From 436169a8dc2053d82777c1341dab3f41e5ce9e1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Wed, 12 Feb 2025 11:34:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-02-12 11:30:32 --- .../87/0393878FFFAAFFFB04D5FA36712950FA.xml | 706 ++++++++++++++ .../87/03AC8785FFCBCE64FF62F9E6FDE8F962.xml | 873 ++++++++++++++++++ .../03/A600031FFFC2A651FEEDFDAEFDADFD4C.xml | 73 ++ .../8F/F9478F12FFC61A20C57A7162FA337976.xml | 101 ++ .../8F/F9478F12FFCB1A2CC57171C9FC3178AF.xml | 196 ++++ .../8F/F9478F12FFCF1A35C57A72D4FE967865.xml | 801 ++++++++++++++++ .../8F/F9478F12FFD41A31C56872ADFA2E7936.xml | 113 +++ .../8F/F9478F12FFD61A3FC57072E1FB9878A1.xml | 315 +++++++ .../8F/F9478F12FFD81A3EC6DD73D8FAC07AAA.xml | 105 +++ 9 files changed, 3283 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/03/93/87/0393878FFFAAFFFB04D5FA36712950FA.xml create mode 100644 data/03/AC/87/03AC8785FFCBCE64FF62F9E6FDE8F962.xml create mode 100644 data/A6/00/03/A600031FFFC2A651FEEDFDAEFDADFD4C.xml create mode 100644 data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFC61A20C57A7162FA337976.xml create mode 100644 data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCB1A2CC57171C9FC3178AF.xml create mode 100644 data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCF1A35C57A72D4FE967865.xml create mode 100644 data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD41A31C56872ADFA2E7936.xml create mode 100644 data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD61A3FC57072E1FB9878A1.xml create mode 100644 data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD81A3EC6DD73D8FAC07AAA.xml diff --git a/data/03/93/87/0393878FFFAAFFFB04D5FA36712950FA.xml b/data/03/93/87/0393878FFFAAFFFB04D5FA36712950FA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f22414e335d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/93/87/0393878FFFAAFFFB04D5FA36712950FA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,706 @@ + + + +Type specimens matter: new insights on the systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of the subalpine warbler (Sylvia cantillans) complex + + + +Author + +Zuccon, Dario + + + +Author + +Pons, Jean-Marc + + + +Author + +Boano, Giovanni + + + +Author + +Chiozzi, Giorgio + + + +Author + +Gamauf, Anita + + + +Author + +Mengoni, Chiara + + + +Author + +Nespoli, Davide + + + +Author + +Olioso, Georges + + + +Author + +Pavia, Marco + + + +Author + +Pellegrino, Irene + + + +Author + +Raković, Marko + + + +Author + +Randi, Ettore + + + +Author + +Rguibi Idrissi, Hamid + + + +Author + +Touihri, Moez + + + +Author + +Unsöld, Markus + + + +Author + +Vitulano, Severino + + + +Author + +Brambilla, Mattia + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-09-30 + + +190 + + +1 + + +314 +341 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/1/314/5707596 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz169 +0024-4082 +14858247 + + + + + + +Sylvia subalpina inornata +Tschusi, 1906 + +, +Ornithologische Jahrbuch 17(3–4), +p. 141 + + + + + + +Type +locality: + +‘Tunis’. + + +Type: + +Lectotype +ZSM 17.2694 +, originally no. +636 in +the second +Tschusi Collection +, adult male collected at +Tunis +, in + +May 1906 + +; +lectotype +designation by +Tschusi (1906b: 108) +(Supporting Information, +Fig. S5 +) + +. + + +Notes: +The use of the plural (‘Grasmücken’ [warblers]) and a wing length range are clear indications that the new taxon was based on more than +one specimen +( +Tschusi, 1906a +). The +type +series was originally in the second Tschusi Collection. Despite its inclusion in the published list of Tschusi +types +deposited in the +NHMW +( +Tschusi, 1906b +), the +type +series, together with other 1600 Tschusi specimens, passed into Alfred Laubmann’s private collection at an unknown time, but probably around 1912. Eventually, the Laubmann Collection was, in turn, incorporated into the Zoologische Staatssammlung München in 1916 ( +Gengler, 1924 +; +Hellmayr, 1928 +). + + +The +ZSM +collection holds +four specimens +with original Tschusi labels. The specimen with number no. 694 ( +Tunis +, +May 1911 +, now +ZSM +17.2695) must be excluded from the type series because of a collection date later than the original description. Of the remaining three, the adult male no. 636 ( +Tunis +, +May 1906 +, now +ZSM +17.2694) is the +lectotype +after Tschusi’s designation (1906) (Article 74.5), and the adult female no. 637 ( +Tunis +, +May 1906 +, now +ZSM +17.2696) is, from all evidence, a +paralectotype +. The last specimen, adult male no. 1052 ( +Tunis +, +May 1906 +, now +ZSM +17.2697) most probably does not belong to the type series. Although its collection locality and date are compatible with the original description, the label bears a much higher registration number. The Tschusi catalogue of his second collection has not been located, but it is likely that it passed first into Laubmann’s possession together with the bird collection and then transferred to the +ZSM +, whose archives were lost during World War II ( +Fittkau, 1992 +). However, an examination of other Tschusi catalogues in Vienna, and in particular the collection dates and registration order, strongly suggests that he registered the new specimens as they arrived, indicating that specimen no. 1052 was probably received much later than the others, and thus should not be included in the original type series. This is further supported when considering that all specimens were supplied by Marius Blanc, a French dealer of natural history specimens based in +Tunis +( +Mars, 1969 +). A perusal of Tschusi catalogues in +NHMW +indicates that Blanc supplied specimens from +Tunisia +from at least 1895 up to 1915, and that they could be entered into the catalogues at dates considerably later than the collection date. + + + + + +Sylvia cantillans moltonii + +Orlando, 1937 + + +, +Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia (n.s.) 7, +p. 213 + + + + + + +Type +locality: + +‘ +Nidifica in Sardegna +(e +Corsica +?)’ [nesting in Sardinia (and +Corsica +?)] + +. + + +Type: + +Syntypes +MSNM +Av +5916 (adult male, collected at +Tortolì +, +Sardinia +, on + +10 April 1931 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5917 (adult male, collected at +Tortolì +, +Sardinia +, on + +10 April 1931 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5918 (adult male, collected at +Lanusei +, +Sardinia +, on + +24 June 1930 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5919 (adult male, collected at +Lanusei +, +Sardinia +, on + +7 June 1930 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5943 (collected at +Cagliari +, +Sardinia +, on + +16 May 1924 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5952 (adult male, collected at +Lanusei +, +Sardinia +, on + +10 August 1914 + +, old number 23031) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5954 (adult male, collected at +Arbatax +, +Sardinia +, on + +7 July 1915 + +, old number 23030) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5960 (adult female, collected at +Lanusei +, +Sardinia +, on + +29 July 1927 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5962 (adult female, collected at +Ilbono +, +Sardinia +, on + +15 April 1928 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5963 (adult male, collected at +Tortolì +, +Sardinia +, no date) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5966 (collected at +Quartu S. Elena +, +Sardinia +, on + +25 October 1925 + +) + +, + +MSNM +Av +5967 (collected at +Quartu S. Elena +, +Sardinia +, on + +23 September 1925 + +) + +(Supporting Information, +Fig. S6 +). + + +Notes: +In the short, original description, no information was provided concerning the number of specimens examined ( +Orlando, 1937 +). Subsequently, in a longer article +Orlando (1939) +stated that he examined +16 specimens +in his collection and another eight in the +MSNM +, all considered to represent the new taxon. He designed specimen no. 1664 (now +MRT +1664) as type (i.e. a +lectotype +according to Article 74.5), and the other +15 specimens +in his collection (now +MRT +1665–1679) as +paratypes +(i.e. +paralectotypes +). The type status of these specimens has been accepted by +Arnone & Orlando (1990) +. However, after examining the correspondence between Orlando and Moltoni (then bird curator at the +MSNM +), which is kept in Moltoni’s archive in the +MSNM +library, the situation appears much more complex. The original description was published in the July issue of +Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia +, and the short note is dated +April 1937 +. A date no later than April is compatible with the time required for typesetting and printing the July issue and further confirmed by a letter from Orlando to Moltoni ( +9 March 1937 +: ‘ … al mio desiderio di pubblicare un lavoro che ha carattere di urgenza. Soltan- [sic] chiarisco che intendevo alludere al 3° fascicolo del corrente anno che, a quanto ho creduto di comprendere nella Sua precedente, sarà pubblicato fra due mesi e prima della sua assenza’ [… my wish to publish a work with urgency. I would only clarify that I was suggesting the 3 +rd +issue of the current year that, as I understood from your previous [letter], it will be published in two months and before your departure]). + + + +In +the same letter, +Orlando +affirms, ‘ +Io +ne ho esaminato della +Sardegna +, ma in piccolissimo numero … +Però +non ne ho nessuna di questa provenienza nella mia raccolta ed ho già scritto per procurarmene.’ [I have examined some from +Sardinia +, but in a small number … +However, I +have none of this provenance in my collection and I already wrote to obtain some.]. +Indeed +, the +16 specimens +in the +Orlando +collection were supplied by +Amalia Mameli Meloni +, a dealer in natural history specimens based in +Lanusei +( +Sardinia +). +The +collection dates span from + +18 April to 22 May 1937 + +. When taking into account the time needed to prepare and ship the specimens, none of these could have been available to Orlando at the time of writing his 1937 note, and we conclude that none of them has a +type +status + +. + + + +According +to other letters, on + +26 February 1937 + +Moltoni +sent +19 specimens +from the +MSNM +to +Orlando +, who acknowledged receipt on 3 March. Among these specimens, 12 are from +Sardinia +, and they were returned to +Moltoni +on + +3 January 1938 + +(the other +seven specimens +are from +Lybia +, +Apulia +, +Dalmatia +and +Sahara +). +We +verified in the +MSNM +catalogues that the museum indeed acquired +12 specimens +from +Sardinia +before 1937, and all of them are still extant. +All +these must be considered +syntypes +. We assume that the reference to eight instead of +12 specimens +from +MSNM +by +Orlando (1939) +is in error + +. + + + +Both +in letters and in the 1939 publication, +Orlando +refers several times to specimens examined in different museumsandcollections. +However +, thewordingisusually ambiguous, and