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.
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species:
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<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FF7DD711FE96F9B2" box="[166,364,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Etymology: Cyno</emphasis>
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from Greek, meaning dog, in reference to the enlarged teeth of the jaws, and
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(Latin), a clupeoid fish.
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See
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below.
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||||
<typeStatus id="98316AE7FFA55545FF7DD60CFEF0F881" box="[166,266,1818,1839]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
:
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="172C7C3EFFA55545FEC4D60CFE69F881" box="[287,403,1818,1839]" collectionCode="MCP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">MCP 3447</specimenCode>
|
||||
-PV, fossil specimen corresponding to the anterior part of a fish including the head and the first 11 vertebrae.
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55545FCE6D1D1FAB2FEDB" blockId="3.[829,1444,199,373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FCE6D1D1FC41FF72" box="[829,955,199,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||||
The species is named after Gareth J. Nelson (University of Melbourne,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3F9D94D5FFA55545FB38D1F3FAA8FF55" box="[1251,1362,229,251]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
). In a series of now-classic papers (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA55545FB6BD012FAAAFEB4" author="Nelson GJ" box="[1200,1360,260,282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" pagination="389 - 399" refId="ref14073" refString="Nelson GJ. 1967. Gill arches of teleostean fishes of the family Clupeidae. Copeia 1967: 389-399." type="journal article" year="1967">Nelson, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA55545FABCD012FA5AFEB7" author="Nelson GJ" box="[1383,1440,260,281]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref14095" refString="Nelson GJ. 1970. The hyobranchial apparatus of teleostean fishes of the families Engraulidae and Chirocentridae. American Museum Novitates 2410: 1-30." type="journal article" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 1973), Gary Nelson established the basis for understanding clupeomorph intrarelationships from a modern phylogenetic (cladistic) perspective.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55545FCE6D08BFB01FDC7" blockId="3.[829,1444,413,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FCE6D08BFBFDFE1C" box="[829,1031,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Locality and age:</emphasis>
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="F7E2DE18FFA55545FBCDD08BFB02FDC7" collectorName="Miguel dos Campos" country="Brazil" location="Morro do Chaves Formation" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alagoas" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="98316AE7FFA55545FB97D08BFB56FE1D" box="[1100,1196,413,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and single specimen known was collected in the shales of the
|
||||
<location id="4255829EFFA55545FAECD0AAFBE7FE5E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF236553FFA5554DFEC7D7DBFECDFE1D:4255829EFFA55545FAECD0AAFBE7FE5E" country="Brazil" name="Morro do Chaves Formation" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Alagoas">Morro do Chaves Formation</location>
|
||||
of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin exposed at the Cimpor quarry, municipality of S ao
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FA50D0ECFA6DFDA2" box="[1419,1431,506,524]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">~</emphasis>
|
||||
<collectorName id="EA7FB193FFA55545FCE6D301FBC2FD82" box="[829,1080,535,557]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Miguel dos Campos</collectorName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="854E1AA7FFA55545FB89D301FB04FD82" box="[1106,1278,535,557]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Alagoas State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="3F9D94D5FFA55545FACCD301FA9AFD83" box="[1303,1376,535,557]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. The locality is correlated with the Barremian, Lower
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA55545FCE6D342FB02FDC7" authority="(Campos Neto et al., 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Campos Neto" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[829,1272,596,618]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Cretaceous" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
Cretaceous (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA55545FC10D342FB15FDC7" author="Campos Neto OA & Lima WS & Cruz FE" box="[971,1263,596,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" pagination="406 - 415" refId="ref12663" refString="Campos Neto OA, Lima WS, Cruz FE. 2007. Bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas. Boletim de Geociencias ^ da Petrobr as <20> 15: 406-415." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||||
Campos Neto
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FBB7D343FB5DFDC7" box="[1132,1191,596,618]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 2007
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55545FCE6D384FC08FB42" blockId="3.[829,1444,657,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FCE6D384FB53FD08" box="[829,1193,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
Diagnosis:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA55545FC18D387FB53FD08" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[963,1193,657,678]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">Cynoclupea nelsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is a medium-sized, herring-like clupeiform distinguished from all other members of the order by the following combination of characters: head triangular in lateral view, acuminated snout; long and straight lower jaws with a conspicuous dentition consisting anteriorly of enlarged and backward curved teeth followed by smaller teeth that extend well back on the dentary border (vs. absent or inconspicuous dentary teeth restricted to the anterior region of the bone); presence of three massive conical teeth slightly orientated backwards on the palatine; suspensorium slightly inclined posteriorly, being almost vertically orientated (vs. clearly posteriorly or anteriorly orientated); dorsal margins of the symplectic and quadrate in line; quadrate with a laminar outgrowth on the anterior margin; two laminar postcleithra (vs. rod-like postcleithra in clupeids; postcleithra absent in chirocentrids, engraulids, and most pristigasterids).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0F9087CEFFA5554DFBFDD434FECDFE1D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55545FBFDD434FB41FA98" blockId="3.[1062,1211,1314,1335]" box="[1062,1211,1314,1335]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="41D34299FFA55545FBFDD434FB41FA98" baselines="1330,1330" box="[1062,1211,1314,1335]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55545FCE6D446FB91F939" blockId="3.[829,1444,1360,1687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
The type specimen consists of the anterior part of an articulated fish including the head and the first 11 vertebrae. The head is relatively large, longer (
|
||||
<quantity id="807279A0FFA55545FC9ED4BDFC6CFA6E" box="[837,918,1451,1473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="62.0">62 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) than deep (
|
||||
<quantity id="807279A0FFA55545FBE5D4BDFB68FA6E" box="[1086,1170,1451,1472]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
|
||||
