. Fig.
<figureCitation id="43BA6B7BB483E737974A1BA1232D4794" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shuidi sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889276" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">14C-E</figureCitation>
and Fig.
<figureCitation id="A49DA8A20491024675C1079D4F59FBBA" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Sinoalaria nitida (Zhao &amp; Li, 2012), comb. nov., female habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view F anterior view G posterior view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889273" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">11C-G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E18C7ED0E9C6C3CC02B3B7C97B5458E5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889276" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="EA9A10E67576187A724AD2EBB79BD603" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="2E4AC739F9E1F46DF7BF656247DD027D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Holotype female of
<taxonomicName id="3F083AF50871FB3149607D8F55BCF6E8" authorityName="Yu &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sinoalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinoalaria shuidi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuidi">
<emphasis id="EAC7537B9BC1D85A1C443E5DE48679D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Sinoalaria shuidi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., habitus (
<emphasis id="B217FD87DC22B28639AED543C5170F92" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">A, B</emphasis>
) and epigyne (
<emphasis id="612568BB9E6DD843D3E3CF51BF3CEDC9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">C-E) A</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis id="9D58F61B15FB199A4AFD41D9EBF07C6B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">B</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="D680F2203EEECAEEDD6AE804C498F212" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">C</emphasis>
intact, ventral view
<emphasis id="AA6C23E17582B3EEFB9AB06FA9956FF9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">D</emphasis>
cleared, ventral view
<emphasis id="D3CBF7953E95B0B48B15BD9DEFB9E752" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">E</emphasis>
cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (
<emphasis id="769173A63E2056AC10EAD8ECEFCFFAEE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">A, B</emphasis>
); 0.20 mm (
<emphasis id="6F773DC8F250E67FD9E3518C20A5479B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">C-E</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="97907FA3273E085FF5E72F3A3518B5BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="description">
<paragraph id="60180CFCDC754C83436D16C2111E76F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5E6C78182D22DA8D6F93C8929C71B00" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="5F2CDE980E6B5FDBC1F747A68DA3B6D4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Female</emphasis>
(holotype) (Fig.
<figureCitation id="316C33C6557789F99B7A163E64217211" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shuidi sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889276" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">14A, B</figureCitation>
): Carapace pear-shaped, pars cephalica distinctly dark in ocular area; cephalic region distinctly narrowed, cervical groove distinctly delimited, radial grooves distinguishable and vein-shaped. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row almost straight in dorsal view. Sternum shield-shaped, centrally dark yellowish brown, marginally dark, with sparse setae. Mouthparts yellowish brown. Legs yellow, all legs with conspicuous dark annuli in the distal parts of femur, and patella. Abdomen spherical, covered with sparse long setae, setal base sclerotized; dorsum basically yellow, with four pair of black spots: 1st pair &lt;-shaped, the other three pairs nearly triangular; venter yellow, centrally with a cup-shaped black speckle.
<emphasis id="10D7DEAB9A79249A34ACEA372BBFEE10" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Measurements</emphasis>
: total length 3.0. Carapace 1.4 long, 1.1 wide. Clypeus 0.2 high. Sternum 0.7 long, 0.6 wide. Abdomen 2.0 long, 1.5 wide. Length of legs: I 5.7 (1.7, 0.6, 1.3, 1.3, 0.8); II 4.7 (1.5, 0.6, 0.9, 0.9, 0.8); III 3.3 (0.8, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.5); IV 4.3 (1.5, 0.5, 0.9, 0.9, 0.5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="856B859BED1E1D4D91F3A37A602EE2F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="959702464297096D991A53467AB3FEF4" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Epigyne</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="2AE7B3C0D1642DBECEDC39DDEB6FA3D5" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Holotype female of Sinoalaria shuidi sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD = copulatory duct; DPF = dorsal and posterior fold of copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; N = notch; Sc = scape; Sp = spermatheca; VAF = ventral and anterior fold of copulatory duct. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A, B); 0.20 mm (C-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889276" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">14C-E</figureCitation>
). Epigynal plate nearly as wide as long, spermathecae and copulatory ducts are faint through epigynal plate before dissection. Scape relatively short, ca 3/4 of length of epigynal plate, with a slightly narrow stem and swollen apex, shaped like a water drop, apex with two pocket-like notches; proximal part originating from posterior portion of the plate. Copulatory ducts coils located laterally to spermathecae: ventral and anterior folds represented by two oval bursae, bursae surface hyaline, ca 1/2 length of epigyne plate, the two bursae separated by ca 2
<normalizedToken id="94B06E6731061A2256BA0E6F520265F4" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
their widths; dorsal and posterior folds heavily sclerotized, tubular, thick, not convoluted, extending horizontally to connect with ventral surface of spermathecae. Spermathecae nearly globular, strongly sclerotized, located centrally and juxtaposed, overlapping with distal part of dorsal and posterior folds of copulatory ducts; spermathecal diameter ca 2/5 length of epigyne plate, the two spermathecae closely spaced. Fertilization ducts short, acicular, membranous, located on posterior surface of spermathecae; apical parts separated by ca 2
<normalizedToken id="E3474B064CC6D4FEF75A78E7B2935852" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
fertilization duct, apex sharp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="49EE7775B80EDD1C27359DA97C6AB5B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="7FDC55DECA21B354DA74ABC8ECE20B87" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5B6604C1F22D8E109EF64499A9EB739C" pageId="0" pageNumber="307" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A2AC1EDD5CCB0485DC62743EF99DAE88" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B9E3885F265558B0601D4A44E4A5C15" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">