it is not clear if, in addition to those from +MSNM +, +Orlando +ever examined any other +Sardinian +specimens. +The +two other collections mentioned are the ‘ +R. Museo’ +(i.e. +Museo di Zoologia +, +University of Palermo +) and the +Whitaker Collection +(at that time in +Palermo +and now split between the +National Museums +Northern Ireland +and the +National Museums Scotland +). +However +, none of these museums has any specimens from +Sardinia +that could be included in the +type +series ( +Lo Valvo & Massa, 2000 +; +B. McGowen +, +A. Ross +, +Z. Timmons +and +D. Tosh +, personal communications) + +. + + + +Sylvia inornata iberiae +Svensson, 2013 + +, +Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 113, +p. 244 + + + + +Type +locality: + +‘ +El Pardo +, +Madrid +, Spain’ + +. + + +Type: + +Holotype +NHMUK 1934.1.1.249, adult male, collected at +El Pardo +, +Madrid +, +Spain +, on + +24 May 1931 + +. A picture of the +holotype +is available in the paper by +Svensson (2013a) +. + + + +Notes: + +This +new taxon was proposed to differentiate the populations from +Spain +, southern +France +and north-west +Italy +from those in +North Africa. Although +we did not genotype the +holotype +, a breeding individual, our specimens from mainland +Spain +were all collected during the breeding season and all belong to clade 3, making the name + +iberiae + +unquestionably available for this clade + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/AC/87/03AC8785FFCBCE64FF62F9E6FDE8F962.xml b/data/03/AC/87/03AC8785FFCBCE64FF62F9E6FDE8F962.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3ff23423bfe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/AC/87/03AC8785FFCBCE64FF62F9E6FDE8F962.xml @@ -0,0 +1,873 @@ + + + +High diversity in the Pseudechiniscus suillus-facettalis complex (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) with remarks on the morphology of the genus Pseudechiniscus + + + +Author + +Grobys, Daria + + + +Author + +Roszkowska, Milena + + + +Author + +Gawlak, Magdalena + + + +Author + +Kmita, Hanna + + + +Author + +Kepel, Andrzej + + + +Author + +Kepel, Marta + + + +Author + +Parnikoza, Ivan + + + +Author + +Bartylak, Tomasz + + + +Author + +Kaczmarek, Łukasz + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-03-31 + + +188 + + +3 + + +733 +752 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/3/733/5807943 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz171 +0024-4082 +14858319 + + + + + + + +PSEUDECHINISCUS +SUILLUS + +( + +EHRENBERG +, 1853 + +) + + +SENSU + + + + +STRICTO + + + + +( + +TABLE +4 + +, + +FIGS +3–5 + +) + + + + +Material examined: + +Forty-five females ( +neotype +and 44 neoparatypes) mounted on microscope slides in Hoyer’s medium, ten females prepared for +SEM +and 11 + + +females prepared for barcoding (exoskeletons mounted in Hoyer’s medium as vouchers). + + +Redescription: animals (measurements and statistics in +Table 4 +) + + + +Females: +Body ( +Fig. 4 +) yellow-orange in living specimens (transparent after mounting), eyes black after mounting. Apart from the head appendages [cirri +interni +and +externi +and spherical or slightly elongated cephalic papillae (secondary clava)], only lateral cirrus +A +present [with finger-like clava near the base (primary clava)] ( +Fig. 4A, B +). Cephalic papillae smaller than primary clava. + + +Dorsal plates with small hemispherical granules/ upper ends of cuticular pillars (dots in LM) 0.3–0.7 μm in diameter, densely (spaces between granules 0.3– 1.1 μm) and uniformly distributed and not joined by striae ( +Fig. 5B +). Granules/upper ends of cuticular pillars are slightly larger in the centre of the plates. + + +Dorsal plates typical for the genus + +Pseudechiniscus + +[single cephalic plate (cp), neck plate (np), scapular plate (scp), median plates (m1, m2, m3), paired segmental plates I and II (s1, s2), pseudosegmental plate (psp) and the caudal plate (cap), see ‘Dorsal and ventral plates and sculpture’ above] well developed. The cp facetted (with W-shaped pattern) divided into five parts ( +Fig. 4A +, empty arrowhead). The scp divided by a transversal fold, which forms a long, narrow stripe in the posterior part of the plate. This narrow stripe is often divided by three longitudinal folds, resulting in four plate parts/subplates ( +Fig. 4A, B +). Besides, the entire scp is divided by a median longitudinal fold into two parts ( +Fig. 4A, B +, empty arrow). Additionally, lateral portions of the scp appear to be detached from the dorsal plate, forming small plate-like structures separated from the scp by a thin, bright stripe ( +Fig. 4A +). Plates m1 and m2 are divided in two portions by a transverse fold; plate m3 is undivided ( +Fig. 4A, B +, filled indented arrowheads). Laterally to the median plates, lateral intersegmental plates (lip) are present. On plates s1 and s2, darker stripes (folds in +SEM +) are also visible ( +Fig. 4A +, filled arrow). The psp is divided by a longitudinal fold. Posterior margin of psp is straight, i.e. without projecting teeth or spines ( +Fig. 4A, B +, empty indented arrowheads). The cap is concave with two Y-shaped bifurcated ridges ( +Fig. 4A, B +, filled arrowhead). Ventral cuticle with tiny granulation (formed by dense granules/upper ends of cuticular pillars, 0.2–0.4 μm) forming a unique pattern ( +Figs 3 +, +4C, D +, +5C +). Ventral patches of granulation present, but most of them poorly marked and visible sometimes as a smooth areas almost