), triangular in lateral view, with a somewhat acuminated snout. The dorsal and ventral profiles are almost straight, diverging from the terminal mouth towards the origin of the dorsal and pectoral fins, respectively. Based on head length and height,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA55545FBFBD752FB68F9F7" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[1056,1170,1604,1625]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FBFBD752FB68F9F7" box="[1056,1170,1604,1625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is assumed to be moderately elongated, with an estimated standard length of approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="807279A0FFA55545FBDDD797FB9DF939" box="[1030,1127,1665,1687]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55545FCE6D7A9FC18F97A" blockId="3.[829,1444,1727,1901]" box="[829,994,1727,1748]" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA55545FCE6D7A9FC18F97A" box="[829,994,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">Neurocranium</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA55543FCE6D7CBFAE7F939" blockId="3.[829,1444,1727,1901]" lastBlockId="5.[829,1444,1329,1901]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="3" pageNumber="178">
|
||||
The somewhat distorted nature of the fossil precludes precise observation of some features and anatomical details. The skull roof is represented by the frontals, which are ornamented with parallel grooves and extend between the parietal and the anterior tip of the head (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA25542FE6CD1D1FE01FF72" box="[439,507,199,221]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Anteriorly, the frontals are poorly preserved, represented by a portion of the bone associated with the supraorbital sensory canal. A small and tubular nasal is preserved at the front margin of the frontals (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA25542FDD4D057FDAEFEF9" box="[527,596,321,343]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The frontal forms the roof of the orbit laterally, and a lateral wing seems to meet the sphenotic ventrally, limiting the dilatator fossa. Posteriorly, the frontals are more extensively preserved, diverging slightly and meeting the parietals. Even though the precise borders of the bones in this region of the cranium could not be defined, a large parietal, bearing a distinct backward-curved tube, which is herein interpreted as the supratemporal commissural sensory canal (a section of the extrascapular canal;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA25542FBB1D034FAE2FE99" author="Di Dario F" box="[1130,1304,290,312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" pagination="257 - 270" refId="ref12901" refString="Di Dario F. 2004. Homology between the recessus lateralis and cephalic sensory canals, with the proposition of additional synapomorphies for the Clupeiformes and the Clupeoidei. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 257-270." type="journal article" year="2004">Di Dario, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), is identified in the right side of the skull. An upward compression of the ventral region of the posterior third of the neurocranium and some displacement of the bones at the back of the skull, posterior to the parietal, seem to have occurred during fossilization. An epioccipital is tentatively identified in the right side of the skull (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA25542FC1DD0EEFBF1FDA3" box="[966,1035,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[166,245,1157,1176]" captionTargetBox="[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-1070@5.[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the skull roof. boc, basioccipital?; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ep, epioccipital; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; pa, parietal; pf, preepiotic fossa; pt, left (l) and right (r) post-temporals; pto, pterotic; sc, supracleithrum; so, supraoccipital. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807125/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In lateral view, the epioccipital has a typical tripartite structure and forms the posterodorsal corner of the skull in modern clupeiforms (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA35543FF76D478FE9CFA2D" author="Ridewood WG" box="[173,358,1390,1412]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" pagination="448 - 493" refId="ref14502" refString="Ridewood WG. 1904. On the cranial osteology of the clupeoid fishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 74: 448-493." type="journal article" year="1904">Ridewood, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA35543FEAED478FD4FFA2A" author="Di Dario F & de Pinna MC" box="[373,693,1390,1412]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" pagination="107 - 123" refId="ref12980" refString="Di Dario F, de Pinna MC. 2006. The supratemporal system and the pattern of ramification of cephalic sensory canals in Denticeps clupeoides (Denticipitoidei, Teleostei): additional evidence for monophyly of Clupeiformes and Clupeoidei. Pap eis <20> Avulsos de Zoologia (S ao ~ Paulo) 46: 107-123." type="journal article" year="2006">Di Dario & de Pinna, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: fig. 3). The shape of the dorsal third of the bone is apparently intact, but its ventral arm, which usually, in modern clupeoids, articulates with the exoccipital and the pterotic inside the pre-epiotic fossa, seems to be dorsally dislodged in such a way that its ventral tip inserts more deeply in the pre-epiotic fossa (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA35543FF75D752FF0EF9F7" box="[174,244,1604,1626]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[166,245,1157,1176]" captionTargetBox="[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-1070@5.[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the skull roof. boc, basioccipital?; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ep, epioccipital; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; pa, parietal; pf, preepiotic fossa; pt, left (l) and right (r) post-temporals; pto, pterotic; sc, supracleithrum; so, supraoccipital. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807125/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This condition might be a consequence of compression during fossilization. The pre-epiotic fossa is low in comparison to the typical condition in modern clupeiforms, also probably as a consequence of the compression of the skull. The exoccipitals are partially fragmented and displaced (mainly the left one) in relation to the epioccipital, again probably as a consequence of the distortion at the back of the skull. A relatively large, but fragmented, supraoccipital seems to medially separate the parietals, as in the typical clupeiform condition (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA35543FB31D427FAD5FAE8" box="[1258,1327,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[166,245,1157,1176]" captionTargetBox="[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-1070@5.[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the skull roof. boc, basioccipital?; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ep, epioccipital; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; pa, parietal; pf, preepiotic fossa; pt, left (l) and right (r) post-temporals; pto, pterotic; sc, supracleithrum; so, supraoccipital. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807125/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Grande, 1985). A temporal foramen, usually located between the parietal and frontal in clupeiforms (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA35543FAF5D478FC3FFA0C" author="Lauder VG & Liem KF" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" pagination="95 - 197" refId="ref13632" refString="Lauder VG, Liem KF. 1983. The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology 150: 95-197." type="journal article" year="1983">Lauder & Liem, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA35543FC0CD49BFAD1FA0D" author="Di Dario F & de Pinna MC" box="[983,1323,1421,1443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" pagination="107 - 123" refId="ref12980" refString="Di Dario F, de Pinna MC. 2006. The supratemporal system and the pattern of ramification of cephalic sensory canals in Denticeps clupeoides (Denticipitoidei, Teleostei): additional evidence for monophyly of Clupeiformes and Clupeoidei. Pap eis <20> Avulsos de Zoologia (S ao ~ Paulo) 46: 107-123." type="journal article" year="2006">Di Dario & de Pinna, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), was not identified in the specimen. Its apparent absence in the fossil, however, may be a result of the distortion of the cranium that displaced the right parietal and epioccipital into a more lateroventral position. If this is the case, then the shallow depression at the ventral margin of the parietal, anterior to the epioccipital and between the parietal and the lateral wing of the frontal, is a remnant of the structure.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="13F584CDFFA25542FF4ED77BFDDBF8C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" startId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" targetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA25542FF4ED77BFDDBF8C5" blockId="4.[149,1427,1645,1899]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA25542FF4ED77BFE0AF92E" bold="true" box="[149,496,1645,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