Known only from the type locality (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AC350C61CB4537DA3167C5B593C71601" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution records of the species from genus Sinoalaria." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1173.105123.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/889279" pageId="0" pageNumber="307">17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1081.71488" ID-GBIF-Dataset="295e858f-8b12-4c61-be06-08ce86fc810e" ID-PMC="PMC8763828" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1081-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EB35434016A458FC997D6E708136C163" ID-PubMed="35087295" ID-ZooBank="40218EB45A244B0691B8402CBAFF9062" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1081-35" checkinTime="1641948154488" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Reyes-Puig 1,2, Juan Pablo, Reyes-Puig 1,3,4, Carolina, Franco-Mena 5,6, Daniela, Jost 2, Lou &amp; Yanez-Munoz 1,2, Mario H." docDate="2022" docId="C89A4C39E49F59C7A5C3870E4A48A768" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1081: 35-87" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1081" docPubDate="2022-01-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1081.71488" docTitle="Osornophryne simpsoni Paez-Moscoso, Guayasamin &amp; Yanez-Munoz 2011" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="EB35434016A458FC997D6E708136C163" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="EB35434016A458FC997D6E708136C163" masterDocTitle="Strong differentiation between amphibian communities on two adjacent mountains in the Upper Rio Pastaza watershed of Ecuador, with descriptions of two new species of terrestrial frogs" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1668151336557" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Strong differentiation between amphibian communities on two adjacent mountains in the Upper Rio Pastaza watershed of Ecuador, with descriptions of two new species of terrestrial frogs</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Reyes-Puig 1,2, Juan Pablo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Unidad de Investigacion, Instituto Nacional de Bio-diversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Reyes-Puig 1,3,4, Carolina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Unidad de Investigacion, Instituto Nacional de Bio-diversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Franco-Mena 5,6, Daniela</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Unidad de Investigacion, Instituto Nacional de Bio-diversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jost 2, Lou</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Unidad de Investigacion, Instituto Nacional de Bio-diversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yanez-Munoz 1,2, Mario H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Unidad de Investigacion, Instituto Nacional de Bio-diversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-01-10</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1081</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191994022" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C89A4C39E49F59C7A5C3870E4A48A768" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C89A4C39E49F59C7A5C3870E4A48A768" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName LSID="C89A4C39-E49F-59C7-A5C3-870E4A48A768" authority="Paez-Moscoso, Guayasamin &amp; Yanez-Munoz, 2011" authorityName="Paez-Moscoso, Guayasamin &amp; Yanez-Munoz" authorityYear="2011" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osornophryne simpsoni" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
Osornophryne simpsoni
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páez-Moscoso">Paez-Moscoso</normalizedToken>
, Guayasamin &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yánez-Muñoz">Yanez-Munoz</normalizedToken>
, 2011
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 11. Osornophryne simpsoni, male A, B Frontal view of the head C dorsal view and D view of the flanks. (DHMECN 14412). Photographs by Mario H. Yanez-Munoz" figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1081.71488.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/632331" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
We recorded three adult female specimens (DHMECN 14412-14413-14414) with body sizes between 26.58 mm and 33.57 mm collected at night on bromeliad leaves, palms and
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Neurolepis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Neurolepis" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Neurolepis</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), between 40 cm and 170 cm from the ground and a juvenile (DHMECN 14415) with body size 12.38 mm, collected in a bromeliad 20 cm from the ground. According to the original species description,
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. simpsoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">O. simpsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known only from two localities in the upper Rio Pastaza watershed and Cordillera Abitahua (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páez">Paez</normalizedToken>
et al. 2012). The record in Machay Reserve corresponds to the third locality of the species within Ecuador. This taxon is characterised by having Toes IV and V longer than Toes I-III, a short and rounded snout with a small rostral papilla and conical pustules on flanks. This species of plump toad inhabits the high montane forests of the Machay Reserve, between 2430 and 2490 m in elevation, this forest being characterised by low trees with abundant bryophytes and bromeliads. Under direct manipulation, this species tends to escape with slow movements and lets itself fall in a ball-like position.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1081.71488.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/632331" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 11" startId="F12">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paez-Moscoso, Guayasamin &amp; Yanez-Munoz" authorityYear="2011" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osornophryne simpsoni" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Osornophryne simpsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A, B</emphasis>
Frontal view of the head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
dorsal view and
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
view of the flanks. (DHMECN 14412). Photographs by Mario H.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yánez-Muñoz">Yanez-Munoz</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
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