without granulation (if granulation is present it is 0.3–0.5 μm in diameter, spaces between granules 0.2–0.3 μm), with configuration PG:I-II-III-IV-VI-VIII + +g + +( +Figs 3 +, +4C, D +). The female gonopore with the typical six-petal rosette ( +Fig. 4C, D +, asterisks). + + + +Table 4. +Measurements (in µm) and +sp +values of selected morphological structures of females of the neotype population of + +Pseudechiniscus suillus +s.s. + +( +Ehrenberg, 1853 +) mounted in Hoyer’s medium [ +N +, number of specimens/structures measured; RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure among all measured specimens; SD, standard deviation;?, trait oriented unsuitably for measurement; +sp +, ratio of the length of a given structure to the length of the scp expressed as a percentage ( +sp += length of the structure × 100/scp length)] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
CHARACTER +N +RANGEMEANSDNeotype
µm +sp +µm +sp +µm +sp +µm +sp +
Body length15142–186 +719 + +– + +832 +164 +787 +13 +33 +169 +809 +
Scapular plate length1518.8–23.5–20.9 +– +1.5 +– +20.9 +– +
Head appendages lengths
+Cirrus +internus +138.7–11.1 +44.0 + +– + +49.6 +9.6 +46.7 +0.8 +1.7 +9.3 +44.4 +
Cephalic papilla154.0–5.3 +19.1 + +– + +24.3 +4.6 +22.1 +0.4 +1.6 +4.8 +22.9 +
+Cirrus +externus +1412.0–16.8 +62.1 + +– + +75.0 +14.0 +67.1 +1.3 +4.2 +13.0 +62.1 +
Clava144.1–5.6 +20.9 + +– + +26.8 +4.8 +22.9 +0.5 +1.7 +5.6 +26.8 +
+Cirrus +A +1528.4–34.4 +134.9 + +– + +156.9 +30.5 +146.6 +1.9 +6.1 +30.0 +143.3 +
+Cirrus +A +/Body length ratio +1517%–21%–19% +– +1% +– +18% +– +
+Cirrus +int +/ +ext +length ratio +1364%–76%–69% +– +4% +– +72% +– +
Papilla on leg IV length133.3–4.3 +14.7 + +– + +18.4 +3.7 +17.5 +0.3 +1.0 +3.7 +17.5 +
Claw 1 heights
Branch146.3–7.8 +30.6 + +– + +35.8 +7.0 +33.7 +0.5 +1.3 +7.3 +34.9 +
Spur91.3–2.0 +6.9 + +– + +9.3 +1.6 +7.7 +0.2 +0.7 +1.6 +7.6 +
Spur/branch height ratio921%–27%–23% +– +2% +– + +– + +– +
Claw 2 heights
Branch135.9–7.0 +28.9 + +– + +33.7 +6.5 +31.7 +0.4 +1.2 +6.9 +33.0 +
Spur91.3–1.8 +6.4 + +– + +8.3 +1.5 +7.4 +0.2 +0.6 +1.5 +7.2 +
Spur/branch height ratio921%–26%–23% +– +2% +– + +– + +– +
Claw 3 heights
Branch135.8–7.1 +30.7 + +– + +33.7 +6.6 +32.0 +0.4 +0.9 +6.8 +32.5 +
Spur91.4–1.7 +6.9 + +– + +8.3 +1.6 +7.5 +0.1 +0.4 +1.5 +7.2 +
Spur/branch height ratio922%–25%–24% +– +1% +– + +– + +– +
Claw 4 heights
Branch156.7–8.7 +34.4 + +– + +38.8 +7.6 +36.7 +0.6 +1.3 +7.5 +35.8 +
Spur121.5–2.0 +7.4 + +– + +9.2 +1.7 +8.2 +0.1 +0.4 +1.6 +7.6 +
Spur/branch height ratio1221%–24% +– +22% +– +1%–––
+ + +The outer cuticle on legs I–III has round patches of granulation (with larger granules but sparser in the centre and smaller and denser in peripheral parts); on legs IV, uniform wide stripes of granulation (slightly larger in the centre of these stripes) ( +Fig. 5D–F +). Triangular spine on leg I absent, instead a small papilla-like structure present, but very hardly visible under LM ( +Fig. 5A +). Dentate collar on leg IV absent. A finger-like papilla on leg IV present ( +Fig. 5E +, filled arrow). External claws of all legs smooth, internal with spurs directed downwards ( +Fig. 5F +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/A6/00/03/A600031FFFC2A651FEEDFDAEFDADFD4C.xml b/data/A6/00/03/A600031FFFC2A651FEEDFDAEFDADFD4C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..16579eae8a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/A6/00/03/A600031FFFC2A651FEEDFDAEFDADFD4C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ + + + +Revision of the generic system for the swimming crab subfamily Portuninae (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) based on molecular and morphological analyses + + + +Author + +Koch, Milan + + + +Author + +Spiridonov, Vassily A. + + + +Author + +Ďuriš, Zdeněk + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2023 + +197 + + +127 +175 + + + +journal article +0024-4082 +AB09EAD-FE45-4CCE-98AB-400788515A64 + + + + + + + +LUPOCYCLOPORUS + + +ALCOCK +, 1899 + + + + + + + +( + +FIGS +4E + +, +7 +) + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFC61A20C57A7162FA337976.xml b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFC61A20C57A7162FA337976.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..729109f2709 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFC61A20C57A7162FA337976.xml @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ + + + +Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of the bumblebee bot flies (Oestridae: Hypodermatinae: Portschinskia) + + + +Author + +Li, Xin-Yu + + + +Author + +Pape, Thomas + + + +Author + +Zhang, Dong + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-11-30 + + +190 + + +3 + + +942 +973 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/3/942/5854325 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz176 +0024-4082 +14858401 + + + + + + +PORTSCHINSKIA +BURMENSIS + + + +SP +. +NOV +. + + + + + +http://zoobank.org/ + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +916DBDAC-14B5-4E3B-AAE6-D78AF1FF1311 + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Compound eye small, the height relative to head ≤ 1/3. Hair-like setae on presutural area of scutum, postpronotal lobe and abdomen in female mainly black. Wing with distinct brown coloration. + + +Description: +Male unknown. +Female: +Body length +23.4 mm +; wing length and width +18.1 mm +× +6.5 mm +( +N += 1). Small compound eye, height relative to head + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCB1A2CC57171C9FC3178AF.xml b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCB1A2CC57171C9FC3178AF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..37bd41edbcc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCB1A2CC57171C9FC3178AF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ + + + +Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of the bumblebee bot flies (Oestridae: Hypodermatinae: Portschinskia) + + + +Author + +Li, Xin-Yu + + + +Author + +Pape, Thomas + + + +Author + +Zhang, Dong + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-11-30 + + +190 + + +3 + + +942 +973 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/3/942/5854325 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz176 +0024-4082 +14858401 + + + + + + + +PORTSCHINSKIA +HIMALAYANA + + +GRUNIN +, 1962 + + + + + + + + + + +Portschinskia himalayana + +Grunin, 1962: 91 + + + +. + +Type +locality: + +India +: +Sikkim +. + + + + + +Portschinskia himalayana + +: + +Grunin (1965: 54) + +; + +Zumpt (1965: 192) + +; Padmanaban +et al. +(1990); + +Pont (1973: 701) + +; + +Soós & Minář (1986: 246) + +; + + +Colwell +et al. +(2006: 262) + + +. + + + + + +Figure 3. + +Portschinskia +spp. + +, name-bearing types, lateral habitus. A, + +Portschinskia bombiformis +(Portschinsky) + +(holotype ♀). B, + +Portschinskia burmensis + +(holotype ♀). C, + +Portschinskia gigas +(Portschinsky) + +(lectotype ♂), showing the postpronotal lobe with an equal mixture of anteriorly black and posteriorly yellow setae in the box. D, + +Portschinskia himalayana +Grunin + +(lectotype ♂). E, + +Portschinskia loewii +(Schnabl) + +(holotype ♀). F, + +Portschinskia magnifica +Pleske + +(holotype ♀). Scale bars: 2.5 mm (1 mm in inset box in panel C). + + + + +Diagnosis: +Hair-like setae on frons and facial ridge dark brown or black. Abdomen with yellow setae anteriorly, black setae in the middle in male and reddish setae posteriorly, and in female with predominantly black setae in anterior and reddish setae on last two segments. + + +Redescription: Male: +Body length +18.8 mm +; wing length and width +15.5 mm +× +6.2 mm +( +N += 1). Female unknown. Large compound eye, height relative to head ≥ 1/2. Antennal pedicel broader than long, with a distinct concavity in the middle of the distal margin ( +Fig. 5D +). Width of frons ~1/7 width of head in dorsal view in male. Hair-like setae on frons and facial ridge dark brown or black ( +Fig. 5D +), on presutural area of scutum, postpronotal lobe, anepisternum, postalar callus and scutellum yellow. Abdomen with yellow setae anteriorly, black setae in the middle and reddish setae posteriorly in male, and in female the abdomen with predominantly black setae anteriorly, followed by reddish setae on last two segments ( +Figs 1D +, +3D +). Wing hyaline or light brown; vein M strongly curved at the level of dm-cu; cell r 4 + 5 closed with a short petiole ( +Fig. 9D +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCF1A35C57A72D4FE967865.xml b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCF1A35C57A72D4FE967865.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fc626c4bd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFCF1A35C57A72D4FE967865.xml @@ -0,0 +1,801 @@ + + + +Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of the bumblebee bot flies (Oestridae: Hypodermatinae: Portschinskia) + + + +Author + +Li, Xin-Yu + + + +Author + +Pape, Thomas + + + +Author + +Zhang, Dong + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-11-30 + + +190 + + +3 + + +942 +973 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/3/942/5854325 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz176 +0024-4082 +14858401 + + + + + + + +PORTSCHINSKIA +MAGNIFICA + + +PLESKE +, 1926 + + + + + + + + + + +Portschinskia magnifica + +Pleske, 1926: 223 + + + +. + +Type +locality: + +Russia +: +Primorsky Kray +, Sedanka, near Vladivostock (as ‘ +Sedanka +, non loin +de Wladiwostok +, prov. +Littorale +, +Siberia +orient’). + + + + + +Portschinskia luliangensis +Xue, Wang & Wu + +in + +Xue & Wang, 1996: 2233 + +, synon. nov. + +Type +locality: + +China +: +Shanxi +, +Jiaocheng County +, +Pangquangou Nature Reserve +. + + + + + +Portschinskia magnifica + +: + +Grunin (1965: 55) + +; + +Zumpt (1965: 190) + +; + +Soós & Minář (1986: 246) + +; + + +Colwell +et al. +(2006: 262) + + +; + +Zhang +et al. +(2012) + +; +Yang & Zhang (2014) +. + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Hair-like setae on presutural area of scutum and postpronotal lobe mainly black, ornamented with very few yellow hairs, or with the setae black basally and yellow apically. Abdomen in male anteriorly with yellow setae, followed by reddish or orange-red setae on the last two segments or with a narrow black band of hair-like setae between the yellow and reddish. In female, abdomen anteriorly with black setae and a lateral cluster of yellow hair-like setae, and reddish setae on the last two segments. Male abdominal sternite 5 approximately trapezoid. + + + +Figure 7. + +Portschinskia +spp. + +, name-bearing types, head in lateral view. A, + +Portschinskia bombiformis +(Portschinsky) + +(holotype ♀). B, + +Portschinskia burmensis + +(holotype ♀). C, + +Portschinskia gigas +(Portschinsky) + +. D, + +Portschinskia himalayana +Grunin + +(lectotype ♂). E, + +Portschinskia loewii +(Schnabl) + +(holotype ♀). F, + +Portschinskia magnifica +Pleske + +(holotype ♀). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + +Redescription: Male: +Body length +17.9–19.4 mm +; wing length and width +12.3 mm +× +3.9 mm +to +13.8 mm +× +5.4 mm +( +N += 20). Large compound eye, height relative to head ≥ 1/2. Antennal pedicel longer than broad, with a distinct concavity by one side of terminal margin ( +Fig. 5F +). Width of frons ~1/8 width of head in dorsal view. Hair-like setae on frons, facial ridge and postalar callus dark brown or black; presutural area of scutum, postpronotal lobe, anepisternum and scutellum mainly black, ornamented with very few yellow hairs, or with the setae black basally and yellow apically ( +Figs 1F +, +3F +, +5F +), on meron black. Abdomen anteriorly with yellow setae, followed by reddish setae or with a narrow black band of hair-like setae between the yellow and reddish. Wing hyaline or light brown; vein M strongly curved after dm-cu; cell r +4 + 5 +open, with veins R +4 + 5 +and M reaching the margin ( +Fig. 9F +). Male abdominal sternite 5 approximately trapezoid, with the lateral margins relatively straight and convergent. Male cerci basally black or dark brown, moderately flattened, with basal part strongly swollen. + + +Female: +Differing from the male as follows: body length +20.20–25.16 mm +; wing length and width +13.6 mm +× +5.3 mm +to +14.7 mm +× +6.6 mm +( +N += 26). Width of frons ~1/3 width of head in dorsal view. Abdomen anteriorly with black setae and a lateral cluster of yellow hair-like setae, and reddish setae on the last two segments. + + +Type material examined: + +Holotype +of + +Portschinskia magnifica + +: +♀ +, +RUSSIA +: +Eastern Siberia +, +Sedanka +, +Pacific +coastal area, near Vladivostok. + +7 June 1913 + +, +A. Kusnezow +leg. ( +ZIN +) + +. + +Holotype +of + +Portschinskia luliangensis + +: +♂ +, +CHINA +: +Shanxi Province +, +Jiaocheng County +, +Pangquangou Nature Reserve +, + +28 June 1990 + +, +M. F. Wang +& +X. Y. Wu +leg. ( +SNU +) + +. + + + +Figure 8. + +Portschinskia +spp. + +, name-bearing types, head in lateral view. A, + +Portschinskia neugebaueri +(Portschinsky) + +(lectotype ♂). B, + +Portschinskia przewalskyi +(Portschinsky) + +(holotype ♂). C, + +Portschinskia sichuanensis + +(holotype ♂). D, + +Portschinskia xizangensis + +(holotype ♂). E, + +Portschinskia yunnanensis + +(holotype ♂). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + +Additional material examined: + +One ♀ +, +RUSSIA +: +Vladimir Oblast +?, +Vladimir +?, + +7 July 1919 + +[no collector] ( +ZIN +) + +; + +one ♂ +, +CHINA +: +Hebei Province +, +Eastern Tomb +, + +27 July 1938 + +, +Ho, Q. +( +NHM +) + +; + +two ♂ +, +four ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +800 m + +( +44°12′ N +, +116°12′ E +), + +7 June 2008 + +, +D. Zhang +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +three ♂ +, +three ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +5 June 2009 + +, +D. Zhang +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +two ♂ +, +three ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +29 June 2011 + +, +D. Zhang +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +three ♂ +, +four ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +31 May 2012 + +, +D. Zhang +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +two ♂ +, +three ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +10.VI.2014 + +, +C. Wang +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +two ♂ +, +two ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +29 June 2015 + +, X.-y. +Li +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +two ♂ +, +three ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +3 June 2016 + +, Y.-q. +Ge +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +; + +two ♂ +, +two ♀ +, +CHINA +: +Beijing +, +Mt. Songshan +, + +10 June 2017 + +X.-y. +Li +leg. ( +MBFU +) + +. + + +Biology: +So far, only + +A. peninsulae + +has been found to be the host of + +P. magnifica + +( +Grunin, 1947 +, +1965 +). + +Apodemus peninsulae + +was regarded as a subspecies of + +Apodemus speciosus +(Temminck, 1844) + +by Oldfield Thomas in 1906 (as ‘ + +Micromys speciosus peninsulae + +Thomas’). +Grunin (1947 +, +1965 +) and +Zumpt (1965) +followed contemporary mammal classification ( +Allen, 1941 +; +Jones, 1956 +) and gave the host name as ‘ + +A. speciosus + +Temminck’. However, according to the current classification of the genus + +Apodemus +Kaup + +( + +Suzuki +et al. +, 2008 + +; + +Batsaikhan +et al. +, 2016 + +), + +A. speciosus + +and + +A. peninsulae + +are regarded as two independent species based on not only morphological and molecular data, but also distribution pattern, i.e. + +A. speciosus + +is endemic to +Japan +and + +A. peninsulae + +spread across north-eastern Asia. Therefore, we updated the host information from + +A. speciosus + +to + +A. peninsulae + +. + + +The larva develops in cysts/boil-like swellings in the dermal layer of the host. Most of the larvae are located on the abdomen, especially in the groins, and only 20–30% of the larvae are situated on the back of the host. The second and third instar larvae are found in subcutaneous cysts that connect to the exterior through a breathing hole. The larval development lasts ~2 months, and after having left the cysts, the larvae pupate in the soil. The larvae leave their host in late August to early September, and the winter is passed in the pupal stage. Adults are on the wings from the end of June until the beginning of July, and each female may produce several hundred eggs ( +Grunin, 1947 +, +1965 +). + + + +Figure 9. + +Portschinskia +spp. + +, name-bearing types, left wing in dorsal view. A, + +Portschinskia bombiformis +(Portschinsky) + +(holotype ♀). B, + +Portschinskia burmensis + +(holotype ♂). C, + +Portschinskia gigas +(Portschinsky) + +(lectotype ♂). D, + +Portschinskia himalayana +Grunin + +(lectotype ♂). E, + +Portschinskia loewii +(Schnabl) + +(holotype ♀). F, + +Portschinskia magnifica +Pleske + +(holotype ♀). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + +Figure 10. + +Portschinskia +spp. + +, name-bearing types, left wing in dorsal view. A, + +Portschinskia neugebaueri +(Portschinsky) + +(lectotype ♂). B, + +Portschinskia przewalskyi +(Portschinsky) + +(holotype ♂). C, + +Portschinskia sichuanensis + +(holotype ♂). D, + +Portschinskia xizangensis + +(holotype ♂). E, + +Portschinskia yunnanensis + +(holotype ♂). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + + +Remarks: +Portschinskia luliangensis + +was proposed as a new species by Xue, Wang & Wu in +Xue & Wang (1996) +based on the following character states: frontal width four times broader than frontal vitta; hair-like setae on anepisternum and postalar callus wholly black, and abdominal setae forming three colour-bands, yellow anteriorly, followed by a narrow black band of hair-like setae and reddish posteriorly. From our examination of +46 specimens +of + +P. magnifica + +collected in different localities, these features all fall within the intraspecific variation of this species. Thus, + +P. luliangensis + +is revised as a new synonym of + +P. magnifica +Pleske, 1926 + +. + + + +Figure 11. + +Portschinskia +spp. + +, name-bearing types, left hindleg. A, + +Portschinskia bombiformis +(Portschinsky) + +(holotype ♀). B, + +Portschinskia burmensis + +(holotype ♀), showing the detached tibia and tarsus glued to a piece of cellulose acetate. C, + +Portschinskia gigas +(Portschinsky) + +(lectotype ♂). D, + +Portschinskia himalayana +Grunin + +(lectotype ♂). E, + +Portschinskia loewii +(Schnabl) + +(holotype ♀). F, + +Portschinskia magnifica +Pleske + +(holotype ♀). Scale bars: 1 mm. + + + +Distribution: +Russia +(Siberia), +China +( +Beijing +, +Hebei +and +Shanxi +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD41A31C56872ADFA2E7936.xml b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD41A31C56872ADFA2E7936.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5d115cc1663 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD41A31C56872ADFA2E7936.xml @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ + + + +Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of the bumblebee bot flies (Oestridae: Hypodermatinae: Portschinskia) + + + +Author + +Li, Xin-Yu + + + +Author + +Pape, Thomas + + + +Author + +Zhang, Dong + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-11-30 + + +190 + + +3 + + +942 +973 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/3/942/5854325 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz176 +0024-4082 +14858401 + + + + + + +PORTSCHINSKIA +SICHUANENSIS + + + +SP +. +NOV +. + + + + + +http://zoobank.org/ + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +4666AB3F- C7EE-4D62-86E5-F704074F10B9 + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Wing hyaline. Abdomen in male with yellow setae anteriorly, followed by black and reddish setae on the last two segments. + + +Description: Male: +Body length +17.6–18.1 mm +; wing length and width +12.1 mm +× +5.4 mm +to +12.9 mm +× +6.3 mm +( +N += 3). Large compound eye; height relative to head ≥ 1/2. Antennal pedicel broader than long, with a concavity in the middle of the terminal margin ( +Fig. 6C +). Width of frons ~1/7 width of head in dorsal view. Hair-like setae on frons, facial ridge and postpronotal lobe dark brown or black, on presutural area of scutum, anepisternum, postalar callus and scutellum pale yellow, and on meron a mixture of yellow and brown. Abdomen with yellow setae anteriorly, followed by black, and reddish setae on the last two segments ( +Figs 2C +, +4C +). Wing hyaline; vein M strongly curved after dm-cu; cell r +4 + 5 +closed with a short petiole ( +Fig. 10C +). Male abdominal sternite 5 oval, broadened in the middle, making lateral margins distinctly convex and arc shaped. Male cerci basally black or dark brown, moderately flattened, with their combined basal part strongly swollen, heart shaped. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD61A3FC57072E1FB9878A1.xml b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD61A3FC57072E1FB9878A1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c41b0acdcf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD61A3FC57072E1FB9878A1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ + + + +Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of the bumblebee bot flies (Oestridae: Hypodermatinae: Portschinskia) + + + +Author + +Li, Xin-Yu + + + +Author + +Pape, Thomas + + + +Author + +Zhang, Dong + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-11-30 + + +190 + + +3 + + +942 +973 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/3/942/5854325 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz176 +0024-4082 +14858401 + + + + + + +PORTSCHINSKIA +XIZANGENSIS + + + +SP +. +NOV +. + + + + + +http://zoobank.org/ + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +D69B8C7D- B7D3-45C5-A42A-9840BD1E7191 + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Hair-like setae on presutural area