|
||||
Figure 3.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA25542FED0D77BFE0AF92E" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[267,496,1645,1664]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA25542FED0D77BFE0AF92E" bold="true" box="[267,496,1645,1664]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Cynoclupea nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6ECDB52CFFA25542FE22D778FD51F92F" box="[505,683,1646,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" rank="species">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA25542FE22D778FDD3F92F" bold="true" box="[505,553,1646,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">gen.</emphasis>
|
||||
et
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA25542FD94D778FD51F92F" bold="true" box="[591,683,1646,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="13F584CDFFA35543FF7DD593FED1FB5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807125" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14807125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807125/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" startId="5.[166,245,1157,1176]" targetBox="[392,1216,195,1121]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA35543FF7DD593FED1FB5E" blockId="5.[166,1444,1157,1264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA35543FF7DD593FDFBFB36" bold="true" box="[166,513,1157,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
Figure 4.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA35543FEC7D593FDFBFB36" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[284,513,1157,1176]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA35543FEC7D593FDFBFB36" bold="true" box="[284,513,1157,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Cynoclupea nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6ECDB52CFFA35543FDD1D593FD46FB36" box="[522,700,1157,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" rank="species">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA35543FDD1D593FDC0FB36" bold="true" box="[522,570,1157,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">gen.</emphasis>
|
||||
et
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA35543FDBBD593FD46FB36" bold="true" box="[608,700,1157,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the skull roof. boc, basioccipital?; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ep, epioccipital; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; pa, parietal; pf, preepiotic fossa; pt, left (l) and right (r) post-temporals; pto, pterotic; sc, supracleithrum; so, supraoccipital. Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA35540FC8DD7B6FB8DFAE9" blockId="5.[829,1444,1329,1901]" lastBlockId="6.[808,1424,199,1718]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||||
The right hyomandibula is ventrally dislocated, revealing substantial portions of the prootic, pterotic, exoccipitals, and basioccipital (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA35543FB7DD7CBFB10F95D" box="[1190,1258,1757,1779]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-677@6.[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The prootic is large and somewhat expanded, with ridges and grooves crossing its surface. The ‘strawberry’ appearance, which typically indicates the presence of the prootic bulla in modern clupeiforms (Grande, 1985), could not be detected in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA05540FE10D730FDB9F994" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[459,579,1573,1595]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FE10D730FDB9F994" box="[459,579,1573,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, the slightly inflated morphology of the prootic and the radial fibrous structure of its marginal bony surface suggest the presence of a bulla. A slender and curved lateral commissure for the passage of the hyomandibular trunk nerve is identified in the prootic surface, near the orbit. The pterotic is only partially visible, with a posteriorly directed spine and bearing three clearly distinct openings (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FD7DD60CFD10F89E" box="[678,746,1818,1840]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-677@6.[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
), which are herein interpreted as the following openings of sensory canals to the chamber of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FD47D64EFC7CFF72" box="[668,902,199,1901]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA05540FC47D1D1FBAEFF72" author="Di Dario F" box="[924,1108,199,221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" pagination="257 - 270" refId="ref12901" refString="Di Dario F. 2004. Homology between the recessus lateralis and cephalic sensory canals, with the proposition of additional synapomorphies for the Clupeiformes and the Clupeoidei. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 257-270." type="journal article" year="2004">Di Dario, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
): the posterior opening of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FC81D1F0FC4CFF55" box="[858,950,230,251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus</emphasis>
|
||||
(por), which in living clupeiforms connects with the extrascapular and post-temporal canals; the middle opening (mor), which probably connected the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FC15D054FBD0FEF9" box="[974,1066,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus</emphasis>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA05540FB95D057FB3AFEF8" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[1102,1216,321,342]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FB95D057FB3AFEF8" box="[1102,1216,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with the preopercular canal; and the anterior opening (aor), which externally would have connected the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FB39D069FAC4FE3A" box="[1250,1342,383,404]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus</emphasis>
|
||||
chamber with the infraorbital canal, even though only traces of one or more infraorbital bones, not connected or in close proximity with this opening, were identified (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FC71D0EEFBFBFDA3" box="[938,1025,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A vertically orientated slit can also be seen on the region of the pterotic that supposedly housed the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FBC7D320FB82FDE5" box="[1052,1144,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus</emphasis>
|
||||
chamber, between the middle (mor) and anterior (aor) openings. If this slit was indeed originally present in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA05540FB77D365FADAFD29" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[1196,1312,626,648]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FB77D365FADAFD29" box="[1196,1312,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, it might represent the opening of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FB53D384FB1EFD09" box="[1160,1252,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus</emphasis>
|
||||
for the accessory temporal sensory canal (acr), typically present in clupeoids (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA05540FC12D3D8FB84FD4D" author="Di Dario F" box="[969,1150,718,740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" pagination="257 - 270" refId="ref12901" refString="Di Dario F. 2004. Homology between the recessus lateralis and cephalic sensory canals, with the proposition of additional synapomorphies for the Clupeiformes and the Clupeoidei. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 257-270." type="journal article" year="2004">Di Dario, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), or the posteroventral opening of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FC03D3FBFBCEFCAC" box="[984,1076,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus</emphasis>
|
||||
(pvor), which so far has been identified only in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA05540FC28D21AFC91FCEE" authority="(Di Dario & de Pinna, 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Di Dario & de Pinna" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Denticipitidae" genus="Denticeps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clupeoides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FC28D21AFB71FC8E" box="[1011,1163,779,801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">D. clupeoides</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA05540FB40D21DFC98FCEE" author="Di Dario F & de Pinna MC" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" pagination="107 - 123" refId="ref12980" refString="Di Dario F, de Pinna MC. 2006. The supratemporal system and the pattern of ramification of cephalic sensory canals in Denticeps clupeoides (Denticipitoidei, Teleostei): additional evidence for monophyly of Clupeiformes and Clupeoidei. Pap eis <20> Avulsos de Zoologia (S ao ~ Paulo) 46: 107-123." type="journal article" year="2006">Di Dario & de Pinna, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The preserved walls of the pterotic have the same fibrous structure as the prootic, suggesting that a bulla was also present in this bone. The right exoccipital (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FC58D293FC3CFC35" box="[899,966,901,923]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-677@6.[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
) closes posteriorly the occipital region of the neurocranium. Its bulbous basal region bears two openings: the anterior, somewhat funnel-shaped opening, possibly representing the foramen through which the right anterior diverticulum of the swimbladder penetrated the neurocranium; and the posterior opening, which is probably the foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (IX + X). The exoccipital expands anteriorly, contacting the prootic and forming the auditory fenestra (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FAE6D58FFA7BFB00" box="[1341,1409,1176,1199]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-677@6.[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The intercalar was also tentatively identified, lying between the exoccipital and the prootic, dorsal to the auditory fenestra. The posterior region of the basioccipital distinctly shows a circular articular surface for the first vertebra (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FBFED427FB93FAE9" box="[1061,1129,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-677@6.[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="13F584CDFFA05540FF49D59FFE5DFA70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" startId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" targetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA05540FF49D59FFE5DFA70" blockId="6.[146,760,1161,1502]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FF49D59FFE01FB32" bold="true" box="[146,507,1161,1180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">
|
||||
Figure 5.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA05540FED3D59FFE01FB32" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[264,507,1161,1180]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FED3D59FFE01FB32" bold="true" box="[264,507,1161,1180]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Cynoclupea nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6ECDB52CFFA05540FDC8D59FFD08FB32" box="[531,754,1161,1180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181" rank="species">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FDC8D59FFDB9FB32" bold="true" box="[531,579,1161,1180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">gen.</emphasis>
|
||||
et
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FD5CD59FFD08FB32" bold="true" box="[647,754,1161,1180]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FDB8D5E9FF42FA80" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||||
; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FF38D440FE67FAC7" box="[227,413,1366,1385]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||||
; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FEE7D462FE0BFA28" box="[316,497,1395,1414]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||||
; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA05540FC9AD446FAEEF918" blockId="6.[808,1424,199,1718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">
|
||||
The parasphenoid is preserved as an edentulous and straight bone for most of its length (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FAC3D478FA98FA2A" box="[1304,1378,1390,1412]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FAA9D478FA7BFA2A" box="[1394,1409,1390,1412]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
); its anterior tip is slightly curved upwards, meeting the vomer. An ascending arm in its posterior region contacts the prootic. A foramen for the internal carotid artery is also preserved in the parasphenoid, in the region of contact with the prootic. Owing to the state of preservation, it is not clear if the parasphenoid projects posteriorly beyond the basioccipital, as in most modern clupeoids. Bony remains tentatively identified as parts of the lateral ethmoid contact the anterior portion of the parasphenoid shaft.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA05540FCF3D7CBFB4BF95D" blockId="6.[808,1423,1757,1901]" box="[808,1201,1757,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FCF3D7CBFB4BF95D" box="[808,1201,1757,1779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Palatoquadrate and suspensorium</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA05541FCF3D7EAFBB2FCAD" blockId="6.[808,1423,1757,1901]" lastBlockId="7.[829,1444,199,771]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">
|
||||
Only portions of the palatoquadrate and the suspensorium can be identified in the fossil, with the quadrate
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA05540FC54D62AFC61F8E0" box="[911,923,1852,1870]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">–</emphasis>
|
||||
symplectic complex as one of the most distinctly preserved features (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA05540FBB2D641FB57F8C2" box="[1129,1197,1879,1901]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="181">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The shape of the The proximal region of the hyomandibula is expanded in a fan-shaped structure, forming a straight margin with no differentiated articular heads for the sphenotic and pterotic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FB7CD034FB16FE96" box="[1191,1260,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[146,225,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-677@6.[156,753,197,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the occipital region in lateral view. acr, accessory temporal sensory canal?; af, auditory fenestra; aor, anterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; boc, basioccipital?; ex, exoccipital; hm, hyomandibula; in, intercalar; mor, middle opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; por, posterior opening to the chamber of the recessus lateralis; pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; sb, opening for swimbladder diverticulum; IX + X, foramen shared by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807127/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Ventrally, the hyomandibula narrows abruptly into a vertical limb directed towards the posterior margin of the quadrate and the symplectic, but its length could not be determined because its distal third is broken (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FAC5D08BFA80FE1C" box="[1310,1402,413,435]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FA5CD08BFA6CFE1C" box="[1415,1430,413,434]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The hyomandibula is slightly inclined posteriorly, being almost vertically orientated. Parts of a toothless endopterygoid (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FC36D0EEFBCBFDA0" box="[1005,1073,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and possibly the metapterygoid are visible in the orbit region (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FB44D301FB0CFD82" box="[1183,1270,535,557]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, the anterior portion of the metapterygoid and the posterior region of the endopterygoid are not preserved and, therefore, their topographical relationships with other bones of the suspensorium could not be determined. Only the anterior tip of the palatine is visible, with three massive conical teeth slightly orientated backwards (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FC1ED3FBFBDBFCAC" box="[965,1057,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FBF0D3FBFBC1FCAD" box="[1067,1083,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="13F584CDFFA15541FF7DD5D3FD64FA26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182" startId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" targetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA15541FF7DD5D3FD64FA26" blockId="7.[166,781,1221,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA15541FF7DD5D3FDEAFB76" bold="true" box="[166,528,1221,1240]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