of scutum, postpronotal lobe and postalar callus mainly dark brown or black or may be ornamented with a few yellow ones. Wing with distinct dark brown coloration. Abdomen with yellow setae anteriorly, followed by black and reddish setae. Male cerci wholly yellowish brown, strongly ridged. + + +Description: Male: +Body length +16.9–17.6 mm +; wing length and width +13.7 mm +× +4.9 mm +to +14.2 mm +× +4.4 mm +( +N += 3). Large compound eye; height relative to head ≥ 1/2. Antennal pedicel broader than long, with a distinct concavity on terminal margin by one side ( +Fig. 6D +). Width of frons ~1/10 width of head in dorsal view. Hair-like setae on frons dark brown or black, on presutural area of scutum, postpronotal lobe and postalar callus mainly dark brown or black or may be ornamented with a few yellow ones; the setae on anepisternum and scutellum are yellow, and on meron black. Abdomen with yellow setae anteriorly, followed by black and reddish setae on the last two segments ( +Figs 2D +, +4D +). Wing with distinct dark brown coloration; vein M strongly curved after dm-cu, cell r +4 + 5 +open, with veins R 4 + 5 and M reaching the margin. Male abdominal sternite 5 broadened in the middle, making lateral margins distinctly convex and arc shaped; cerci wholly yellowish brown, strongly ridged, with their combined basal part strongly swollen, heart shaped. + + + +Figure 18. +Colour patterns of + +Portschinskia +spp. A + +, + +Portschinskia bombiformis + +. B, + +Portschinskia burmensis + +. C, + +Portschinskia gigas + +. D, + +Portschinskia himalayana + +. E, + +Portschinskia loewii + +. F, + +Portschinskia magnifica + +. G, + +Portschinskia neugebaueri + +. H, + +Portschinskia przewalskyi + +. I, + +Portschinskia sichuanensis + +. J, + +Portschinskia xizangensis + +. K, + +Portschinskia yunnanensis + +. L, modal colour pattern. Sexual dimorphism indicated for abdominal patterns (left, male; right, female; grey, unknown). + + + +Female: +Differing from the male as follows: body length +17.9 mm +; wing length and width +16.6 mm +× +5.4 mm +( +N += 1). Width of frons ~2/3 width of head in dorsal view. + + +Type material: + + +Holotype +: + +♂ +, +CHINA +: + +Tibet Autonomous + + + + + +Region +, +Nyingchi +, +Mêdog County +, + +1600 m + +( +28°46′ N +, +95°28′ E +), + +28 October 1982 + +, Y.-h. +Han +leg. ( +MBFU +). + +Paratypes + + +: +one ♂ +, + +CHINA +: +Tibet Autonomous Region +, +Mêdog County +, +Beibeng +( +29°19′ N +, +95°19′ E +), + +19 October 1979 + +, G.-t. +Jin +& J.-y. +Wu +leg. ( +SEM +); +one ♀ + +, + +same collection locality and collectors as for preceding, + +26 October 1979 + +( +IOZ +); +one ♂ + +, + +Tibet Autonomous Region +, +Mêdog County +, +Beibeng village +, + +940 m + +, + +29 October 1979 + +, G.-t. +Jin +& J.-y. +Wu +leg. ( +SEM +); +one ♀ + +, + +Tibet +, Autonomous Region +Mêdog County +, +Beibeng village +, + +30 October 1979 + +, G.-t. +Jin +& J.-y. +Wu +leg. ( +SEM +); +one ♀ + +, +Tibet Autonomous + + +Region, Nyingchi, Mêdog County, +1550 m +, +30 October 1982 +, Z. Lin leg. (IOZ). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD81A3EC6DD73D8FAC07AAA.xml b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD81A3EC6DD73D8FAC07AAA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9b6d06e4a42 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/F9/47/8F/F9478F12FFD81A3EC6DD73D8FAC07AAA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + + + +Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of the bumblebee bot flies (Oestridae: Hypodermatinae: Portschinskia) + + + +Author + +Li, Xin-Yu + + + +Author + +Pape, Thomas + + + +Author + +Zhang, Dong + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2020 + +2020-11-30 + + +190 + + +3 + + +942 +973 + + + + +https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/190/3/942/5854325 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz176 +0024-4082 +14858401 + + + + + + +PORTSCHINSKIA +YUNNANENSIS + + + +SP +. +NOV +. + + + + + +http://zoobank.org/ + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +4FAE8F89- 47D1-4F9A-95AD-A07B635BEAB9 + + + + + +Diagnosis: +Antennal pedicel with distal margin slightly concave. Wing distinctly brown. Abdomen in male with yellow setae anteriorly and posteriorly, and a black band of hair-like setae in the middle. Male cerci wholly yellowish brown, with their basal part V-shaped (i.e. reduced and with a deep incision). + + +Description: Male: +Body length +16.5 mm +; wing length and width +12.4 mm +× +4.1 mm +( +N += 1). Large compound eye, height relative to head ≥ 1/2. Antennal pedicel broader than long, distal margin slightly concave ( +Fig. 6E +). Width of frons ~1/10 width of head in dorsal view. Hair-like setae on frons, facial ridge and postpronotal lobe dark brown or black, on presutural area of scutum, anepisternum, postalar callus and scutellum yellow, and a mixture of yellow and brown on meron. Abdomen with yellow setae anteriorly and posteriorly, black setae in the middle. Wing with obvious dark brown coloration; distance between r-m and dm-cu equal to dm-cu; vein M strongly curved after dm-cu; cell r +4 + 5 +closed with a short petiole ( +Fig. 10E +). Male abdominal sternite 5 oval, broadened in the middle, making lateral margins distinctly convex and arc shaped; male cerci wholly yellowish brown, with their basal part reduced and with a deep dorsal incision to give the combined bases a broadly open V-shape. + + + + \ No newline at end of file