Figure 6.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFA15541FEC7D5D3FDEAFB76" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[284,528,1221,1240]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA15541FEC7D5D3FDEAFB76" bold="true" box="[284,528,1221,1240]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Cynoclupea nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6ECDB52CFFA15541FDF3D5D3FCFCFB76" box="[552,774,1221,1240]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182" rank="species">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA15541FDF3D5D3FDA2FB76" bold="true" box="[552,600,1221,1240]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">gen.</emphasis>
|
||||
et
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA15541FD47D5D3FCFCFB76" bold="true" box="[668,774,1221,1240]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA15541FF7DD4BDFEBBF8C2" blockId="7.[166,781,1451,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
endochondral portion of the quadrate is similar to that of an equilateral triangle, with a roughly straight dorsal margin. The anterior margin of the quadrate has a narrow laminar outgrowth, where a fragment of the slender ectopterygoid is still firmly attached (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FEC5D755FE99F9F7" box="[286,355,1603,1625]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A short, splint-like posterior process into which the symplectic inserts is also clearly discernible in the quadrate, as in the typical condition present in teleosts in general, including modern clupeiforms (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA15541FE9FD7A8FD7EF97D" author="Arratia G & Schultze HP" box="[324,644,1726,1748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182" pagination="1 - 81" refId="ref12452" refString="Arratia G, Schultze HP. 1991. Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: development and homology within osteichthyans. Journal of Morphology 208: 1-81." type="journal article" year="1991">Arratia & Schultze, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFA15541FD41D7A8FF1AF95F" author="Di Dario F" pageId="7" pageNumber="182" pagination="363 - 383" refId="ref12942" refString="Di Dario F. 2009. Chirocentrids as engrauloids: evidence from suspensorium, branchial arches, and infraorbital bones (Clupeomorpha, Teleostei). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156: 363-383." type="journal article" year="2009">Di Dario, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The condyle of articulation of the quadrate with the lower jaw is practically ventrally orientated. The symplectic is elongated and nearly straight. Its dorsal margin is in line with the dorsal margin of the quadrate.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA15541FCE6D23CFC82FC91" blockId="7.[829,1444,810,1901]" box="[829,888,810,831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFA15541FCE6D23CFC82FC91" box="[829,888,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Jaws</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA15541FCE6D25EFB20FAE9" blockId="7.[829,1444,810,1901]" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
The jaws are long and relatively straight. Teeth are present on the premaxillae, maxillae, and dentaries. A substantial portion of what is herein identified as the right and left premaxillae is preserved, but the bones are displaced from their original position. Overall, the preserved fragments of the premaxillae indicate that the bone was nearly triangular and slightly curved in lateral view. The left premaxilla is turned over the mesethmoid, in such a way that its ventral margin is facing up (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FC9ED56CFC71FB3E" box="[837,907,1146,1168]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The right premaxilla, by contrast, is nearly totally preserved, and bears a dorsally orientated protuberance that seems to be a rudimentary ascending process (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FBFDD5C3FB91FB45" box="[1062,1131,1237,1259]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The preserved dentition of the bone is made up of a few needle-shaped, irregularly sized teeth distributed along the oral border, apparently in a single row.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFA1554EFC8DD446FDE3FF55" blockId="7.[829,1444,810,1901]" lastBlockId="8.[145,760,199,771]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">
|
||||
The maxilla is slender and very long, covering laterally the posterior region of the dentary (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FA89D478FA6DFA2D" box="[1362,1431,1390,1412]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The bone has a compressed baseball bat shape, deeper posteriorly and narrowing anteriorly to form a distinct head. Its oral margin is covered with a row of small, closely placed, and equally sized teeth, resulting in a comb-shaped structure as in the typical condition amongst modern clupeiforms. A fragment of bone attached to the dorsal margin of the maxilla is herein interpreted as part of the supramaxilla (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FC73D797FC17F939" box="[936,1005,1665,1687]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Another fragment of a flat, somewhat elongated, structure with a rounded posterior margin is also present on the counterpart of the fossil approximately in the region where the posterior end of the upper maxilla was probably located (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFA15541FC9ED60CFC67F881" box="[837,925,1818,1840]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="182">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This fragment is also interpreted as a supramaxilla. If this identification is correct, and given the relatively well-developed degree of development of the structure, it is presumed that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFAE554EFF49D1F0FEF9FF54" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[146,259,229,251]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFF49D1F0FEF9FF54" box="[146,259,229,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
had two supramaxillae.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAE554EFF71D012FE39FCAC" blockId="8.[145,760,199,771]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">
|
||||
Based on the preserved parts, the lower jaw is long and robust, high posteriorly, and tapering towards the symphysis. Differing from the condition described for the maxilla, the dentary dentition is very conspicuous and well developed: two enlarged and backward-curved teeth at the anterior tip of the dentary are followed by at least five smaller and fully preserved teeth of similar shapes. In addition, a series of bony protuberances in the dentary border suggests that regularly spaced and decreasing in size teeth were present along most, if not all, the oral margin of the bone (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFE52D342FE37FDC7" box="[393,461,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[146,225,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[373,1197,958,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-426@8.[373,1197,958,1791]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the upper and lower jaws in mesial view. d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; me, mesethmoid; mx, maxilla. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The anterior portion of the mandibular sensory canal is included in the ventral third of the dentary (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFE17D387FDEFFD08" box="[460,533,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFDFCD387FDCDFD09" box="[551,567,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[166,245,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetId="figure-1477@7.[176,774,195,1185]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the snout region. bf, undetermined bony fragment; d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; ec, ectopterygoid; en, endopterygoid; fr, frontal; mc, mandibular sensory canal; me, mesethmoid; n, nasal; pl, palatine; pm, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; vo, vomer. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807129/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A fragment of the posterior portion of the anguloarticular is recognized in the region of articulation of the lower jaw with the quadrate (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFEAAD3FBFE4CFCAC" box="[369,438,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAE554EFF4AD23CFD93FC91" blockId="8.[145,760,810,893]" box="[145,617,810,831]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFF4AD23CFD93FC91" box="[145,617,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Opercular and hyobranchial apparatuses</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAE554FFF4AD25EFF28FF55" blockId="8.[145,760,810,893]" lastBlockId="9.[166,781,199,740]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">
|
||||
Only fragments of the opercular and hyobranchial apparatuses are preserved, and most components of these systems are displaced from their presumed original positions. The preserved margins and surfaces of the opercular apparatus are smooth. The preopercle is probably the best-preserved bone of the series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFC6FD057FC02FEF8" box="[948,1016,321,343]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). It has a crescent-shaped structure, as in the typical condition amongst modern members of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFAE554EFC2FD068FB8AFE3A" box="[1012,1136,382,404]" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Clupeoidei">Clupeoidei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The bone is longitudinally crossed by the preopercular sensory canal, which bears some distinct openings. The angle of the preopercle is conspicuous, and caudally projected. A small remnant of what is apparently a flat interopercle is located along the ventral border of the preopercle (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFBD0D323FBAAFDE5" box="[1035,1104,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The largest fragment of the opercle (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFC16D342FBD9FDC7" box="[973,1059,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) is roughly shaped like an equilateral triangle. However, other opercle fragments, more dorsally located (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFB40D387FB0DFD08" box="[1179,1271,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFAD2D387FAEDFD08" box="[1289,1303,657,678]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), indicate that the opercle of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFAE554EFBC5D3A6FB6DFD6B" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[1054,1175,688,709]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFBC5D3A6FB6DFD6B" box="[1054,1175,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was large, approximately square-shaped, slightly wider than deep, and with a somewhat concave ventral margin. The subopercle is also preserved, but was displaced dorsally during fossilization (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAE554EFB71D23CFB15FC91" box="[1194,1263,810,832]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The bone has a straight dorsal margin and a well projected and sharp anterodorsal ascending process, where the adductor mandibular probably attached during life.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="13F584CDFFAE554EFF49D60BFEECF8C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807131" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14807131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807131/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="183" startId="8.[146,225,1821,1840]" targetBox="[373,1197,958,1790]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAE554EFF49D60BFEECF8C5" blockId="8.[146,1423,1820,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFF49D60BFE11F881" bold="true" box="[146,491,1820,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">
|
||||
Figure 7.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFAE554EFED3D60AFE11F881" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[264,491,1820,1839]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="183" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFED3D60AFE11F881" bold="true" box="[264,491,1820,1839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">Cynoclupea nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6ECDB52CFFAE554EFE28D60BFD59F89E" box="[499,675,1821,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183" rank="species">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFE28D60BFDDEF89E" bold="true" box="[499,548,1821,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">gen.</emphasis>
|
||||
et
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAE554EFD92D60BFD59F89E" bold="true" box="[585,675,1821,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="183">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the upper and lower jaws in mesial view. d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; me, mesethmoid; mx, maxilla. Scale bar = 3 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFF64D012FD2CFD4A" blockId="9.[166,781,199,740]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
Scattered remains of well-ossified gill arches and rakers are preserved in abundance. However, precise description of the structures and assessment of homologies are prevented by the state of preservation. Overall, elements identified as gill rakers (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFF75D08BFF0BFE1C" box="[174,241,413,435]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
) are relatively numerous and well ossified, somewhat slender, closely packed, and apparently toothless; these last two features might result from the fossilization. An approximately triangle-shaped and relatively well-developed structure located in the posterior region of the branchial chamber is tentatively identified as an edentulous fifth ceratobranchial (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFEE8D364FE82FD26" box="[307,376,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). No evidence of epibranchial organs could be detected. Five branchiostegal rays are preserved, the two anterior ones being tubular, and the three more posterior, broad and smooth.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFF7DD21DFE4EFC8E" blockId="9.[166,781,779,1901]" box="[166,436,779,800]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAF554FFF7DD21DFE4EFC8E" box="[166,436,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Pectoral girdle and fins</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFF7DD23CFD11FAA4" blockId="9.[166,781,779,1901]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
Parts of the pectoral girdles are damaged or concealed by vertebral elements, but the main components of the left and right sides are visible. Both post-temporals are near to their original position, and can be observed in medial (left post-temporal) and lateral (right post-temporal) views (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFD5FD2D5FD1BFC76" box="[644,737,963,985]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Figs 2A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFD2BD2D5FD05FC76" box="[752,767,963,984]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[146,225,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[373,1197,958,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-426@8.[373,1197,958,1791]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the upper and lower jaws in mesial view. d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; me, mesethmoid; mx, maxilla. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807131/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
). They are well-developed, flat bones, with a roughly rounded posterior outline and a large anterior arm that in life would have articulated with the epioccipital. A fracture in the left post-temporal reveals a segment of the lateral line extending through its posterior third. The proximal portion of the right supracleithrum is preserved, although partially concealed by postcranial remains. The bone seems to be relatively long and plate-like, with its dorsal region articulating with the corresponding post-temporal.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFF64D405FBF7FE1C" blockId="9.[166,781,779,1901]" lastBlockId="9.[829,1444,199,771]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
The portion of the left and right pectoral girdles ventral to the post-temporal and supracleithral elements is slightly dislodged into a more posteroventral position than would have occurred in life (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFF75D49BFF09FA0C" box="[174,243,1421,1443]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Both cleithra are preserved, but the left one is partially concealed by its right counterpart (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFF75D4DCFF08FA71" box="[174,242,1482,1504]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), which is therefore described herein. The cleithrum is developed, being the largest element in the pectoral girdle of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFAF554FFE7BD711FDE9F9B2" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[416,531,1543,1564]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="184" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAF554FFE7BD711FDE9F9B2" box="[416,531,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">C. nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The proximal region of the cleithrum is approximately vertical, but the main vertical shaft of the bone curves anteriorly as it descends towards the ventral region of the specimen. The cleithrum seems to be well expanded posteriorly above the level of insertion of the pectoral fin. The scapula, which should be located in this region, could not be identified in the fossil. The lateral margin of the ventral third of the cleithrum projects laterally and partially covers the coracoid, forming the concavity where the pectoral-fin musculature originates in extant teleosts. Both coracoids, right and left, are partially visible (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFBB6D1D1FB4BFF72" box="[1133,1201,199,221]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
); they are rectangular, flat, with straight ventral margins. The mesocoracoid could not be identified, but the bone is probably concealed behind the pectoral-fin girdle elements, especially the right cleithrum. Two laminar postcleithra are partially visible behind the dorsal third of the cleithrum, the posterior one being more elongated (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFC67D08BFBFAFE1C" box="[956,1024,413,435]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFC8DD0AAFB7BFCAC" blockId="9.[829,1444,199,771]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
Between 17 and 18 pectoral-fin rays are preserved in the specimen, most notably in the right side, the outermost ray being the most developed. Ventrally to these rays, a few bases of the left pectoral-fin rays can also be seen (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFBD7D320FBAAFDE5" box="[1036,1104,566,588]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). As only the proximal half of most rays are preserved, it is not possible to determine the full extent of the pectoral fin, but the structure is obviously well developed. Some skeletal support elements for the pectoral fin (distal and/or proximal radials) are preserved in the region ventral to the bases of the pectoral-fin rays (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFBEBD3FBFB8EFCAC" box="[1072,1140,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFCE6D23CFAFDFCEE" blockId="9.[829,1444,810,1902]" box="[829,1287,810,832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAF554FFCE6D23CFAFDFCEE" box="[829,1287,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Axial skeleton and associated structures</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554FFCE6D25FFAAAF9B3" blockId="9.[829,1444,810,1902]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
The anterior-most 11 vertebrae are preserved, and therefore the description below refers to this portion of the axial skeleton (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFBE9D290FB81FC35" box="[1074,1147,902,924]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFB53D290FB6DFC35" box="[1160,1175,902,923]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[146,225,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[373,1197,958,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-426@8.[373,1197,958,1791]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of part of the upper and lower jaws in mesial view. d, dentary; dt, dentary teeth; me, mesethmoid; mx, maxilla. Scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807131/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">7</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The vertebral centrae are slightly deeper (3.10 mm) than long (2.94 mm), thick and laterally sculptured with at least four longitudinal ridges. They are completely ossified with a strongly constricted notochord, in such a way that the notochordal pit is not discernible. The neural arches are autogenous, and the corresponding pairs of neural spines are also unfused amongst themselves. A few rod-like bony structures preserved in the dorsal region of the centrae between approximately the sixth and the last preserved vertebrae are tentatively identified as epineurals, their bases apparently fused with each corresponding neural arch (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFC5CD405FC36FA86" box="[903,972,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[146,225,1335,1354]" captionTargetBox="[369,1193,197,1301]" captionTargetId="figure-281@10.[369,1193,197,1301]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the predorsal region. cl, cleithrum; epn, epineurals; na, neural arches; ns, neural spines; pt, post-temporal; r, ribs; sc, supracleithrum; sn, supraneurals; v1–10, vertebrae 1 to 10. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807133/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The pleural ribs are strongly developed and roughly rod-like in cross-section. Their proximal region is curved proximally, each rib having an expanded and straight head for articulation with the centrum. Bony rod-like structures tentatively identified as epipleurals are present amongst the pleural ribs, but it is not clear if these elements were fused to ribs as in the Clupeoidea (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFAF554FFC9ED71EFB7CF9B3" author="Patterson C & Johnson GD" box="[837,1158,1543,1565]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref14292" refString="Patterson C, Johnson GD. 1995. The intermuscular bones and ligaments of teleostean fishes. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 559: 1-85." type="journal article" year="1995">Patterson & Johnson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="231BA9B4FFAF554FFB4FD711FABEF9B3" author="Di Dario F" box="[1172,1348,1543,1565]" pageId="9" pageNumber="184" pagination="496 - 503" refId="ref12875" refString="Di Dario F. 2002. Evidence supporting a sister-group relationship between Clupeoidea and Engrauloidea (Clupeomorpha). Copeia 2002: 496-503." type="journal article" year="2002">Di Dario, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAF554CFC8DD730FC62F992" blockId="9.[829,1444,810,1902]" lastBlockId="10.[808,1423,1482,1596]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">
|
||||
Seven elements of the supraneural series were identified in the fossil, but only the anterior-most four are preserved well enough to be described (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAF554FFC9ED794FC70F939" box="[837,906,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[146,225,1335,1354]" captionTargetBox="[369,1193,197,1301]" captionTargetId="figure-281@10.[369,1193,197,1301]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the predorsal region. cl, cleithrum; epn, epineurals; na, neural arches; ns, neural spines; pt, post-temporal; r, ribs; sc, supracleithrum; sn, supraneurals; v1–10, vertebrae 1 to 10. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807133/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="184">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Supraneurals are well developed and rostrocaudally expanded, slightly differing in shape from each other. The endochondral, rod-like portion of the supraneurals is located at the posterior third of the bone, except in the case of the second supraneural, where this portion of the bone is located approximately in the middle of the structure. The laminar bone projects anteriorly from the endochondral core of the supraneurals, resulting in a roughly rectangular shape, except for the second supraneural (described below). The anterior-most supraneural preserved was probably the first of the series in the living specimen, as it lies close to the post-temporals, as in modern clupeiforms. The second supraneural is more triangle-shaped, expanded proximally and narrow distally, with its posterior margin contacting the anterior margin of the third supraneural. The third and fourth supraneurals are still somewhat rectangle-shaped, but the laminar portion of their proximal half is more expanded anteriorly (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAC554CFDE9D60CFD8CF881" box="[562,630,1818,1840]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[146,225,1335,1354]" captionTargetBox="[369,1193,197,1301]" captionTargetId="figure-281@10.[369,1193,197,1301]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the predorsal region. cl, cleithrum; epn, epineurals; na, neural arches; ns, neural spines; pt, post-temporal; r, ribs; sc, supracleithrum; sn, supraneurals; v1–10, vertebrae 1 to 10. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807133/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The first and second supraneurals are preserved in an almost vertical orientation in relation to the vertebral series, but the subsequent ones are slightly inclined posteriorly. However, differences in the orientation amongst these bones are possibly artefacts of fossilization.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="13F584CDFFAC554CFF49D421FC6EFA2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14807133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807133/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="185" startId="10.[146,225,1335,1354]" targetBox="[369,1193,197,1301]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAC554CFF49D421FC6EFA2B" blockId="10.[146,1423,1335,1413]" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAC554CFF49D421FE16FAE4" bold="true" box="[146,492,1335,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">
|
||||
Figure 8.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="808AAFC6FFAC554CFED3D421FE16FAE4" authorityName="Malabarba & Di Dario" authorityYear="2017" box="[264,492,1335,1354]" family="Clupeidae" genus="Cynoclupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAC554CFED3D421FE16FAE4" bold="true" box="[264,492,1335,1354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">Cynoclupea nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6ECDB52CFFAC554CFE2ED421FD5DFAE4" box="[501,679,1335,1355]" pageId="10" pageNumber="185" rank="species">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAC554CFE2ED421FDDCFAE4" bold="true" box="[501,550,1335,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">gen.</emphasis>
|
||||
et
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAC554CFD97D421FD5DFAE4" bold="true" box="[588,679,1335,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
, MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the predorsal region. cl, cleithrum; epn, epineurals; na, neural arches; ns, neural spines; pt, post-temporal; r, ribs; sc, supracleithrum; sn, supraneurals; v1
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAC554CFE06D462FE12FA2A" box="[477,488,1396,1412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">–</emphasis>
|
||||
10, vertebrae 1 to 10. Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAC554CFCF3D775FBCEF9D6" blockId="10.[808,1423,1635,1901]" box="[808,1076,1635,1656]" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">
|
||||
<emphasis id="75FE0857FFAC554CFCF3D775FBCEF9D6" box="[808,1076,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">Squamation and scutes</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="4735D445FFAC554DFCF3D797FECDFE1D" blockId="10.[808,1423,1635,1901]" lastBlockId="11.[166,781,199,435]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="10" pageNumber="185">
|
||||
Remains of thin cycloid scales are preserved in the lateral region, mainly over the ribs. A few abdominal scutes are preserved on both sides of the fossil specimen. Bony elements identified as abdominal scutes are attached to their presumed living position at the posteroventral margin of the pectoral girdle. More developed scute-like elements, bearing the typical clupeomorph ventral keel, are also present ventrally to the pectoral fin-base insertion (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAD554DFDF7D1D1FD8BFF72" box="[556,625,199,221]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="186">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In addition, fragments of three to four abdominal scutes with remains of ascending arms are preserved in the pre-pelvic region of the specimen (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAD554DFDC2D034FD8AFE99" box="[537,624,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[147,226,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetId="figure-191@2.[154,1424,198,1527]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV (holotype), part (A) and counterpart (B). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807121/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="186">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Remains of three bony structures tentatively identified as dorsal scutes are also preserved in the occipital region (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAD554DFF75D068FF0DFE3D" box="[174,247,382,404]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[149,228,1645,1664]" captionTargetBox="[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-374@4.[376,1200,606,1613]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the internal view of the left side. boc, basioccipital?; br, branchiostegal ray; c5, ceratobranchial 5; cl, cleithrum left (l) and right (r); co, coracoid left (l) and right (r); d, dentary; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epioccipital; epc, epicentrals?; epn, epineurals; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; gr, fragments of gill rakers; hm, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lq, laminar outgrowth of quadrate; mc, mandibular sensory canal; mpt, metapterygoid; mx, maxilla; na, neural arches; pa, parietal; pc, postcleithrum; pf, pre-epiotic fossa; pfr, pectoral fin rays; pop, preopercle; pt, left (l) and right (r) posttemporals; pto, pterotic; q, quadrate; r, ribs; s, symplectic; sc, supracleithrum; smx, posterior supramaxilla; sn, supraneurals; sop, subopercle; ssc, sensory supraorbital canal in the frontal; vlh, ventral limb of hyomandibula; vs, ventral (abdominal) scutes. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807123/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="186">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="DFB1C8C0FFAD554DFED4D068FEE5FE3D" box="[271,287,382,403]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[166,245,1157,1176]" captionTargetBox="[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-1070@5.[392,1216,195,1121]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Cynoclupea nelsoni gen. et sp. nov., MCP3447-PV. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B) of the skull roof. boc, basioccipital?; ds, dorsal scute fragments; ep, epioccipital; ex, exoccipital; fr, frontal; pa, parietal; pf, preepiotic fossa; pt, left (l) and right (r) post-temporals; pto, pterotic; sc, supracleithrum; so, supraoccipital. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14807125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14807125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="186">4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). These structures are keeled and not ornamented.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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